CONSTRUCTING A EUROPEAN IDENTITY: PROBLEMS OF SUPRANATIONALISM

Aleksandar Pavkovi

P!"lis#ed in:

$#% E!ro&e' Pro"le(s o) C!l*!re and Iden*i*%+ ,ol- .-+ edi*ed "% /- Andre0+ E1olinsk% and M- $aller+ London: Ma2(illan+ 3444+ &&- ..56.74-

$#o 2o!n*s as a E!ro&ean' $#ere are *#e o!*er )ron*iers o) E!ro&e' Are R!ssians E!ro&eans' Are *#e% E!ro&eans even i) ver% )e0 o) *#e( ver% seldo( *#ink o) *#e(selves as E!ro&eans'i Are T!rks E!ro&eans' And i) so+ 0#a* a"o!* *#e T!rki2 na*ions+ T!rk(ens and A8er"e9ianis' And *#eir non6T!rki2 nei:#"o!rs+ Geor:ians and Ar(enians' T#e !n2er*ain*ies s!rro!ndin: *#ese ;#ard< or ;)ron*ier< 2ases do no* &resen* an% ins!r(o!n*a"le o"s*a2les *o *#e 2ons*r!2*in: o) a E!ro&ean s!&rana*ional iden*i*%- For an iden*i*% in *#e &ro2ess o) 2ons*r!2*ion+ *#e 2on*roversies over i*s o!*er "o!ndaries are no* onl% na*!ral "!* also 0el2o(e: s!2# a 2on*rovers% a&&ears *o ass!(e *#a* *#ere is a 2ore E!ro&ean iden*i*% 0#i2# allo0s !s *o de"a*e *#e e=a2* lo2a*ion o) i*s o!*er "o!ndaries- In *#is de"a*e a"o!* 0#o 2o!n*s as a E!ro&ean+ *#e Fren2#+ *#e Bri*is# and *#e Ger(ans+ indeed *#e ori:inal si= or *#e &resen* )i)*een E!ro&ean Union (e("ers are ass!(ed *o "e+ 0i*#o!* an% do!"*+ E!ro&eans- I* is onl% *#e (e("ers#i& o) o*#er "order na*ions *#a* is &ossi"l% in do!"*Ye* a 2on*rovers% s!2# as *#is reveals no* onl% *#a* *#is iden*i*% is in *#e &ro2ess o) "ein: 2ons*r!2*ed "!* *#a* i* is 2ons*r!2*ed as an iden*i*% in2l!sive o) o*#er+ 0ell6es*a"lis#ed 6 so(e 0o!ld sa% &ri(ordial 6 na*ional iden*i*ies- In2l!din: *#e es*a"lis#ed iden*i*ies+ i* a**e(&*s a* (os* *o *rans2end "!* no* *o re&la2e *#e(- T#is indeed di))eren*ia*es s!&rana*ional iden*i*ies )ro( *#ose o) an ordinar% na*ional varie*%: *#e la**er e=2l!de+ o)*en a::ressivel% so+ an% o*#er na*ional iden*i*% and a**e(&* *o re&la2e or s!"ordina*e an% o*#er 2olle2*ive 6 reli:io!s+ re:ional+ e*#ni2+ *ri"al or even &ro)essional 6 iden*i*ies- One 2an indeed raise *#e >!es*ion as *o 0#e*#er a Bre*on is a Fren2#(an or a Pro*es*an* Uls*er(an a Bri*on- ?o0ever (an% Bre*ons (a% disa:ree+ non6Bre*on Fren2# @and+ indeed+ (an% o*#er )ello0 E!ro&eansA are :oin: *o re:ard *#e( as Fren2#B and #o0ever Bri*is# (an% Uls*er(en (a% )eel+ *#e% s*ill (a% end !&
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as Iris#+ 0#e*#er *#e% like i* or no*- T#ese 0ell6es*a"lis#ed na*ions in#a"i* na*ion6s*a*esB and *#ese s*a*es *end *o se**le *#e >!es*ions o) na*ional "elon:in: 0i*#o!* leavin: (!2# roo( )or do!"*- S!&rana*ions (os*l% in#a"i* i(a:inar% s&a2es 2rea*ed "% en*#!sias*i2 in*elle2*!als or "!rea!2ra*s 0#o o)*en la2k "o*# *#e &o0er and *#e need *o se**le de2isivel% *#e >!es*ions o) s!&rana*ional "elon:in:- T#is is one reason 0#% *#e >!es*ion o) 0#e*#er R!ssians are E!ro&eans a&&ears a* &resen* so o&en6ended 0#ile si(ilar >!es*ions a"o!* Bre*ons and Uls*er(en do no*$#% isn<* *#ere an% do!"* as *o 0#o( *#e )in:er )ro( a (ili*ar% (o"ilisa*ion &os*er is &oin*in:' I*s *ar:e*+ I 0o!ld *#ink+ is )ir(l% de)ined "% i*s &res!(ed na*ional iden*i*%- $#en *#e dr!(s roll and *#e 2all ;Allons+ en)an*s de la Pa*rie---< or i*s e>!ivalen* e2#oes *#ro!:# *#e s*ree*s or (edia+ *#ose 0#o are no* s!re o) 0#e*#er *#e% are "ein: 2alled !& are 2alled *rai*ors and deal* 0i*# a22ordin:l%- A(on: *#e (an% roles 0#i2# na*ional iden*i*ies are 2alled !&on *o &la%+ *#a* o) a re2r!i*(en* (as*er is &er#a&s *#e si(&les* and (os* e))e2*ive one- No* so 0i*# s!&rana*ional iden*i*ies- T#ere are no (o"ilisa*ion &os*ers @&er#a&s no* as %e*A 0i*# *#e )in:er &oin*in: *o *#e E!ro&eans and S2#iller<s ;Ode *o /o%< is no* a 2all *o E!ro&eans *o )all in and (ar2#- T#e no0 de)!n2* s!&rana*ion o) Y!:oslavs 0as never (en*ioned in an% o) *#e (%riad &ro2la(a*ions+ &os*ers and (ar2#in: son:s o) *#e Co((!nis* Par*% o) Y!:oslavia d!rin: or a)*er $orld $ar II- T#e Y!:oslav Co((!nis*s+ &er#a&s "e**er *#an an% o*#er s!&rana*ionalis*s+ kne0 *#a* &oin*in: *#e )in:er o) (o"ilisa*ion a* Y!:oslavs 0o!ld "e &oin*in: i* a* no one in &ar*i2!lar- Per#a&s *#is (akes i* 2learer 0#% one 2an de"a*e a* len:*# 0#o "elon:s *o *#e #onorar% 2l!" o) E!ro&eans: 0#en *#e 2#i&s are do0n and *#e dr!(s roll+ 0#o "elon:s *o *#is 2l!" 0o!ld (a**er ver% li**leB or so i* see(s a* *#is s*a:e o) *#e develo&(en* o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*%-

