Do Cao GPS Va Ung Dung Tren Vung Mo CamPha QuangNinh PDF

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht
B gio dc v o to
Trng i hc m - a cht
khoa trc a - b mn trc a cao cp
--- ---
n tt nghip
ti : o cao GPS v ng dng trn vng m
cm ph - qung ninh
Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

Gio vin hng dn:
Sinh vin thc hin:
PGS. TS. ng Nam chinh
Phng Th Tng
Lp: Trc a - K44 - S
H Ni - 2005
M u
Cng ngh GPS c a vo ng dng trong cng tc trc a

nc ta t nhng nm 1990. Trong gn 15 nm khai thc s dng cng ngh
GPS, cho thy GPS l mt cng c ht sc tin li trong cng tc xy dng cc
mng li khng ch mt bng, song v chnh xc,xc nh cao cn mt
s hn ch do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau.
Chng ta bit rng, cao hoc hiu cao xc nh bng cng ngh
GPS l cao v hiu cao trc a, tnh trn b mt Ellipxoid quy chiu
WGS-84. Trong thc t chng ta li s dng cao v hiu cao thy chun,
xc nh so vi mt Geoid hoc Kvadigeoid. Nh vy chuyn cao hoc
hiu cao trc a v hiu cao thy chun chng ta cn phi bit c
cao Geoid (Undulation) hoc hiu cao Geoid, song y khng phi l vn
n gin v s bin i un np ca b mt Geoid li ph thuc vo cu trc
vt cht bn trong lng tri t. nghin cu geoid i hi phi c nhiu s
liu khc nhau nh s liu trng lc, thin vn, trc a v v...
C th thy rng trn mt phm vi hp, s bin i ca b mt Geoid so
vi b mt Ellipxoid c th coi l bin i tuyn tnh, do chng ta c th
xy dng cc cng thc n gin tnh ton hiu chnh vo cao trc a
hay hiu cao trc a nhn c cao thy chun v hiu cao thy
chun.
Vi phng php nu trn, chng ti thc hin ti tt nghip "o
cao GPS v ng dng trn vng m Cm Ph - Qung Ninh".
ti trn s gp phn a ng dng GPS vo vng m Cm Ph Qung Ninh l vng than quan trng ca c nc. Mc d vng Cm Ph Qung Ninh c din tch khng ln, song sn lng than khai thc hng nm
chim trn 50% sn lng than ca Tng Cng ty than Vit Nam.

Trong qu trnh hon thnh bn n tt nghip, em nhn c s
gip , s ch bo tn tnh ca PGS. TS. ng Nam Chinh, v s ch bo ca
cc thy, c gio. Tuy nhin do thi gian v trnh c hn, ni dung ca bn
n tt nghip ca em khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt. Em rt mong
nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy, c gio v cc bn ng nghip.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio hng dn, cc thy, c gio trong
b mn TCC v trong khoa trc a gip v ch bo em c c kt
qu nh ngy hm nay.
H Ni, ngy..... thng..... nm 2005
Sinh vin
Phng Th Tng
Chng I.
Khi qut chung v cng ngh GPS
1.1. Cu trc h thng GPS
T nhng nm 1960 cng vi s tin b ca k thut in t, ch to tn

la v l thuyt nh v v tinh, ngi ta xy dng c cc h thng nh v
v tinh u tin. Trc khi c h thng nh v ton cu, M xy dng h
thng nh v v tinh khu vc (thuc lnh th M) nh h thng Starfix,
Ominitrac. chu u c h thng nh v v tinh Euteltrancs gm cc v tinh
a tnh.
T nm1967 - 1969 M bt u nghin cu n TIMATION v
a ln cc qu o ng b 20 v tinh hot ng cc v t 60 v bc
n 60 v Nam. Di s ch tr ca b quc phng M c hai n 621B v
Timation c phi hp li v hnh thnh nn h thng nh v ton cu
GPS.
H thng nh v ton cu GPS c vit y l NAVSTAR GPS
(Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System). Ngy
22 thng 02 nm 1978 v tinh u tin ca h thng nh v ton cu GPS
c a ln qu o. T ngy 8/12/1993 trn 6 qu o ca h thng GPS
24 v tinh. Vi h thng nh v GPS vn v thi gian, tc , v tr c
gii quyt nhanh chng, chnh xc trn phm vi ton cu trong bt k thi
im no.
H thng nh v ton cu GPS bao gm 3 b phn cu thnh, l:
+ Phn khng gian
+ Phn iu khin
+ V on s dng

