TCSC impact on communication-aided distanceprotection schemes and its mitigation

T.S. Sidhu and M. Khederzadeh Abstract: The paper analyses the impact of the thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) on the performance of conventional communication-aided distance-protection schemes and proposes new schemes for its mitigation. The associated TCSC control actions introduce rapid changes that create certain problems in the primary-system parameters such as line impedances and load currents, causing the apparent impedance seen by the distance relay to be affected during the fault period; hence the positive-sequence impedance measured by the traditional stand-alone distance relays is no longer an indicator of the distance to a fault. It is shown that communication-aided distance-protection schemes that perform successfully in lines with xed series capacitors have problems in lines with TCSC. This impact is observed not only on the relays of the compensated line with TCSC, but also on the relays of adjacent lines. Mitigation of this problem is proposed by using new communication-aided schemes. The proposed schemes use the information available at the substation to inhibit relay malfunctions. The performance of the techniques is studied for different TCSC locations in the transmission line. Real-time digital simulation and commercial relays are used to perform the analysis. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methods to be applied in the power systems equipped with TCSC.

Introduction

Transmission lines can be compensated by thyristorcontrolled series capacitors (TCSC) to increase powertransfer capability; limit short-circuit currents; mitigate subsynchronous resonance (SSR); damp power oscillations; and enhance transient stability. However, the employment of TCSC can affect the performance of associated protective relays using conventional techniques, mainly because of the rapid changes in line impedances and load currents. TCSC introduces new power-system dynamics that must be considered for the power-system-protection behaviour. In the limited research reported in the literature, the transient process of TCSC is not modelled and the TCSC is simply considered as a linear component with nonlinear limits. In [1], TCSC is being operated with a 10% vernier setting prior to the fault, and the thyristors are operated in the bypass mode during the fault. The study did not encompass the relay performance during TCSC modulation. In [2], only the open-loop-impedance control mode is embedded in the TCSC control system and, as a result, ring angle could be taken as one of the inputs to the ANNbased relay. In [3], the equations to determine the line impedance to the fault are derived based on the TCSCbypass-mode assumption during the fault. In [4], the

r IEE, 2005 IEE Proceedings online no. 20045261 doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20045261 Paper rst received 29th November 2004 and in nal revised form 27th April 2005 T.S. Sidhu is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada 5B9 N6A M. Khederzadeh is with the Electrical Engineering Department, Power & Water Institute of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He is currently on leave at the University of Western Ontario E-mail: sidhu@eng.uwo.ca

inuence of sampling frequency on the distance-protection performance is the main topic considered. In normal operation, the capacitive reactance of TCSC is not xed and depends on the operating point and control strategy. When a fault occurs, different modes of operation are implemented by the TCSC control system to suppress the overvoltage, which would change the impedance of the line signicantly. Meanwhile, the transition from normal operation to other possible modes does not occur instantly. The transition time is considerable in the time frame of the protection of transmission lines. For a comprehensive analysis of the impact of TCSC on protection of the lines, it is necessary to undertake the dynamics of TCSC and the power system without ignoring their linkage. The objective of this paper is to analyse and investigate the impact of TCSC on the performance of conventional communication-aided distance-protection schemes and propose new solutions to mitigate the problem by using the available facilities in the power stations, avoiding essential changes and investments. For an accurate and reliable analysis, the tests are done by real-time digital simulator (RTDS) [5] and sophisticated commercial relays. TCSC is modelled with detailed characteristics such as ring-angle control and overvoltage protection and the power system is designed with traveling-wave transmissionline models. In most of the work done up to now, the operation of a single relay is considered; while in this paper simultaneous behaviour of four commercial relays located at the ends of the main compensated line and its adjacent line is analysed. The results indicate that TCSC will affect the distance protection on both the main compensated line and adjacent lines. Some problem areas are forward overreach of the protection of the main line and the adjacent lines; reverse overreach of the adjacent-line protection; deciency of conventional communication-aided distance schemes; and directional integrity of a fault. To mitigate the problem,
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different methods based on communication-aided schemes are proposed. The proposed techniques use new logics for tripping and sending permissive/blocking signals using extra data normally available at the stations. The test results show the effectiveness of the methods in overcoming the important issues of overreaching and directional integrity. 2 TCSC operation and fault handling

