BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO

AI HOC QUOC GIA TP. HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT
KHOA IEN IEN T
BO MON IEN T







LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP


E TAI:


NGHIEN CU VE IEN T CONG SUAT VA NG DUNG CUA
IEN T CONG SUAT E IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C
MOT CHIEU KCH T OC LAP









Sinh vien thc hien: Vo Ngoc Toan
Lp: 95K.
Giao vien hng dan: Nguyen D Xng



TP. HO CH MINH Thang 3 - 2000.



f ff f f f 1 1A A 1 1A A





Em xin chan thanh to long biet n en Thay Nguye n D
Xng, giao vien trc tiep hng dan em trong suot qua trnh
thc hien luan van tot nghiep. S tan tnh hng dan, giup va
ong vien cua Thay a giup em rat nhieu trong viec hoan thanh
tap luan van nay.
Em xin chan thanh cam n quy thay co a day do chung
em trong suot thi gian qua.
Cuoi cung la li cam n chan thanh en gia nh, ngi
than cung toan the ban be, nhng ngi luon ong vien tinh than
giup em hoan thanh nhiem vu c giao.

Sinh vien thc hien
Vo Ngoc Toan


fff tf IAf



Trong giai oan cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa at nc,
ngay cang co nhieu thiet b ban dan cong suat hien ai c s
dung khong ch trong lnh vc san xuat ma ca trong viec phuc vu
i song sinh hoat cua con ngi. S ra i va phat trien cua cac
linh kien ban dan cong suat nh: diode, transistor, tiristor, triac
Cung vi viec hoan thien mach ieu khien chung a ta o nen s
thay oi sau sac, vt bac cua ky thuat bien oi ien nang va cua
ca nganh ky thuat ien noi chung.
Hien nay, mang ien nc ta chu yeu la ien xoay chieu
vi tan so ien cong nghiep. e cung cap nguon ien mot chieu co
gia tr ien ap va dong ien ieu chnh c cho nhng thiet b ien
dung trong cac he thong truyen ong ien mot chieu, ngi ta a
hoan thien bo chnh lu co ieu khien dung tiristor.
V nhng ly do tren, e tai Nghien cu ve ien t cong suat
va ng dung cua ien t cong suat e ieu chnh toc o ong c
mot chieu kch t oc lap se i sau vao nghien cu cac he thong
truyen ong co dung ien t cong suat e ieu chnh toc o ong c
mot chieu kch t oc lap.
Luan van c trnh bay gom ba chng:
Chng I: Gii thieu ve ien t cong suat.
Chng II: Nghien cu va trnh bay cac phng phap
ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap
Chng III: Cac he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c
mot chieu kch t oc lap co dung ien t cong suat.
Do ieu kien thi gian, kien thc con han hep, nen tap luan
van se khong tranh khoi nhng thieu sot ve mat noi dung lan hnh
thc. Sinh vien thc hien rat mong nhan c s quan tam, ch bao
cua quy thay co, ban be e tap luan van c hoan thien hn.

Sinh vien thc hien

BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM
AI HOC QUOC GIA TP. HCM OC LAP - T DO - HANH PHUC.
TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HCM. -----------0O0----------




KHOA IEN - IEN T
BO MON IEN T

S Sh hl ll l H H Y YU U l lU UA A S S Y YA A S S T TD D T T S SC Ch hl ll l P P

Ho va ten sinh vien : VO NGOC TOAN
Lp : 95K
Nganh : ien - ien t

1. Ten e tai: Nghien cu ve ien t cong suat va ng dung cua ien t cong suat e
ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap.
2. Cac so lieu ban au:
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3. Noi dung cac phan thuyet minh, tnh toan:
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

4. Cac ban ve:
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

5. Giao vien hng dan: Nguyen D Xng.
6. Ngay giao nhiem vu:
7. Ngay hoan thanh nhiem vu:


Giao vien hng dan Thong qua bo mon
Ngay thang nam 2000
Chu nhiem bo mon

Chng I

1fff 1ffff f Iff 1f 1t1 XfA1

I. DIODE CONG SUAT:

I. 1 Cau tao:






Hnh 1. 1
a). Cau tao cua diode.
b). Ky hieu cua diode.
Diode cong suat la linh kien ban dan co hai cc, c cau tao bi mot lp
ban dan N va mot lp ban dan P ghep lai.
Silic la mot nguyen to hoa hoc thuoc nhom IV trong bang he thong tuan
hoan. Silic co 4 ien t thuoc lp ngoai cung trong cau truc nguyen t. Neu ta
ket hp them vao mot nguyen to thuoc nhom V ma lp ngoai cung co 5 ien t
th 4 ien t cua nguyen to nay tham gia lien ket vi 4 ien t t do cua Silic va
xuat hien mot ien t t do. Trong cau truc tinh the, cac ien t t do lam tang
tnh dan ien. Do ien t co ien tch am nen chat nay c goi la chat ban dan
loai N (negative), co ngha la am.
Neu them vao Silic mot nguyen to thuoc nhom III ma co 3 nguyen t
thuoc nhom ngoai cung th xuat hien mot lo trong trong cau truc tinh the. Lo
trong nay co the nha n 1 ien t, tao nen ien tch dng va lam tang tnh dan
ien. Chat nay c goi la chat ban dan loai P (positive), co ngha la dng.
Trong chat ban dan loai N ien t la hat mang ien a so, lo trong la
thieu so. Vi chat ban dan loai P th ngc lai.
gia hai lp ban dan la mat ghep PN. Tai ay xay ra hien tng khuech
tan. Cac lo trong cua ban dan loai P tran sang N la ni co t lo trong. Cac ien t
cua ban dan loai N chay sang P la ni co t ien t. Ket qua tai mat tiep giap
pha P ngheo i ve dien tch dng va giau len ve ien tch am. Con pha ban
dan loai N th ngc lai nen goi la vung ien tch khong gian dng.
Trong vung chuyen tiep (-oo) hnh thanh mot ien trng noi tai. Ky hieu
la E
i
va co chieu t N sang P hay con goi la barie ien the (khoang t 0,6V en
0,7V oi vi vat lieu la Silic). ien trng nay ngan can s di chuyen cua cac
ien tch a so va lam de dang cho s di chuyen cua cac ien tch thieu so
(

b

)
Anot
Katot
( a )
- +
- +
-o 0 o
q
N P
P

d
N P
(ien t cua vung P va lo trong cua vung N). S di chuyen cua cac ien tch
thieu so hnh thanh nen dong ien ngc hay dong ien ro.
I. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:






Hnh 1. 2
a). S phan cc thuan diode.
b). S phan cc ngc diode.
Khi at diode cong suat di ien ap nguon U co cc tnh nh hnh ve,
chieu cua ien trng ngoai ngc chieu vi ien trng noi E
i
. Thong thng
U > E
i
th co dong ien chay trong mach, tao nen ien ap ri tren diode khoang
0,7V khi dong ien la nh mc. Vay s phan cc thuan ha thap barie ien the.
Ta noi mat ghep PN c phan cc thuan.
Khi oi chieu cc tnh ien ap at vao diode, ien trng ngoai se tac ong
cung chieu vi ien trng noi tai E
i
. ien trng tong hp can tr s di chuyen
cua cac ien tch a so. Cac ien t cua vung N di chuyen thang ve cc dng
nguon U lam cho ien the vung N von a cao lai cang cao hn so vi vung P. V
the vung chuyen tiep lai cang rong ra, khong co dong ien chay qua mat ghep
PN. Ta noi mat ghep PN b phan cc ngc. Neu tiep tuc tang U, cac ien tch
c gia toc, gay nen s va cham day chuyen lam barie ien the b anh thung.
ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode cong suat c bieu dien gan ung bang bieu
thc sau: I = I
S
[ exp (eU/kT) 1 ] ( 1. 1 )
Trong o:
- I
S
: Dong ien ro, khoang vai chuc mA
- e = 1,59.10
- 19
Coulomb
- k = 1,38.10
- 23
: Hang so Bolzmann
- T = 273 + t
0
: Nhiet o tuyet oi (
0
K)
-

t
0
: Nhiet o cua moi trng (
0
C)
- U : ien ap at tren diode (V)









( a )
+ -
U
E
i

P N
( b )
- +
U
E
i

P N
Hnh 1. 3 ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode.

I
U
U
Z

U

1
2
ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode gom co hai nhanh:
1. Nhanh thuan
2. Nhanh ngc
Khi diode c phan cc thuan di ien ap U th barie ien the E
i
gia m
xuong gan bang 0. Tang U, luc au dong I tang t t cho en khi U ln hn
khoang 0,1V th I tang mot cach nhanh chong, ng ac tnh co dang ham mu.
Tng t, khi phan cc ngc cho diode, tang U, dong ien ngc cung
tang t t. Khi U ln hn khoang 0,1V dong ien ngc dng lai gia tr vai
chuc mA va c ky hieu la I
S
. Dong I
S
la do s di chuyen cua cac ien tch
thieu so tao nen. Neu tiep tuc tang U th cac ien tch thieu so di chuyen cang
de dang hn, toc o di chuyen t le thuan vi ien trng tong hp, ong nang
cua chung tang len. Khi U = U
Z
th s va cham gia cac ien tch thieu so di
chuyen vi toc o cao se be gay c cac lien ket nguyen t Silic trong vung
chuyen tiep va xuat hien nhng ien t t do mi. Roi nhng ien tch t do mi
nay chu s tang toc cua ien trng tong hp lai tiep tuc ban pha cac nguyen t
Silic. Ket qua tao mot phan ng day chuyen lam cho dong ien ngc tang len
ao at va se pha hong diode. Do o, e bao ve diode ngi ta ch cho chung hoat
ong vi gia tr ien ap: U = (0,7 0,8)U
Z
.
Khi diode hoat ong, dong ien chay qua diode lam cho diode phat nong,
chu yeu tai vung chuyen tiep. oi vi diode loai Silic, nhiet o mat ghep cho
phep la 200
0
C. Vt qua nhiet o nay diode co the b pha hong. Do o, e lam
mat diode, ta dung quat gio e lam mat, canh tan nhiet hay cho nc hoac dau
bien the chay qua canh tan nhiet vi toc o ln hay nho tuy theo dong ien.
Cac thong so ky thuat c ban e chon diode la :
- Dong ien nh mc I
m
(A)
- ien ap ngc cc ai U
ngmax
( V )
- ien ap ri tren diode AU ( V )

I. 3 ng dung:

ng dung chu yeu cua diode cong suat la chnh lu dong ien xoay chieu
thanh dong ien mot chieu cung cap cho tai.
Cac bo chnh lu cua diode c chia thanh hai nhom chnh:
- Chnh lu ban ky hay con goi la chnh lu na song.
- Chnh lu toan ky hay con goi la chnh lu toan song.

II. TRANSISTOR CONG SUAT:

II. 1 Cau tao:

Transistor la linh kien ban dan gom 3 lp: PNP hay NPN.



























Ve mat vat ly, transistor gom 3 phan: phan phat, phan nen va phan thu.
Vung nen (B) rat mong.
Transistor cong suat co cau truc va ky hieu nh sau:








Hnh 1. 6 Transistor cong suat
a). Cau truc b). Ky hieu

Hnh 1. 4 Transistor PNP:
a). Cau tao
b). Ky hieu
( b )
C
B
E
( a )
E
B
C
N
P
P
Hnh 1. 5 Transistor NPN:
a). Cau tao
b). Ky hieu
( a )
E
C
B
P
N
N
C
B
E
( b )
( b ) ( a )
E
I
C

B
U
BE

I
E

C
I
B

U
CE

E - - B
C
II. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:












Hnh 1. 7 S o phan cc transistor.
ien the U
EE
phan cc thuan moi noi B - E (PN) la nguyen nhan lam cho
vung phat (E) phong ien t vao vung P (cc B). Hau het cac ien t (electron)
sau khi qua vung B roi qua tiep moi noi th hai pha ben phai hng ti vung N
(cc thu), khoang 1 electron c gi lai vung B. Cac lo trong vung nen di
chuyen vao vung phat.
Moi noi B - E che o phan cc thuan nh mot diode, co ien khang nho
va ien ap ri tren no nho th moi noi B - C c phan cc ngc bi ien ap
U
CC
. Ban chat moi noi B - C nay giong nh mot diode phan cc ngc va ien
khang moi noi B - C rat ln.
Dong ien o c trong vung phat goi la dong phat I
E
. Dong ien o
c trong mach cc C (so lng ien tch qua ng bien CC trong mot n v
thi gian la dong cc thu I
C
).
Dong I
C
gom hai thanh phan:
- Thanh phan th nhat (thanh phan chnh) la t le cua hat electron cc
phat ti cc thu. T le nay phu thuoc duy nhat vao cau truc cua transistor va la
hang so c tnh trc oi vi tng transistor rieng biet. Hang so a c nh
ngha la o. Vay thanh phan chnh cua dong I
C
la oI
E
. Thong thng o = 0,9
0,999.
- Thanh phan th hai la dong qua moi noi B - C che o phan cc ngc
lai khi I
E
= 0. Dong nay goi la dong I
CBO
no rat nho.
- Vay dong qua cc thu: I
C
= oI
E
+ I
CBO
.
* Cac thong so cua transistor cong suat:
- I
C
: Dong colect ma transistor chu c.
- U
CEsat
: ien ap U
CE
khi transistor dan bao hoa.
- U
CEO
: ien ap U
CE
khi mach bad e h, I
B
= 0 .
- U
CEX
: ien ap U
CE
khi bad b khoa bi ien ap am, I
B
< 0.
- t
on
: Thi gian can thiet e U
CE
t gia tr ien ap nguon U giam xuong
U
CESat
~ 0.
-
-
-

Base
p
-
I
E
+
I
C

I
E

Colecto
r
Emite
r
C
C E
E
N

-
-
-
-

N
p
-
-
-
- +
R
E
U
EE
U
CC
R
C

-
-
-
P
- t
f
: Thi gian can thiet e i
C
t gia tr I
C
giam xuong 0.
- t
S
: Thi gian can thiet e U
CE
t gia tr U
CESat
tang en gia tr ien ap
nguon U.
- P: Cong suat tieu tan ben trong transistor. Cong suat tieu tan ben trong
transistor c tnh theo cong thc: P = U
BE
.I
B
+ U
CE
.I
C
.
- Khi transistor trang thai m: I
B
= 0, I
C
= 0 nen P = 0.
- Khi transistor trang thai ong: U
CE
= U
CESat
.
Trong thc te transistor cong suat thng c cho lam viec che o
khoa: I
B
= 0, I
C
= 0, transistor c coi nh h mach. Nhng vi dong ien goc
trang thai co gia tr bao hoa, th transistor tr ve trang thai ong hoan toan.
Transistor la mot linh kien phu thuoc nen can phoi hp dong ien goc va dong
ien gop. trang thai bao hoa e duy tr kha nang ieu khien va e tranh ien
tch cc goc qua ln, dong ien goc ban au phai cao e chuyen sang trang
thai dan nhanh chong. che o khoa dong ien goc phai giam cung qui luat nh
dong ien gop e tranh hien tng choc thung th cap.







Hnh 1. 8 Trang thai dan va trang thai b khoa
a). Trang tha i ong mach hay ngan mach I
B
ln, I
C
do tai gii han.
b). Trang thai h mach I
B
= 0.
Cac ton hao chuyen mach cua transistor co the ln. Trong luc chuyen
mach, ien ap tren cac cc va dong ien cua transistor cung ln. Tch cua dong
ien va ien ap cung vi thi gian chuyen mach tao nen ton hao nang lng
trong mot lan chuyen mach. Cong suat ton hao chnh xac do chuyen mach la
ham so cua cac thong so cua mach phu tai va dang bien thien cua dong ien
goc.
* ac tnh tnh cua transistor: U
CE
= f (I
C
).
e cho khi transistor ong, ien ap sut ben trong co gia tr nho,
ngi ta phai cho no lam viec che o bao hoa, tc la I
B
phai u ln e I
C
cho
ien ap sut U
CE
nho nhat. che o bao hoa, ien ap sut trong transistor cong
suat bang 0,5 en 1V trong khi o tiristor la khoang 1,5V.






Hnh 1. 9 ac tnh tnh cua transistor: U
CE
= f ( I
C
).

Vung
tuyen
tnh
Vung gan bao
hoa
Vung bao hoa
U
CE

I
C

( b )
( a )
I
C

U
CE

b
a
U
CE

I
C

I
C

-


II. 3 ng dung cua transistor cong suat:

Transistor cong suat dung e ong cat do ng ien mot chieu co cng o
ln. Tuy nhien trong thc te transistor cong suat thng cho lam viec che o
khoa.
I
B
= 0, I
C
= 0: transistor coi nh h mach.

II. 4 Transistor Mos cong suat:

Transistor trng FET (Field Effect Transistor) c che tao theo cong
nghe Mos (Metal Oxid Semiconductor), thng s dung nh nhng chuyen
mach ien t co cong suat ln. Khac vi transistor lng cc c ieu khien
bang dong ien, transistor Mos c ieu khien bang ien ap. Transistor Mos
gom cac cc chnh: cc mang (drain), nguon (source) va ca (gate). Dong ien
mang - nguon c ieu khien bang ien ap ca nguon.