S!&rana*ionalis(: over2o(in: a violen* &as* and rea2#in: )or a radian* )!*!re T#is is no a22iden*: *#e &os*6.CD5 &ro9e2* o) 2ons*r!2*ion o) a E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionali*% ado&*ed an e=&li2i* an*i60ar s*an2e+ *#e s*an2e 0#i2# 2learl% do(ina*es *#e (os* en:a:in: o!*line o) *#e &ro9e2*+ Ed:ar Morin<s Penser l<E!ro&e E.CC4F- Morin<s "ook 2ele"ra*es *#e &ea2e in E!ro&e+ *#e &ea2e 0#i2# da0ned on E!ro&e a)*er *0o s!i2idal E!ro&ean 0ars *#is 2en*!r%B a22ordin: *o #i(+ *#e sense o) 2o((on E!ro&ean @s!&rana*ionalA iden*i*% ori:ina*es in *#e realisa*ion *#a* *#ese and &revio!s E!ro&ean 0ars 0ere s!i2idal and &o*en*iall% des*r!2*ive o) 2o((on E!ro&eaness- T#e s&read and &er(anen* es*a"lis#(en* 6 le* !s 2all i* roo*edness 6 o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% 0o!ld no do!"* &reven* an% )!*!re s!i2idal 0arsT#e idea o) *#e 0ar6&reven*ive >!ali*ies o) 2o((on E!ro&eaness #ad )o!nd i*s (os* )or2e)!l e=&ression in several &ro2la(a*ions o) $orld $ar II resis*an2e (ove(en*s- T#!s+ De2lara*ion I o) *#e Geneva 2on)eren2e o) Resis*an2e Move(en*s o) 34 Ma% .CDD iden*i)ies *#e so!r2es o) a ne0 E!ro&ean solidari*%: E*F#e #eroi2 s*r!::le "ein: 0a:ed a:ains* *#e 2o((on ene(% on all )ron*s o) *#e in*ernal resis*an2e is no* onl% a si:nal &roo) o) &a*rio*is( and )ai*# in *#e res!rre2*ion o) *#eir 2o!n*ries+ "!* *#a* *#e sa2ri)i2es and s!))erin: a22e&*ed )or *#e sa(e 2a!se #ave 2rea*ed *ies o) "ro*#er#ood a(on: *#e( and #ave :iven "ir*# *o a ne0 a0areness o) solidari*% a(on: *#e )ree &eo&les+ *#e (ain*enan2e o) 0#i2# 0ill "e one o) *#e essen*ial :!aran*ees o) &ea2e- ELi&:en:s .CG5: HIG6CF T#e 2#ie) 2a!se o) *#e 0orld 2on)li2*s in *#e &as* :enera*ion+ De2lara*ion I s*a*es+ 0as ;*#e e=is*en2e o) *#ir*% soverei:n S*a*es in E!ro&e-< To re(ove *#is 2a!se+ *#e si:na*ories o) De2lara*ion I &ro&osed a Federal Union o) E!ro&e+ dire2*l% res&onsi"le *o *#e &eo&les o) E!ro&e+ 0i*# a E!ro&ean ar(% as *#e sole (ili*ar% )or2e in E!ro&e and an inde&enden* S!&re(e Co!r*- Onl% *#is *%&e o) res*ri2*ion o) *#e soverei:n*% o) na*ion6s*a*es+ *#e% ar:!ed+
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2o!ld "rin: &er(anen* &ea2e *o E!ro&e- No*in: *#e risin: sense o) solidari*% a(on: *#e &eo&les o) E!ro&e+ *#e I*alian Move(en* )or *#e E!ro&ean Federa*ion+ in i*s o&en le**er o) A!:!s* .CDD+ *o *#e Fren2# Co((i**ee )or *#e E!ro&ean Federa*ion+ )or *#e )irs* *i(e re)erred *o *#e &eo&les o) E!ro&e+ "% *#eir 2o((on na(e ;E!ro&eans< and &ro2eeded *o !r:e *#e o&&ressed E!ro&eans *o 2rea*e a )ree 2o((!ni*% o) all na*ions o) *#e 2on*inen* ELi&:en:s .CG5: HC7FOri:ina*in: in *#e E!ro&ean resis*an2e vision o) *#e 2o((on s*r!::le a:ains* *#e e=*re(es o) E!ro&ean na*ionalis(+ *#e E!ro&ean iden*i*% &ro&a:a*ed "% Morin+ Ro!:e(en*+ D!roselle and Br!:(ans+ *o na(e *#e )e0 E!ro &ro(inen* s!&rana*ionalis*s+ is na*!rall% an*i6 na*ionalis* as 0ell: *#e in*oleran* and *#!s 0ar6orien*ed na*ionalis( is no* onl% in2o(&a*i"le 0i*# an in2l!sive E!ro&ean iden*i*% "!* is also des*r!2*ive o) &ea2e and 0ell6"ein: o) all &eo&les o) E!ro&e- O) 2o!rse+ E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionalis*s 6 like *#eir &rede2essors in *#e E!ro&ean resis*an2e (ove(en*s 6 are read% *o dis*in:!is# *#e :ood )ro( *#e "ad varie*% o) na*ionalis(- T#e )irs* is *oleran* o) diversi*% 0#ile *#e se2ond is no* onl% in*oleran* "!* leads *o violen2e and 0ar- ?o0ever+ *#e an*i60ar and an*i6@"adAna*ionalis( as&e2*s o) *#is s!&rana*ional 2on2e&* o) 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% no* onl% (ake i* !seless as a &o*en*ial ins*r!(en* o) (ili*ar% (o"ilisa*ion "!* also r!le o!* *#e s*ra*e:ies 0#i2# a&&eal *o a na*ion<s (ili*ar% :lor% and *o i*s s!&eriori*% over *#e O*#erAs An*#on% D- S(i*# E.CC3: I7F+ &oin*s o!*+ @s!&rana*ionalA E!ro&ean iden*i*% is no* 2ons*r!2*ed on a (e(or% o) :lorio!s (ili*ar% )ea*s 6 "o*# *#ose o) vi2*or% and o) de)ea* 6 *#e (e(or% 0#i2# lies a* *#e 2ore o) ever% E!ro&ean na*ional iden*i*%- T#ere are no 0ar (e(orials+ re(e("ran2e da%s and 0rea*# la%in: 2ere(onies 0#i2# :lori)% *#e E!ro&eans?o0ever+ i* 0o!ld no* "e di))i2!l*+ i) i* ever &roves ne2essar%+ *o 2ons*r!2* a (e(or% o) E!ro&ean (ili*ar% :lor%: *#e de)ea* o) A*illa+ *#e vi2*or% a* Le&an*o+ *#e li)*in: o) *#e sie:e@sA o) ,ienna 6 and 0i*# a li**le in:en!i*% 6 *#e Nor(and% landin:sB s!rel% all *#ese and (an%
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(ore 2o!ld "e &a2ka:ed *o reveal *#e !n"roken E!ro&ean s*r!::le )or E!ro&ean val!es on E!ro&ean soil- On2e *#is is done+ *#ere 0o!ld "e no o"s*a2le *o "!ildin: a series o) (ore or less (on!(en*al 0ar (e(orials e=*ollin: *#e s*r!::le and *#e )allen )or *#e E!ro&ean 2a!seT#e E!ro s!&rana*ionalis* &ro9e2* is in2o(&a*i"le 0i*# an% s!2# (on!(en*al ;s*r!::le )or )reedo(< (odel no* onl% "e2a!se o) i*s e=&li2i* an*i60ar s*an2e- T#e :lori)i2a*ion o) *#e alle:ed E!ro&ean )ea*s o) ar(s+ in *#eir vie0+ 0o!ld 2las# 0i*# *#e ver% val!es 0#i2# s*and a* *#e 2ore o) *#e s!&rana*ional 2on2e&*ion o) E!ro&e and E!ro&ean iden*i*%- T#e vi2*or% o) E!ro&ean val!es o) li"eral de(o2ra2%+ e>!ali*%+ individ!al a!*ono(% 0#i2#+ a22ordin: *o Morin and o*#er E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s+ (akes *#e 2ore o) E!ro&ean val!es+ 0as no* a )ea* o) ar(sB and+ in an% 2ase+ *#ese val!es 2o!ld no* "e i(&osed "% *#e s#eer )or2e o) ar(s- In re9e2*in: *#e :lori)i2a*ion o) 0ar in *#e na(e o) E!ro&ean an*i60ar val!es+ E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s also re9e2* one o) *#e s!22ess)!l s*ra*e:ies o) 2ons*r!2*in: na*ional or s!