Ld A Z s1 E1 0.5 Z line C R1 Ls MOV

circuit breaker

B 0.5 Z line Z s2

F1

R2

E2

Fig. 1

Simple power system compensated by TCSC

Figure 1 shows a TCSC module with different protective elements [6] in the middle of a simple power system. Basically, it comprises a series capacitor C in parallel with a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), Ls. A metal-oxide varistor MOV is connected across the series capacitor to prevent the occurrence of high capacitor overvoltages. A circuit breaker is also installed across the TCSC module to bypass it if a severe fault or equipment malfunction occurs. A current-limiting inductor Ld is incorporated in the circuit to restrict both the magnitude and the frequency of the capacitor current during the capacitor-bypass operation. There are different modes of operation of TCSC in the normal and fault conditions [7]. During a fault, an overvoltage appears across the TCSC due to the fault current. For a conventional series capacitor, MOV and bypass switches are used for its protection, while for the

TCSC, co-operative operation of MOV, thyristors and bypass switches are applied for a reliable protection [8]. This is the main difference in the behaviour of the distance relays in the two compensation methods. The apparent impedance seen by the distance relay depends largely on the TCSC mode of operation. The TCSC mode of operation during a fault is not unique and it may transit from a mode to others sequentially; meanwhile the distance relay experiences various apparent impedances in the fault period. In normal operating mode, called capacitive-boost mode or vernier mode, the thyristors are ring properly and the bypass switch is open. From the system point of view, this mode inserts capacitors into the line up to nearly three times the xed capacitor.

busbar B

bypass mode

circuit-breaker bypass mode

RF Z actual

MOV+ blocked mode (high Ifault )

MOV+ vernier mode (high Ifault )

blocked mode busbar A

MOV+ blocked mode (low Ifault ) R

Z tcsc

MOV+ vernier mode (low Ifault )

Z seen

vernier mode

Fig. 2

Impedances seen by R1 due to TCSC protection modes for a fault in the middle of AB
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Figure 1 can be used to estimate the apparent impedance seen by different relays. For simplicity, only three phase faults are considered. From this Figure, relay R1 measures the impedance beyond the TCSC as 1 Zseen Zactual RF Ztcsc where Zseen is the impedance measured by the relay, Zactual is the line impedance between the relay and fault location, RF is the fault resistance, and Ztcsc is the TCSC impedance. Figure 2 shows the behaviour of relay R1 in Fig. 1 based on different TCSC protection modes. As can be deduced from Fig. 2, in contrast to series-compensated lines with xed capacitors, the protective relays under- and overestimate the distance to a fault in a sequential manner. Sometimes, the underestimation may lead to loss of directional integrity. According to Fig. 2, different possible TCSC modes of operation during a fault and the behaviour of the relays can be summarised as follows: (i) Capacitive-boost mode without MOV conduction: For a low fault current, the protection function of the TCSC device does not work; therefore the TCSC remains constantly in its vernier mode of normal operation; i.e. the TCR branch is triggered by its prespecied ring angle. In this case a signicant compensation exists, so the conventional distance relay overreaches considerably; or may even lose its directional integrity. (ii) Capacitive-boost mode with MOV conduction: For a high fault current, MOV operates for decreasing the voltage across the capacitor. The MOV is fast enough to conduct and reset within a half cycle. The MOV would not shortcircuit out the capacitor as the circuit breaker would. This condition is usually very short but may be repeated several times during the fault period. During MOV conduction, Ztcsc is the impedance of the parallel combination of the TCR, capacitor and the MOV in a lower resistance mode. In considering the equivalent MOV circuit proposed in [9], the combination characteristic can be considered as a resistance in series with a boost capacitor (xed capacitor