Hnh 1. 10 Transistor Mos cong suat:
a). Ho ac tnh ra.
b). Ky hieu thong thng kenh N.
Transistor Mos la loai dung cu chuyen mach nhanh. Vi ien ap 100V ton
hao dan chung ln hn transistor lng cc va tiristor, nhng ton hao chuyen
mach nho hn nhieu. He so nhiet ien tr cua transistor Mos la dng. Dong
ien va ien ap cho phep cua transistor Mos nho hn cua transistor lng cc va
tiristor.

III. TIRISTOR:

III. 1 Cau tao:

-
Ca
-
- Nguon
-
Mang
( b ) ( a )
= 3V
= 4,5V

= 6V
= 9V
= 7,5V

Dong
ien
mang
ien
tr
hang
so
ien ap mang nguon
Tiristor la linh kien gom 4 lp ban dan PNPN lien tiep tao nen anot, katot
va cc ieu khien.













Hnh 1. 11
a). Cau tao cua tiristor.
b). Ky hieu cua tiristor.
Trong o:
- A: anot.
- K: katot.
- G: cc ieu khien.
- J
1
, J
2
, J
3
: cac mat ghep.
Tiristor gom 1 a Silic t n the loai N, tren lp em loai ban dan P co
cc ieu khien bang day nhom, cac lp chuyen tiep c tao nen bang ky thuat
bay hi cua Gali. Lp tiep xuc gia anot va katot la bang a molipen hay
tungsen co he so nong chay gan bang vi Gali. Cau tao dang a kim loai e de
dang tan nhiet.

III. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

at tiristor di ien ap mot chieu, anot noi vao cc dng, katot noi vao
cc am cua nguon ien ap, J
1
, J
3
phan cc thuan, J
2
phan cc ngc. Gan nh
toan bo ien ap nguon at tren mat ghep J
2
. ien trng noi tai E
i
cua J
2
co
chieu t N
1
hng ve P
2
. ien trng ngoai tac ong cung chieu vi E
i
vung
chuyen tiep cung la vung cach ien cang m rong ra khong co dong ien chay
qua tiristor mac du no b at di ien ap.
P
1


N
1


P
2


N
2

( a ) ( b )
A
J
1


J
2


J
3

A
K
G
G
K







Hnh 1. 12 ac tnh volt-ampe cua tiristor.
* M tiristor:
Cho mot xung ien ap dng U
g
tac ong vao cc G ( dng so vi K ),
cac ien t t N
2
sang P
2
. en ay, mot so t ien t chay vao cc G va hnh
thanh dong ieu khien I
g
chay theo mach G - J
3
- K - G con phan ln ien t chu
sc hut cua ien trng tong hp cua mat ghep J
2
lao vao vung chuyen tiep nay,
tang toc, ong nang ln be gay cac lien ket nguyen t Silic, tao nen ien t t
do mi. So ien t mi c giai phong tham gia ban pha cac nguyen t Silic
trong vung ke tiep. Ket qua cua phan ng day chuyen lam xuat hien nhieu ien
t chay vao N
1
qua P
1
va en cc dng cua nguon ien ngoai, gay nen hien
tng dan ien ao at, J
2
tr thanh mat ghep dan ien, bat au t mot iem
xung quanh cc G roi phat trien ra toan bo mat ghep.
ien tr thuan cua tiristor khoang 100KO khi con trang thai khoa, tr
thanh 0,01O khi tiristor m cho dong chay qua.
Tiristor khoa + U
AK
> 1V hoac I
g
> I
gst
th tiristor se m. Trong o I
gst
la
dong ieu khien c tra so tay tra cu tiristor.
t
on
: Thi gian m la thi gian can thiet e thiet lap dong ien chay trong
tiristor, tnh t thi iem phong dong I
g
vao cc ieu khien. Thi gian m tiristor
keo dai khoang 10s.
* Khoa tiristor: Co 2 cach:
- Lam giam dong ien lam viec I xuong di gia tr dong duy tr I
H

( Holding Current ).
- at mot ien ap ngc len tiristor. Khi at ien ap ngc len
tiristor: U
AK
< 0, J
1
va J
3
b phan cc ngc, J
2
phan cc thuan, ien t ao chieu
hanh trnh tao nen dong ien ngc chay t katot ve anot, ve cc am cua nguon
ien ngoai.
Tiristor m + U
AK
< 0 tiristor khoa.
Thi gian khoa t
off
: Thi gian t khi bat au xuat hien dong ien ngc
( t
0
) en dong ien ngc bang 0 ( t
2
), t
off
keo dai khoang vai chuc s.
* Xet s bien thien cua dong ien i( t ) trong qua trnh tiristor khoa:





I
H

U
I
U
Z

0
U
ch








T t
0
en t
1
dong ien ngc ln, sau o J
1
, J
3
tr nen cach ien. Do hien
tng khuech tan mot t ien t gia hai mat J
1
va J
3
t dan i en het. J
2
khoi
phuc tnh chat cua mat ghep ieu khien.

III. 3 ng dung:

Tiristor c s dung trong cac bo nguon ac biet: trong mach chnh lu,
bo bam va trong bo bien tan trc tiep hoac cac bo bien tan co khau trung gian
mot chieu.
- ng dung tiristor trong mach ieu khien toc o ong c.
- Chuyen mach tnh.
- Khong che pha.
- Nap acqui.
- Khong che nhiet o.

IV. TRIAC:

IV. 1 Cau tao:

Triac la thiet b ban dan ba cc, bon lp co ng ac tnh volt-ampe oi
xng, nhan goc m o cho ca hai chieu. Triac c che tao e lam viec trong
mach ien xoay chieu, co tac dung nh 2 SCR au song song ngc.









Hnh 1. 14
a). Cau tao cua triac.
b). Ky hieu cua triac.
Hnh 1. 13 S bien thien cua dong ien i( t ) trong qua trnh tiristor khoa.

t
1
t
2
t
0

t
I
i
( b ) ( a )
G
T
2

T
1

T
1
G
T
2

N
P
N N
P
N
Triac c che tao tren cung mot n tinh the gom hai cc va ch co mot
cc ieu khien.

IV. 2 Nguyen ly lam viec:

T
1
la cc gan vi cc ieu khien G.












goc phan t th nhat ( I ): U
T2
> U
T1
con ( III ) th ngc lai.
ien ap U
B0
la gia tr ien ap m a triac t trang thai b khoa sang dan
khi khong co dong ieu khien, I
g
= 0. Khi co dong ieu khien I
g
triac se m vi
ien ap at vao nho hn.
Triac ch b khoa khi I
g
= 0 va ien ap at vao nho hn ngng U
B
va m
theo chieu nay hoac chieu khac tuy theo cc tnh cua dong ien ieu khien.
* Co 4 cach e m triac:
- goc phan t th nhat ( I ):
Cach I
+
: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien dng.
Cach I
-
: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien am.
- goc phan t th ba ( III ):
Cach III
+
: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien dng.
Cach III
-
: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien am.
- Triac co u iem la mach ieu khien n gian nhng cong suat
gii han nho hn tiristor.

IV. 3 ng dung:

Triac dung e ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu, trong mach chnh lu.
Ngoai ra, triac con dung e ieu chnh anh sang ien, nhiet o lo.
0
( III ) : T
2

am
( I ) : T
1
dng
Trang thai dan
I
g2
> I
g1
I
g
= 0 : Trang thai
khoa

Hnh 1. 15 ac tnh volt-ampe cua triac.
I
U
t
- U
t

U
B2
U
B1
U
B0

-
I
t

Chng II

1fff 1ff A 1fff fA^
1A1 ffff1 ffAf Ifff 1fff 1t1 It It1 1f t1
1ffff ff1f 1f It1 fAf

I. KHAI NIEM CHUNG:

I. 1 nh ngha:

ieu chnh toc o ong c la dung cac bien phap nhan tao e thay oi cac
thong so nguon nh ien ap hay cac thong so mach nh ien tr phu, thay oi
t thong T o tao ra cac ac tnh c mi e co nhng toc o lam viec mi
phu hp vi yeu cau. Co hai phng phap e ieu chnh toc o ong c:
- Bien oi cac thong so cua bo phan c kh tc la bien oi ty so truyen
chuyen tiep t truc ong c en c cau may san suat.
- Bien oi toc o goc cua ong c ien. Phng phap nay lam giam tnh
phc tap cua c cau va cai thien c ac tnh ieu chnh. V vay, ta khao sat
s ieu chnh toc o theo phng phap th hai.
Ngoai ra can phan biet ieu chnh toc o vi s t ong thay oi toc o
khi phu tai thay oi cua ong c ien.
Ve phng dien ieu chnh toc o, ong c ien mot chieu co nhieu u
viet hn so vi cac loai ong c khac. Khong nhng no co kha nang ieu chnh
toc o de dang ma cau truc mach ong lc, mach ieu khien n gian hn,
ong thi lai at chat lng ieu chnh cao trong day ieu chnh toc o rong.

I. 2 Cac ch tieu ky thuat e anh gia he thong ieu chnh toc o:
Khi ieu chnh toc o cua he thong truyen ong ien ta can chu y va can
c vao cac ch tieu sau ay e anh gia chat lng cua he thong truyen ong
ien:
I. 2. a Hng ieu chnh toc o:
Hng ieu chnh toc o la ta co the ieu chnh e co c toc o ln hn
hay be hn so vi toc o c ban la toc o lam viec cua ong c ien tren ng
ac tnh c t nhien.
I. 2. b Pham vi ieu chnh toc o (Day ieu chnh):
Pham vi ieu chnh toc o D la t so gia toc o ln nhat n
max
va toc o be
nhat n
min
ma ngi ta co the ieu chnh c tai gia tr phu tai la nh mc: D =
n
max
/n
min
.
Trong o:
- n
max
: c gii han bi o ben c hoc.
- n
min
: c gii han bi pham vi cho phep cua ong c,
thong thng ngi ta chon n
min
lam n v.
Pham vi ieu chnh cang ln th cang tot va phu thuoc vao yeu cau
cua tng he thong, kha nang tng phng phap ieu chnh.
I. 2. c o cng cua ac tnh c khi ieu chnh toc o:
o cng: | = AM/An. Khi | cang ln tc AM cang ln va An nho
ngha la o on nh toc o cang ln khi phu tai thay oi nhieu. Phng phap ieu
chnh toc o tot nhat la phng phap ma gi nguyen hoac nang cao o cng cua
ng ac tnh c. Hay noi cach khac | cang ln th cang tot.
I. 2. d o bang phang hay o lien tuc trong ieu chnh toc o:
Trong pham vi ieu chnh toc o, co nhieu cap toc o. o lien tuc
khi ieu chnh toc o c anh gia bang t so gia hai cap toc o ke nhau:
= n
i
/n
i+1

Trong o:
- n
i
: Toc o ieu chnh cap th i.
- n
i + 1
: Toc o ieu chnh cap th ( i + 1 ).
Vi n
i
va n
i + 1
eu lay tai mot gia tr moment nao o.
tien cang gan 1 cang tot, phng phap ieu chnh toc o cang lien
tuc. Luc nay hai cap toc o bang nhau, khong co nhay cap hay con goi la ieu
chnh toc o vo cap.
= 1 : He thong ieu chnh co cap.
I. 2. e Ton that nang lng khi ieu chnh toc o:
He thong truyen ong ien co chat lng cao la mot he thong co
hieu suat lam viec cua ong c q la cao nhat khi ton hao nang lng AP
phu

mc thap nhat.
I. 2. f Tnh kinh te cua he thong khi ieu chnh toc o:
He thong ieu chnh toc o truyen ong ien co tnh kinh te cao
nhat la mot he thong ieu chnh phai thoa man toi a cac yeu cau ky thuat cua
he thong. ong thi he thong phai co gia thanh thap nhat, chi ph bao quan van
hanh thap nhat, s dung thiet b pho thong nhat va cac thiet b may moc co the
lap rap lan cho nhau.

II. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI IEN AP AT
VAO PHAN NG ONG C:

oi vi cac may ien mot chieu, khi gi t thong khong oi va ieu chnh
ien ap tren mach phan ng th dong ien, moment se khong thay oi. e
tranh nhng bien ong ln ve gia toc va lc ong trong he ieu chnh nen
phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap tren mach phan ng
thng c ap dung cho ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap.
e ieu chnh ien ap at vao phan ng ong c, ta dung cac bo nguon
ieu ap nh: may phat ien mot chieu, cac bo bien oi van hoac khuech ai
t Cac bo bien oi tren dung e bien dong xoay chieu cua li ien thanh
dong mot chieu va ieu chnh gia tr sc ien ong cua no cho phu hp theo
yeu cau.
Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap:
Ta co toc o khong tai ly tng: n
0
= U
m
/K
E
u
m
.Va o cng cua ng
ac tnh c:
Khi thay oi ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c th toc o khong tai ly
tng se thay oi nhng o cng cua ng ac tnh c th khong thay oi.
Nh vay, khi ta thay oi ien ap th o cng cua ng ac tnh c khong
thay oi. Ho ac tnh c la nhng ng thang song song vi ng ac tnh c
t nhien:







Hnh 2. 1 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien ap at vao phan ng ong c.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap phan ng thc
chat la giam ap va cho ra nhng toc o nho hn toc o c ban n
cb
. ong thi
ieu chnh nhay cap hay lien tuc tuy thuoc vao bo nguon co ien ap thay oi
mot cach lien tuc va ngc lai.
Theo ly thuyet th pham vi ieu chnh D = . Nhng trong thc te ong c
ien mot chieu kch t oc lap neu khong co bien phap ac biet ch lam viec
pham vi cho phep: U
mincp
= U
m
/10, ngha la pham vi ieu chnh:
D = n
cb
/n
min
= 10/1. Neu ien ap phan ng U < U
mincp
th do phan ng phan ng
se lam cho toc o ong c khong on nh.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap at
vao phan ng ong c se gi nguyen o cng cua ng ac tnh c nen c
dung nhieu trong may cat kim loai va cho nhng toc o nho hn n
cb
.
* u iem: ay la phng phap ieu chnh triet e, vo cap co ngha la co
the ieu chnh toc o trong bat ky vung tai nao ke ca khi khong tai ly tng.
* Nhc iem: Phai can co bo nguon co ien ap thay oi c nen von
au t c ban va chi ph van hanh cao.
M
K K
R R
K
U
n
M E
f u
E
2
u
+

u
=
f u
M E
R R
K K
dn
dM
+
u
= =
2
|
U
1
U
2

U
3

TN ( U
m
)
n
0
n
cb
n
1

n
2
n
3

M
n
M
C

U
m
> U
1
> U
2
> U
3

n
cb
> n
1
> n
2
> n
3


III. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI T THONG:







Hnh 2. 2 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong.
ieu chnh t thong kch thch cua ong c ien mot chieu la ieu chnh
moment ien t cua ong c M = K
M
|I

va sc ien ong quay cua ong c

E

= K
E
|n. Thong thng, khi thay oi t thong th ien a p phan ng c gi
nguyen gia tr nh mc.
oi vi cac may ien nho va oi khi ca cac may ien cong suat trung
bnh, ngi ta thng s dung cac bien tr at trong mach kch t e thay oi t
thong do ton hao cong suat nho. oi vi cac may ien cong suat ln th dung cac
bo bien oi ac biet nh: may phat, khuech ai may ien, khuech ai t, bo bien
oi van
Thc chat cua phng phap nay la giam t thong. Neu tang t thong th
dong ien kch t I
KT
se tang dan en khi h cuon day kch t. Do o, e ieu
chnh toc o ch co the giam dong kch t tc la giam nho t thong so vi nh
mc. Ta thay luc nay toc o tang len khi t thong giam: n = U/K
E
u.
Mat khac ta co: Moment ngan mach M
n
= K
M
|I
n
nen khi | giam se lam
cho M
n
giam theo.
o cng cua ng ac tnh c:
Khi | giam th o cng | cung giam, ac tnh c se doc hn. Nen ta co ho
ng ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong nh sau:









Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong co the ieu
chnh c toc o vo cap va cho ra nhng toc o ln hn toc o c ban.
Theo ly thuyet th t thong co the giam gan bang 0, ngha la toc o tang
en vo cung. Nhng tren thc te ong c ch lam viec vi toc o ln nhat:
R
K K
M E
2
u
= |
- -
-
+ -
+ - - -
C
K

R
K

I

U

U
KT
u1
u
2

u
m

0 M
C
M
2
M
1
M
n
Hnh 2. 3 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong.

n
c
b

n
1
n
2


n

M
|
m
> |
1
> |
2

n
cb
< n
1
< n
2


n
max
= 3n
cb
tc pham vi ieu chnh: D = n
max
/n
cb
= 3/1.
Bi v ng vi moi ong c ta co mot toc o ln nhat cho phep. Khi ieu
chnh toc o tuy thuoc vao ieu kien c kh, ieu kien co gop ong c khong the
oi chieu dong ien va chu c ho quang ien. Do o, ong c khong c
lam viec qua toc o cho phep.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong co
the ieu chnh toc o vo cap va cho nhng toc o ln hn n
cb
. Phng phap nay
c dung e ieu chnh toc o cho cac may mai van nang hoac la may bao
ging. Do qua trnh ieu chnh toc o c thc hien tren mach kch t nen ton
that nang lng t, mang tnh kinh te. Thiet b n gian.

