VERMICOMPOSTING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Prof Avinash Khaire www.greenfieldbiocare.com avinashkhaire@gmail.com

Notes for the workshop for M Sc Micro-biology students of University of Mumbai conducted at th Vivekanand College, Chembur, Mumbai on 19 Dec2008. WHAT IS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT? Waste is a material produced by human activity. It can be solid, liquid, gaseous form of a material. The collection, transportation, processing and recycling or disposal of the waste is called waste management. Waste management is essential to reduce ill effects on health, environment and to acquire resources. Local governments like municipalities normally, do solid waste management of non-hazardous residential and institutional waste generated in urban areas. While, management and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is generally responsibility of generator. For solid waste management various methods such as land filling, incineration, recycling etc are practiced. a. Land Filling: Land filling involves dumping of solid waste in unused quarries, mines and low-lying areas or marshes to reclaim land. If landfill sites are not properly designed amdmanged, it creates environmental problems like generation of methane and CO 2 due to anaerobic disintegration of organic matter, emitting bad odor as well as heat generated affect the vegetation. b. Incineration: Generally, bio medical waste is disposed by using incineration method, but it causes air pollution. c. Recycling: Recycling is subdivided in to physical and biological recycling. i. Physical Recycling: Waste generated from use of metals, plastic, rubber, wood, paper, etc is collected and used for regeneration of new products. ii. Biological Recycling: Biodegradable or organic waste generated from garden, plants, food, non recyclable paper, etc is converted in to compost for agricultural use. In this process, methane gas is released, which can be tapped and used for electricity generation. This process of decomposition and disposal of organic matters can be controlled or accelerated. Mainly decomposition cultures and earthworms are used in this, process. Earthworms and bacteria from the culture eat organic waste, for survival, while producing compost. Hence, the quantity of compost is considerably less than the quantity of waste.

NATURE OF SOLID WASTE IN MUMBAI More than 12 million people of Mumbai city on an average generate 6000 to 6500 tons of municipal solid waste along with about 2500 tons of construction and demolition waste, every day. By employing more than 30,000 persons and making 1400 trips by 983 municipal and private vehicles, it is transported to Deonar, Gorai and Mulund dumping grounds. According to NGOs, working in the field of solid waste management in the city of Mumbai, family of 4 persons generates about half kg of wet garbage which can used for composting. Similarly, it is found that generation of garbage, both biodegradable and non biodegradable or organic or wet garbage, in more in rich residential areas compared with slum areas. It is interesting to note that 70% of total waste collected is dry or recyclable waste and balance is either bio degradable or non-decomposable or non-reusable type of waste, which is to be deposited in dumping grounds. NEED OF EARTHWORM BIO -TECHNOLOGY IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Since introduction of chemical fertilizers, Indian farmers have made optimum use of them. However, this has led to degradation of soil as these chemical fertilizers have affected bio flora associated with the soil, resulting into reduction in yield. To increase the yield, restoration of soil is essential for which huge quantity of organic matter is required. This organic matter required for humus development is not readily available in the market, like chemical fertilizers. By raising the humus content soil quality can be restored. Nevertheless, such a huge quantity of organic manure, for restoration of humus, cannot be produced by using small quantity of organic waste generated in rural areas. On the other hand in urban areas huge quantity of organic waste is available this waste can be converted in organic manure called Vermicompost by using earthworms. Earthworms are often termed as humus factories as they convert residues into humus. They help a lot in soil aeration and agitation by burrowing action. They also produce vitamins, antibodies and plant growth hormones. They are useful in maintaining soil pH, temperature and oxygen level in the soil and elimination of pathogen. Earthworms, thus, act as bio- reactors to enrich the soil condition. Vermicompost contains live earthworms, cocoons and newly born worms. Once vermicopost is mixed in the agricultural field earthworms along with newly born worms spread into the field as well as cocoons hatch and newly born worms once again spread in the field. Thus, whole field is covered with earthworms and each one of them starts working as bio-reactor. Thus, biodegradable solid waste generated in urban areas like Mumbai can solve the problem of agriculture. ROLE OF EARTHWORMS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Moreover, the compostable organic solid waste not only causes air, water and soil pollution but also deteroites the aesthetics of surrounding. Beside microbiological decomposition of the solid waste, many other decomposers are recognized as secondary decomposers. Earthworms are the largest group of secondary decomposers. They are characterized by short life cycle, prolific breeding and high rate of food consumption. They can be easily adaptable to feed upon any organic waste. The earthworm feed on partially decomposed organic waste, which they draw in to their mouth. The material further undergoes chemical breakdown by the enzymatic activity in their gut and finally the mucous coated excreta (vermicast) are ejected form their body. Thus, the solid organic waste undergoes both physical and chemical breakdown. This serves as more suitable substratum for microbiological activity.