A TCSC

R D1

R A2 RA1 a

F1

R B2 R B1

RC2

A TCSC TCSC F2 b

R D1

R A2 RA1

R B2 R B1

RC2

Fig. 3

Sample test systems

and the TCR branch). At this moment, the relay overreaches but less than is the case without MOV conduction. (iii) Blocking mode: When the thyristors are not triggered and are kept in nonconducting state, the TCSC is operating in blocking mode. In this mode, the TCSC performs like a xed series capacitor. When the TCSC detects an overvoltage by the MOV current, the TCR branch stops its ring sequence by a protection function. The process is effective for avoiding the overcurrent of the thyristors or capacitor caused by uctuation of the ring angle under the condition that the voltage phase of the capacitors changes suddenly. Herein, the equivalent MOV circuit will be the combination of a resistance in series with the xed series. At this moment the relay overreaches less than is the case with the thyristor-ring mode. By the process, if the overvoltage and overcurrent are cleared, the system returns to the normal mode, otherwise the energy absorbed in the MOV exceeds its limitation and the TCSC transits from the blocking mode to the bypass mode to protect the MOV and capacitor. (iv) Bypass mode: In this mode, the thyristors are triggered continuously and the TCR branch conducts in the whole

A TCSC

real-time digital simulator (RTDS) RTDS analogue output RTDS digital input

communication link R D1 R A2 R A1

R B2 commercial protective relays

A TCSC TCSC

real-time digital simulator (RTDS) RTDS analogue output RTDS digital input

R D1 R D1

RR A2 A2

R A1

communication link

R B2 commercial protective relays

Fig. 4
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Test-system arrangement
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Table 1: Behaviour of relays using conventional schemes for the network in Fig. 3a with load ow from bus D to C
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC Fault location Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 2 ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 2 ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 DCB Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 RA2 trip status POTT Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3 DCUB Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3 DCB Zone 1 Zone 3

Zone 1 stands for unconditional direct trip, ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

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Table 2: Behaviour of relays using conventional schemes for the network in Fig. 3a with load ow from bus C to D
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC Fault location Zone 1 Zone 2 Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 1 DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 1 DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 3 DCUB Zone 1 Zone 2 DCB Zone 2 ZCOM Zone 2 RA2 trip status POTT Zone 3 Zone 3 DCUB Zone 3 Zone 3 DCB Zone 3

Zone 1 stands for unconditional direct trip, ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

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Table 3: Behaviour of relays using conventional schemes for the network in Fig. 3b with load ow from bus D to C
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB Fault location Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 DCB ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 RA2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCB ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM

Zone 1 stands for instantaneous direct trip, Zone 2 for timed trip, ZCOM for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

cycle. TCSC behaves like a parallel connection of the series capacitor with the inductor Ls in the thyristor branch. For practical TCSCs with an XL/XC ratio between 0.1 and 0.3, the capacitor voltage at a given line current is much lower in bypass mode than in blocking mode. Therefore, the bypass mode is utilised as a means of reducing the capacitor stress during faults. In this mode, Ztcsc is a pure inductance with a small value; therefore, the distance relay underreaches slightly. If the capacitor overvoltage and thyristor overcurrent are suppressed, the state transits to blocking mode after detecting the fault clearance. Otherwise, after a denite time, the state transits to the circuit-breaker-bypass mode. (v) Circuit-breaker-bypass mode: In this mode, the circuit breaker in Fig. 1 closes. Since the series reactor in the circuit-breaker circuit is very small, ZtcscD0, and the relay experiences the normal situation. Circuit-breaker-bypass mode is used only for back-up protection, because it is expected that the fault would be cleared before the circuit
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 5, September 2005

breaker operates; hence if the fault clearance cannot be detected after primary protection time, the TCSC will transit to this mode.

Results of the TCSC impact

Figure 3 shows single-line diagrams of the sample networks used for testing. [The data for these networks are presented in the Appendix (Section 8)]. In Fig. 3a, the TCSC is considered in the middle of the line and in Fig. 3b the TCSC is split into two equal modules located at the line ends. The behaviour of the relays of the main line AB and adjacent lines DA and BC for faults comprising TCSC is investigated. The tests are performed by real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and commercial relays. Test arrangements are shown in Fig. 4. The voltage and current signals are injected from the RTDS to the relays and the outputs of
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Table 4: Behaviour of relays using conventional schemes for the network in Fig. 3b with load ow from bus C to D
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB Fault location Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 DCUB Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 DCB Zone 1 ZCOM ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 2 ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 RA2 trip status POTT ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3 DCUB ZCOM Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3 DCB Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 3