IV. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI IEN TR PHU
TREN MACH PHAN NG:

Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach
phan ng co the c dung cho tat ca ong c ien mot chieu. Trong phng
phap nay ien tr phu c mac noi tiep vi mach phan ng cua ong c theo s
o nguyen ly nh sau:






Hnh 2. 4 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o ong c bang cach thay oi
ien tr phu tren mach phan ng.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc
lap:
Khi thay oi gia tr ien tr phu R
f
ta nhan thay toc o khong tai ly tng:
va o cng cua ng ac tnh c:


se thay oi khi gia tr R
f
thay oi. Khi R
f
cang ln, | cang nho ngha la ng
ac tnh c cang doc. ng vi gia tr R
f
= 0 ta co o cng cua ng ac tnh c
t nhien c tnh theo cong thc sau:
M
K K
R R
K
U
n
M E
f u
E
2
u
+

u
=
u
dm
M E
TN
R
K K
2
u
= |
- -
- -
+ -
+ -
-
-
I

R
f

C
K

R
K

U
E
U
KT
const
K
U
n
dm E
dm
=
u
=
0
f u
dm
M E
R R
K K
+
u
=
2
|
;
Ta nhan thay |
TN
co gia tr ln nhat nen ng ac tnh c t nhien co o
cng ln hn tat ca cac ng ac tnh c co ong ien tr phu tren mach phan
ng. Vay khi thay oi gia tr R
f
ta c ho ac tnh c nh sau:








Hnh 2. 5 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng.
Nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach
phan ng c giai thch nh sau: Gia s ong c ang lam viec xac lap vi toc
o n
1
ta ong them R
f
vao mach phan ng. Khi o dong ien phan ng I

ot
ngot giam xuong, con toc o ong c do quan tnh nen cha kp bien oi. Dong
I

giam lam cho moment ong c giam theo va toc o giam xuong, sau o lam
viec xac lap tai toc o n
2
vi n
2
> n
1
.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o nay ch co the ieu chnh toc o n < n
cb
.
Tren thc te khong the dung bien tr e ieu chnh nen phng phap nay se cho
nhng toc o nhay cap tc o bang phang xa 1 tc n
1
cach xa n
2
, n
2
cach xa n
3

Khi gia tr n
min
cang tien gan en 0 th pham vi ieu chnh:
D = n
cb
/n
min
~ .
Trong thc te, R
f
cang ln th ton that nang lng phu tang. Khi ong c
lam viec toc o n = n
cb
/2 th ton that nay chiem t 40% en 50%. Cho nen, e
am bao tnh kinh te cho he thong ta ch ieu chnh sao cho pham vi ieu chnh:
D = ( 2 3 )/1.
Khi gia tr R
f
cang ln th toc o ong c cang giam. ong thi dong ien
ngan mach I
n
va moment ngan mach M
n
cung giam. Do o, phng phap nay
c dung e han che dong ien va ieu chnh toc o di toc o c ban. Va
tuyet oi khong c dung cho cac ong c cua may cat kim loai.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu
tren mach phan ng ch cho nhng toc o nhay cap va nho hn n
cb
.
* u iem: Thiet b thay oi rat n gian, thng dung cho cac ong c
cho can truc, thang may, may nang, may xuc, may can thep.
* Nhc iem: Toc o ieu chnh cang thap khi gia tr ien tr phu ong
vao cang ln, ac tnh c cang mem, o cng giam lam cho s on nh toc o khi
phu tai thay oi cang kem. Ton hao phu khi ieu chnh rat ln, toc o cang thap
th ton hao phu cang tang.

TN
R
f1

R
f2

R
f3

0
M
C

n
3

n
2

n
1

n
cb

n
0

n
M, I
0 < R
f1
< R
f2
< R
f3
n
cb
> n
1
> n
2
> n
3


V. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH RE MACH PHAN NG:
ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap khi ieu chnh toc o bang cach
re mach phan ng co s o nguyen ly nh sau:








Hnh 2. 6 S o nguyen ly phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach re
mach phan ng.
Mot he thong khi ieu chnh can toc o nho hn n
cb
va ieu chnh nhay
cap. He thong co o cng tng oi ln va thiet b van hanh n gian th ngi
ta dung phng phap re mach phan ng hay con goi la phan mach.
Theo phng phap re mach phan ng th phan ng ong c noi song song
vi ien tr va noi noi tiep vi mot ien tr khac. Phng phap nay giong vi
phng phap thay oi ien tr tren mach phan ng nhng ien ap phan ng lai
khong thay oi. Do o, phng phap nay oi hoi phai:
- ien ap at vao phan ng ong c khong thay oi.
- V dong kch t khong thay oi nen khi ieu chnh toc o, t
thong khong oi lam cho moment phu tai cho phep c gi khong oi va bang
tr so nh mc.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c:








T phng trnh tren, ta nhan thay toc o ong c n

< n
cb
. Mat khac ta
co:



M
K K
R R
R R
R
R R
R
K
U
n
M E
n S
n S
u
n S
S
E 2
u
+
+

+ u
=
M
K K
R R
R R
R
R R
R
n n
M E
n S
n S
u
n S
S
2
0
u
+
+

+
=
0 0 0
' n
R R
R
n n
n S
S
<
+
=
u
n S
S
u n u
R
R R
R
R R R >
+
+ > +
TN PM R R
n f
| | | | < < =
I

I
S

I
n

R
n

R
S

-
-
-
- -
- -
+ -
C
K

R
K

E
U
o cng cua ng ac tnh c re mach phan ng |
PM
nho hn o cng
cua ac tnh c t nhien |
TN
nhng lai ln hn o cng cua ac tnh c co ien
tr phu |
Rf
vi ien tr phu chnh la R
n
.
e ieu chnh toc o ong c trong trng hp nay ta tien hanh nh sau:
* Gi nguyen R
n
, thay oi gia tr R
S
:
- Khi R
S
= 0: ay la trang thai ham ong nang vi toc o ham ong
nang n
HN
= 0.












Hnh 2. 7 Ho ac tnh c khi R
n
= const, R
S
thay oi.
Nh vay, khi gi nguyen R
n
, thay oi gia tr R
S
th vung ieu chnh toc o
b han che va modun o ln ac tnh c tang dan khi toc o giam.
* Gi nguyen R
S
, thay oi gia tr R
n
:
- Khi R
n
= 0: R
S
khong anh hng en ng ac tnh c. Luc nay
ta xem R
S
nh la tai noi song song vi ong c. Ta co c ng ac tnh c t
nhien.
- Khi R
n
= : ong c ien b h mach nen khong co ien ap ri
tren phan ng ong c. ay la trang thai ham ong nang vi R
HN
= R
S
. Ta co :
I
B
= U
m
/R
S
. Ta co ho ac tnh c nh sau:










Ta co ho ac tnh c nh
sau:

n
dm
A S
R
U
I R Khi = = : :
TN
n
n
0

n
2

n
1

I
I
A

M
C

R
S
= 0
R
S
=
R
S2

R
S1
-
R
S1
< R
S2

n
1
< n
2

Hnh 2.8 Ho ac tnh c khi R
S
= const, R
n
thay
oi.

n
1

n
2

n
c
b

I
TN ( R
N
= 0 )
M
C
R
n
= 0
I
B

n
R
n1

R
n2
n
0

0 < R
n1
< R
n2
< R
n
=

n
2
< n
1
< n
cb


Vay, khi gi nguyen R
S
va thay oi R
n
th pham vi ieu chnh khong b
han che nh trng hp tren. Nhng khi toc o giam xuong th o cng ng
ac tnh c lai b giam xuong.
* Ngoai ra con co phng phap thay oi ong thi gia tr cua R
S
va R
n
:
Phng phap nay thng c s dung trong thc te.
So vi phng phap ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach
phan ng ta nhan thay: Khi toc o va moment ong c nh nhau ngha la khi
cong suat c nh nhau dong ien nhan t li trong s o re mach phan ng luon
luon ln hn trong s o ieu chnh bang ien tr phu tren mach phan ng mot
lng bang dong ien chay qua R
S
.
Phng phap nay ch dung cho can truc, cau truc, thang ma y, may can
thep. ong thi tuyet oi khong dung cho may cat kim loai.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan ng th
ieu chnh toc o nhay cap va cho nhng toc o nho hn n
cb
.
* u iem:
- Vi cung mot toc o yeu cau th o cng cua ng ac tnh c
phan mach co o cng ln hn ac tnh c dung ien tr phu tren mach phan
ng.
- Thiet b van hanh n gian.
* Nhc iem:
- Phng phap nay dung tiep iem e ong cat ien tr nen o tinh
chnh khong cao, ieu chnh toc o co cap, pham vi ieu chnh: D = ( 2 3 )/1.
- Do ton that cong suat trong s o nay kha ln nen pham vi ng
dung b han che. Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho ong c co cong suat nho,
thi gian lam viec ngan vi toc o thap.
VI. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG HE THONG MAY PHAT - ONG C
( F - ):
VI. 1 S o nguyen ly:
Vi nhng he thong ieu chnh toc o vo cap, pham vi ieu chnh toc o
tng oi rong. Can nhng toc o ln hn hay nho hn so vi toc o c ban va
can ieu chnh lien tuc nh truyen ong chnh cua mot so may bao ging co
nang suat thap, truyen ong quay truc can thep co cong suat trung bnh va nho,
truyen ong uc ong trong phng phap uc lien tuc th ngi ta dung he thong
F - co s o nguyen ly nh sau:















Hnh 2. 9 S o nguyen ly he thong may phat ong c.
Trong o:
- SC: ong c s cap, cung cap ong lc cho toan he thong. Nhan
cong suat ien xoay chieu, bien oi ien nang thanh c nang keo may phat F va
may phat kch thch K. SC co the la ong c no, ong c ien tuy thuoc vao ch
tieu ky thuat cua he thong.
- F: May phat mot chieu kch thch oc lap, cung cap trc tiep
nguon mot chieu cho phan ng ong c.
- : ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap keo c cau san xuat (
CCSX ), la oi tng can ieu chnh toc o trong pham vi tng oi nho.
- K: May phat kch thch, thc chat la may phat ien mot chieu ac
biet co t d ln nen co kha nang t kch. Phat ra ien mot chieu U
K
cung cap
cho mach kch thch may phat C
KF
va kch thch cua ong c C
K
.

VI. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

e khi ong he thong F - ta tien hanh cac bc nh sau:
- M tat ca cac cau dao CD
1
, CD
2
.
- ieu chnh bien tr mach kch thch cua ong c R
K
tr so
cc tieu sao cho u
max
va ieu chnh bien tr mach kch thch cua may phat
R
KF
tr so cc ai sao cho u
Fmin
.
- ong cau dao CD
1
( luc nay CD
2
van h ) khi ong ong c
SC. ong c SC se quay va i cho toc o on nh. SC quay lam cho may
phat F va may phat kch thch K quay.
- ong cau dao CD
2
e chon chieu quay cho ong c la thuan hay
ngc. Luc nay co u
F
nhng rat be se lam cho E
F
be nen U

= E
F
I

R
F
be.
ong c se khi ong va quay vi toc o thap.
-
+
CD
1
I

P
mC
I
KF
R
KF
C
KF
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2
I
K
R
K
C
K
1

CD
2
U
K
R
KK
C
KK
P
~

P
c2

P
c1

U

SC
n
U
1
; f
1

K F
CCSX

- e tang dan ien ap at vao ong c, ta ieu chnh bien tr R
KF

giam dan ve tr so cc tieu ( tang dong kch t cua may phat ), do o, dong I

tang dan, ong c tang toc o cho en khi at en n
cb
. Qua trnh khi ong en
ay la cham dt.
- e ngng truyen ong ta ieu chnh R
KF
tang dan e giam dong
kch thch cua may phat lam cho ien ap phat ra cua may phat U
F
giam. Do o,
toc o cua ong c giam xuong va ngng han vao luc U
F
= 0. Sau o m cau dao
CD
2
dng ong c SC.
Muon thay oi chieu quay cua ong c ta gat cau dao CD
2
sang v tr 2.
Vi he thong F - ta co the ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng nh sau:
* e cho n

< n
cb
: ieu chnh bien tr R
KF
cua may phat at gia tr
cc ai e giam dong kch t cua may phat lam cho U
F
giam, toc o ong c
giam xuong at n

< n
cb
.
Goi D
U
: Pham vi ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien ap at len phan ng
ong c. Ta co: D
U
= n
cb
/n
min
= 10/1.
* e cho n

> n
cb
: Ta gi U
F
tr so nh mc va ieu chnh bien
tr R
K
at gia tr cc ai e giam t thong kch thch cua ong c. Luc nay toc
o cua ong c tang len at n

> n
cb
.
Goi D
u
: Pham vi ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong cua ong
c. Ta co: D
u
= n
max
/n
cb
= 3/1.
Ket hp hai phng phap ieu chnh la giam ien ap at vao phan ng
ong c U

va giam t thong u

ta c pham vi ieu chnh chung:

D = D
U
D
u
= n
max
/n
min
= 30/1.

VI. 3 Thanh lap phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong F - :

Phng trnh ac tnh c tong quat:






Phng trnh can bang sc ien ong cua may phat: U

= E
F
I

R
F

Thay vao phng trnh ac tnh c ta c:
ay la phng trnh ac tnh toc o cua he thong.
u
D E
uF uD
D E
F
I
K
R R
K
E
n
u
+

u
=
M
K K
R R
K
E
n
D
M E
uF uD
D E
F
2
u
+

u
=
u
E E
I
K
R
K
U
n
u

u
=
u
D E
uD
D E
I
K
R
K
U
n
u

u
=
Thay I

= M / K
M
u

vao phng trnh ac tnh toc o ta c phng trnh

ac tnh c cua ong c trong he thong F - nh sau:
T phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong ta nhan thay: ng vi
moi hng ieu chnh toc o ong c khac nhau ( ln hay nho hn so vi toc o
c ban ) ta se co nhng ho ac tnh ieu chnh khac nhau nh a trnh bay tren.










Hnh 2. 10 Ho ac tnh c ieu chnh trong he thong F - .

VI. 4 anh gia he thong F - :
VI. 4. a u iem:
- He thong nay co the ieu chnh toc o vo cap, pham vi ieu chnh
rong: D = ( 10 30 )/1 bi v qua trnh ieu chnh c thc hien bang mach
kch thch cua may phat va ong c. Co the dung phng phap bien tr.
- He thong co s chuyen oi trang thai lam viec rat linh hoat, kha
nang qua tai ln nen thng c s dung cac may khai thac trong cong
nghiep nho.
VI. 4. b Nhc iem:
- Dung 4 may e quay nen khi lam viec se gay tieng on ln, chiem
nhieu dien tch e at may. ong thi tong cong suat at vao he thong F - qua
ln: Gap 3 lan so vi yeu cau nen von au t ln.
- Hieu suat hoat ong cua he thong tng oi thap:
q = P
c2
/P
~
< 0,75
- ac tnh c doc nen khi co dao ong phu tai th the hien ro hn
na.
- Ngoai ra, do cac may phat mot chieu co t d, ac tnh t hoa co
tre nen kho ieu chnh sau toc o.
VI. 4. c Nhan xet:
Vi he thong F - vong h nh tren, ta khong the thc hien viec
on nh toc o ong c la nhiem vu can thiet oi vi cac he thong truyen ong
nham nang cao chat lng san pham c gia cong tren may, nang cao chat
M
K K
R R
K
E
n
D
M E
uF uD
D E
F
D
2
u
+

u
=
n
3

n
2

n
1

R
KF
|
R
K
|
n
c
b

n
2

n
1

U

+
u

+
u
3

u
2

u
1

U
1
U
2

U
m
, u
m

n
M
0 M
C

lng ky thuat cua mot qui trnh cong nghe ma may san xuat tham gia hoac nang
cao nang suat cua may.
e thc hien nhiem vu o, ta thng dung cac he thong F- co
khuech ai may ien dung phan hoi vong kn. Trong cac he thong nay, cac bo
khuech ai may ien se s dung cac lien he phan hoi, ngha la a mot tn hieu
au ra cua he thong quay tr lai au vao cua no. Tn hieu au ra co the la ien
ap, dong ien trong mach chnh hoac toc o quay cua ong c. Tn hieu au vao
la sc t ong cua khuech ai may ien. Cac khuech ai may ien thng dung
hien nay la may kch t nhieu cuon day ieu chnh c, khuech ai may ien t
kch va khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc.