&rana*ional iden*i*ies- T#is s*ra*e:%+ as 0e s#all see a* *#e end o) *#e &resen* essa%+ s*ill &rovides an al*erna*ive @al"ei* a* &resen* no* *oo &la!si"leA (odel )or *#e 2ons*r!2*ion o) E!ro&ean iden*i*%T#e an*i6na*ionalis* s*an2e+ on *#e o*#er #and+ &reven*s E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s )ro( de)inin: *#eir E!ro&ean iden*i*% "% 0a% o) 2on*ras* *o *#e in*olera"le or si(&l% in)erior O*#erT#!s+ *#e E!ro&eans+ a22ordin: *o Morin+ no* onl% are no* s!&erior *o Asians+ A)ri2ans+ A(eri2ans or an% O*#ers+ "!* *#eir E!ro&eaness is no* de)ined "% an% 6 ne:a*ive or &osi*ive 6 2on*ras* *o non6E!ro&eans and *#eir *radi*ions and val!es- T#is (akes *#e E!ro iden*i*% &ro9e2* >!i*e a"s*ra2* and res*ri2*s *#e 2ons*r!2*ion o) e))e2*ive E!ro&ean s!&rana*ional or na*ional (arkers- For *#e E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s do no* *ell !s #o0 *o dis*in:!is# a* a :lan2e a E!ro&ean )ro( a non6E!ro&ean- Ra2ial )ea*!res are+ o) 2o!rse+ r!led o!* )ro( *#e s*ar*B so are *#e (anners and *#e s*%le o) dress- $e are le)* onl% 0i*# *#e E!ro&ean val!es and *radi*ions+ none o) 0#i2# )or( a &ar* o) *#e o!*side a&&arel o) E!ro&eans and 2an serve as visi"le
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(arkersT#is+ o) 2o!rse+ does no* (ean *#a* *#e 2on2e&* o) 2o((on E!ro&eaness is all in2l!sive and *#a* i* *olera*es all 2!l*!ral or so2ial innova*ions *akin: &la2e in E!ro&e- Morin+ )or one+ ve#e(en*l% re9e2*s ;*#e #o(o:enisa*ion o) 2!s*o(s and *#e 2!l*!ral s*andardisa*ion 0#i2# is irresis*i"l% s&readin: *#ro!:#o!* E!ro&e: 9eans+ s#ir*s+ 0es*erns+ serials+ s#o0s+ #a("!r:ers+ Coke+ Pe&si+ &a&ers+ sel)6servi2es and s!&er(arke*s< EMorin .CC4: .I3F- T#ese &ro2esses o) A(eri2ani8a*ion+ Morin ar:!es+ are *#e res!l*s o) 2a&i*alis* 2o((odi)i2a*ion and s*andardisa*ion as 0ell as *e2#no6"!rea!2ra*i2 anoni(i8a*ion+ all o) 0#i2# are ;na*ive< *o E!ro&e- $#ile *#e &#eno(ena o) *#e &ro2ess 6 )ro( 9eans *o s!&er(arke*s 6 ori:ina*e in *#e US+ *#e !nderl%in: &ro2esses are )ir(l% roo*ed in E!ro&e- I* is *#ese &ro2esses o) *#e #o(o:enisa*ion o) 2!s*o(s and s*andardisa*ion o) 2!l*!res *#a* *#rea*en *o des*ro% *#e diversi*% and non2on)or(i*% o) E!ro&ean 2!l*!res 6 *#eir !ni>!e and de)inin: (ark 6 and *#!s de:rade *#e ver% 2on2e&* o) E!ro&ean 2!l*!re- T#e% are *o "e resis*ed no* "e2a!se o) *#eir )orei:nness+ no* "e2a!se *#e% ori:ina*e in *#e in*olera"le @in *#is 2ase+ A(eri2anA O*#er+ "!* "e2a!se *#e% *#rea*en *#e !ni>!eness o) E!ro&ean 2!l*!res- T#is !ni>!eness needs *o "e de)ended no* )ro( a )orei:n O*#er+ "!* )ro( i*s indi:eno!s de:rada*ion$i*# no (e(or% o) (ili*ar% :lories and no ene(% O*#er+ E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s are le)* 0i*# )e0 o*#er *ools o) *radi*ional na*ional iden*i*% 2ons*r!2*ion- T#e *radi*ional na*ional iden*i*% re>!ires a 2o((on &as* !s!all% in *#e )or( o) a *ale o) a !ni*ed and :oal6orien*ed 2olle2*ive endeavo!r o) an e(er:en* na*ion- So(e E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s+ no*a"l% *#e #is*orians D!roselle and Br!:(ans+ are read% *o a* leas* a**e(&* *o *ell a si(ilar *aleB D!roselle E.CC4: 346.F lis*s nine ;&#ases o) s#ared e=&erien2e< o) 0es*ern+ nor*#ern+ 2en*ral and so!*#ern E!ro&e @)ro( *#e (e:ali*# *o *#e re2en* I(&erial &#aseA and dis2erns ;a :eneral i) #al*in: :ro0*# in 2o(&assion+ #!(ani*% and e>!ali*%< in E!ro&ean #is*or%- T#ese are &ossi"l% onl% so(e o) *#e ;solid #is*ori2 reasons< 0#i2# led D!roselle *o re:ard ;E!ro&e no* onl% as a
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(osai2 o) 2!l*!res "!* as an or:ani2 0#ole< EDavies .CCH :D7F- $#ile no* >!i*e a *ale o) ;a !ni*ed endeavo!r< o) E!ro&eans 0#i2# inevi*a"l% leads *o a E!ro&e !ni*ed+ D!roselle<s s*or% ai(s *o de(ons*ra*e *#e &ersis*en2e o) a E!ro&ean ;2ore< @;!ni*%<A *#ro!:#o!* i*s #is*or%+ inde&enden* o) *#e a&&aren* dis!ni*% and 2on)li2* a(on: i*s na*ion6s*a*es ED!roselle .CC4 : D..F- In 2on*ras* *o D!roselle+ Morin ad(i*s *#a* *#e E!ro&ean &as* o))ers no *ale o) *#is kindYe* no* all is los*: ins*ead o) !ni*ed endeavo!r+ *#ere is+ a22ordin: *o Morin E.CC4: 5HF+ a E!ro&ean 0#irl&ool res!l*in: in ;a &er(anen* e!ro6or:anisin: anar2#%-< T#is anar2#%+ Morin ar:!es+ 0as &rod!2in: a E!ro&e o) &er(anen* (e*a(or&#osis+ o) a 2rea*ive diversi*% and o) an on:oin: dialo:!e- I:norin: *#is 2as2ade o) (e*a&#ors+ one sees Morin #ere valian*l% )a2in: *#e a"sen2e o) an% kind o) !ni*% in E!ro&ean #is*or% and *!rnin: an a"!ndan2e o) 2on)li2* in*o a !ni>!e and &ossi"l% !ni)%in: and de)inin: )ea*!re o) *#e E!ro&ean &as*- T#is s*ra*e:%+ #o0ever !n2onvin2in: i* (a% see( a* )irs*+ a* leas* avoids "la*an* )alsi)i2a*ions *o 0#i2# (an% #is*orians o) a ;!ni*ed endeavo!r< are &rone- Moreover+ i* allo0s ea2# o) *#e E!ro&ean na*ions *o 2on*in!e *o #ave i*s o0n se&ara*e and :lorio!s &as* o) ;!ni*ed endeavo!r< and ;s*r!::le )or )reedo(-< Ad(i**in: *o *#e a"!ndan2e o) 2on)li2* as 0ell as o) dialo:!e+ Morin a&&ro&ria*es *#e la**er )or *#e s!&rana*ional E!ro&ean iden*i*%+ *#!s leavin: *o ea2# se&ara*e na*ion i*s o0n *ale o) !ni)%in: &!r&ose and (ili*ar% :lor%- In #is vie0+ *#e E!ro&e o) 0ars and violen2e is in*rinsi2all% rela*ed no* *o i*s 2o((on iden*i*% "!* *o *#e "ad and des*r!2*ive na*ionalis(s- Ye* in *#is (%*#i2al division o) res&onsi"ili*%+ Morin @!nlike D!roselle in #is L<IdJe de l<E!ro&e dans l<#is*oireA i:nores ?i*ler<s idea o) a E!ro&e !ni*ed and &!ri)ied "% *#e Na8is and &er#a&s less a "ar"ari2 "!* no less violen* vision o) E!ro&e !ni*ed "% Na&oleon<s Grand Ar(Je- ?is s*ra*e:% *#!s see(s ra*#er si(&le: *#e 0ars and *#e 2on)li2* are+ in #is re2o!n*in: o) *#e &as*+ 2onvenien*l% le)* *o *#e e:o2en*ri2 na*ion s*a*es and *#eir des*r!2*ive na*ionalis(sMorin 2ons*r!2*s a non6violen* and *oleran* E!ro&ean &as* o) *radi*ions and 2!l*!res in dialo:!e- In addi*ion *o *#is so(e0#a* &!ri)ied &as*+ #e also re2r!i*s *#e )!*!re )or *#e 2a!se o)
G