Zone 1 stands for instantaneous direct trip, Zone 2 for timed trip, ZCOM for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

the relays are used to open the circuit breakers. The commercial distance relays used for testing are all the same and have the feature of series-compensated line protection by use of positive-sequence memory polarisation and long memory duration for directional stability [10]. Figure 4 is used for testing the congurations in Fig. 3 for faults behind TCSC, as indicated by F1 and F2 in the Figures, respectively. In this case, there is no TCSC in the fault loop seen by relays RC2 and RB1; hence only the relays RD1, RA2, RA1 and RB2 are considered. Tables 14 present the results obtained for different conventional schemes, fault types, fault locations, load-ow directions and system congurations. In Tables 14, ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes, and its relevant time is near to zone 1. Zone 1 means direct tripping, without the aid of communication. Tables 1 and 2 show the results for the conguration of Fig. 3a and Tables 3 and 4 show the same results for the con720

guration of Fig. 3b. Note that zone 1 (direct tripping) and ZCOM (communication-aided tripping) are combined by an OR logic in the control equations of the relays, so that each of them can individually issue the trip command. As Table 1 indicates, RD1 and RA2 trip erroneously for the faults behind TCSC and on the line AB to disconnect line DA, which is due to deciency in security and directional integrity, respectively. In Table 2, the problem is only an overreaching effect of RD1, which indicates the role of load ow in affecting the TCSC impacts. When the fault is on the line BC, relay RA1 trips in zone 1 or ZCOM incorrectly. The same results are presented in Tables 3 and 4 for the conguration of Fig. 3b. As can be deduced from Table 4, the overreaching and directionality are less severe than for the reverse load ow. According to Tables 14, conventional communication-aided schemes cannot mitigate the
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 5, September 2005

ZR RA1

A ZF RA1

ZF RB2

ZR RB2

compensated line RD1 ZR signal send & ZF TA trip & RA2 RA1 RB2 RB1 R C2

signal receive a ZR OR ZF & signal send

zone 1 operation of RA1 (R B2 )

TA trip & &

signal receive b

Fig. 5

Proposed mitigation method based on DCB

ZR reverse zone (blocking signal-sending zone) ZF forward zone (trip zone inhibits sending signal) TA co-ordination time a Blocking procedure for relays RD1, RC2, RA1 and RB2 b Blocking procedure for adjacent lines by relays RA2 and RB1

impacts of TCSC on the security and directional integrity of the main and adjacent relays. As can be deduced from these Tables, relays RD1 and RA1 have signicant overreach for forward faults behind TCSC. For example, RD1 sees the faults occurring from 50% up to 70% of the line AB in Fig. 3a in Zone 1. The same situation exists in Fig. 3b for faults behind TCSC up to 40% of the line AB. The results for forward faults indicate that the load ow in the tripping direction creates more vulnerability to overreaching and security reduction. RA1 trips in zone 1 for all fault types in the entire length of AB and also up to 20% of BC. This means that zone 1 of RA1 has been extended beyond its setting at 80% of the line AB. The results also show that, for some cases, relay RA2 sees a reverse fault erroneously in its forward direction. This is the case for RA2 in Fig. 3b with three-phase faults up to 30% of line AB and load ow in the nontripping direction. In these cases RA1, RB2, RD1 and RA2 trip simultaneously in zone 1. It means that the adjacent line to AB, i.e. line DA, is disconnected from both sides without any fault on it. The results also indicate that, for reverse faults when the load ow is in the nontripping direction, the relay loses more of its directional integrity.
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 5, September 2005

Proposed methods to mitigate TCSC impact

As the results in Section 3 imply, application of communication-aided protection and also features used for conventional series-compensated lines such as memory polarisation are not adequate here. The problems are mainly overreaching and directional integrity in the protection of the main line and adjacent lines. In this study, the enhancement of directional comparison systems [11] is considered for mitigation. These systems can be classied as: (a) directional comparison blocking (DCB); (b) permissive overreaching transfer trip (POTT); and (c) directional comparison unblocking (DCUB). The schemes, which incorporate direct trip, such as direct transfer trip (DTT), cannot be applied here, because unconditional zone 1 trips the relay instantaneously, so overtripping due to the overreaching or directional integrity could not be prevented.