VII. HE THONG KHUECH AI MAY IEN ONG C:
VII. 1 Khuech ai may ien ( KM ):
KM la may phat mot chieu ac biet. Co 2 loai KM:
- KM t kch.
- KM t trng giao truc.
VII. 1. a Khuech ai may ien t kch:
La loai may phat ien mot chieu ac biet. Mach t c lam bang
thep ky thuat ca n nguoi nen co t tr nho va ac tnh t tre hep.
He thong kch t co t 3 en 4 cuon day:
- Mot cuon lam kch t oc lap ( kch t chnh ) at ien ap mot chieu vao
va dung e ieu khien sc ien ong phat ra cua phan ng may ien.
- Mot cuon lam nhiem vu t kch, lay ien ap phat ra hai au phan ng
hoac dong ien tren mach phan ng quay tr lai t kch.
- Cac cuon con lai dung e thc hien cac phan hoi trong he thong.
S o nguyen ly KM t kch:
* KM t kch theo ien ap ( t kch song song ):








Hnh 2. 11 S o nguyen ly KM t kch song song.
U
ng

R
1

CK
1

CK
3

CK
4

CK
2

F
1

F
2

R
2

U
KM

- -
- -
- -
- -
+ -
- -
KM
TK
* KM t kch theo dong ien ( t kch noi tiep ):







Hnh 2. 12 S o nguyen ly KM t kch noi tiep.
Nh cuon t kch ma ien ap phat ra cua KM c nang cao so
vi may phat thong thng. Da vao ac tnh volt-ampe cua KM ta thay:
U
mKM
= U
m1
+ U
m2








Hnh 2. 13 ac tnh volt-ampe cua he thong KM.
Khi co them CK
2
th U tang len mot lng U
m2
.
He so cong suat: K
P
= P
f
/P
KT
= U
KM
I
KM
/U
K
I
K
= hang tram/1.

VII. 1 Khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc:
La may phat mot chieu ac biet:
- Mach t lam bang thep ky thuat ien can nguoi, cc t dang an.
- Phan kch co t 3 en 4 cuon day:
. Mot cuon lam kch thch chnh ( kch t oc lap ) tao ra t trng
chnh.
. Mot cuon lam nhiem vu bu.
. Cac cuon con lai dung e thc hien phan hoi trong truyen ong.
- Tren co gop at hai cap choi than co truc vuong goc nhau. Trong o,
mot cap c noi tat vi nhau con mot cap e lay ien ap ra.






Hnh 2. 14 S o tng ng KM t trng giao truc.
I
KM

R
2

F
2

CK
2

CK
3

CK
4

F
1

U
KM

U
ng

R
1

CK
1

- -
+ -
- -
- - -
- -
KM
TK
MF
I
; K
PI

MF
II
; K
PII

U
KM

F
2
F
1

R
1

CK
1
I
1

I
2

-
-
- -
+ -
E
1
E
2
U
ng

CK
2

CK
1

I
K

I
m1

U
m1

U
m2

U
mKM

U
KM

ng ve mat khuech ai ta co the xem KM t trng giao truc tng
ng vi hai may phat ien lam viec ke tiep nhau va co s o nguyen ly nh
tren.
He so khuech ai: K
P
= K
PI
K
PII
= U
KM
I
2
/U
K
I
K
.
ay la loai may ien co he so khuech ai cao nhat, K
P
co gia tr hang
ngan lan.

VII. 2 Khuech ai may ien t kch ong c dung phan hoi am toc
o:
VII. 2. a S o nguyen ly:











Hnh 2. 15 S o nguyen ly khuech ai may ien t kch ong c
dung phan hoi am toc o.
Trong o:
- P
m
cua ong c s 5KW.
- CK
1
: Cuon kch thch chu ao ( kch t oc lap ), sinh ra sc t
ong F
1
.
- CK
2
: Cuon t kch thch, sinh ra sc t ong F
2
cung chieu vi F
1
.
- R
2
: ieu chnh he so t kch. Gia tr R
2
cang nho th he so t kch
cang ln va ngc lai.
- CK
3
: Cuon phan hoi am toc o ( tn hie u a ve e kh F
1
), sinh
ra sc t ong F
3
ngc chieu F
1
.
VII. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ta co: F
3
= I
3
W
CK3

E
FT
: Sc ien ong cua may phat o toc o FT. La may phat mot
chieu ac biet c che tao vi mach t bao hoa rat sau e t thong nay phat ra
hoan toan bang hang so nen sc ien ong phat ra cua may phat ty le bac nhat
vi toc o. Do o, khi oc sc ien ong ngi ta biet c toc o theo moi quan
he: E
FT
= K
E
|
FT
n
FT
= K
E
|
FT
n.
3 3
3
CK uFT
FT
R R R
E
I
+ +
=
U
1
~, f
1

-
-
-
R
3

SC
U
ng

U

CK
3
CK
2
R
2

F
2

F
3

F
1

+ -
- -
-
- - + -
-
-
KM
TK
C
K

R
K


CCSX
F
T

n
R
1
CK
1

V mach t bao hoa sau nen |
FT
xem nh la hang so nen E
FT
ty le
thuan vi n
FT
.
T cac bieu thc tren, ta nhan thay khi R
3
= const th: F
3
~ I
3
~ E
FT

~ n. V vay F
3
~ n. Sc t ong cua KM: F
T
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
.
He thong nay co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng:
* e cho n > n
cb
: Ta giam t thong bang cach tang gia tr R
K
.
* e cho n < n
cb
: Ta giam ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c
U

thong qua ieu chnh giam gia tr R

1
.
Ngoai ra, khi ieu chnh R
2
e thay oi he so t kch ngha la thay
oi o cng cua ng ac tnh c. Thc chat qua trnh nay la nang cao o cng
cua ng ac tnh c e at c toc o cao nhat khi ong c c m rong
len. ong thi nh phan hoi am toc o ma ong c co kha nang lam viec vi toc
o thap hn n
cb
/10, ngha la co the m rong them toc o thap va cao nen ta c
pham vi ieu chnh ln: D = ( 40 hang tram )/1.
He thong nay co kha nang on nh toc o khi phu tai thay oi nh
khau phan hoi am toc o: Khi ong c ang lam viec vi phu tai M
c
va toc o
at yeu cau n
yc
. V ly do nao o, moment phu tai at len truc ong c thay oi,
khac n
yc
th nh qua trnh phan hoi am toc o he thong se t ong on nh toc o
at n
yc
. Qua trnh t ong nay c giai thch nh sau: Gia s khi M
c
tang se lam
cho n

giam < n
yc
. Ma khi n giam E
FT
giam I
3
giam F
3
giam F
T
= F
1
+
F
2
+ F
3
tang E
KM
tang U

tang n tang at en n
yc
. Va khi M
c
giam th
qua trnh se t ong xay ra theo chieu ngc lai e toc o ong c at n
yc
.






Hnh 2. 16 ac tnh c cua he thong khuech ai ma y ien t kch
ong c dung phan hoi am toc o.
VII. 2. c Nhan xet:
* u iem: Dung sai so toc o quay tr lai ieu khien he thong e
t ong on nh toc o ( khau phan hoi trc tiep ). Viec tnh toan khau phan hoi
am toc o tien hanh rat n gian, tien li.
* Nhc iem: Dung may phat toc o nen gia thanh cua he thong
cao.
TN
M
n
M
C
M
C1

n
0
n
y
c
n
1

VII. 3 He thong khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc ong c
dung phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am ien ap:
VII. 3. a S o nguyen ly:











Hnh 2. 17 S o nguyen ly he thong khuech ai may ien t trng
giao truc ong c dung phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am ien ap.
Trong o:
- CK
1
: Cuon kch thch chu ao, sinh ra sc t ong F
1
.
- CK
2
: Cuon phan hoi dng dong ien, sinh ra sc t ong
F
2
cung chieu vi F
1
.
- CK
3
: Cuon phan hoi am ien ap, sinh ra sc t ong F
3

ngc chieu vi F
1
.
VII. 3. b Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ta co: . F
2
= I
2
W
CK2
Vi:
Neu cho R
2
= const th ta c: F
2
~ I
2
~ U
fhI
~ I

F
2
~ I

.
. F
3
= I
3
W
CK3
Vi:
Khi gi cho R
3
= const th ta c: F
3
~ I
3
~ U
fhU
~ U

F
3
~ U

.
Tng t nh he thong KM t kch ong c dung phan hoi am
toc o, he thong nay cung co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng ln hay
nho hn so vi n
cb
.
He thong nay co kha nang m rong pham vi ieu chnh, t ong on
nh toc o nh phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am toc o. Gia s: Khi
he thong lam viec vi phu tai M
c
va toc o at n
yc
. Khi M
c
tang n giam nho so
vi n
yc
, luc o he thong se: M
c
tang M tang ( moment ong c tang e can
bang vi phu tai ) I

tang F
2
tang. Khi I

tang AU
KM
= I

R
KK
tang
2 2
2 2
2
2
;
CK
CK
u fhI
CK
fhI
R R
R R
I U
R
U
I
+
= =
4 3
3
D
3
3
;
R R
R
U U
R
U
I
fhU
CK
fhU
+
= =
U
1
~, f
1

-
-
-
-
- - -
- - + -
+ -
- -
SC
R
1
CK
1
CK
3
CK
2

U
ng

U
fhI

U
fhU

I

R
3

R
4

U

R
2

F
2
F
3

C
K

R
K

CCSX

KM
TTGT
F
1

n
U

= E
KM
AU
KM
giam F
T
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
tang E
KM
tang U

tang n se tang at n
yc
. Khi M
c
giam th qua trnh xay ra theo chieu ngc lai.
VII. 3. c Nhan xet:
* u iem: S dung thiet b n gian (ch dung cac ien tr R
2
, R
3
,
R
4
) nen gia thanh thap.
* Nhc iem: Viec tnh toan thiet ke phoi hp gia hai khau phan
hoi nay e on nh toc o la kha phc tap (khau phan hoi gian tiep).

VII. 3 Nhan xet he thong khuech ai may ien ong c:
VII. 3. a u iem:
Ngoai nhng u iem cua cac he thong F - vong h nh:
- Pham vi ieu chnh toc o rong vi o chnh xac va tin cay cao.
- Khi ong may em.
- Co kha nang ham tai sinh, tra nang lng lai cho li ien.
- Ton hao nang lng khi ieu chnh toc o va m may thap.
Cac he thong KM ong c vong kn con co nhng u iem:
- Co kha nang t ong on nh toc o ong c khi phu tai thay oi.
- Co kha nang tang tnh on nh toc o cua he thong nh khau on
nh.
- Co he so khuech ai cong suat ln.
VII. 4. b Nhc iem:
He thong KM ong c co nhng nhc iem tng t nh he
thong F - :
- Dung nhieu may ien vi tong cong suat lap at ln do o oi hoi
gia thanh cao.
- Hieu suat hoat ong thap.
- Dien tch lap at may rong va oi hoi nen mong chac chan nen
ph ton van hanh ln.
- Gay tieng on ln.

VIII. HE THONG KHUECH AI T - ONG C:
VIII. 1 S o nguyen ly:
Khuech ai t ( KT ) hay con goi la bo bien oi van t, la to hp cua
khang bao hoa vi chnh lu khong ieu khien.
KT c dung e lam bo ieu chnh dong ien va ien ap trong cac he
thong ieu khien, ieu chnh va kiem tra t ong.
Trong cac may nang van chuyen, KT thng c dung lam may kch
thch cho cac may phat trong he thong F - . oi vi may cat got kim loai, KT
thng c dung ket hp vi chnh lu diode ban dan e cung cap cho phan
ng ong c mot chieu vi s o nguyen ly nh sau:































Hnh 2. 18 S o nguyen ly he thong KT ong c.
a). Tia ba pha.
b). Cau ba pha.
Trong cac s o nay, may bien ap BA co chc nang bien oi gia tr ien
ap cho phu hp vi yeu cau cua ong c. Tao ra so pha hoac iem trung tnh cho
phu hp vi s o chnh lu neu can va nang cao he so cong suat cua he.
Cac van khong ieu khien V
o
dung e bien oi dong ien xoay chieu
thanh mot chieu va tao ra thanh phan dong ien t t hoa cho KT.
Cuon khang bao hoa KBH dung e ieu chnh gia tr sc ien ong cua
bo bien oi.

U
1
~, f
1

( a )
C
K

R
K

BA
V
0

W
lv

- +
- -
W
k

U
k

-
- - -
- -
-
- -
-
- +

U
1
~, f
1

BA
- - -
-
-
W
k

V
0

U
k

- +
- -
- - + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

C
K

R
K

W
lv

( b )
VIII. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Trong he thong KT ong c, toc o ong c c ieu chnh bang
cach thay oi tr so trung bnh cua sc ien ong chnh lu bang cach bien oi
dong ien ieu khien, tc la bien oi mc o bao hoa cua mach t.
e n gian trong viec khao sat nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong nay, ta
tach ra mot trong ba pha t cac s o tren va gia thuyet rang ac tnh t tre cua
loi thep co dang ly tng.







Hnh 2. 19
a). S o nguyen ly mot pha cua bo bien oi.
b). Dang ac tnh t tre ly tng cua loi thep.
Ta co: u
2
= U
2m
sinet = iR
t
+ X
K
( di / det )
Trong o: X
K
co gia tr thay oi theo trang thai t hoa cua loi thep. Luc
au, loi thep c t hoa co nh nh cuon ieu khien W
k
en mot gia tr B
0

nao o trong pham vi ( -B
S
s B
0
s +B
S
).
* ban ky dng cua nguon u
2
: dong ien thuan i qua V
0
t hoa loi cuon
khang, lam cho bien o t cam bien thien. Luc nay, v loi thep cha bao hoa nen
X
K
rat ln, nguon chu yeu ri tren cuon khang con gia tr iR
t
~ 0. Ta co:
u
2
= U
2m
sinet = iR
t
+ X
K
( di/det ) = N
lv
eS ( dB / dt )
Vi ieu kien ban au: t = 0, B = B
0
, giai phng trnh nay ta c:
B = B
0
+ B
m
( 1 - coset )
Trong o:
- Bien o t cam: B
m
= U
2m
/WN
lv
S
- N
lv
: So vong day cua cuon lam viec.
- S : Dien tch tiet dien loi cua cuon khang.
- e : Tan so goc cua dong ien.
Khi loi thep bao hoa, ta co X
K
= 0. Do o, toan bo nguon ap ch at len
tai. Khi o: u
2
= U
2m
sinet = iR
t
= u
b

Vi u
b
la ien ap ra cua bo bien, tc la ien ap at tren tai.
* ban ky am cua nguon u
2
: V
0
ngng dan, dong ien t hoa khong co
nen loi thep b kh t bi cuon ieu khien W
k
va o t cam B se giam dan ve
gia tr ban au B
0
, ien ap tren tai u
b
~ u
2
= 0.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu c xac nh theo cong thc:
) cos 1 (
2
sin
2
2 2
o
t
e e
t
t
o
+ = =
}
m m KDT
U
p
t td U
p
U
u
2

+ -
- -
- -
I
k

U
k

W
k
R
t

V
0

( a )
B
H
+B
S

-B
S

B
0

( b )
Trong o:
- p: So lan ap mach trong bo chnh lu.
- o: Goc bao hoa
- B
S
: T cam bao hoa.
Neu ta chon B
m
= B
S
th o = arccos ( B
0
/B
S
). Luc nay gia tr trung bnh
cua ien ap chnh lu: U
KT
= U
m
[ 1 + ( B
0
/B
S
)] = f ( B
0
).Vi:
U
m
= pU
2m
/2t
Ta nhan thay: Khi thay oi gia tr B
0
t B
S
en +B
S
ta se ieu chnh c
ien ap chnh lu U
KT
t 0 en gia tr U
2m
( p/t ). V B
0
la do dong ieu khien I
k

tao ra nen thc chat gia tr U
KT
chnh la ham cua I
k
: U
KT
= f ( I
k
).

VIII. 3 Phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong KT ong c:

T cong thc: n = n
0
- M/|, ta c phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c
trong he thong:







ay chnh la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c trong he thong KT
ong c vi R
b
la ien tr trong cua he thong.
Neu xem cuon khang la phan t tuyen tnh th ta se c ho nhng ng
ac tnh c cua ong c la nhng ng thang song song nhau va c goi la ho
ac tnh c ly tng.






Hnh 2. 20 Ho ac tnh c ly tng cua ong c trong he thong KT
ong c.
VIII. 4 Nhan xet:
VIII. 4. a u iem:
- De che tao.
- Ben va gia thanh ha.
) 1 arccos(
0
m
S
B
B B
= o
u
E
u b
E
KDT
I
K
R R
K
U
n
u
+

u
=
u
E
u b
E
S
m
I
K
R R
K
B
B
U
n
u
+

u
+
=
) 1 (
0
M
K K
R R
K
B
B
U
n
M E
u b
E
S
m
2
0
) 1 (
u
+

u
+
=
M
n
n
0

n
yc

n
1

I
k1

I
k2

I
k3

0 M
C

- Do KT la bo bien oi tnh nen khac phuc c nhng nhc
iem cua he thong F - nh a trnh bay phan tren.
VIII. 4. b Nhc iem:
- Do ien tr trong cua bo bien oi van t kha ln nen o cng cua
ng ac tnh c thap, sai so toc o ln va day ieu chnh hep.
- Ve hnh thc ieu khien, he thong KT ong c kem linh hoat
hn he F - . ao chieu quay ong c kho khan va gay ton that nang lng ln.
Quan tnh cua he KT - ong c ln do anh hng cua ien khang KT, he so
cong suat thap.