E!ro&e and i*s 2o((on iden*i*%- T#e E!ro&ean ;2o((!ni*% o) des*in%+< *#e S2#i2ksal:e(eins2#a)* +0#i2#+ a22ordin: *o O**o Ba!er+ 2#ara2*erises ever% *r!e na*ion+ 2an e(er:e+ Morin E.CC4: .CIF avers+ onl% )ro( *#e )!*!re: O!r E!ro&ean #is*ori2al (e(ories #ave no*#in: in 2o((on "!* *#e division and 0arT#e% #ave no 2o((on #eri*a:e e=2e&* )or *#eir (!*!al #a*reds- O!r 2o((!ni*% o) des*in% 2o!ld no* e(er:e )ro( o!r &as* 0#i2# onl% 2on*radi2*s i*- I* 0o!ld #ardl% e(er:e )ro( o!r &resen* "e2a!se i* is o!r )!*!re 0#i2# 0ill i(&ose i* !&on !s---EMorin<s e(&#asisFE!ro&e<s des*in% lies+ Morin is 2onvin2ed+ in *#is ;a22elera*ed )!*!re<-

An iden*i*% "ased on 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e'

I* is+ #o0ever+ *#e non6violen* &as* o) E!ro&ean *radi*ions in dialo:!e 6 *#e #i:#l% diverse %e* #i:#l% in*errela*ed real( o) E!ro&ean ar*s+ li*era*!re and s2ien2e 6 *#a* &rovides Morin and o*#er E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s 0i*# *#e 2ore o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*%- I* 0as in *#is ver% )ield o) #i:# 2!l*!re+ Morin no*es+ *#a* (os* E!ro&ean dialo:!e and 2ross6)er*ilisa*ion *ook &la2e- S*ar*in: 0i*# *#e Go*#i2 2a*#edrals and 2on*in!in: *o 2!"is( and a"s*ra2* &ain*in:+ E!ro&ean ar* and &ain*in: )reel% 2rossed *#e na*ional and lin:!is*i2 )ron*iers *o "e2o(e a 2o((on 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e o) all E!ro&eans- T#is s#inin: e=a(&le o) 2!l*!ral !ni*% in diversi*% is )!r*#er "!**ressed "% a 2a*alo:!e o) na(es 6 Calderon+ S#akes&eare+ Moliere+ Dan*e+ Eras(!s+ Cervan*es+ Mon*ai:ne+ Ri("a!d+ T-S- Elio*+ Dos*oievski+ Tols*oi + and+ o) 2o!rse+ Mo8ar*+ Bee*#oven+ Mal#er+ Ber: and (an% o*#ers EMorin .CC4: GIF- T#e lis*+ na*!rall%+ 2o!ld "e e=*ended )!r*#er+ "!* even in s#or*er+ (ore &er)!n2*or% lis*s+ a* leas* so(e o) *#e a"ove
C

na(es are "o!nd *o a&&ear- I* is a* *#e level o) *#e 2a*alo:!e o) na(es *#a* 0e s#all )ind *#e "e:innin:s o) a 2onsens!s a(on: *#e E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s: all o) *#e( 0o!ld a:ree *#a* so(e s!2# lis* o) na(es )or(s *#e 2ore o) *#e E!ro&ean 2!l*!re 0#i2# in *!rn de)ines *#e 2ore o) 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*%Ano*#er rela*ed &oin* o) 2onsens!s is *o "e )o!nd in a lis* o) E!ro&ean in*elle2*!al and 2!l*!ral innova*ions+ 0#i2# )or(s ano*#er 2ore+ *#a* o) E!ro&e<s 2on*ri"!*ion *o 0orld 2!l*!reT#is lis* !s!all% s*ar*s 0i*# An2ien* Gree2e and Ro(e and 0i*# *#e &oli*i2al &#iloso&#% and &ra2*i2e o) de(o2ra2% and individ!al a!*ono(%- T#en+ a* leas* in Morin<s lis*+ 2o(e *#e a2#ieve(en*s o) Renaissan2e #!(anis( and+ la*er+ o) *#e Enli:#*en(en*+ and 0e end 0i*# *#e *ri!(&# o) na*!ral s2ien2es and *#e *e2#nolo:i2al revol!*ion- T#is inven*ed *radi*ion o) *#e 2on*in!i*% o) E!ro&ean &oli*i2al *#o!:#*+ as A:nes ?eller E.CC3: .DF no*ed+ a&&ears *o (irror ?e:el<s &#iloso&#% o) #is*or% in 0#i2# ea2# s*a:e in *#is line o) &ro:ress 2on*ri"!*es *o *#e advan2e o) *#e ne=*- Morin<s re2a&i*!la*ion o) *#is !&li)*in: s*or%+ in kee&in: 0i*# o!r o0n (ore &essi(is*i2 a:e+ o(i*s *#e ele(en* o) &ro:ress "!* leaves *#e *ra2es o) 2on*in!i*%O!* o) *#e so(e0#a* &!ri)ied E!ro&ean &as* *#!s 2o(es a lis* o) )a(o!s (en @no 0o(en+ sadl%+ a&&ear on *#is lis* as %e*A and a lis* o) 2!l*!ral a2#ieve(en*s 0#i2# E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s 2lai( as a 2o((on E!ro&ean #eri*a:e- T#is 0a% o) 2ons*r!2*in: a 2o((on E!ro&ean 2!l*!ral ;2o((!ni*%< or ;#eri*a:e< is+ o) 2o!rse+ no* *#e onl% one- ?!:# Se*on6 $a*son E.CG5: CF 2ons*r!2*s *#e 2on2e&* o) *#is 2o((!ni*% on *#e "asis o) *#e sense o) alle:ian2e 0#i2# *rans2ends *#e lo2al *erri*orial and so2ial lo%al*ies o) E!ro&ean &eo&lesB *#e ori:ins o) *#is *rans2endin: &ro*o6E!ro&ean alle:ian2e #e *ra2es "a2k *o earl% C#ris*endo(+ ;*#e )irs* 2o((!ni*% o) C#ris*ian &eo&les<- B!* #o0ever one 2ons*r!2*s *#is 2o((on #eri*a:e+ one "e2o(es a E!ro&ean "% a22e&*in: as i* one<s o0n: i) one iden*i)ies 0i*# a 2o((on E!ro&ean #eri*a:e or #as a sense o) "elon:in: *o *#e E!ro&ean 2!l*!ral 2o((!ni*%+ one #as in e))e2* iden*i)ied onesel) as a E!ro&ean- I* is *#is a22e&*an2e o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean 2!l*!ral
.4

#eri*a:e *#a* *rans)or(s an individ!al in*o a E!ro&ean and :ives #i( a ne0+ in2l!sive s!&rana*ional iden*i*%Le* !s no0 e=a(ine *0o (a9or o"9e2*ions *o *#is s*ra*e:% o) s!&rana*ional iden*i*% 2ons*r!2*ion- T#e )irs*+ voi2ed "% A:nes ?eller E.CC3F re9e2*s *#e no*ion o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean #eri*a:e "ased on one or "o*# o) *#ese lis*s- T#e a"s*ra2*ions 2alled *#e ;E!ro&ean &ain*in:<+ *#e ;E!ro&ean novel< and *#e ;E!ro&ean (!si2< are+ a22ordin: *o #er+ no*#in: "!* a"s*ra2*ions- T#ere is no E!ro&ean novel "!* onl% *#e En:lis#+ Fren2# and R!ssian novel and like0ise )or *#e res*- To see *#is+ s#e invi*es !s *o look a* 0#a* *#e E!ro&ean na*ions !sed *o e=&or* *o *#eir 2olonies: a(on: *#e *#!s e=&or*ed :oods 0e )ind no E!ro&ean (!si2+ novel and &ain*in:- Ins*ead+ s#e ar:!es+ E!ro&ean 2olonial (as*ers e=&or*ed (oderni*% in *#e :!ise o) e2ono(%+ s*a*e2ra)* and *e2#nolo:%+ *#e (oderni*% 0#i2#+ in #er vie0+ 2#ara2*erises *#e )lee*in: no*ion o) 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% E?eller .CC3: .IF- T#ere is onl% one 2o((on E!ro&ean a2#ieve(en* 6 *#a* o) (oderni*% in s*a*e2ra)*+ e2ono(% and *e2#nolo:% 0#i2#+ as i* "e2o(es a :lo"al e=&or*+ &rovides no e))e2*ive or las*in: "asis )or a E!ro&ean s!&rana*ional iden*i*%- In e))e2*+ #er ar:!(en* :oes "e%ond #er+ &ossi"l% ironi2+ sear2# )or a 2o((on E!ro&ean 2!l*!re a(on: *#e e=&or* :oods o) E!ro&ean 2a&i*alis*s- ?er ar:!(en* *!rns on a si(&le de(and *o &rove *#a* a lis* o) :rea* 2!l*!ral a2#ieve(en*s and o) *#eir (akers re)le2*s *#e e=is*en2e o) a 2o((on 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e- Prod!2in: a lis* o) s!2# (en and 2!l*!ral a2#ieve(en*s+ "% i*sel)+ is no &roo) o) a 2o((on 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e or o) an%*#in: in 2o((on *o *#e (en and 2!l*!ral a2#ieve(en*s lis*ed- S!2# lis*s &rove as li**le @or as (!2#A as *#e lis*s o) E!ro&ean e=&or*s *o *#eir 2olonies- B!* #o0 does one &rove *#e e=is*en2e o) a s!&rana*ional 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e' A 2o((on na*ional #eri*a:e+ one (a% 0an* *o ar:!e+ is si(&l% a &ar*i2!lar 2!l*!ral 2anon 6 on2e a:ain a lis* 6 0#i2# is 0idel% a22e&*ed a(on: *#e na*ionall%6(inded in*elle2*!als and *#eir rank and )ile+ *#e in*elli:en*sia+ as re&resen*in: *#eir 2o((on #eri*a:eS!2# 2anons are no* (ean* *o &rove *#e e=is*en2e o) na*ional 2!l*!res @*#e e=is*en2e is (ore
..