4.1

Mitigation based on DCB

This method requires two distance zones: a fast starter zone which sends the blocking signal to the remote end when the
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D ZFRB2

Z1RB2 Z1RA1 compensated line

ZFRA1

R D1

RA2 RA1

RB2 RB1

R C2

Z 1 limited reach signal send ZF OR trip

&

signal receive a ZF & zone 1 operation of RA1 (RB2) trip & Z1 = zone1 ZF = forward zone signal receive b

signal send

Fig. 6

Proposed mitigation method based on POTT

a Blocking procedure for relays RD1, RC2, RA1 and RB2 b Blocking procedure for adjacent lines by relays RA2 and RB1

fault is in the reverse direction; and a directional overreaching zone in the forward direction, which inhibits the blocking signal during faults in the forward direction, and initiates tripping if no blocking signal from the remote end is present. For the main-line protection, i.e. line AB, this method is applicable, since for faults on the main line the blocking signal will not be sent by both RA1 and RB2; hence a tripping command is issued after the tripping delay time TA. This is the same for both congurations, i.e. TCSC in the middle or at the ends of the line. When the fault is on the line BC, RA1 overreaches but does not trip because it receives the blocking signal from RB2. The same situation applies for the faults on line DA. The adjacent lines cannot be protected by this method since, for some cases when the fault is on the main line, the directional-integrity properties of RA2 causes the fault to be seen in zone 1 by this relay so no blocking signal will be sent to the remote relay RD1, which has already seen the fault in zone 1 due to its overreaching effect. In this case, both relays of the adjacent line DA or BC will trip erroneously in zone 1. To solve this problem, the solution in Fig. 5 is proposed. As can be seen from Fig. 5, nonoperation of RA1 in zone 1 is a prerequisite for operation of RA2 in the forward
722

reach, and its operation also triggers sending of the blocking signal to RD1, as does the operation of RA2 in zone 3. The signicant advantage of the blocking procedure is that no signal needs to be transferred during faults on the protected line. The disadvantage of the method is the trip time delay TA for internal faults. In case of channel failure, overtripping occurs on adjacent lines for faults on the main line, and vice versa, so this method tends more towards dependability than security. Note that the blocking procedure for the adjacent lines can also be used for the main line. In this way, there is a unique solution based on DCB for both types of line. In conventional systems, the DCB is used for zone 2 acceleration, so the tripping-time delay TA is equal to Tsend zone+Tchannel Ttrip zone+security margin. In this case, there is no unconditional zone; hence, the tripping-time delay would be Tchannel+security margin.

4.2

Mitigation based on POTT

In the classical sense, this method only achieves fast tripping when the relays at both ends of the line detect a fault in the overreaching zone and send each other a release signal. Usually, zone 1, with 80% to 90% coverage of the line, trips unconditionally, while zone 2, which extends beyond the remote end, trips instantaneously on receipt of permissiveIEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 5, September 2005

A ZFRA1

ZFRB2 compensated line

R D1

R A2 R A1

R B2 R B1

R C2

ZF & zone 1 operation of RA1(RB2) channel supervision received CS received UB & UB signal send CS

OR

trip &

& 0 20 ms 0 100 ms

transmission channel disturbed & &

Fig. 7

Proposed mitigation method based on DCUB

Unblocking procedure for adjacent relays RA2 and RB1 CS channel-supervision signal UB unblocking signal * Omit this part for unblocking procedure of relays RD1, RC2, RA1 and RB2

trip signal. POTT with unconditional zone-1 trip cannot be used here, so the only possibility is releasing an overreaching distance zone by the received signal. In this method, sending of the signal is triggered by the forward overreaching zone. For the main line, POTT can be used successfully. For the faults on the main line, both end-line relays see the fault at their overreaching zone and send transfer-trip signals to each other, so the only delay is channel time. For faults beyond TCSC and on the adjacent line, the overreaching of RA1 or RB2 can be compensated for by the remote relay refraining to send a trip signal. POTT cannot inhibit adjacent line relays from false tripping when the directional integrity of RA2 or RB1 is lost. In this case, the modied scheme in Fig. 6 is proposed. As Fig. 6 shows, permissive trip-signal transfer is dependent on the nonoperation of the main-line relays RA1 and RB2, so when relays RA2 or RB1 incorrectly see the fault in the forward direction, false tripping is avoided. The proposed scheme can be used for both the main line and the adjacent lines. The dependency of the permissive trip on the condition of the other relays is not required for the main line. The salient advantage of this method is fast tripping of internal faults, because no intentional delay is required and, on receiving the permissive signal, the trip command is issued. Transfer-trip systems tend
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toward higher security rather than higher dependability. A failure to receive the channel signal results in a failure to trip for internal faults. Hence, channel failure delays the tripping by the time of the zone-2 unconditional trip. This scheme is therefore proposed for cases with high channel reliability.