Chng III

1A1 ff 1ft1 Ifff 1fff 1t1 It It1 1f
t1 1ffff ff1f 1f It1 fAf 1t If1
Iff 1f 1t1 XfA1

I. HE THONG CHNH LU ONG C:

e tao ra bo nguon mot chieu co ien ap thay oi c, ngoai cac may
phat ien mot chieu, KM, ngi ta con dung cac bo chnh lu co ieu khien.
Vao nhng nam cuoi cua thap nien bay mi, khi cong nghe che tao cha t ban
dan phat trien, ac biet la cac tiristor chu c dong ien ln va ien ap cao th
cac bo chnh lu tiristor ra i. Cac bo chnh lu nay ngay cang phat trien manh
me v co nhng u iem noi bat so vi dung nguon may phat mot chieu hoac
chnh lu dung en kh:
- Co the tao ra nhng bo nguon cong suat ln hang ngan Kw ma
cac may phat ien hoac en thuy ngan c kh khong the tao ra c.
- Ton that ien ap tren en rat be, ch khoang t 0,5V en 1,5V.
- o nhay cua he thong cao v co tnh quan tnh ien t be.
- Lam viec c nhng ni di chuyen, chan ong ma may phat
ien, en kh, thuy ngan kho thc hien c.
- Hieu suat cao.
He thong chnh lu c phan chia thanh nhieu loai: chnh lu mot pha
hay ba pha, oi xng hay khong oi xng, co ieu khien hay khong ieu khien
Nhng trong chng nay ngi viet ch xin trnh bay he thong chnh lu ong
c ien ba pha dung linh kien ban dan tiristor e ieu khien. He thong nay dung
e thay oi ien ap va dong ien ngo ra bang cach thay oi thi iem at xung
kch len cc ieu khien cua tiristor, t o co the ieu chnh toc o cua ong c
ien. Viec ieu chnh nay thc hien vo cap va khong can tiep iem.

I. 1 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c:

I. 1. a S o nguyen ly:
Chnh lu ba pha hnh tia con c goi la chnh lu ba pha na chu
ky hay chnh lu ba pha co au khong . ien ap chnh lu la mot na song
cua ien ap xoay chieu.

















Hnh 3. 1 S o nguyen ly he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.
Trong o:
- BA: May bien ap chnh lu co nhiem vu:
. Bien oi ien ap nguon U
ng
thanh ien ap phu hp U
n
at
len bo chnh lu.
. Bien oi so pha nguon thanh so pha phu hp vi bo chnh
lu.
. am bao cho nguon va bo chnh lu ch quan he vi nhau
ve t ma khong quan he trc tiep ve ien nen bao ve va ieu chnh bo chnh lu
c de dang hn.
- T
1
, T
2
, T
3
: Cac tiristor, bien ien ap xoay chieu U
2
thanh ien ap
mot chieu.
- K: Cuon ien khang can bang.
- : ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap. ay la thanh phan
chu yeu, oi tng can ieu chnh toc o.
- Bo loc ( va C
0
): Cho nhng thanh phan xoay chieu con sot lai
i qua tu. Lam cho dong i qua ong c t nhap nho nen moment t thay oi, do
o toc o ong c c on nh.
- BKC: Bo khong che. Co nhiem vu lam bo tao xung, em xung va
phan phoi xung at len cac cc ieu khien cua cac tiristor.
I. 1. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song:
Vi s o nguyen ly nh tren, cac tiristor c noi theo nhom katot
chung nen cac phan t chnh lu co ac iem nh sau:
- Tirisror dan ien la tiristor co anot c noi vi ien ap
cao nhat va phai c kch xung ong pha vi ien ap cua pha o.
- Tiristor nao dan ien th no se ganh tron dong ien tai.
- Khi co mot tiristor dan ien th hai tiristor con lai se khong
dan ( neu ta xet bo qua s chuyen mach ).
G
T1

G
T2

G
T3

+ -
- -
U
2

U
k
-
K
C
0

U

n
I

T
1
T
2
T
3

BA
I
1

I
2

- -
- - -
- - -
-
-
CCSX

C
K
R
K

G
T1

G
T2

G
T3

BKC
U
1
~, f
1

Che o lam viec cua chnh lu phu thuoc vao phng thc ieu
khien va cac tnh chat cua phu tai. Trong truyen ong ien, tai cua chnh lu
thng la cuon kch t ( L, R ) va mach phan ng ong c ( R, L va E ). e n
gian trong viec tm hieu nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh
tia ong c tren ta co s o thay the nh sau:








Hnh 3. 2 S o thay the he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong
c.
Trong o:
- E

: Sc phan ien ong cua ong c ien.

- u
2a
, u
2b
, u
2c
: ien ap th cap cua may bien ap BA.
- R
d
: ien tr mach mot chieu ( ke ca ien tr day quan th
cap cua may bien ap ).
- L
d
: ien cam mach mot chieu.
e tien hanh ieu chnh toc o ong c, ngi ta thay oi goc kch
o cua tiristor se thay oi c ien ap chnh lu, lam cho ien ap at len phan
ng ong c thay oi. Xet hai trng hp:
* Khi o = 0: Ta kch tiristor tai thi iem chuyen mach t nhien
lam cho ien ap ra trung bnh la cc ai: U
d0
= U
dmax


Trong o:
- U
d0
: ien ap chnh lu tai thi iem o = 0.
- m: So pha cua chnh lu ( m = 3 ).
- U
2f
: ien ap pha th cap may bien ap.
* Khi o = 0: U
d
= U
dmax
coso


- Khi 0 < o < 30
0
: Dong chnh lu se lien tuc va co s o dang
song nh sau:





( 3. 2 ) o
t
t
cos sin 2
2
m
U
m
U
f d
=
I
d

U
d

T
1
T
2
T
3

E

L
d

-
-
- -
- -
R
d

+
-
u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
m
Sin U
m
U U
f d d
t
t
o
2 max 0
2 cos = = ( 3. 1 )
























Hnh 3. 3 o th ien ap ngo ra cua bo chnh lu va ien ap ngc
at len tiristor T
1
.
Trong khoang thi gian O
1
O
2
ien ap ra U
a
co gia tr ln nhat, ong
thi tai thi iem O
1
kch xung cho T
1
. T
1
nhan xung kch nen dan ien, m cho
dong ien chay qua con hai van T
2
va T
3
b khoa. Sau thi iem O
2
tr i U
b
co
gia tr ln nhat. Tai O
2
, kch xung cho T
2
nen T
2
dan. Luc nay ta co U
a
< U
b
nen
anot cua T
1
co ien the thap hn so vi katot cua no, do o T
1
b khoa. Tng t,
tai thi iem O
3
, T
3
dan con T
1
va T
2
b khoa.
Nh vay moi tiristor se cho dong chay qua no trong khoang thi
gian 120
0
ien va gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu tiristor:




ien ap ngc at len moi tiristor la hieu so ien the gia anot va katot
cua tiristor o:
. Khi T
2
dan:

o
t
u u
t
t
o
t
o
t
cos
2
6 3
sin 2
2
3
2
3
2
6
6
2
U d U U
d
= =
}
+ +
+
( 3. 3 )

. Khi T
3
dan:


iem cc tr cua ien ap ngc at len T
1
la:



Dong ien chnh lu c san bang co gia tr:


Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien chay qua moi tiristor la:
- Khi 30
0
< o < 90
0
: ien ap ra tc thi se am trong mot so khoang:











Hnh 3. 4 o th ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu khi 30
0
< o < 90
0
.
- Khi o = 90
0
: ien ap ra trung bnh U
dtb
= 0.
- Khi o > 90
0
: Dang song ra cua ien ap chnh lu co dang nh sau:










Hnh 3. 5 Dang song ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu khi o > 90
0
.
( 3. 7 )

( 3. 4 )

)
3
cos( 6
2 1
t
u = = U U U U
a b ngT
( 3. 5 )

)
3
2
cos( 6
2 1
t
u = = U U U U
a c ngT
( 3. 6 )

d d
d
d
X R
U
I
+
=
3 2
1
3
2
0
d
d dtb
I
d I I = =
}
u
t
t
3
4
6
2 1
t
u = = khi U U
ngT
3
11
6
2 1
t
u = = khi U U
ngT
Ta nhan thay: Trong khoang 0 < o < 90
0
, bo bien oi lam viec
che o chnh lu vi ien ap U
d
> 0. Va trong khoang 90
0
< o < 180
0
, bo bien oi
lam viec che o nghch lu vi U
d
< 0. Moi quan he gia U
d
= f ( o ) cua bo
chnh lu tiristor c bieu dien nh sau:







Hnh 3. 6 ac tnh ieu chnh U
d
= f (o ).
I. 1. c Hien tng chuyen mach:
Trong s o chnh lu ba pha hnh tia - ong c, khi phat xung
nham e m mot van tiristor th ien ap cua pha o phai dng hn ien ap cua
pha co van ang dan dong. Do o, dong ien cua pha ang dan se giam ve 0,
con dong ien cua van ke tiep se tang dan len. Do co ien cam trong mach ma
qua trnh nay xay ra t t, cung mot thi iem ca hai van eu dan dong va
chuyen dong cho nhau. Qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh chuyen mach gia
cac van.
Trong qua trnh chuyen mach v ca hai van eu dan ien nen ien
ap chnh lu bang trung bnh cong cua hai ien ap pha: U
d
= ( U
a
+ U
b
)/2.
Phng trnh can bang ien ap cho cac pha trong luc chuyen mach
la:



V i
1
+ i
2
= I
d
va neu ta coi nh:
Th ta co:
Trong o: p la so xung ap ap mach trong mot chu ky ien ap xoay
chieu.
Thi iem bat au xay ra hien tng chuyen mach la tai thi iem
u = o. Ta c bieu thc tnh dong ien chay qua cac van:



( 3. 8 )

d
i
td a
U
dt
d
X U =
1
d
i
td b
U
dt
d
X U =
2
dt
d
dt
d
i i 2 1
=
u
t
sin
sin
2
2
2
td
m
td
a b i
X
p
U
X
U U
dt
d
=

=
( 3. 9 )

( 3. 10 )

)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 1
o u o + = = U
X
I i I i
td
d k d
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 2
o u o = = U
X
i i
td
k
CL
NL
t t/2
o
U
d

- U
d0

U
d0

0
Qua trnh chuyen mach ket thuc khi i
1
= 0, i
2
= I
d
. Do o, ta co the
rut ra quan he gia goc chuyen mach vi cac thong so trong he thong:


Trong o:
Trong thc te van hanh t khi dong ien chnh lu vt qua gia tr
I
d
/I
mk
= 0,1. Do o, co the noi rang trong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c goc
chuyen mach cc ai la 30
0
. Do co s chuyen mach nen sc ien ong chnh
lu b suy giam va gia tr trung bnh cua sut ap do chuyen mach c tnh theo
bieu thc sau:

Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c:


I. 1. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua song hai:
Do tnh chat cua chnh lu ien t cong suat la bien oi ien ap
xoay chieu thanh mot chieu nen dang song ra cua bo bien oi khong phai la hnh
sin ma co cha cac thanh phan song ieu hoa bac cao. Dang song ien ap ra cua
chnh lu co tnh chat xung, co dang nhap nho. Do o, ien ap ra cua chnh lu
gom hai thanh phan: xoay chieu va mot chieu: U
d
= u
d
+ u
d~
.
Trong o: u
d~
la tong cac song hai cua ien ap chnh lu. Bien o
cua chung phu thuoc vao ien cam, ien tr cua may bien ap, tnh chat cua phu
tai, cac van, bac cua song hai va s o ket noi mach cua chnh lu.
Trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, mac du tai
mang tnh chat cam khang ( L, R, E ) se lam cho dang song ien ap ra tng oi
bang phang nhng do co goc kch o va s chuyen mach ien t nen co nhieu
song hai hn so vi he thong chnh lu khong co ieu khien. Khi goc kch o
cang ln th bien o cua song hai cang ln. e kh song hai cho dang song ien
ap ra c bang phang, on nh ngi ta thng dung en bo loc.
Bo loc la khau trung gian, no noi nguon chnh lu vi phu tai. Bo
loc co chc nang ch cho dong ien co tan so co nh nao o i qua ma khong b
suy giam nhng lai lam suy giam manh dong ien cac tan so khac.
e san bang dang song ien ap chnh lu ta dung bo loc LC. Bo loc
nay c dung cho cac thiet b chnh lu cong suat ln nh sau:





( 3. 11 )

o o = ) arccos(cos
mk
d
I
I
td
m
mk
X
p
U
I
e
t
sin
2
=
( 3. 12 )

t

2
2
d td
I X
U = A
( 3. 13 )

d
td
d
I
X
U U
t
o
t 2
3
cos
2
6 3
2
=





Hnh 3. 7 S o mach loc LC.
Mach loc LC la s ket hp gia cuon day va tu ien. Cuon day L
dung e san bang dong ien, loc nhieu tan so cao. Tu ien C dung e duy tr
ien ap tren tai co nh, khong oi.
Ch tieu cua bo loc K
ab
la he so san bang c xac nh theo bieu
thc nh sau:


Trong o:
- K
v
, K
r
: He so xung a u vao va ra cua bo loc. Gia tr cua
K
v
phu thuoc vao tng s o chnh lu con gia tr cua K
r
ln hay nho la do yeu
cau cua phu tai.
- U
(1)m.v
: Bien o song c ban ( song hai bac 1 ) cua ien ap
chnh lu.
- U
d.v
: ien ap ra mot chieu cua ien ap chnh lu.
- U
d
: ien ap ra mot chieu tren tai.
- U
(1)m.r
: Bien o ln nhat cua xung ap song c ban au ra
cua bo loc.
- m
x
: So xung ap cua ien ap chnh lu trong mot chu ky cua
ien ap nguon xoay chieu.
Trong bo loc LC, khi thiet ke, cac gia tr L va C c tnh toan theo
cong thc nh sau:




Trong o:
- m
x
: So pha ( m
x
= 3 ).
- K
v
= 0,25.
ien ap ra cc ai at len tu ien cua bo loc se la:

I. 1. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c:
nhng phan tren, e n gian cho viec tm hieu nguyen ly hoat
ong va dang song cua he thong chnh lu nen ta bo qua cac anh hng cua
mach ong lc oi vi ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu. Khi tien hanh thanh lap
phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ta phai xet en s anh hng cua ien
( 3. 14 )

r
v
ab
K
K
K =
d
r m
r
x
v d
v m
v
U
U
K
m U
U
K
. ) 1 (
2
.
. ) 1 (
;
1
2
=

= =
( 3. 17 )
2 max
2U U
c
=
L

+ -

- -

-

-

+

U
( 1 )m.r Tai
U
( 1 )m.r
C


( 3. 15 )
( 3. 16 )
d x x
d
I m m
U
L
e ] 1 ) [(
2
2
min

=
2
) (
10
x
ab
m L
K
C =
khang, ien tr cua may bien ap, sc phan ien ong cua ong c va cac ton
that khac tren mach ien.












Hnh 3. 8 S o ang tr cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia
ong c.
Muon xet toan bo anh hng cua mach ong lc len ien ap ra cua
chnh lu co tai la ong c, ta s dung sc ien ong cua cuon day th cap may
bien ap c trnh bay nh hnh 3. 8.
Tng t nh ien ap chnh lu, gia tr trung bnh cua sc ien ong
chnh lu c xac nh theo cong thc nh sau:


Khi chnh lu co tai, ien ap at vao ong c: U

= E
d
- AU
CL
.
Sc phan ien ong cua ong c: E

= E
d
- AU vi AU: ien ap ri
tren toan mach phan ng, AU = AU
T
+ AU
R
+ AU
X
+ AU

( 3. 19 )
Va co dang song cua ien ap ra chnh lu khi co tai:















( 3. 18 )
o o
t
cos cos
2
6 3
0 2 d d
E E E = =
T
1
T
2
T
3

E

R
t

R
t

R
t

x
t
x
t
x
t

X
K

R
- -
- -
- -
+
-
u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
























Hnh 3. 9 Dang song ien ap ra va dong ien khi bo chnh lu co tai
la ong c.
T AU = AU
T
+ AU
R
+ AU
X
+ AU

: Trong o:
- AU
T
: ien ap ri tren tiristor, khoang t 0,5V en 1,5V.
- AU
R
: ien ap ri tren ien tr may bien ap AU
R
= I

R
t
.
- R
t
: ien tr tng ng cua may bien ap:


- R
1
, W
1
: ien tr va so vong day tren mot pha cuon s cap cua
may bien ap.
- R
2
, W
2
: ien tr va so vong day tren mot pha cuon th cap cua
may bien ap.
- AU
X
: ien ap ri tren ien khang cua may bien ap:
AU
X
= 0,47I

X
t
. ( 3. 21 )
- X
t
: ien khang tng ng cua may bien ap:


- X
1
, X
2
: ien khang tren cuon s cap va th cap cua may bien ap.
( 3. 20 )
2
1
2
1 2
) (
W
W
R R R
td
+ =
( 3. 22 )
2
1
2
1 2
) (
W
W
X X X
td
+ =
- AU

: ien ap ri tren hai au phan ng cua ong c:

AU

= I

.
Thay cac gia tr cua AU vao: U

= E
d
- AU
CL
va E

= E
d
- AU ta
c: E

= U
d0
coso - AU
T
- ( R
t
+ 0,47X
t
+ R

)I

( 3. 23 )
Chia hai ve cua bieu thc cho K
E
|

ta c:




ay la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c mot chieu kch t oc
lap trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.
T ( 3. 24 ), khi thay oi goc kch o ngha la thay oi thi iem kch
cua cac tiristor th ta thay oi c ien ap ra cua chnh lu. ien ap ngo ra cua
chnh lu thay oi tc la ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c se thay oi lam
cho toc o cua ong c thay oi.
Neu goc kch o cang ln, ngha la ta kch vao cac tiristor cang
cham so vi thi iem chuyen mach t nhien th coso cang nho se lam cho ien
ap chnh lu ra cang be nen ng ac tnh c cua ong c cang doc, toc o cua
ong c giam. Thong thng o c chon: 0 < o < t/2. Ta co ho ac tnh c cua
ong c khi goc kch o thay oi:








Hnh 3. 10 Ho ng ac tnh c cua ong c trong he thong chnh
lu ba pha hnh tia ong c khi thay oi goc kch o.
Trong he thong nay, co hai hng e ieu chnh toc o cua ong
c:
- e ieu chnh toc o at n < n
cb
th ta tang goc kch o lam cho
ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c se giam nen toc o se giam.
- e ieu chnh toc o at n > n
cb
th ta giam t thong kch thch
|

bang cach giam R

K
.
I. 1. f Nhan xet:
He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, khi kch lan lt tng
tiristor lech nhau 120
0
ien th tiristor c kch se dan trong 120
0
ien. cac
thi iem bnh thng chnh lu ch co mot tiristor dan, rieng trong thi gian
chuyen mach co hai tiristor dan.
( 3. 24 )
u
D E
u td td
D E
T d
I
K
R X R
K
U U
n
u
+ +

u
A
=
47 , 0 cos
0
o
M
K K
R X R
K
U U
n
D
M E
u td td
D E
T d
2
0
47 , 0 cos
u
+ +

u
A
=
o
n
0
> n
01
> n
02

0 < o
1
< o
2


n
M
M
C
0
TN
o
1

o
2

o = 0

n
0

n
01

n
02

Khi mac ong c vao he thong th ong c khong the lam viec vi
ng ac tnh t nhien va toc o cua ong c khong at ti toc o c ban.
Khi cho goc kch o = 0 th ong c at toc o la n
max
v ien ap U
CL

la cc ai. Nhng n
max
luon luon nho hn n
cb
.
He thong nay co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng. Muon
giam toc o th ta ieu chnh goc o. Muon tang toc o ln hn n
cb
th ta giam t
thong |

bang cach giam R

K
.
He thong nay co kha nang thc hien cac phan hoi am toc o, phan
hoi dng dong ien ket hp am ien ap e t ong ieu chnh toc o khi phu
tai thay oi. Cac ai lng phan hoi se c a tr ve so sanh vi U
k
lam cho
bo tao xung sm hn hay muon hn so vi thi iem xuat hien xung a chnh
nh.