INFORMATION ABOUT EARTHWORM A] Earthworms in history Ten thousand years ago, earthworms were found in the valleys of great civilizations viz. the Indus valley, the Nile valley and Euphrates valley, where crops almost grew without cultivation of soil. These complex civilizations developed because basic agricultural needs of the people were fulfilled with the help of earthworms. According to USDA report of 1949 carried out in the Nile valley states that fertility of soil prior to Aswan dam was due to earthworms. It was estimated that during growing period of the crops earthworm casting amounted to 120 tons per acre and one handful soil contains microorganisms more than pollution of the earth. Thirty years before the birth of Charles Darwin, an English naturist Gilbert White mentioned that earthworms are great promoters of plant growth. B] Types of Earthworms a. Identification earthworms: The external body characters used in identifying different species of earthworms are: the segmental position of the clitellum on the body, body length, body shape (cylindrical or flattened), number of body segments, type and position of body bristles or setae, the description of the tongue-like lobe, the prostomium, projecting forward above the mouth, type of peristomium or first body segment, external position and morphology of genital apertures or opening and type of glandular swellings on the clitellum. The shape and the relationship of various internal organs are also used to identify some species of worms. b. Classification and types of earthworms: The classification of earthworms at the family level is the subject of some controversy, may be due to 3000 species of earthworm are found in different parts of the world . The truly terrestrial earthworms are assigned to no more than a dozen families. Broadly, earthworms are classified in phylum Annelida group which has four classes Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Archiannelida and Hirudinea . Depending on the eating habits, their movement in soil and depth up to which they move; earthworms can be classified as : i. Anecic (Greek for out of the earth) these are burrowing worms that come to the surface at night to drag food down into their permanent burrows deep within the mineral layers of the soil. For example Pheretima llangata ii. Endogeic (Greek for within the earth) these are also burrowing worms but their burrows are typically more shallow and they feed on the organic matter already in the soil, so they come to the surface only rarely. iii. Epigeic (Greek for upon the earth) these worms live in the surface litter and feed on decaying organic matter. They do not have permanent burrows. These decomposers are the type of worm used in vermicomposting. For example Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae. C] Anatomy of earthworms The earthworm has a long, rounded body with a pointed head and slightly flattened posterior. Rings that surround the moist, soft body allow the earthworm to twist and turn, especially since it has no backbone. With no true legs, bristles (setae) on the body move back and forth, allowing the earthworm to crawl. The earthworm breathes through its skin. Food is ingested through the mouth into a stomach (crop). Later the food passes through the gizzard, where it is ground up by ingested stones. After passing through the intestine for digestion, remaining is eliminated. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, which means they have both male and female sex organs, but they require another earthworm to mate. The wide band (clitellum) that surrounds a mature breeding earthworm secretes mucus (albumin) after mating. Sperm from another worm is stored in sacs. As the mucus slides over the worm, it encases the sperm and eggs inside. After slipping free from the worm, both ends seal, forming a lemon-shape cocoon approximately 1/8 inch long. Two or more baby worms will hatch from one end of the cocoon in approximately 3

weeks. Baby worms are whitish to almost transparent and are1/2 to 1 inch long. Redworms take 4 to 6 weeks to become sexually mature.