4.3

Mitigation based on DCUB

The blocking procedure has the disadvantage that, during unfaulted system operation, no signal is transmitted. The communication channel is therefore not monitored. The unblocking technique does not have this disadvantage; moreover, this technique is also somewhat faster. During internal faults, the signal is changed to a permissive signal similar to the POTT method. This implies that no trip delay is required to wait for an eventual block signal. This procedure offers a good compromise of both high dependability (channel not required to trip) and high security (blocking is continuous). Figure 7 shows the proposed method. The proposed method can be used in both the main line and the adjacent lines. In this method, like the previous one, the dependency of the unblocking-signal transfer on the condition of the other relays is not required for the main line. The logic is so implemented that, 20 ms after channel failure, it releases the zone ZF for a period of 100 ms. If this happens during a
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Table 5: Behaviour of relays using proposed schemes for the network in Fig. 3a with load ow from bus D to C
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC Fault location Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB DCB RA2 trip status POTT DCUB DCB

ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

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Table 6: Behaviour of relays using proposed schemes for the network in Fig. 3a with load ow from bus C to D
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC Fault location Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 60% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 70% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 80% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 90% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 100% of AB 10% of BC 10% of BC 10% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC 20% of BC ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB DCB RA2 trip status POTT DCUB DCB

ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

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Table 7: Behaviour of relays using proposed schemes for the network in Fig. 3b with load ow from bus D to C
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB Fault location Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB DCB RA2 trip status POTT DCUB DCB

ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

fault, then tripping will occur provided that the relay has seen the fault in the forward direction correctly. If channel failure occurs during normal system operation, no consequences arise because ZF is not picked up. 100 ms later, the protection is again blocked for the duration of the channel failure. This blocking is removed (reset time of 100 ms) when a signal is again received. 5 Test results

Commercial relays have control equations for different tasks such as conditions to assert the output contacts; elements and conditions to trigger event reports; elements to trip unconditionally; and elements to trip with communications assistance. The methods proposed in the previous Section are implemented by control equations. Tables 56 and 78 show the results of the study systems of Fig. 3a and 3b, respectively. Comparison of these tables with Tables 14
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shows the signicant capability of the proposed schemes to enhance the protection of the main line and adjacent lines. For simplicity, only the primary protection operation is mentioned in these Tables. The performance of the back-up relays is as expected; but with some overreaching effects. As it can be deduced from Tables 58, the TCSC impacts such as forward overreach and directional integrity are solved. The results of extensive testing on study systems indicate that all the proposed methods based on communicationaided schemes provide very high reliability and mitigate the TCSC impact on the protective relays.

5.1

Channel-failure effects

The proposed method based on DCB needs a xed time delay for receiving a blocking signal before releasing the trip for internal faults. While this is a disadvantage for a healthy channel, it would turn into an advantage for internal faults when the channel fails, since no extra delay
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Table 8: Behaviour of relays using proposed schemes for the network in Fig. 3b with load ow from bus C to D
Fault type Fault location Line DA protection RD1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral Fault type 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB Fault location Line AB protection RA1 trip status POTT 3-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 3-Phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-neutral 10% of AB 10% of AB 10% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 20% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 30% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 40% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB 50% of AB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM RB2 trip status POTT ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCB ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM ZCOM DCUB DCB RA2 trip status POTT DCUB DCB

ZCOM stands for trip by communication-aided schemes and stands for no trip

occurs for the release trip. Overtripping is a disadvantage of this method for faults on adjacent lines. The method based on POTT has the advantage of fast tripping of internal faults on receipt of the permissive-trip signal, but it has a long time delay for channel failure. Channel failure does not cause any overtripping for external faults. The proposed method based on DCUB seems more efcient, because the channel is supervised continuously, while it has the advantage of tripping internal faults without any intentional delay.