I. 2 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c:

I. 2. a S o nguyen ly:
S o nguyen ly cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c
co ieu khien, s o ang tr mach th cap may bien ap va phan ng ong c
c bieu dien nh sau:
























K
n
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
U
k

C
0

T
1

T
3

T
5

T
4

T
6

T
2

u
2a
u
2b
u
2c

BA
U
1
~, f
1

+ - - -

C
K
R
K

- -
- -
- -
CCSX

BKC
Hnh 3. 11 S o nguyen ly cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau
ong c.





















Hnh 3. 12 S o ang tr mach th cap may bien ap va phan ng
ong c.
Cau chnh lu co ieu ba pha gom 6 tiristor c chia lam hai
nhom:
- Nhom anot chung ( nhom chan ): T
2
, T
4
va T
6
.
- Nhom katot chung ( nhom le): T
1
, T
3
va T
5
.
Goc kch o c tnh t giao iem cua cac na hnh sin song ien ap.
I. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song:
Chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c muon khi ong he thong ta
phai kch ong thi 2 tiristor: 1 tiristor nhom le T
1
, T
3
, T
5
va 1 tiristor nhom
chan T
2
, T
4
, T
6
. au tien ta kch T
1
cho T
1
dan, sau 60
0
ien ta kch tiep T
3
ngha
la cac tiristor c kch cach nhau 1/6 chu ky. Ngoai tr 1 trong 2 tiristor lan au
tien ch dan trong 60
0
ien con tat ca cac tiristor khac khi a c kch no phai
dan trong 120
0
ien. cac thi iem bnh thng co 2 tiristor dan: 1 nhom
chan va 1 nhom le, rieng trong thi gian chuyen mach ien t ng vi goc
chuyen mach co 3 tiristor cung dan:
- 1 tiristor c kch ang dan dan len.
- 1 tiristor dan ang dan va tat dan.
- 1 tiristor se dan tiep.
Gia s T
5
va T
6
ang dan ien.
R
K

C
K

- - -
- -
- -
- +
- -

E

X
K

|
R
t

x
t

u
2a
I
4

I
1

T
4
T
1

-
-
R
t

x
t

-
u
2b
I
6

I
3

T
6
T
3

-
-
R
t

x
t

u
2c
I
2

I
5

T
2
T
5

-
-
Khi ta cho u = u
1
= t/6 + o, kch xung ieu khien cho T
1
. T
1
m v
U
a
> 0. T
1
m se lam cho T
1
b khoa mot cach t nhien v U
a
> U
c
. Luc nay T
1
va
T
6
cho dong chay qua. ien ap tren tai U
d
= U
ab
= U
a
U
b
.
Khi cho u = u
2
= 3t/6 + o, kch xung ieu khien cho T
2
, T
2
m v
khi T
6
dan dong, no at len anot cua T
2
ien ap U
b
, khi u = u
2
th U
b
> U
c
, T
2
m
lam cho T
6
b khoa lai.
Cac xung ieu khien lech nhau t/3 c lan lt a en cc ieu
khien cua cac tiristor theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1 Trong moi nhom co mot
tiristor m no se khoa ngay tiristor dan dong trc no theo bang tom tat sau:

T Tb bo o i i J Ji ic c m m H Ho o [ [b bo o a a
u
1
= t/6 + o
u
2
= 3t/6 + o
u
3
= 5t/6 + o
u
4
= 7t/6 + o
u
5
= 9t/6 + o
u
6
=11t/6 + o
T
1

T
2

T
3

T
4

T
5

T
6

T
5

T
6

T
1

T
2

T
3

T
4


o th ien ap ngo ra, dong ien cc ieu khien va dong ien chay
qua cac tiristor c trnh bay nh sau:





















Hnh 3. 13 o th dang song ien ap ngo ra, dong ien cc ieu
khien va dong ien chay qua cac tiristor.
Tng t nh trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, e
tm hieu nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c
ta xet goc kch o trong cac trng hp sau:
* Khi o = 0: Ta kch tai thi iem chuyen mach t nhien.


m: So pha cua he thong chnh lu, trong trng hp nay th m = 6.
* Khi o = 0:


Ta xet trong cac khoang thi gian:
Trong khoang thi gian O
1
O
2
, cap T
1
, T
6
dan cho dong ien chay
qua. Khi o gia tr cua ien ap chnh lu:
Trong khoang thi gian O
2
O
3
, cap T
1
, T
2
dan cho dong ien chay
qua nen:
Tng t, ta c:







Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu:




Do o, ta thay khi thay oi goc kch o th ta co the thay oi c
gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap at vao phan ng ong c. Khi o bien oi t 0 en
t th gia tr ien ap trung bnh U
d
bien thien t +U
dmax
en U
dmax
.
ien ap ngc at len T
1
khi T
1
ngng dan c bieu dien nh sau:






( 3. 25 )
m
E
m
U U
d c d c d
t
t
sin 3
2 max 0 0
= =
)
6
sin( 6 ) (
2 2 1
t
u + = = = U U U U O O U
ab b a d
)
6
sin( 6 ) (
2 3 2
t
u = = U U O O U
ac d
)
2
sin( 6 ) (
2 4 3
t
u = = U U O O U
bc d
)
6
5
sin( 6 ) (
2 5 4
t
u = = U U O O U
ba d
)
6
7
sin( 6 ) (
2 6 5
t
u = = U U O O U
ca d
)
2
3
sin( 6 ) (
2 7 6
t
u = = U U O O U
cb d
( 3. 27 ) o
t
u
t
u
t
t
o
t
o
t
cos
6 3
)
6
sin( 6
2
6
2
3 6
6
2
U d U U
d
= + =
}
+ +
+
o
t
t
o cos sin 3 cos
2 max 0 0
m
E
m
U U
d c d c d
= =
( 3. 26 )




















Hnh 3. 14 ien ap ngo ra cua chnh lu va ien ap ngc at len
tiristor T
1
.
Trong khoang thi gian OO
1
, T
5
dan ien nen U
ngT1
= U
c
U
a
.
Trong khoang thi gian O
3
O
5
, T
3
dan ien nen: U
ngT1
= U
b
U
a
.
Gia tr cua ien ap ngc cc ai at len moi tiristor la:
e s o chnh lu ba pha hnh cau co the lam viec c, cac xung
ieu khien can co o rong ln hn 60
0
ien mi co the am bao cho viec m
ong thi 2 tiristor hai nhom.
I. 2. c Hien tng chuyen mach:
oi vi s o chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c co ieu khien,
oi xng, qua trnh chuyen mach ch xay ra gia cac tiristor trong cung mot
nhom. o th bieu dien dang song ien ap ra cua chnh lu, dong ien chay qua
tiristor va ien ap ngc at len moi tiristor nh sau:







2 max
6U U
ng
=






















Hnh 3. 15 o th ien ap chnh lu, dong ien qua cac tiristor va
ien ap ngc at len T
1
khi xay ra hien tng chuyen mach.
Khi he thong hoat ong, gia s van T
1
, T
2
ang m. Tai thi iem
O
1
, ta kch xung e T
3
m. Luc nay se bat au xay ra s chuyen mach cua dong
ien t T
1
sang T
3
. T
1
va T
3
m ong thi se lam ngan mach hai au cuon th
cap cua may bien ap. Trong thi gian nay dong ien chay qua T
3
tang dan t 0
en I
d
, ong thi dong qua T
1
giam dan t I
d
xuong 0, T
1
bat au ngng dan. Sau
mot khoang thi gian chuyen mach nao o th dong i
T1
mi thc s giam ve 0 va
dong i
T3
at en gia tr I
d
.




Moi tng quan gia goc chuyen mach vi cac ai lng cua he
thong:

Neu chon O
1
lam goc thi gian, ta c:



( 3. 28 )
( 3. 29 )
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 1
o u o + = U
X
I i
td
d T
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 3
o u o + = U
X
i
td
T
( 3. 30 )
d
td
I
U
X
2
6
2
) cos( cos = + o o
)
6
sin( 2
2
t
o u + + = U U
a
)
6
sin( 2
2
t
o u + + = U U
a
Gia tr trung bnh cua sut ap do hien tng trung dan gay nen:


Thay gia tr bieu thc ( 3. 30 ) vao ( 3. 31 ) ta c:


Xet trong khoang thi gian O
2
O
3
: U
T1
= u
b
u
a

Trong khoang thi gian O
3
O
4
: T
2
va T
4
trung dan nen ta co:
U
T1
= u
b
u
a
va U
T1
= u
b
u
c
nen U
T1
= u
b
( u
a
+ u
c
)/2.
Xet trong khoang thi gian O
4
O
5
: U
T1
= u
b
u
c

Trong khoang thi gian O
5
O
6
: T
3
va T
5
trung dan nen ta co:
U
T1
= u
b
u
a
va U
T1
= u
c
u
a
nen U
T1
= ( u
b
+ u
c
)/2 u
a
.
Tng t cho cac khoang con lai.
Khi ke en s chuyen mach ien t, gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap
chnh lu ba pha hnh cau:


I. 2. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu:
Do tnh chat tng t nh he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong
c, trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c ta van s dung bo loc
LC e loc song hai, san bang ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu.






Hnh 3. 16 S o nguyen ly cua bo loc LC.
He so san bang cua bo loc:


Trong o:
- U
(1)m.v
: Bien o song c ban ( song bac 1 ) cua ien ap
chnh lu.
- U
(1)m.r
: Bien o ln nhat cua xung ap song c ban au ra
cua bo loc.


- Z
1
= jm
x
eL.
- Z
2
= 1/( jm
x
eC).
( 3. 31 ) )] cos( [cos
2
6 3
2
o o
t

+ = A U U
( 3. 32 )
t

d td
I X
U
3
= A
( 3. 33 )
t
o
t
d td
d
I X
U U
3
cos
6 3
2
=
( 3. 34 ) )
1 1
( 1
2
1
. ) 1 (
. ) 1 (
Z r
Z
U
U
K
r m
v m
sb
+ + = =
( 3. 35 )
r Z r Z Z
r Z Z U
U U
v m
v m r m
2 2 1
2 1 . ) 1 (
. ) 1 ( . ) 1 (
) (
) (
+ +
+
=
L


+ -

- -

-

-

+

U
( 1 )m.r Tai
U
( 1 )m.v C


- m
x
: Xung ap cua ien ap chnh lu trong mot chu ky ien
ap nguon xoay chieu. oi vi s o chnh lu ba pha hnh cau th m
x
= 6.
- e: Tan so goc cua nguon xoay chieu.
Thay cac gia tr cua Z
1
, Z
2
vao ( 3. 35 ) va xem nh 1/r ~ 0 ta c
bieu thc tnh he so san bang nh sau: K
sb
= 1 m
2
x
e
2
LC
vi gia tr cua L c tnh bang Henry ( H ) va C tnh bang F.
e xac nh L ta da vao cac ieu kien sau: I
d0
> I
(1)m.v
( 3. 36 )
Ta co bieu thc tnh bien o song c ban cua dong ien chay qua
ien khang khi coi Z
1
>> Z
2
:
Thanh phan dong mot chieu chay qua ien khang khi khong tnh
en ton that nang lng la: I
d0
= U
dv
/r.
Thay cac gia tr cua I
d0
va I
(1)m.v
vao bieu thc ( 3. 36 ), ta c:




Bieu thc ( 3. 37 ) chnh la ieu kien e xac nh gia tr L cua bo
loc.
I. 2. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c:
Tng t nh he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, trong he
thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c th sc ien ong at len ong c se
la: E

= U
d0c
coso - AU ( 3. 38 )
AU: Ton hao tren toan mach phan ng.
E

= U
d0c
coso - AU
UC
- AU
R
- AU
XC
- AU ( 3. 39 )
Trong o:
- AU
UC
: Ton hao tren cac van chnh lu:
AU
ucau
= 2AU
utia
= ( 2 3 )V
- AU
RC
: Ton hao tren ien tr tac dung mot pha cua may
bien ap: AU
XC
= 0,955X
t
I

- AU

: Ton hao tren hai au phan ng cua ong c:

AU

= R

.
Bieu thc ( 3. 38 ) c viet lai nh sau:
E

= U
d0c
coso - AU
UC
- ( 2R
t
+ 0,955X
t
+ R

)I

( 3. 40 )
Chia hai ve cua ( 3. 40 ) cho K
E
|

ta c:



x
sb
m
K
LC
2
10
=
L m
U
I
x
v m
v m
e
. ) 1 (
. ) 1 (
~
( 3. 37 )
e e
x dv
v m
d
x
v m
m U
r U
L
r
U
L m
U
. ) 1 ( . ) 1 (
> <
e
x
x x
v
dv
v m
m m
r
L
m
K
U
U
V
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
2
. ) 1 (

>

= =
( 3. 41 )
u
D E
u td td
D E
UC c d
I
K
R X R
K
U U
n
u
+ +

u
A
=
955 , 0 2 cos
0
o
ay la phng trnh ac tnh c ien cua ong c.


( 3. 42 ) la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c mot chieu kch t
oc lap trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau - ong c.
He thong nay cung co hai hng ieu chnh toc o va phan hoi e
on nh toc o ong c tng t nh he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong
c.
I. 2. f Nhan xet:
So vi he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c th he thong
chnh lu ba pha hnh cau co nhieu u iem hn:
Gia tr ien ap ngo ra cua chnh lu hnh cau ln hn ien ap chnh
lu hnh tia. o nhap nho cua song ien ap chnh lu hnh cau thap hn hnh tia
nen chat lng cua chnh lu ba pha hnh cau la tot nhat. ay la he thong c
s dung pho bien nhat trong thc te.
Ngay nay, cac he thong hien ai ta co the ieu chnh toc o ln
hay nho hn so vi toc o c ban vi pham vi ieu chnh ln:
D = ( Hang tram hang ngan )/1.
Nh vay, he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau la mot he thong co:
- ac tnh c cng.
- T ong on nh c toc o khi phu tai thay oi.
- Co o nhay cao, hieu suat ln.