o)*en ass!(ed *#an &rovenA "!*+ ra*#er+ *o vividl% ill!s*ra*e na*ional 2!l*!ral a2#ieve(en* and *o serve as so!r2es o) na*ional &ride- No do!"* *#e a22e&*an2e o) s!2# na*ional 2anons and *#eir role as so!r2es o) na*ional &ride is (!2# )a2ili*a*ed "% *#e lan:!a:e 0#i2# *#e 2anonised (en alle:edl% s#are 0i*# *#ose 0#o *ake &ride in *#eir a2#ieve(en*s- T#ere is+ o) 2o!rse+ no 2o((on lan:!a:e o) *#e E!ro&ean 2!l*!ral 2anon- B!* as *#is &roved no o"s*a2le *o *#e dialo:!e and 2ross6)er*ilisa*ion a(on: *#e (e("ers o) *#e 2anon+ i* is no o"s*a2le+ one (a% ar:!e+ *o *#e a22e&*an2e o) *#e 2annon and i*s role as a so!r2e o) E!ro&ean &rideOn *#is vie0+ Morin and E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s are &resen*in: a ra*#er va:!e 2anon o) s!&rana*ional #eri*a:e )or 2on*e(&la*ion and a22e&*an2e "% *#ose sear2#in: )or *#e roo*s o) E!ro&eaness andKor a so!r2e o) E!ro&ean &ride- T#e 2anon is no* a &roo) in*ended *o 2onver* *#e !n2onver*ed+ *#a* is+ *#ose 0#o do no* "elieve in *#e e=is*en2e o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e- To de(and *#a* *#e &ro&osed E!ro&ean 2anon &rovide a &roo) o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean #eri*a:e is *#en *o (is!nders*and *#e E!ro&ean s!&erna*ionalis* &ro9e2*?o0ever+ ?eller<s do!"*s a"o!* *#e e=is*en2e o) *#e 2anon s!::es* ano*#er (ore :eneral &ro"le(- Na*ional 2!l*!ral iden*i*ies+ "ased on a22e&*ed 2!l*!ral 2anons+ &res!&&ose a !ni*% o) 2!l*!re+ !s!all% "ased on a s*andard @or *o6"e6s*andardisedA lan:!a:e- T#e 0#ole &!r&ose o) a 2!l*!ral 2anon is vividl% *o ill!s*ra*e *#is &res!(ed 2!l*!ral !ni*%: one 2anon+ one lan:!a:e+ one li*era*!re+ one 2!l*!re+ one na*ion- In 2on*ras*+ Morin and o*#er E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s ar:!e *#a* *#e 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% "e "ased on a 2!l*!ral diversi*%: (an% lan:!a:es+ (an% li*era*!res+ (an% 2!l*!res+ (an% na*ions+ "!* one all6e("ra2in: 2!l*!ral 2anon and+ 2onse>!en*l%+ one E!ro&ean s!&rana*ion- I* is *#is ver% !ni*% in diversi*% *#a* (akes E!ro&ean 2!l*!res or 2!l*!re !ni>!e and *#ere)ore a s!i*a"le &oin* )or 2!l*!ral and s!&rana*ional iden*i)i2a*ion- No0 ?eller in e))e2* 2as*s do!"* on *#e in)eren2e )ro( diverse 2!l*!res *o a !ni>!e and *rans2endin: E!ro&ean s!&ra62!l*!re: *#e #i:#l% diverse 2!l*!res o) E!ro&e+ s#e s!::es*s+ o))er no "asis )or s!2# an in)eren2e.3

In de)en2e o) s!2# an in)eren2e+ Morin &oin*s *o 2ross6)er*ilisa*ion and *o dialo:!eB *#e 2ross6)er*ilisa*ion and dialo:!e a(on: E!ro&ean 2!l*!res (ake *#ese na*ional 2!l*!res (!2# less na*ional *#an *#e% a&&ear a* )irs* si:#*- In addi*ion+ one 2o!ld ar:!e *#a* *#e !ni)ied na*ional 2!l*!res+ "ased on *#e 2#eris#ed na*ional 2!l*!ral 2anons+ are as (!2# &rod!2*s o) &lanned 2ons*r!2*ion as is *#e ne0 s!&ra6na*ional E!ro&ean 2!l*!re- I) 0e :ran* *#a* *#e na*ional 2!l*!res are nei*#er &re6de*er(ined nor &ri(ordial "!* 2ons*r!2*ed+ *#eir 2on*in!ed e=is*en2e and even )lo!ris#in: is no*+ "% i*sel)+ an !ns!r(o!n*a"le o"s*a2le *o *#e 2ons*r!2*ion o) a s!&ra62!l*!re o) E!ro&e- T#e (a9or >!es*ion is *#en no* 0#e*#er s!2# a s!&ra62!l*!re 2an "e 2ons*r!2*ed "!* #o0 *#is s#o!ld "e done- In *#is 2on*e=*+ one 2o!ld 2er*ainl% >!es*ion *#e s!i*a"ili*% o) *#e s*andard (odel o) 2ons*r!2*ion o) na*ional 2!l*!res @via !ni)ied 2!l*!ral 2anonsA )or *#e &resen* *ask- Is a E!ro&ean s!&ra62!l*!re *o "e 2ons*r!2*ed si(&l% "% &il)erin: e=is*in: na*ional 2!l*!ral 2anons o) s!i*a"le s!&rana*ional E!ro&ean 2!l*!ral a2#ievers and a2#ieve(en*s' Isn<* *#ere a (ore e))e2*ive (e*#od o) 2ons*r!2*in: a E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionali*%' I* is *#e e))e2*iveness o) *#is (e*#od o) 2ons*r!2*ion *#a* An*#on% D- S(i*# see(s *o >!es*ion: #e do!"*s *#a* *#e ;s!&ra62!l*!ral< &ro9e2* 2on*ains *#e ri:#* in:redien*s re>!ired )or s!22ess a* leas* in *#e )oreseea"le )!*!re- Unlike ?eller+ #e ad(i*s *#e e=is*en2e o) a ra*#er 0eak 2!l*!ral #eri*a:e 6 *#e )a(il% o) E!ro&ean 2!l*!res 6 "!* *#en ar:!es *#a* *#is )a(il% is ins!))i2ien* *o &rod!2e a sense o) s!&rana*ional iden*i*% 2o(&ara"le *o *#e alread% es*a"lis#ed na*ional iden*i*ies- S(i*# *#!s 2on2edes *#a* *#e ;(a9or 2!l*!ral and #is*ori2al *radi*ions< 6 s!2# as Ro(an la0+ Greek &#iloso&#% and s2ien2e+ ?e"rai2 e*#i2s and C#ris*ian *#eolo:%+ and *#eir Renaissan2e and Enli:#*en(en* s!22essors 6 #ave 2rea*ed a E!ro&ean )a(il% o) 2!l*!res+ o) 2!l*!ral *radi*ions and dis2o!rses ;0#i2# #ave "een ada&*ed *o *#e 2ir2!(s*an2es o) ea2# 2o((!ni*% and s*a*e in E!ro&e<- Ye* in s&i*e o) *#is+ ; LE!ro&eM ES(i*#<s >!o*a*ion (arksF la2ks a se2!re e*#ni2 "ase 0i*# a 2lear2!* se* o) 2o((on #is*ori2al (e(ories+ (%*#s+ s%("ols+
.7