D] Facts about earthworm a. Earthworms do not have eyes but they do possess light- and touch-sensitive organs (receptor cells) to distinguish differences in light intensity and to feel vibrations in the ground. b. Earthworms respire through their skin, and therefore require humid conditions to prevent drying out. They coat themselves in mucus to enable the passage of dissolved oxygen into their bloodstream. c. Worms have specialized chemoreceptors or sense organs ("taste receptors") which react to chemical stimuli. These sense organs are located on the anterior part of the worm. d. Earthworms derive their nutrition from many forms of organic matter in soil, things like decaying roots and leaves, and living organisms such as nematodes, protozoans, rotifers, bacteria, fungi. They will also feed on the decomposing remains of other animals. They can consume, in just one day, up to one third of their own body weight. e. The bump is the clitellum, the saddle shaped swollen area 1/3 of the way back containing the gland cells which secrete a slimy material (mucus) to form the cocoon which will hold the worm embryos. If the worm has a clitellum, it is sexually mature f. Worms mature in 10 - 55 weeks depending on the species. g. During periods of drought, when soils dry up, some species of earthworms do in fact temporarily lose all secondary sexual characters such as the clitellum. When conditions become favorable, it comes back. The clitellum can also disappear at the onset of old age or senescence. h. Earthworms are hermaphroditic meaning each worm has organs of both sexes. The male gonopores are usually within the first 12-15 segments, and the female gonopores are further back, close to the clitellum (the swollen area in adult worms). One worm has to find another worm and they mate juxtaposing opposite gonadal openings exchanging packets of sperm, called spermatophores. Some species also appear to be either parthenogenetic (females producing all females, "virgin birth") or may be able to self-fertilize. i. The clitellum produces a mucous sheath and nutritive material, and as the sheath slides forward, it picks up ova from the earthworm's ovaries then packets of sperm that had been transferred to the worm from another worm during mating. As the sheath slides off the worms head, the ends are sealed to form the cocoon. Initially, the cocoon is quite soft but soon after it is deposited in the soil it becomes slightly amber in color, leather-like and very resistant to drying and damage. The ova within each cocoon are fertilized, and the resulting embryos grow inside the sealed unit, much like a chick developing inside an egg. When the embryos have consumed all the nutritive material, they completely fill the lemon shaped cocoon and are ready to hatch out one end. j. Young worms hatch from their cocoons in three weeks to five months as the gestation period varies for different species of worms. Conditions like temperature and soil moisture factor in here...if conditions are not great then hatching is delayed. k. Earthworms can produce between 3 and 80 cocoons per year depending on the species. The deeper-dwelling species don't have to produce as many cocoons because they are protected much better from predation than surface dwelling species which tend to produce many more cocoons. The number of fertilized ova or eggs within each cocoon ranges from one to twenty. This depends on the species. l. Earthworm longevity is species dependent. Various specialists report that certain species have the potential to live 4-8 years. m. Earthworms have bristles or setae in groups around or under their body. The bristles, paired in groups on each segment, can be moved in and out to grip the ground or the walls of a burrow. Worms travel through underground tunnels or move about on the

soil surface by using their bristles as anchors pushing themselves forward or backward using strong stretching and contracting muscles. E] Other uses of earthworm a. Earthworms are familiar to the fisherman and poultry producer as bait or animal feed. b. Supplying earthworms to zoos, fish hatcheries, and biology classrooms. c. Earthworms have also been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times in the treatment of illnesses such as bladder stones, jaundice, rheumatism, fever and impotency. Their efficiency, however, requires proper scientific investigation! d. Rabbit breeders have found that earthworms placed under hutches are very effective in controlling odours from animal droppings and provide extra income if the earthworms are sold. VERMICULTURE Vermiculture means artificial rearing or cultivation of earthworms. The goal is to continually increase the number of worms in order to obtain a sustainable harvest. The worms are either used to expand a vermicomposting operation or sold to customers who use them for the same or other purposes. VERMICOMPOST In the process of vermicomposting laboratory bred earthworms are introduced into semi decomposed organic waste. Earthworms eat this organic waste and leaves behind good quality soil enricher called VERMICAST OR VERMICOMPOST, which is rich in humus. The goal is to process the material as quickly and efficiently as possible. ANALYSIS OF VERMICOMPOST . Range of Physico-Chemical Properties of Vermicompost
No 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Parameters Organic matter ( %) Nitrogen N (%) Phosphorus P2 O5 ( %) Potassium K2 O (%) C : N ratio Hcl soluble constituents ( 0.1 N ) Iron Fe2 O3 ( ppm) Calcium oxide (%) Magnesium oxide (% ) Sodium (%) Exchangeable bases Calcium (%) Magnesium (%) Sodium (% ) Potassium (%) Available Phosphorus ( P2 O5) ( ppm) Copper ( ppm) Zinc (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm) Boron (ppm) Sulfur (ppm) pH Electrical conductivity Total soluble salts (%) Nutrient range 41.5 49.0 1.72 2.54 1.32 4.89 0.20 0.71 10 :1 16 : 1 429- 1418 3.75 -10.67 0.42 2.16 0.56 1.06 1.39 2.82 0.13 0.70 0.25 0.30 0.36 -0.59 527 1273 99 122 151 157 845 - 21080 0.80 1.0 80- 95 0.57 0.72 7.0 8.05 2.88 11.21 0.32 1.10

ADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOST How vermicompost is eco friendly? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Use of earthworms never causes any sort of pollution. Vermicompost is non acidic with pleasant smell. Vermicompost increases soils water holding capacity, hence, reduces water requirement. Vermicompost enriches soil quality with the help of micronutrients and micro organisms. Any kind of organic waste is useful, as fodder for earthworms in soil.

How vermicompost is economical? 1. Use of vermicompost reduces expenditure on chemical fertilizers. 2. Because of micronutrients and microorganisms in vermicompost inherent resistance power of the plant increases, which results into reduction in use of pesticides. 3. Like chemical fertilizers it is not necessary to use vermicompost in every season. 4. As vermicompost contains almost all plant nutrients, no other soil inputs is required. 5. As vermicompost increases water-holding capacity of the soil, expenditure on water is also reduced. 6. Vegetables, fruits and flowers grown on vermicompost remains fresh for longer duration. How earthworms helps to improve soil quality? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Earthworms convert residue into humus. Earthworms help soil aeration and agitation by burrowing. Earthworms produce vitamins, antibodies, plant growth hormones &enzymes. Earthworms are useful in maintaining pH, temperature & oxygen levels. Earthworms are helpful in elimination of pathogens.

How earthworms help plants? 1. Even when ample organic matter is available, earthworms consume large amounts of soil, and by mixing the two produce a rich humus, perfect in texture, with more plant nutrients than in the material from which it was derived 2. The castings are always more acidically neutral than the soil from which they were formed, naturally improving the local pH factor as armies of earthworms work to keep the soil in balance, neither too acid nor too alkaline for the growth of plants. 3. Earthworms are prodigious diggers and earth movers, capable of burrowing down as deep as fifteen feet. They can squeeze between and push apart the soil crumbs, and one worm alone can move a stone fifty times its own weight. As they burrow, earthworms mix and sift the soils, breaking up clods and burying stones. Some carry down leaves and other organic matter; others bring nutrients and humus to the top. Tunnels held together by their mucus afford planted roots quicker avenues into the soil. 4. With their mixing, digging, burrowing, fertilizing, and humus-making activities, the worms have an immense impact on the soil, its texture, its fertility, and its ability to support everything that lives in or on it, especially plants that form the basis of our food supply. 5. One of the principal functions of the earthworm is to consume available mineral nutrients, and, by actions of enzymes in their digestive tract, render them water soluble, easily absorbable by the root hairs of plants, to be made available in turn to the cells of plants, animals, and man.

METHODS OF PRODUCING VERMICOMPOST Vermicompost can be produced by different methods depending of need. For example, 1. In rural areas it can be produced by using cow dung, leaves of the trees, grass, etc. which is readily available. Moreover, it can be produced in shed as availability of the waste and the requirement of the vermicompost are more. 2. In urban areas it can be produced by two methods, after separating bio degradable and non biodegradable waste a. b. In house by using portable containers of vermicomposting which will consume organic waste of that family. In co-operative societies, companies, hospitals, gardens, etc it can be produced by using garden and kitchen waste in one isolated corner in the premises by pit method or bin method. On large scale in open areas like dumping grounds by using techniques of pit or shed.

c.