I. 3 Che o nghch lu trong he tho ng chnh lu ong c:

Khi ong c ien do tac ong cua ngoai lc lam cho toc o oi dau ( quay
ngc ) hoac ao chieu dong ien kch thch th sc ien ong cua ong c ien
ao dau, ong thi ieu chnh goc kch o bien thien trong pham vi: t/2 < o < t
th he thong chnh lu ong c se lam viec theo che o nghch lu. che o
nghch lu, dong ien chnh lu van theo chieu cu nhng sc ien ong chnh lu
a ao dau do cac van dan dong trong thi gian ien ap anot am. Cong suat ien
t cua ong c va cua chnh lu la:
P
t
= UI
d
> 0
P
d
= U
d
I
d
< 0
Luc nay, he thong chnh lu tr thanh thiet b nhan ien nang do ong c
lam viec trang thai ham tai sinh phat ra va bien ien nang mot chieu nay
thanh ien nang xoay chieu tra ve li ien.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c che o nghch lu trong he
thong chnh lu - ong c nh sau:


( 3. 42 ) M
K K
R X R
K
U U
n
D
M E
u td td
D E
UC c d
2
0
955 , 0 2 cos
u
+ +

u
A
=
o
( 3. 43 )
u DK uD td td
D E
v d
I R R R X
m
K
U E
n )
2
(
cos
max 0
+ + +
u
A
=
t
o
Va ho ac tnh c cua ong c ien che o nghch lu trong he thong
chnh lu ong c nh sau:


















Hnh 3. 17 Ho ac tnh c cua ong c khi lam viec che o nghch lu
trong he thong chnh lu - ong c.
Tng t nh che o chnh lu, trong che o nghch lu cung co the xay
ra cac hien tng chuyen mach va gian oan cua dong ien. Sau khi ket thuc
qua trnh chuyen dong cho van T
2
, van T
1
chuyen t trang thai dan sang trang
thai khoa. Qua trnh nay phai ket thuc trc qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien tc
la thi iem u
2a
bat au dng hn u
2b
. Thi gian cua qua trnh nay goi la thi
gian khoa hay thi gian e cho tiristor phuc hoi chac chan th goc kch o c
chon nh sau: t/2 < o s t - ( o + ).
Trong o:
- o: c chon khoang 5
0
.
- : c chon khoang t 15
0
en 18
0
.
Trong thc te, e bo bien oi van lam viec an toan che o nghch lu th
goc kch o c chon: o
max
= 160
0
.
Neu ieu kien nay khong c am bao th nghch lu se ri vao trong
thai s co, van can khoa se van dan dong tiep, khong thc hien c s chuyen
mach gia cac van vi nhau, khong the kiem soat c ien ap, dong ien cua
nghch lu.


M
C
= M
m

ong c
Ham tai sinh
n
3

n
4

n
5

n
max

n
0

M, I
Ham ong nang ( o = t/2 )
o
max
= 160
0

o
4

o
5

o
3

o = 0

o
1

o
2

n
1

n
2

n
0
I. 4 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu - ong c:

Trong he thong chnh lu - ong c a trnh bay nh tren, may ien trong he
thong ch lam viec trang thai ong c vi mot chieu quay ( n > 0 ), con cac trang thai
ham ch co the xay ra khi co ngoai lc lam cho ong c quay ngc ( n < 0 ). Do o,
ta thay he thong chnh lu ong c kem linh hoat hn he thong may phat ong c.
Nguyen nhan la do chnh lu tiristor dan dong theo mot chieu va ch ie u khien c
khi m, con khoa theo ien ap li. V vay, e cho may ien lam viec trang thai
ong c cung nh trang thai ham tng ng vi ca hai chieu quay cua truc ong c ta
phai dung en ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c.
Co hai nguyen tac c ban e xay dng he truyen ong ao chieu o la:
- Gi nguyen chieu dong ien phan ng va ao chieu dong kch t ong
c.
- Gi nguyen chieu dong kch t va ao chieu dong ien phan ng ong
c.
e tien hanh ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c ta dung 3
phng phap o la: ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c ien, ao chieu dong phan ng
bang tiep iem va ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo bien oi kep.
I. 4. a Phng phap ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c:
* S o nguyen ly:
Phng phap ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c ch dung mot bo bien
oi n (khong ao chieu) trong mach phan ng va mot bo tiep iem ao chieu trong
mach kch t ong c.
S o nguyen ly va cac s o thay the cua he thong thanh lap theo
phng phap nay c trnh bay nh sau:















( a )
- -
-
-
- U
K
- - + -
I
KTT

I
KTN

N
N
T
T
U
KT


( b )
- + - -
I
KTT

M n
T


R
b
E
d

E

V
R

Hnh 3. 18 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c bang
phng phap ao chieu dong kch t:
a). S o nguyen ly.
b). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai
ong c quay thuan.
c). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai
ham va quay thuan.
d). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai
ong c quay ngc.
* Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Gia s khi ong c ang quay thuan ( n > 0 ) vi dong kch t I
KTT
co
chieu nh hnh 3. 18b va goc kch tiristor o < 90
0
. e ham ong c, ta oi chieu dong
kch t I
KTN
( hnh 3. 18c ), ong thi tang goc kch tiristor o > 90
0
. Luc nay,
du toc o ong c van theo chieu cu nhng sc phan ien ong cua ong c E

oi
chieu ( E

< 0 ). ong thi sc ien ong cua bo chnh lu E

d
cung oi chieu. Goc kch
o phai chon sao cho: , E
d
, < , E

,. Nh vay, dong I

se chay di tac dung cua E

. Tuy
dong I

khong oi chieu nhng do t thong kch thch oi chieu nen moment cua ong
c se oi chieu va gay tac dung ham.
e tien hanh ao chieu quay cua ong c, ta cho I
KT
chay theo chieu
ngc lai ( I
KTN
) va bo chnh lu lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch o < 90
0
.
Khi o s o thay the cua he thong se nh hnh 3. 18d.
Nhan xet:
u iem: Phng phap nay s dung nhng thiet b n gian. Gia thanh
ha, thuan tien trong viec van hanh va bao quan.
Khuyet iem: Do quan tnh ien t cua mach kch t ln nen khoang thi
gian qua o khi ao chieu quay ong c trong he thong co the len ti vai giay.
I. 4. b Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng bang tiep iem:
* S o nguyen ly:
Phng phap nay s dung mot bo chnh lu n va mot bo tiep iem ao
chieu trong mach phan ng cua ong c. ong thi cung am bao c cac trang thai
lam viec tng t nh phng phap ao chieu dong kch t nh a trnh bay tren. Moi
tng quan gia cac ai lng ien va c cua he thong chnh lu ong c c minh
hoa bi s o nguyen ly va cac s o thay the nh sau:
( c )
- - + -
I
KTN

M n
T


R
b

E
d

E

V
R

( d )
- - + -
I
KTN

M n
T


R
b

E
d

E

V
R

Hnh 3. 19 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c bang
phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng.
a). S o nguyen ly.
b). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai
ong c quay thuan.
c). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai
ham va quay thuan.
d). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai
ong c quay ngc.
* Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Gia s khi ong c ang quay theo chieu thuan ( n > 0 ), dong ien phan
ng I

co chieu nh hnh 3. 19b va he thong chnh lu ang lam viec trang thai chnh
lu vi goc kch o < 90
0
. e ham ong c, ta oi chieu dong I

, ong thi tang goc kch

o > 90
0
. Khi o, sc ien ong cua bo chnh lu E
d
se oi chieu con sc phan ien ong
cua ong c E

van gi nguyen theo chieu cu ( hnh 3. 19c ). Nh vay, dong I

chay
di tac dung cua E

vi ieu kien ta phai chon goc kch o sao cho , E

, < , E
d
,, ong
c lam viec trang thai may phat tra nang lng lai cho li ien, con he thong chnh
lu lam viec trang thai nghch lu. Do dong I

oi chieu nen moment cua ong c tr

thanh ngc chieu vi chieu cua toc o ong c va gay tac dung ham.
e ao chieu quay cua ong c, ta cho dong I

chay theo chieu ngc so

vi chieu I

trang thai ong c quay thuan ( hnh 3. 19b ), con bo bien oi lam viec
trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch o < 90
0
. Moi tng quan gia cac ai lng ien va c
cua he thong trong trang thai ao chieu ong c nay c bieu dien s o hnh 3.
19d.
( c )
M
n
R
b

E
d

E

V
R

M


C
K

( a )

-
- U
K

-
-
-
- - + -
T
T N
N

( b )
M n

R
b
E
d

E

V
R

( d )
M
n
R
b

E
d

E

V
R

M


Nhan xet:
u iem: Phng phap nay n gian, de van hanh va bao tr. Co thi gian
ao chieu nhanh hn phng phap ao chieu dong kch t.
Khuyet iem: Phai dung cac tiep iem trong mach lc e ieu chnh
ao chieu.
I. 4. c Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo chnh lu kep:
* S o nguyen ly:
Phng phap nay s dung bo chnh lu ao chieu e thay oi cc tnh
cua ien ap at tren phan ng cua ong c. Phng phap nay tuy phc tap nhng se
tranh c cac nhc iem cua hai phng phap va trnh bay tren. S o nguyen ly
cua he thong ao chieu chnh lu ong c dung bo bien oi kep nh sau:












Hnh 3. 20 S o khoi ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo chnh lu kep.
Trong he thong nay, moi nhom van chnh lu tiristor trong bo chnh lu
ao chieu co the coi nh mot bo chnh lu rieng biet, cung cap cho phu tai la ong c
ien mot dong ien theo chieu co nh. Do o, e cho hai nhom van chnh lu co the
lam viec ket hp vi nhau tren cung mot phu tai ta can ac biet chu y en phng phap
ieu khien chung. Muc ch cua viec ieu khien phoi hp nay la e am bao che o
lam viec an toan cua he thong, tranh s trao oi nang lng trc tiep t nhom chnh lu
nay sang nhom kia, tc la phai han che dong ky sinh trong chung hay con goi la dong
can bang.
Co hai phng phap ieu khien ket hp gia hai nhom van la ieu khien
rieng va ieu khien chung.
Phng phap ieu khien rieng:
Khi ieu khien rieng hai bo bien oi lam viec rieng le nhau. Tai mot thi
iem ch phat xung ieu khien m cac tiristor, ch at len nhom van lam viec ma thoi
con nhom th hai khong co xung m van nen hoan toan c ngat ra khoi mach phu
tai. Nh o ta co the loai tr dong can bang. Gia s khi ta ieu khien cho ong c quay
thuan, ta cho nhom van V
1
lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch o < 90
0
va loai
tr tac dung cua nhom van V
2
. Luc nay chieu cua sc ien ong cua bo chnh lu E
d1
,
sc phan ien ong cua ong c E

, moment va toc o cua ong c c bieu dien nh

sau:
- -
- -
- V
1

- V
2











Hnh 3. 21 S o thay the cua he thong khi ieu khien rieng cho ong c
quay thuan.
e cho ong c lam viec trang thai ham tai sinh, quay thuan ta loai tr
tac dung cua nhom van V
1
va cho nhom van V
2
lam viec trang thai nghch lu vi goc
kch o > 90
0
. Luc nay, chieu cua cac ai lng ien va c cua he thong c bieu dien
nh sau:








Hnh 3. 22 S o thay the cua he thong khi ieu khien rieng cho ong c
lam viec trang thai ham tai sinh, quay thuan.
Vi cach ieu khien tng t, e cho ong c quay ngc ta cho nhom
van V
2
lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch o < 90
0
va loai tr tac dung cua
nhom van V
1
. Khi can cho ong c lam viec trang thai ham tai sinh, quay ngc ta
cho nhom van V
2
lam viec trang thai nghch lu vi goc kch o > 90
0
ong thi
loai tr tac dung cua nhom van V
1
.
Nhan xet:
u iem: Phng phap ieu khien rieng lam viec an toan, khong co dong
ien can bang chay trong cac bo bien oi.
Nhc iem: He thong phai can co mot khoang thi gian tre trong o
dong ien chay qua ong c bang khong. Do o, phng phap nay oi hoi mot he thong
ieu khien co logic phc tap va phai u o nhay. ong thi phng phap nay co ac
tnh ong cua ong c khong tot.
Phng phap ieu khien chung:
Phng phap nay c thc hien bang cach: Tai mot thi iem ca hai bo
bien oi eu nhan c xung m, nhng ch co mot bo bien oi cap dong cho nghch
lu con bo bien oi kia lam viec che o i.
Khi can ieu khien cho ong c quay thuan, ta cho nhom van V
1
lam viec
trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch o
1
< 90
0
, ien nang se truyen vao ong c. Luc nay,
nhom van V
2
cung co xung kch vi goc kch o
2
> 90
0
sao cho , E
d2
, > , E
d1
,. Do o,
thanh phan mot chieu cua dong ien khong the chay t ni co ien the thap ( nhom van
M n

R
b

E
d1

E

V
1

R

M n

R
b

E
d2

E

V
2

R

E
d1

V
1
) sang ni co ien the cao ( nhom van V
2
) hoac t ong c chay sang nhom van V
2
.
Nhom van V
2
se lam viec trang thai nghch lu i. S o thay the cua he thong trong
trng hp nay c trnh bay nh sau:








Hnh 3. 23 S o thay the cua he thong ao chieu chnh lu ong c
bang phng phap ieu khien chung.
Neu chon , E
d1
, = , E
d2
, th ta co phng phap ieu khien chung tuyen
tnh. V E
d1
= E
d0
coso
1
, E
d2
= E
d0
coso
2
. Ta c moi quan he gia hai goc kch: o
1
+ o
2

= 180
0
.
Phng phap ieu khien chung tuyen tnh c thc hien bang cach gi
cho tong hai goc kch cua hai nhom van bang 180
0
. Neu tang goc kch cua nhom van
nay th ong thi phai giam goc kch cua nhom van kia. Nh o ta se gi c tong sc
ien ong trong mach t nhom van V
1
en V
2
la: E
d
= E
d1
+ E
d2
= 0. Do o, dong can
bang trong bo chnh lu se bang khong I
cb
= E
d
/R
b
= 0. Khong co hien tng trao oi
nang lng gia cac nhom van.
Neu ieu khien sao cho E
d1
< E
d2
th ta co phng phap ieu khien chung
phi tuyen. Khi o moi quan he gia hai goc kch cua hai nhom van: o
1
+ o
2
= 180
0
+
Trong o: Goi la goc khong phu hp.
V , E
d2
, > , E
d1
, nen cac tiristor cua nhom nghch lu V
2
b khoa, v vay
I
cb
= 0.
Trong ca hai phng phap ieu khien chung noi tren, Mac du ta gi cho
gia tr trung bnh cua sc ien ong , E
d2
, > , E
d1
, nhng v gia tr tc thi cua sc ien
ong hai nhom van bien oi rieng biet theo sc ien ong th cap cua may bien ap nen
van xuat hien nhng thi iem co gia tr tc thi , e
d1
, > , e
d2
,. Luc o e
d
>
0 va tac dung thuan chieu van, xuat hien thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong I
cb
. Dong I
cb

co dang la dong chnh lu ban ky oi vi nguon la e
d
. Hien tng nay c minh hoa
bi s o thay the nh sau:








Hnh 3. 24 S o thay the cua mach can bang di tac dung tc thi cua
gia tr sc ien ong e
d
va dang song chnh lu ban ky cua dong I
cb
.
X
cb

I
cb
V
2

ER
cb

Ee
d

V
1

~
I
cb

t
e han che bien o dong I
cb
ta thng dung cac cuon khang can bang
KCB.

II. HE THONG BAM ONG C:

Trong cong nghiep, ien ap mot chieu c s dung rong rai trong cac he thong
truyen ong ien. ien ap mot chieu nay c chuyen oi cac mc o khac nhau tuy
theo yeu cau cua he thong. ien ap mot chieu c thay oi qua cac phng phap bien
oi nh sau:
- Phng phap ieu chnh bang bien tr.
- Phng phap ieu chnh bang may phat mot chieu.
- Phng phap dung bo bien oi co khau trung gian xoay chieu.
- Phng phap dung bo bam ( Chopper ).
So vi cac phng phap tren th bo bam la mot phng phap mi. ng dung cua
cac thiet b tiristor cong suat ln ra i trong nganh ien t cong suat. a gop phan tao
ra cac bo chuyen mach nham thc hien viec chuyen oi ien ap mot chieu vi hieu qua
cao, o nhay at yeu cau ky thuat, ieu khien trn, chi ph bao tr thap, kch thc nho
nen dien tch lap at may nho.
Bo bam dung e bien oi ien ap mot chieu khong oi U thanh cac xung mot
chieu co tr so trung bnh bien oi U
tb
. U
tb
co the ieu chnh c t bang 0 en ln
nhat, bang chnh ien ap nguon cung cap cho bo bam.
ng dung quan trong nhat cua bo bam la ieu chnh toc o cua ong c mot
chieu trong cong nghiep va giao thong van tai. Bi v viec s dung bo bam hoan toan
thch hp, tiet kiem c nang lng, kinh te va hieu qua cao, ong thi am bao c
trang thai ham tai sinh cua ong c.
Co ba dang bo bam: bo bam noi tiep, bo bam song song, bo bam ao dong.