val!es and *#e like-< ES(i*# .CC7: .7DF- T#e (e(ories+ (%*#s and s%("ols 0#i2# i* does &osses 6 S(i*#<s e=a(&le is *#a* o) (edieval @Ca*#oli2'+ Or*#odo='A C#ris*endo( 6 are )la0ed or in2reasin:l% irrelevan* and !n!sa"le )or (an% o) E!ro&e<s &eo&les- $#a* in*eres*+ S(i*# asks+ 0o!ld Frederi2k Bar"arossa #ave )or En:lis# and Fren2# 2i*i8ens+ or a Ca*#oli2 (ass )or Ger(an or S0ede Pro*es*an*s ' And *o 0#i2# o) *#ese are *#e &eo&les o) E!ro&e :oin: *o )eel a E!ro&ean lo%al*%' B% lo%al*%+ S(i*# #ere (eans *#e readiness *o (ake sa2ri)i2es in2l!din: *#a* o) one<s li)e- To *#e E!ro&ean )a(il% o) 2!l*!res S(i*# denies+ )irs*+ *#e ri:#* (i= o) 2o((on in:redien*s and+ se2ond+ s!))i2ien* s*ren:*# *o ind!2e *#e desired lo%al*% or alle:ian2eB% raisin: *#e >!es*ion o) lo%al*% and alle:ian2e+ S(i*# a&&ears *o 2on2eive *#e &ro9e2*ed s!&rana*ional E!ro&ean iden*i*% as a (o"ilisa*ion *ool- B!*+ as 0e #ave seen+ *#e &resen* &ro9e2* re9e2*s *#e &ossi"ili*% o) !sin: E!ro&ean iden*i*% as s!2# a (o"ilisa*ion *ool- Per#a&s S(i*# onl% 0an*s *o ar:!e *#a* !nless a ne0 iden*i*% 2an serve as a (o"ilisa*ion *ool+ i* 2anno* 2o(&e*e 0i*# *#e es*a"lis#ed ones 0#i2# are s!22ess)!ll% !sed as s!2# *ools: le* *#e dr!(s o) 0ar roll and see #o0 >!i2kl% E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionali*% 0o!ld disa&&ear: as >!i2kl% as *#e in*erna*ionalis( o) *#e &role*aria* did in .C.D- B!* on2e a:ain *#is is no* *#e arena in 0#i2# *#e E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionali*% 0o!ld ai( *o 2o(&e*e: *#e ai( o) E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionalis( is silen2e *#e dr!(s o) 0ar "% !nder(inin: and re(ovin: na*ionalis(s 0#i2# )!el 0ars and a::ressionI) *#e ar:!(en* "ased on *#e roll o) dr!(s (isses *#e &oin*+ 0#a* a"o!* *#e ar:!(en* )ro( *#e a"sen2e o) *#e ri:#* (i=*!re' T#e ri:#* (i=*!re+ in S(i*#<s o0n 0ords+ is a ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase 0i*# a 2lear2!* se* o) 2o((on #is*ori2al (e(ories+ (%*#s+ s%("ols+ val!es+ and *#e like-< A ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase< is "ased on *#e "elie) @0#e*#er *r!e or no*A o) a 2o((on e*#ni2 an2es*r% or ;2o((on "lood<- No one "elieves in a 2o((on e*#ni2 an2es*r% o) A(eri2ans+ Bri*ons and A!s*ralians and *#eir &resen* na*ional iden*i*% 6 )or "e**er or 0orse 6 is no*
.D

2ons*r!2*ed on an% ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase< in *#is sense- T#eir iden*i*% is "ased on a "elie) in a 2o((on 2!l*!re+ in2l!din:+ (os* i(&or*an*l%+ 2o((on &oli*i2al 2!l*!re and *radi*ion+ *#a* is+ on a (ore or less 2lear2!* se* o) 2o((on #is*ori2al (e(ories+ (%*#s+ s%("ols 0i*#o!* an% ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase<- Is a ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase<+ *#en+ ne2essar% )or *#e 2ons*r!2*ion o) ever% na*ional iden*i*% and+ *#!s+ )or an% s!&rana*ional iden*i*%+ 2a&a"le o) 2o(&e*in:+ s!22ess)!ll%+ 0i*# *#e e=is*in: na*ional iden*i*ies' T#e a&&eal *o 2o((on an2es*r% or "lood in E!ro&e #as "een !sed *o ins*il na*ional &ride and a sense o) s#ared des*in% *o &oli*i2all% and lin:!is*i2all% )ra:(en*ed &o&!la*ions+ s!2# as *#e &o&!la*ions o) *#e nine*een*# 2en*!r% I*al% and Ger(an%In *#is &ro2ess+ i* #as &roved an e))e2*ive ins*r!(en* o) ;na*ional !ni)i2a*ion< *#a* is+ o) 2rea*ion o) na*ion6s*a*es and o) (o"ilisa*ion )or 0ar- In *#e &ro2ess o) *#e 2rea*ion o) na*ion6 s*a*es o!* o) )or(er Y!:oslavia and in *#e res!l*in: 0ars+ s!2# an a&&eal *o 2o((on an2es*r% and "lood #as on2e a:ain &roven i*s e))e2*iveness- Al(os* all *#e do(inan* na*ional ideolo:ies in *#is re:ion a&&eal *o *#e 2o((on an2es*r% and "lood o) *#eir *ar:e* &o&!la*ionsB *#is is &ar*i2!larl% eviden* in *#e na*ional ideolo:ies o) *#e r!lin: Ma2edonian+ Croa*ian+ Bosnian M!sli(s and 1osovo Al"anian &oli*i2al &ar*ies 0#i2# 2lai( *#a* *#e iden*i*% and s!rvival o) *#eir *ar:e* na*ional :ro!&s is !nder *#rea* )ro( *#eir nei:#"o!rs- T#e need )or a ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase< is *#!s (os* eviden* )or &!r&oses o) (o"ilisa*ion o) *#e *ar:e* :ro!&s in *#e &ro2ess o) na*ion6s*a*e "!ildin: in an alle:edl% #os*ile environ(en*T#e &resen* &ro9e2* o) E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionali*% does no* ai( a* *#e ;!ni)i2a*ion< o) E!ro&ean na*ions in*o a E!ro&ean na*ion6s*a*e @and i* denies *#e e=is*en2e o) an% *#rea*s *o E!ro&eansA- In vie0 o) *#is+ i*s need )or a ;se2!re e*#ni2 "ase< 6 even i) *#ere 0ere s!2# a "ase 6 0o!ld "e do!"*)!l- T#e &ro9e2* ai(s a* 2ons*r!2*in: a se* o) 2o((on s%("ols+ (%*#s and val!es 0i*#o!* s!2# an e*#ni2 "ase- T#e se* 0#i2# Morin lis*s 6 *#e s%("ols o) s#ared 2!l*!ral a2#ieve(en* and a2#ievers+ *#e (%*#s o) dialo:!e and 2ross6)er*ilisa*ion+ and *#e val!es o) de(o2ra2%+ #!(an ri:#*s and individ!al a!*ono(% 6 is s!))i2ien*l% 2o((on *o E!ro&e *o
.5

0i*#s*and *#e *%&e o) 2o!n*ere=a(&le *#a* S(i*# advan2es- T#e *0o 2o!n*ere=a(&les #e lis*s+ *#a* o) Frederi2k Bar"arossa and o) *#e Ca*#oli2 (ass+ do no* a&&ear on Morin<s or an% o*#er E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*<s lis* )or *#e si(&le reason *#a* *#e% are no* re:arded as 2o((onl% s#ared E!ro&ean s%("ols and val!es- Morin+ )or one+ in*en*ionall% lis*s onl% &ersons and a2#ieve(en*s 0#i2# 2an sa)el% 2ross all E!ro&ean na*ional "orders-

Mass disse(ina*ion: is s!&rana*ional E!ro&ean iden*i*% &oli*i2all% !se)!l'

T#e &ro"le( 0i*# Morin<s se* o) E!ro&ean s%("ols+ (%*#s and val!es is no* *#e a"sen2e o) a E!ro&ean 2o((onali*% or o) a 2lear ra*ionale- T#e &rin2i&al &ro"le( 0i*# *#ese s%("ols and val!es is *#a* *#e% are no* easil% a22essi"le or disse(ina*ed a(on: *#e (ass o) *#eir *ar:e* &o&!la*ions- S(i*# E.CC7: .7DF is 2er*ainl% ri:#* in o"servin: *#a* ;)or *#e (o(en* *#e e*#ni2 and na*ional levels o) iden*i)i2a*ion 0ill *ake &riori*%+ and re(ain (!2# (ore vivid and a22essi"le *o *#e (ass o) &o&!la*ion+ *#an (ore a"s*ra2*+ s#ado0% and #i:#er6level re:ional iden*i*ies like *#a* o) LE!ro&eM<- B% res*ri2*in: *#e "ase o) *#e E!ro iden*i*% *o *#e real( o) E!ro&ean #i:# 2!l*!re+ (akes i*+ i) no* less vivid+ 2er*ainl% less a22essi"le *o *#ose 0#ose in*eres* in and a2>!ain*an2e 0i*# *#is #i:# 2!l*!re is li(i*ed- T#e n!("er o) &eo&le *o 0#o( Dan*e<s &oe*r% or Tols*oi<s novels evoke *#e sense o) 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% is li(i*ed *o *#ose 0#o are in so(e 0a% or o*#er a2>!ain*ed 0i*# *#ese 0orks- B!* i) *#e &ro"le( #ere is no* *#a* o) *#e a"sen2e o) 2o((onali*% o) 2!l*!re "!* o) i*s (ass disse(ina*ion+ *#en &er#a&s *#e disse(ina*ion o) *#e e=is*in: na*ional iden*i*ies 2o!ld a* las* &rovide a (odel )or *#e disse(ina*ion o) E!ro iden*i*%T#e (a9or 2#annels o) *#e disse(ina*ion o) na*ional iden*i*ies #ave "een and s*ill are
.H