The modications are applicable by the user through the inputs, outputs and logic equations. The required data for the proposed methods are available in the same station and it could be hard-wired or soft-wired by using the existing local-area network [12]. TCSC out of service: When TCSC is out of service, there is no difculty in achieving normal operation of the relays by using the proposed methods, because the imposed restriction always asserts in normal power-system operation. 6 Conclusions

5.2

Important remarks

Ease of implementation: The salient feature of the proposed schemes is the possibility of using conventional numerical relays and common communication channels that are used in the stations, without the necessity of changing embedded relay algorithms.
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The impact of TCSC on the protection of transmission lines and remedial actions using existing relays are presented in this paper. The detailed analysis is carried out by using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). For validation of the results, commercial relays with the capability of compensated-line protection are used. The results indicate
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that TCSC has signicant impacts on the power-system protection and can create serious problems such as forward and reverse overreaching; directional integrity issues; and malfunction of common pilot distance schemes. These impacts mainly lead to overtripping of the relays for faults comprising TCSC. Mitigation of the problem by modied communication-aided schemes is proposed. The proposed methods are obtained by modication of the classical DCB, POTT and DCUB schemes, which are well proven for utilities and are available in the commercial relays. The methods can be implemented by using inputs, outputs and trip-logic equations of the numerical relays. For verication, power systems simulated by RTDS and commercial relays have been used. The results indicate the effectiveness of the modied schemes for mitigating the effects of TCSC on the performance of distance relays. The proposed methods have a very desirable feature that they do not require any new equipment or major modications to existing plant. 7 References

9 Goldsworthy, D.L.: A linearized model for MOV-protected series capacitors, IEEE Trans., 1987, PWRS-2, (4), pp. 953958 10 Wedepohl, L.M.: The polarized mho distance relay, Proc. IEE, 1965, 122, pp. 525535 11 Ziegler, G.: Numerical distance protection: principles and applications (Siemens, Publisis MCD, Erlangen, 1999) 12 IEC 61850:2003: Communication networks and systems in substations (International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2003)

8 Appendix: System data Lines (AB, BC, CD) Length: 100 km Voltage: 500 kV Positive-sequence impedance: 0.0185+j0.3766 O/km Positive-sequence parallel capacitive reactance: 0.22789 MO km Zero-sequence impedance: 0.3618+j1.2277 O/km Zero-sequence parallel capacitive reactance: 0.34513 MO km Systems C and D Positive-sequence impedance: 1.43+j16.21 O Zero-sequence impedance: 3.068+j28.746 O System frequency: 60 Hz TCSC Main capacitor: 176 mF TCR inductance: 9.0 mH Ld in bypass breaker circuit: 0.2 mH MOV* reference current: 10 kA MOV reference voltage: 338 kV MOV exponent: 24
*

1 Adamiak, M., and Patterson, R.: Protection requirements for exible ! Plenary Session, Paris, France, AC transmission systems. CIGRE 1992, paper 34-206 2 Song, Y.H., and Johns, A.T.: Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) (IEE, 1999), Chap. 12 3 Girgis, A., Sallam, A., and El-Din, A.K.: An adaptive protection scheme for advanced series compensated (ASC) transmission lines, IEEE Trans., 1998, PWRD-13, pp. 414420 4 Weiguo, W. et al.: The impact of TCSC on distance protection relay. Proc. Int. Conf. Power System Technology, Powercon98, 1821 Aug. 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 382388 5 Real time digital simulator, RSCAD, Ver. 1.177, 2003 6 Larsen, E.V., Clark, K., Miske, S.A. Jr., and Urbanek, J.: Characteristics and rating considerations of thyristor controlled series compensation, IEEE Trans. 1994, 2002, PWRD-9, (2), pp. 9921000 7 IEEE 1534:2002: IEEE recommended practice for specifying thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) (IEEE, New York, 2002) 8 Tanaka, Y., Taniguchi, H., Tanaka, M.Y., Taniguchi, H., Egawa, M., Fujita, H., Watanabe, M., and Konishi, H.: Using a miniature model and EMTP simulations to evaluate new methods to control and protect a thyristor-controlled series compensator. Presented at IEEE Winter Meeting, 1999

The V/I characteristics of MOV are commonly approximated by the equation I Iref (V/Vref)n

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