II. 1 Bo bam noi tiep:

II. 1. a Nguyen ly hoat ong:
S o nguyen ly cua he thong c bieu dien nh sau:










Hnh 3. 25 S o nguyen ly cua bo bam noi tiep.
Trong o:
- V
S1
: La tiristor chnh.
- V
S2
: La tiristor phu, dung e ngat bo bam.
(-)
(+)
I
d

D
0

I
D0

L
C
D
C

U
E
U
d

+ -
- -
C
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
S1

-
V
S2

-
L
d

R
d

|
- L
c
, D
c
, C: La cac phan t chuyen mach, tao mach nap cho tu C.
- D
0
: Diode hoan nang lng, duy tr dong qua tai khi bo bam
ngat.
Bo bam noi tiep la mot khoa ien S bang tiristor c ieu khien ong
m trong he thong mot cach chu ky. Khi S ong th ien ap ngo ra tren tai U
d
= U con
khi S m th U
d
= 0.
Gia s trang thai ban au V
S1
va V
S2
eu b khoa, tu C c nap ay
vi ban cc dng pha tren nh ghi chu trong hnh ( 3. 25 ).
Cho xung ieu khien kch tiristor chnh V
S1
, V
S1
m, dong ien t cc
dng cua nguon U chay qua V
S1
vao mach phu tai ( R, L, E ) roi tr ve cc am cua
nguon U. ong thi tu C se phong ien theo vong: V
S1
-L
c
-D
c
-C va tu C c nap ien
theo chieu ngc lai. ien ap ra tren tai U
d
= U.
Khi cho xung ieu khien kch tiristor phu V
S2
, V
S2
m, at ien ap gia
hai ban cc cua tu C len V
S1
lam cho V
S1
b khoa lai. Luc nay ien ap ra tren tai U
d
= 0.
Thay oi ty so thi gian ong va thi gian ngat cua V
S1
se ieu chnh
c gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai.
Goi T la chu ky cua bo bam, T = T
g
+ T
ng
. Trong o:
- T
g
= oT la thi gian ong mach cua V
S1
.
- T
ng
= T - T
g
la thi gian ngat mach.
- o = T
g
/T la ty so ong cua chu ky.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai:


Khi ta thay oi ty so ong o th co the ieu chnh c U
tb
. Co hai cach
e thay oi o:
- Gi co nh chu ky xung T ( tan so co nh ), thay oi thi gian ong
mach T
g
cua bo bam. Phng phap nay c goi la phng phap ieu khien o rong
xung.
- Gi co nh thi gian ong mach T
g
, thay oi chu ky cua bo bam T
( tan so bien thien ). Phng phap nay c goi la phng phap ieu tan.
Khi o = 0 tc la T
g
= 0 ta co U
tb
= 0, bo bam thng xuyen ngat mach, n
= 0.
Khi o = 1 tc la T
g
= T ta co U
tb
= U, bo bam thng xuyen ong mach,
n = n
max
.
Trong he thong, thi gian ong mach T
g
co the ieu chnh tuy theo y
muon nhng T
g
khong the nho hn mot na chu ky cua mach dao ong LC, tc la phai
am bao:

( 3. 44 ) U U
T
T
Udt
T
U
dg
T
tb
o = = =
}
0
1
Ta co s o bieu dien ien ap ra tren tai U
d
nh sau:








Hnh 3. 26 S o bieu dien o th ien ap ngo ra tren tai U
d
.
Xet qua trnh dao ong cua dong tai: Trong khoang thi gian 0 <
T < T
g
khoa S ong ien. ien ap ra tren tai U
d
= U, dong ien tai I tang t gia tr nho
nhat I
min
en gia tr ln nhat I
max
. Bieu thc I c xac nh bang cach giai phng trnh
cua mach ien khi S ong:
Bieu thc tong quat cua dong ien se la:


Tai thi iem t = 0 th:
Thay gia tr K
1
vao ( 3. 45 ) ta c:


Khi t = T
g
ta co tr so ln nhat cua dong ien:




Ta nhan thay trong giai oan S ong th dong ien tai I tang t tr so I
min

en I
max
theo qui luat cua ham so mu.
Ly luan tng t, xet trong khoang thi gian T
g
< t < T, S ngat ien,
ien ap ra tren tai U
d
= 0 th dong ien tren tai I giam theo ham mu va khi t = T th at
gia tr I
min
.
C
L
T
dg
t >
L
E U
i
L
R
dt
di
= +
( 3. 45 )
R
E U
l K i
t
L
R

+ =
) (
1
R
E U
I K
R
E U
K I i

+ = =
min 1 1 min
( 3. 46 )
R
E U
e
R
E U
I i
t
L
R

) (
min
( 3. 47 )
R
E U
e
R
E U
I I
dg
T
L
R

) (
min max
dg dg
T
L
R
T
L
R
e I e
R
E U
I

+

=
min max
) 1 (
T
g
T
ng
T

U
tb
U
d
U

t

0










Trong o: T

= L/R.
Khi S ong lien tuc T
g
= T th:
i = I = I
max
= I
min
= ( U - E )/R ( 3. 50 )
Neu T
g
cua khoa S giam nho en gia tr ti han T
ggh
th I
min
= 0. Luc
nay he thong se lam viec bien gii chuyen t che o dong ien lien tuc sang che o
dong ien gian oan.
Ta co o th ien ap, dong ien che o lien tuc va gian oan cua bo
bam nh sau:

























Hnh 3. 27 o th bieu dien ien ap va dong ien ngo ra che o lien tuc
va gian oan cua bo bam noi tiep.
( 3. 48 )
( 3. 49 )
U
E
e
R
E
I I
u
dg
T
T T
+ =

) (
max min
) (
u
dg
u
dg
T
T T
T
T T
e I e
U
E
I
) (
max
) (
min
) 1 (

+ =
R
E
e
e
R
U
I
u
dg
u
dg
T
T
T
T

)
1
(
1
max
I
max
I
max
I
max
I
min
I
min
I
min
I

t

0

U

U
d
t

0

T
g
T
ng
T

I
S
t

0

I
D0
t

0

II. 1. b Cach ieu chnh toc o:
Khi ien ap nguon mot chieu U khong oi, toc o cua ong c se thay
oi nh s thay oi ty so thi gian ong ngat khoa S. Ta co s o nguyen ly he thong
ieu chnh toc o ong c s dung bo bam noi tiep nh sau:






Hnh 3. 28 S o mach ong lc he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c s
dung bo bam noi tiep.
Trong che o dong ien lien tuc v T
x
= T nen ta co U
tb
= oU vi 0 s o
s 1.
oi vi tai la ong c mot chieu co dong trung bnh cua phan ng la I,
sc ien ong E th ta co: E = U
tb
IR

vi:


Theo (3. 51 ) ho cac ac tnh toc o hay ac tnh c ien cua ong c
che o dong ien lien tuc la mot ho cac ng thang song song ng vi cac tr so khac
nhau cua o.
Trong che o dong ien gian oan, ta can gi cho gia tr T
g
hay o co
nh th ng bien lien tuc la mot na ng elip ve bang cac net t. Dong trung
bnh lien tuc I
tblt
co tr so nho nhat la I
tblt
= 0 ng vi n = 0 ( khi o = 0 ) va n = n
max
( khi
o = 1 ).








Hnh 3. 29 Ho ac tnh c ien cua he thong bam noi tiep ong c mot
chieu.
Nh vay, trong he thong bam noi tiep se am bao cho may ien lam viec
trang thai ong c. Khi S m th U
d
= U va khi S ong th U
d
= 0. Vay ien ap va
dong ien trung bnh qua ong c luon luon dng. He thong nay se lam viec goc
phan t th nhat cua mat phang toa o U, I.





(3. 51 )
u
=
u
= u =
E
u
E
E
K
RI
K
U
n n K E
o
U
I

I

D
0
E

+ -
- -
U
-
-
-

o
1

M, I
n
M
C

o
min
= 0
o
max
= 1
o
2

o
3

n
1

n
2

n
3

n
max

Hnh 3. 30 o th bieu dien pham vi ieu chnh cua he thong s dung bo
bam noi tiep.

II. 2 Bo bam song song:

II. 2. a Nguyen ly hoat ong:
S o nguyen ly cua bo bam song song c bieu dien nh sau:










Hnh 3. 31 S o nguyen ly cua bo bam song song.
L: La ien cam cua phan ng ong c ket hp vi ien cam bo sung e
gi cho dong I
d
= const.
Xet trong khoang thi gian 0 < t < oT th tiristor T m, diode D c
phan cc ngc nen b khoa e tranh lam ngan mach nguon U. Luc nay: I
e
= 0, U
d
=
0, I
T
= I
d
.
Trong khoang thi gian oT < t < T th T khoa va D m. Luc nay I
e
=
I
d
, U
d
= U, I
T
= 0.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap mot chieu:


Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien tra ve nguon:


Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien chay qua tiristor:



Phng trnh mach tai khi may ien trang thai ham tai sinh:


Ta co dang song cua ien ap ngo ra U
d
va cua dong I
e
, I
T
nh sau:
( 3. 52 ) U Udt
T
U
T
T
tb
) 1 (
1
o
o
= =
}
( 3. 53 )
d
T
T
d e
I dt I
T
I ) 1 (
1
o
o
= =
}
( 3. 54 )
d
T
d tb
I dt I
T
I o
o
= =
}
0
1
( 3. 55 )
R
U E
I U
dt
dI
L RI E
d
d d
d
d

= =
U
E
U
d

I
d

I
T

- -
- + -
-
D
L
R
|
T
-




















Hnh 3. 32 S o bieu dien dang song cua ien ap ngo ra, dong I
e
va I
T
.
II. 2. b Cach ieu chnh toc o:







Hnh 3. 33 Mach ong lc cua he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c mot
chieu s dung bo bam song song.
Khi tai la mot may ien mot chieu, bo bam song song se cho phep thc
hien ham tai sinh. Trong che o ham, may ien se lam viec nh la mot
may phat ien, tra nang lng tr ve nguon a tng nuoi no khi no lam
viec trang thai ong c ien.
T bieu thc ( 3. 53 ) ta nhan thay rang co the khong che dong ien ham
tai sinh bang cach tac ong vao ty so chu ky o.
Va t ( 3. 55 ) e co the tien hanh ham tai sinh cho may ien, tra nang
lng tr ve nguon th I
d
> 0 do o sc ien ong E > U
d
.
Nh vay, khi S m th U
d
= 0 va khi S ngat th U
d
= U dong ien hng
ve chieu am mac du U
d
dng. Do o, pham vi ieu chnh se c bieu dien nh sau:
- -
- + -
-
D L

U
-

U
oT

T

U
d
t

0

I
e
t

0

I
T
t

0

I
d




Hnh 3. 34 o th bieu dien pham vi ieu chnh cua he thong s dung bo
bam song song.

II. 3 Bo bam ao dong:

II. 3. a Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Bo bam ao dong la s ket hp gia bo bam noi tiep va bo bam song
song. Bo bam ao dong se cho phep truyen nang lng theo hai chieu. Ta co s o
nguyen ly cua bo bam ao dong c trnh bay nh sau:











Hnh 3. 35 S o nguyen ly cua bo bam ao dong.
II. 3. b Cach ieu chnh toc o:
Khi tai la may ien mot chieu, U la nguon ien ap mot chieu khong oi
th may ien co the lam viec hai trang thai: ong c va may phat.
trang thai ong c: T
2
khoa, T
1
m trong khoang thi gian la o
1
T
cua chu ky. Luc nay ien ap ra tren tai se la: U
d
= o
1
U va sc ien ong cua ong c E
= U
d
- RI
d
= o
1
U - RI
d
vi I
d
> 0.
trang thai may phat: T
1
khoa, T
2
m trong khoang thi gian o
2
T
cua chu ky. Luc nay ien ap ra tren tai se la: U
d
= ( 1 - o
2
)U va sc ien ong tren
ong c: E = U
d
- RI
d
= ( 1 - o
2
)U - RI
d
vi I
d
< 0. Moi quan he gia cac ty so chu ky o
1

va o
2
: o
1
+ o
2
= 1.
Nh vay, vi bo bam ao dong, bang cach tac ong vao o
1
va o
2
ta se co
c mot ho ac tnh c ien cua ong c ien mot chieu hai trang thai la ong c va
ham tai sinh.







U
I

U
d

I
d

E
I
2

U
T
1

-
-
-
D
1

- -
- + -
-
D
2

L
R
|
T
2

-
-
0
o
1
= 1
o
2
= 0
0,75
0,75
0,5
0,5
0,25
0,25
0
1
n
M, I


Hnh 3. 36 Ho ac tnh c cua he thong ieu chnh toc o s dung bo bam
ao dong.
Nh vay, oi vi bo bam ao dong se am bao cho he thong truyen ong
ien lam viec tren hai goc phan t th nhat va th t cua mat phang toa o U, I.
Khi ca hai T
1
va T
2
eu m U
d
= +U va U = -U neu chung en ngat, luc
o hai diode D
1
va D
2
se ong thi dan.
Do o, gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai luon luon dng neu thi
gian m cua cac bo chopper T
1
, T
2
ln hn thi gian ngat cua chung. Neu ngc lai th
gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai se co gia tr am. Khi I
d
dng va U
d
am th
nang lng se c tra lai nguon. Ta co s o mach ong lc va pham vi ieu chnh
cua bo bam ao dong c minh hoa nh sau:











Hnh 3. 37 He thong ieu chnh toc o ong c s dung bo bam ao
dong:
a). Mach ong lc.
b). Pham vi ieu chnh.




( a )
0
( b )

U
I

T
1

T
2
D
1

D
2

K
U
-
-
-
-
- -
+ -

-
-

1Af ffff 1fA ffAt


1. Bui Quoc Khanh, Nguyen Van Lien, Nguyen Th Hien. Truyen ong
ien. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat. Ha Noi -1996.

2. Tac gia CYRIL W. LANDER ( Ngi dch Le Van Doanh ). ien t
cong suat va ieu khien toc o ong c ien. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va
ky thuat - 1997.

3. Nguyen Bnh. ien t cong suat. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat.
Ha Noi -1996.

4. Tran Khanh Ha. May ien1. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat.
Ha Noi - 1997.

5. o Xuan Tung, Trng Tri Ngo. Nha xuat ban xay dng. Ha Noi.
f1 ff1

Trang

Chng I: Gii thieu ve ien t cong suat ...................................................................... 1

I. Diode cong suat .............................................................................................. 1
II. Transistor cong suat ....................................................................................... 3
III. Tiristor ............................................................................................................. 7
IV. Triac .............................................................................................................. 10

Chng II: Nghien cu va trnh bay cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o
ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap ............................................................. 12

I. Khai niem chung ................................................................................... 12
II. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap at vao phan ng ong
c ................................................................................................................ 13
III. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong .................................. 15
IV. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan
ng ............................................................................................................. 16
V. ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan ng ............................... 17
VI. ieu chnh toc o bang he thong may phat - ong c ( F - ) ......... 20
VII. He thong khuech ai may ien - ong c ......................................... 24
VIII. He thong khuech ai t - ong c ..................................................... 29

Chng III: Cac he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t
oc lap co dung ien t cong suat ............................................................. 34

I. He thong chnh lu ong c ................................................................... 34
I. 1 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia - ong c ......................... 34
I. 1. a S o nguyen ly ........................................................... 34
I. 1. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song ............................. 35
I. 1. c Hien tng chuyen mach ............................................. 39
I. 1. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua song hai .... 40
I. 1. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c .......................... 41
I. 1. f Nhan xet ....................................................................... 44
I. 2 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau - ong c ......................... 45
I. 2. a S o nguyen ly ........................................................... 45
I. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song ............................. 46
I. 2. c Hien tng chuyen mach ............................................. 50
I. 2. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu52
I. 2. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c .......................... 53
I. 2. f Nhan xet ....................................................................... 54
I. 3 Che o nghch lu trong he thong chnh lu - ong c ............ 54
I. 4 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu - ong c ................ 55
I. 4. a Phng phap ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c ................... 56
I. 4. b Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng bang tiep iem .......... 57
I. 4. c Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo chnh lu kep . 59
II. He thong bam - ong c ....................................................................... 62
II. 1 Bo bam noi tiep ...................................................................... 63
II. 1. a Nguyen ly hoat ong .................................................. 63
II. 1. b Cach ieu chnh toc o ............................................... 66
II. 2 Bo bam song song ................................................................... 67
II. 2. a Nguyen ly hoat ong .................................................. 67
II. 2. b Cach ieu chnh toc o ............................................... 69
II. 3 Bo bam ao dong .................................................................... 69
II. 3. a Nguyen ly hoat ong .................................................. 69
II. 3. b Cach ieu chnh toc o ............................................... 70


KET LUAN


Qua qua trnh thc hie n tap luan van tot nghiep a giup em hieu ro
hn ve thc te ong thi cung co lai kien thc a hoc trong suot thi gian
qua.
e tai nay mang nang ve ly thuyet lien quan en nganh
truyen ong ien. Di s hng dan cua Thay Nguyen D Xng, sinh
vien thc hien a co gang e trnh bay kha ay u yeu cau cua tap luan
van:
- Gii thieu cac linh kien ban dan cong suat ln nh: diode,
transistor, triac va ac biet la tiristor.
- Gii thieu cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu
kch t oc lap va ng dung cua ien t cong suat trong viec ieu chnh
toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap qua cac he thong:
. He thong chnh lu - ong c.
. He thong bam - ong c.
Vi s quan tam va no lc khong ngng, tap luan van a c hoan
thanh va co noi dung bam sat yeu cau e ra.
Mac du con nhieu han che, thieu sot nhng qua tap luan van nay
a giup sinh vien thc hien anh gia c chnh mnh. ay se la mot
thanh qua ln sau nhieu nam hoc tap vi s giup cua quy thay co, ban
be.
Mot lan na em xin chan thanh cam n Thay Nguyen D Xng a
tan tnh ch bao e giup em hoan thanh tap luan van nay.

Sinh vien thc hien