*#e na*ion6s*a*e s2#ool s%s*e( and i*s &o&!lar (edia- In *#e )or(er+ i* is *#e *ea2#in: o) @na*ionalA #is*or% 0#i2# is *#e (ain ins*r!(en* o) *#e &ro&a:a*ion o) na*ional ideas and iden*i*ies- I* is *#en no* s!r&risin: *#a* *#e )irs* s*e&s )or *#e disse(ina*ion o) E!ro iden*i*% a&&ears *o #ave (ade in *#e s2#ool *ea2#in: o) #is*or%: *#e )irs* Co!n2il o) E!ro&e<s 2on)eren2e on #is*or% *ea2#in:+ en*i*led ;T#e E!ro&ean Idea in ?is*or% Tea2#in:+< 0as #eld in .C57 ESla*er .CC5: 35F- One o) *#e la*es* s*e&s in *#is dire2*ion+ a se2ondar% s2#ool #is*or% 0ri**en "% *0elve E!ro&ean s2#olars and *ransla*ed in*o si=*een lan:!a:es EDelo!2#e .CC3 N .CC7F+ )o2!ses on *#e sa(e se* o) *#e(es as Morin does 6 *#e s#ared E!ro&ean #is*ori2al e=&erien2es+ dialo:!e and 2ross6)er*ilisa*ion as 0ell as 2o((on val!es o) E!ro&e 6 0i*#o!* avoidin: *#e #is*or% o) in*er6E!ro&ean 0ars and 2on)li2*s- ?o0ever+ !nlike D!roselle and Morin+ i*s a!*#ors (ake no a&&eal *o *#e )!*!re+ endin: *#eir 0ork 0i*# *#e >!es*ion ;T#e End o) a Divided E!ro&e'< EDelo!2#e .CC7: 7G4F- Ye* *#eir s!&erna*ionalis* a&&roa2# is eviden* no* onl% in *#eir sele2*ion o) *o&i2s "!* in *#e vol!(e<s avo0ed ai( *o serve ;*#e %o!n: E!ro&eans in *#e 2o!rse o) *#eir s*!dies and (a% "e 2onsidered as *#e prototype of a textbook of history of Europe: the first Eurotextbook EDelo!2#e .CC3 : 7+ e(&#asis in *#e *e=*FT#is ai(+ as i* a&&ears+ #as no* "een a2#ieved as %e*: no na*ional s2#ool ad(inis*ra*ion in an% E!ro&ean Union (e("er s*a*e #as o))i2iall% a&&roved i*s !se as a *e=*"ook- $#e*#er an% 2o((on s2#ool *e=*"ook 0ill "e a&&roved )or *#e !se in E!ro&ean s*a*e s2#ool s%s*e(s is s*ill an o&en >!es*ion+ al*#o!:# all (e("ers o) *#e E!ro&ean Union #ave (ade a**e(&*s *o ;E!ro&eani8e< *#eir s2#ool 2!rri2!la ES#ennan .CC.: .DH6CF- As )or *#e &o&!lar (edia+ in s&i*e o) several a**e(&*s a* ;E!ro&eani8a*ion< o) &rin* and *elevision (edia+ *#e )!*!re+ a22ordin: *o E!ro&ean (edia e=&er*s+ is !nlikel% *o "rin: a"o!* a 2o((on E!ro&ean *elevision &ro:ra((in: or a E!ro&ean (ass62ir2!la*ion *a"loid- T#is #as led so(e s2#olars *o 2on2l!de *#a* *#e disse(ina*ion o) E!ro&ean iden*i*% *#ro!:# 2o((on E!ro&ean (edia is nei*#er ne2essar% nor desira"le ES#elle% and $in2k .CC7: .G5F- In an% 2ase+ no na*ional :overn(en*
.I

a&&ears *o "e read% or a"le as %e* *o e("ark on a 2a(&ai:n o) E!ro&eani8a*ion o) i*s (edia or *#eir "road2as*sT#ese de"a*es and *#e a"sen2e o) &oli*i2al 2o((i*(en* *o (ass disse(ina*ion o) *#e E!ro iden*i*%+ one 2an ar:!e+ indi2a*e onl% *#a* *#e E!ro iden*i*% &ro9e2* is s*ill in *#e s*a*e o) in*elle2*!al )er(en*a*ion+ *#e )irs* s*a:e in ?ro2#<s *#ree6s*a:e develo&(en* o) na*ional (ove(en*s E ?ro2# .CG5F- T#is+ o) 2o!rse+ is an o&*i(is*i2 vie0 0#i2# i(&lies *#a* on2e *#e se2ond s*a:e is rea2#ed+ and E!ro iden*i*% is a22e&*ed "o*# "% E!ro&ean in*elle2*!als and *#eir rank6and6)ile+ *#e in*elli:en*sia+ *#e *#ird s*a:e+ *#a* o) s%s*e(a*i2 (ass disse(ina*ion o) *#e ne0 iden*i*%+ 0o!ld al(os* na*!rall% )ollo0- One does no* need *o "e a E!ro &essi(is* *o see *#a* *#e E!ro&ean in*elli:en*sia<s es&o!sal o) E!ro&ean iden*i*% does no* :!aran*ee i*s !l*i(a*e (ass disse(ina*ion- As *#e a"sen2e o) o))i2ial a&&roval )or 2o((on #is*or% *e=*"ooks s!::es*s+ i* is *#e &oli*i2al and "!rea!2ra*i2 (as*ers o) E!ro&e 0#o need *o "e 0on over+ no* so (!2# *o *#e idea o) a 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% "!* *o i*s &oli*i2al !se)!lness- On2e *#e% 2o(e *o see *#e idea as &oli*i2all% !se)!l 6 and no* onl% #ar(less as i* is no0 6 *#e% (a% allo0 or dire2* *#e e=is*in: na*ion6s*a*e a&&ara*a *o disse(ina*e i*B!* 0#a* 0o!ld *#e idea o) E!ro&ean iden*i*%+ as 2ons*r!2*ed "% Morin and o*#er E!ro&ean s!&rana*ionalis*s+ "e !se)!l )or' As 0e #ave seen+ as &resen*l% 2on2eived+ i* #as no (o"ilisa*ional val!e and i* is no* even in*ended *o en#an2e *#e sense o) s!&eriori*% o) E!ro&eans *o O*#ers- In s#or*+ i* is no* dire2*ed a:ains* an% O*#er+ ei*#er as an ene(% or as a &o*en*ial rival- T#is no* onl% s#ar&l% dis*in:!is#es i* )ro( *#e 0ell6es*a"lis#ed na*ional iden*i*ies "!* serio!sl% di(inis#es i*s &oli*i2al !se)!lness- To see *#is+ one onl% needs *o ask 0#a* 2ore E!ro&ean val!es a &oli*i2ian 2o!ld "e asked *o de)end or+ i) de)en2e #ere see(s ina&&ro&ria*e+ *o &ro(o*e- $ell+ *#ese are+ a22ordin: *o Morin and o*#er E!ro s!&rana*ionalis*s+ *#e val!es o) *oleran2e+ li"eralis(+ de(o2ra2% and !niversal #!(an ri:#*sAs S(i*# #ad alread% no*ed+ *#is is a #i:#l% a"s*ra2* and no* all *#a* vivid se* o) val!es- And as
.G

all (ains*rea( &oli*i2ians in *#e E!ro&ean Union (e("er s*a*es &ro(o*e 6 or a* leas* endorse 6 *#ese val!es+ *#eir &ro(o*ion 2o!ld "rin: no &ar*i2!lar advan*a:e nor vo*es *o an% &oli*i2ian 0#ose &oli*i2al a&&eal 0o!ld "e "ased solel% on *#ese alle:edl% E!ro&ean val!es- As 2ons*r!2*ed "% Morin+ *#e val!es o) E!ro&eanis( do no* see( *o in2l!de 2on2re*e+ non6 a"s*ra2*+ val!es 0#i2# )ind *#eir e=&ression in ever%da% li)eB *#ere see(s *o "e no E!ro&ean e>!ivalen* *o *#e val!es e("odied+ )or e=a(&le+ in 2ri2ke* &la%in: or in one<s lo%al*% *o one<s lo2al &!" or so22er *ea(- T#ese a"s*ra2* E!ro&ean val!es do no* see( *o "e o) an% &ar*i2!lar !se *o a E!ro&ean &oli*i2ian nor do *#e% #ave a role *o &la% in (!2# o) *#e ever%da% li)e o) #is or #er 2ons*i*!en*s-