A] How to produce vermicompost at home? You can also produce your own vermicompost by using pots. Why earthen pot only? It is very important to use earthen pots because it remains moist from outside, which avoids unnecessary heating of container, making the inner environment more conducive for the earthworms. WHY pot of 12x12only? a. Because it is very easy to lift the pot. b. You can keep it any where in the house. c. It takes very little place in the house. d. Excess water can be easily drained out from the pot from holes in the pot at bottom. What is there in the vermicompost pot? The vermicompost pot contains different layers of bricks & broken pots pieces, soil, balanced organic fodder for the earthworms in the pot, powder dry leaves, vermiculture with cocoons and live earthworms to make it ready to use. What is balanced organic fodder? The balanced organic fodder is a product of our research (which is a continuous process from 1989) It contains part of cow dung which is the best fodder for the newly born worms along with combination of medicinal plants like neem, tulsi, etc. which is the best fodder for healthy growth of earthworms. Why top layer is to be covered with dry leaves powder? The top layer is to be covered with dry leaves powder because it helps to retain moisture inside the pot and keeps birds and insects away from the pot. Why to cut vegetable waste into pieces? It is necessary to cut vegetable waste into pieces because it accelerates the process of decomposition. What shall be the temperature and moisture in the pot? The temperature should be15 to 30 degrees Celsius and moisture should be 50 to 60%.

 How to maintain moisture and temperature? Temperature and moisture is to be maintained by adding 50 to 100ml water every day. How to avoid stinking of vermicopost pot? Stinking of vermicompost is to be avoided by turning the waste 3-4 times in a week. Turning will help in increase in aeration in the waste helping in avoiding bad odour. What will be the time required for getting rich quality vermicompost? Time required for getting rich quality vermicompost is about 30 to 45 days as action of the eco-friend earthworm starts from day one. How to harvest vermicompost pot? To collect vermicompost from the pot remove the top layer of the waste and collect rich vermicompost made from your own organic waste. WHAT IS NOT TO BE DONE? Do not form heap of organic waste, as it may stink. Do not water more than suggested. Do not put vegetable waste without cutting, as it will delay the decomposition process Do not keep top of the pot without organic waste. Do not forget to turn the waste as suggested as it may give bad odour. QUICK LOOK AT THE STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED IN USING VERMICOMPOST POT

Top of the pot is covered with dry leaves powder. You are requested to add organic waste to this layer. The layer of the waste should not be more than one to one & half inch only. While putting waste cut it in pieces. Water the pot every day. (The outside of the pot should be always wet) Put small plate under the pot to collect excess water. To collect vermicompost, slowly remove top layer of he waste and collect the granules of vermicompost under it. Replace the organic waste layer once again and start watering to continue the process. a. Vermicompost pit 1 Select a isolated place in the premises for development of vermicompost pit. 2. First clean the place and level it. 3. Dig the place up to six inches minimum and remove the stones, wood, iron pieces, if any, for the better movement of earthworms. 4. In the next step put only crushed dry leaves at the bottom, 5. Over this layer put our product balance organic fodder that contains earthworms and cocoons and fodder for them. 6. Over this layer put once again a layer of dry leaves and start watering it regularly as per instructions. 7. Wait for about 2 to 3 weeks for the earthworms to settle in your soil before introducing other organic waste into the pit.

B]

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE MAINTAINING VERMICOMPOST UNIT 1. If the heap of organic waste is formed it may stink. 2. Water more than suggested may harm the earthworm as well as water logging may not provide enough fodder to them. 3. Vegetable waste put without cutting, as it will delay the decomposition process in turn availability of organic waste will be less.