Co((e(ora*ion o) *#e :lorio!sl% )allen in *#e na*ional 2a!se no0ada%s *akes onl% a (in!*e se:(en* o) ever%da% li)e: ea2# na*ion6s*a*es o))i2iall% 2ele"ra*es *#eir (e(or% onl% a )e0 *i(es a %ear- And al*#o!:# s!2# (ass 2ele"ra*ions do no* *ake (!2# o) *#e ordinar% 2i*i8ens< *i(e+ (e(orials *o *#e :lorio!sl% )allen or *o *#e vi2*ories o) one<s na*ion do* *#e lands2a&e o) all 2i*ies and (os* *o0ns o) E!ro&e- T#e% are no* onl% a (e(en*o o) *#e :lor% o)+ and *#e sa2ri)i2e )or+ one<s na*ion "!* o))er a )airl% !"i>!i*o!s+ i) no* al0a%s ver% vivid+ *es*i(on% o) i*s 2on*in!i*% e=*endin: over (an% :enera*ions- Me(orials and (on!(en*s "o*# o) *#e :lorio!sl% )allen and o) *#e 0or*#% na*ional 0orkers 6 &oli*i2ians+ ar*is*s+ soldiers+ and+ in A!s*ralia+ donke% drivers 6 *#!s rela*e an individ!al (e("er o) a na*ion *o #is or #er an2es*ors as 0ell as *o *#e &os*eri*%- T#e% 2rea*e a sense o) in*er:enera*ional "ondin: and 2olle2*ive a:elessness *o 0#i2# an individ!al (e("er o) a na*ion is en*i*led si(&l% in vir*!e o) #is or #er na*ional iden*i*%- Belon:in: *o a na*ion in o!r se2!lar a:e *#!s a&&ears *o o))er a se2!lar s!"s*i*!*e )or a sense o) @2olle2*iveA i((or*ali*%T#e roo*s o) 2o((on E!ro&ean iden*i*% 2o!ld "e 2onvenien*l% *ra2ed *o *#e An2ien* Greek (%*# o) E!ro&a and *#e (is*s o) *i(e "e)ore re2orded #is*or%- I) so+ 2o!ldn<* an E!ro&ean
.C

iden*i*%+ *ra2in: so lon: a linea:e+ o))er a (ore a**ra2*ive i) so(e0#a* (%*#i2al sense o) a:elessness *#an an% o) *#e e=is*in: rela*ivel% %o!n: na*ional iden*i*ies' Co!ld s!2# an iden*i*% "e 2ons*r!2*ed aro!nd *#e (%*# o) a !ni*ed s*r!::le )or *#e )reedo( o) E!ro&e 2o((e(ora*ed in a series o) s!i*a"le (on!(en*s and (e(orials' An% a**e(&* *o !se E!ro&eanis( in a &resen*a*ion o) 2on*in!i*% *#ro!:# E!ro&ean6orien*ed se* o) (on!(en*s and (e(orials 0o!ld )a2e+ a(on: o*#er &ro"le(s+ *#e &ro"le( o) do!"le6re&resen*a*ion: *#e dis*in:!is#ed E!ro&ean &rede2essors as 0ell as *#ose 0#o )ell )i:#*in: )or *#e )reedo( o) E!ro&e 0ere+ a)*er all+ (e("ers o) &ar*i2!lar E!ro&ean na*ions or &ro*o6na*ions- Even i) 0e sear2# )or *#e :lorio!sl% )allen lon: "e)ore *#e adven* o) (odern E!ro&ean na*ions 6 )or e=a(&le+ in *#e )ields o) C#alon6s!r6Marne 0#ere E!ro&e 0as saved )ro( A**ila<s #ordes 6 *#e #eroes o) *#is )i)*# 2en*!r% "a**le "elon:ed *o so(e o) *#e &ro*o6na*ions or e*#nie o) E!ro&eT#eir (e(orial 0o!ld see( *o "e a (e(orial *o *#e B!r:!ndians+ Ga!ls+ Franks and ,isi:o*#s @and *o an% o*#er :ro!& 0#i2# re&!*ed *o #ave &ar*i2i&a*ed in *#e "a**leA- Na*!rall%+ i) (ean* as a (e(orial o) *#e )allen E!ro&eans+ one 2o!ld 2onvenien*l% i:nore or+ &er#a&s+ onl% de6 e(&#asi8e *#eir (e("ers#i& o) *#ese se&ara*e e*#nie- An% s!2# (ove *o de6e(&#asi8e *#eir ;e*#ni2< (e("ers#i& 0o!ld+ #o0ever+ "e a )irs* s*e& *o 2onver*in: E!ro&eanis( )ro( s!&rana*ionali*% in*o a s!"s*i*!*e na*ionali*%- For 0e 0o!ld "e e))e2*ivel% ar:!in: *#a* in )i:#*in: and d%in: )or E!ro&e and no* )or *#eir individ!al #o(elands+ all *#ese B!r:!ndians+ Ga!ls+ Franks and ,isi:o*#s "e2a(e E!ro&eans and al(os* (ira2!lo!sl% los* *#eir se&ara*e iden*i*ies- In *#is 0a%+ "% (akin: *#e( in*o E!ro&eans+ 0e (a% #o&e *o es*a"lis# an in*er:enera*ional "ond o) all E!ro&eans 0i*# *#ose earl% #eroes o) *#e E!ro&ean 2a!seB!* *#is s*ra*e:% si:ni)i2an*l% di))ers )ro( Morin<s s!&rana*ionalis(: no* onl% does i* :lori)%+ in a li(i*ed sense+ 0ar on *#e E!ro&ean soil+ "!* i* also ai(s a* s!&ersedin: vario!s na*ional iden*i*ies in E!ro&e "% an all6en2o(&assin: E!ro iden*i*%- In s#or*+ *#e ne0 E!ro iden*i*% #ere is no lon:er s!&rana*ional "!* o) a s!"s*i*!*e na*ional E!ro&ean iden*i*%34

Co(&arin: *#es *0o (odels o) 2ons*r!2*in: a E!ro iden*i*%+ one 2o!ld ask: Co!ld a s!&rana*ionalis* (odel o) *#e *%&e 0#i2# Morin &ro(o*es+ &rovide an in*er:enera*ional "ond o) *#is kind' Or does an a**e(&* *o 2ons*r!2* an in*er:enera*ional "ond a(on: *#e dead+ livin: and %e* !n"orn E!ro&eans+ #ave *o lead *o *#e 2ons*r!2*ion o) a s!"s*i*!*e and no* a s!&rana*ional E!ro&ean iden*i*%' Does *#e )ail!re *o &rovide s!2# an in*er:enera*ional "ond+ doo( *#e s!&rana*ionalis* &ro9e2* as a &ro9e2* o) an end!rin: and e))e2*ive E!ro&ean iden*i*%' ii

3.

iNOTES
--

;EPFer#a&s *#e (os* s*rikin: di))eren2e "e*0een R!ssia and *#e Eas*ern E!ro&eans is in *#e

ans0er *o *#e >!es*ion ODo %o! ever 2onsider %o!rsel) E!ro&ean'O---EMFore *#an *#ree6>!ar*ers o) R!ssians >!es*ioned said ORarel%O or ONever-M< S!rve% 2ond!2*ed "% Pro)essor Ri2#ard Rose o) *#e Cen*re )or *#e S*!d% o) P!"li2 Poli2%+ Universi*% o) S*ra*#2l%de- PEas*ern E!ro&e:

Feelin: &erkierP+ E2ono(is*+ 3 Mar2# .CCH+ &&- 5367--

A si(ilar dis2!ssion o) *#e E!ro s!&erna*ionalis* &ro9e2* is )o!nd Pavkovi2 .CCH-

T#e En:lis# version o) *#is ar*i2le is *o a&&ear in /oe Andre0 @edA $#% E!ro&e'+ London: Ma2(illan .CCI-

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Sla*er+ /o#n @.CC5A+ Tea2#in: ?is*or% in *#e Ne0 E!ro&e+ London: CassellS(i*#+ An*#on% D- @.CC3A+ ;Na*ional Iden*i*% and *#e Idea o) E!ro&ean Uni*%<+ In*erna*ional A))airs+ ,ol- HG+ No. &&-556IHS(i*#+ An*#on% D- @.CC7A+ ;A E!ro&e o) Na*ions 6 or *#e Na*ion o) E!ro&e<+ /o!rnal o) Pea2e Resear2#+ ,ol-74+ No- 3+ &&-.3C675-

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