4. Keep top of with organic waste and cover it with dry leaves and/ or gunny bags to avoid bird attacks. 5. Turn the waste as to avoid bad odour. 6. Do not use any inorganic material like fertilizer or pesticide for any reason. PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION OF VERMICOMPOST AND SOLUTIONS. 1. Snakes, rats, ants etc are main enemies of earthworms. For getting rid of them organic measures like using neem products, tulsi extract, vekhand, kachha papaya can be used. 2. To avoid birds attacks always keep top layer covered 3. Pigs, dogs can damage vermicompost units hence keep unit well protected from their entry. FUTURE OF VERMICOMPOST As mentioned earlier the need for vermicompost production is from both ends, waste generating and agriculture. But the production of vermicompost by using solid waste is mainly governed by nature of available waste which may affect the quality of the vermicompost. Hence research can be under taken for improving quality of vermicompost. Along with production of vermicompost, if vermiculture units are developed on large scale there is large untapped market available in India in fields of poultry, piggery and fisheries. NEED FOR RESEARCH IN VERMICOMPOST 1. The production of vermicompost by using solid waste is mainly governed by nature of available waste which may affect the quality of the vermicompost. Hence research can be under taken for improving quality of vermicompost 2. Different varieties of fruits and vegetables require different nutrients a in-depth study can be done on crop specific production of vermicompost 3. To accelerate the process of vermicomposting new decomposition cultures can be developed. 4. Proper microbiological analysis is not done yet which can be under taken to enhance the quality of vermicompost. 5. Similarly, vermicomposting is a soil related activity hence it will have different chemical and microbiological characteristics in different regions. Comparative study can be undertaken to know specific soil type and vermicompost in relation with microorganisms. 6. Due to improper use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the agricultural soil has degraded and the common problem like salt formation, water logging and desertification of soils etc are experienced by farmers indifferent parts of the country. Vermicompost can be one of the remedies for restoration of soil. If proper research is under taken towards solving these problems, combining techniques of vermicomposting and microbiology, it will be of great help to the farming community as well it can become source of income also.

Further references
1. Appelhof, Mary. 1982.Worms Eat My Garbage Flower Press, Kalamazoo, Michigan.100 p 2. Charles Darwin, Darwin on Humus and the Earthworm 3. Gupta P.K. 2003 Why vermicomposting? In: Vermicomposting for sustainable agriculture, Agrobios (India), Agro House, Jodhpur, pp.14-25. 4. Ismail S.H, Joshi P and Grace A. 2003. The waste in your dustbin is scarring the environment The technology of composting, Advanced Biotech (II) 5: 30-34. 5. Jerry Minnich, The Earthworm Book 6. John A Wallwork,1983, Earthworm Biology, Edward Arnold (Publishers)ltd., London,UK 7. Kenneth Ernest Lee, Earthworms 8. Lynn Margulis, Microcosmos 9. Martin, Deborah L. and Gershung, Grace. 1992. The Rodale Book of Composting. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylv ania. 278 p 10. Patil B B (Dr), Gandulapasun Compost Khat Nirmitichi Padhat, Shetkari, Mar 1995, pp 37-47 11. Penninck & Verdonck. 1986Earthworm compost versus classic compost in horticultural substrates. By:. In: Compost: production, quality and use. Similar type of experiment to no. 2 above. 4 pages. 12. Piccone et al. 1986Vermicomposting of different organic wastes. By. In: Compost: production, quality and use. Compares plant growth for different organic amendments (peat moss, earthworm castings, manure) for soil in greenhouse experiments. 4 pages. 13. Shewta, Singh Y.P and Kumar U.P. 2004. Vermicomposting a profitable alternative for developing country, Agrobios (II) 3: 1516. 14. Shields, Earl B. 1982. Raising Earthworms for Profit. Shields Publications, P.O. Box 669, Eagle River Wisconsin. 128 p., 15. Singh D.P. 2004 Vermiculture biotechnology and biocomposting In: Environmental microbiology and biotechnology (Eds. Singh, D.P. and Dwivedi, S.K.). New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 97-112. 16. Sujatha K, Mahalakshmi A and Shenbagarathai R. 2003 Effect of indigenous earthworms on solid waste In: Biotechnology in Agriculture Industry and Environment (Eds. Deshmukh A.M) Microbiology society, Karad, pp. 348-353. 17. Tripathi Y.C, Hazaria P, Kaushik P.K and Kumar A. 2005 Vermitechnology and waste management In: Verms and vermitechnology, (edi:A.Kumar) A.P.H.Publishing corporation, New Delhi, pp. 9-21 18. Zende G K, (Dr), Ruikar S K, Gandul Khat: Ek Sakhol Pramrsh, Baliraja, Dec 1999, pp 27-47