1. Phn khng gian (Space Segment)
on khng gian bao gm cc v tinh chuyn ng trn 6 mt phng
qu o cao khong 20.200km. Mt phng qu o nghing vi mt
phng xch o tri t mt gc 550. V tinh GPS chuyn ng trn qu o
gn nh trn vi chu k l 718 pht. Theo thit k, h thng gm c 24 v tinh
mi qu o c 4 v tinh, vi s phn b v tinh trn qu o nh vy, trong
bt k thi gian no v bt k v tr quan trc no trn tri t cng c th
quan trc c t nht 4 v tinh GPS.
Chng trnh a cc v tinh GPS ln qu o c chia lm cc
khi (Block) nh sau: Khi I, II, II-A, II-R v II-F. Tnh n nm 1998 ch cn
3 v tinh ca khi I cng vi cc v tinh ca khi II cng II-A lm vic. Nng
lng cung cp cho hot ng ca cc thit b trn v tinh l nng lng pin
mt tri.
Cc v tinh GPS c trng lng khong 1600kg khi phng v khong
800kg trn qu o. Theo thit k tui th ca cc v tinh khong 7,5 nm.
Cc v tinh ca cc khi sau c trng lng ln hn v c tui th cng
di hn cc v tinh trc . Th d v tinh khi I ch c trng lng l 845kg
song v tinh khi II c trng lng l 1500kg v n khi II-R v tinh c trng
lng l 2000kg. Tui th ca v tinh c ko di t 7,5 nm n trn 10
nm.
Mi v tinh thuc khi I (block I) c trang b 4 ng h nguyn t, 2
ng h thuc loi Censium v 2 ng h thuc loi Rubidium. Thm vo
mi v tinh c trang b thm b to giao ng thch anh rt chnh xc.
Ngi ta s dng 4 ng h khng ch vi mc ch d phng m cn to
ra mt c s gim st thi gian v cung cp gi chnh xc nht. H thng gim
st thi gian c thc hin i vi cc v tinh GPS thuc khi II v khi
II-R. ng h nguyn t rubium c n nh km hn mt cht so vi ng
h nguyn t Censium trong thi gian di, sai lch c 10-12. Vic hiu chnh
tn s ng h trn v tinh c th thc hin t mt t nh cc trm iu
khin. Trn cc v tinh GPS thuc khi II, ngi ta nng cp thit b bi 3

ng h Censium. H thng gim st cc ng v tinh l mt trong cc chc
nng ca on iu khin. Cc s hiu chnh ny c gi ln v tinh v sau
truyn ti cc my thu cng vi thng tin trong ephemeris.
Tt c cc ng h ca h thng GPS hot ng tn s 10,23MHz, cc
m (Code) tn hiu v tn s sng ti c da trn tn s ng h c s
chun. Tt c cc v tinh GPS u c thit b to dao ng vi tn s chun c
s l f0=0,23MHz. Tn s ny cn l tn s chun ca ng h nguyn t vi
chnh xc c 10-12. t tn s c s f0 thit b s to ra 2 tn s sng ti L1 v
L2 .
L1 = 154 f0 = 1575.42MHz
c bc sng 1 = 19,032cm
L2 = 120 f0 = 1227.60MHz
c bc sng 2 = 24,42cm
Cc sng ti L1, L2 thuc di sng cc ngn vi tn s ln nh vy cc
tn hiu s t b nh hng ca tng in` ly (tng Ion) v tng i lu v mc
lm chm tn hiu do tng in ly t l nghch vi bnh phng ca tn s.
phc v cho cc mc ch v i tng khc nhau, cc tn hiu pht
i c iu bin mang theo cc code ring bit, l C/A code, P-code v Ycode (code c th l dch m).
C/A code (coarse/ Acquisition code) l code th cho php dng rng ri.
C/A code mang tnh cht code ta ngu nhin. Tn hiu mang code ny
c tn s chun l (10,23MHz) tng ng vi bc sng 293m.
C/A code ch iu bin sng ti L1, sng nu c s can thip ca cc
trm iu khin trn mt t c th chuyn sang c L2.
Chu k ca C/A code l 1mili giy, trong cha 10,23 bite (1023
chip), mi mt v tinh pht i C/A code khc nhau.
P-code (Precision code) l code chnh xc, iu bin c sng ti L1 v
L2, c di c 1014 bite (vo c 38 tun l) v l code ta ngu nhin PRN code (Pseudorandom noise). Tn hiu ca P-code c tn s ng bng tn s
chun f0=(10,23MHz). Tng ng vi bc sng 29,3m. Mi v tinh s dng

mt on code ny (tng ng vi di 1 tun l, gi l "code tun l").
Code ta ngu nhien l c s nh v tuyt i khong cch gi, ng thi
da vo c th nhn bit s hiu v tinh.
P-code c dng cho mc ch qun s (ca M) v ch c dng cho
mc ch khc khi pha M cho php.
Y-code l code b mt c ph ln P-code gi l k thut AS (Anti Spoofing) ch c cc v tinh thuc khi II (sau nm 1989) mi c kh nng
ny. Ngoi cc tn s trn, cc v tinh GPS cn c th trao i vi cc trm
iu khin trn mt t qua cc tn s 1783,74MHz v 2227,5MHz truyn
cc thng tin o hng v cc lnh iu khin ti v tinh.
Ngi ta c lng chnh xc nh v t c 1% bc sng ca tn
hiu. Nh vy ngay khi s dng code th C/A nh v th c th t ti
chnh xc c 3m. Chnh v th pha M ch ng lm nhiu tn hiu h thp
chnh xc xc nh tuyt i. K thut lm nhiu ny gi l SA (Selective
Availability). Do nhiu SA, khch hng ch c th dch v tuyt i vi
chnh xc 50 n 100m. T ngy 20/5/2000 M b ch nhiu SA.
2. Phn iu khin (Control Segment)
on iu khin c thit lp duy tr hot ng ca ton b h
thng nh v ny. Trm iu khin trung tm (Master Control station - vit tt
l MCS) c t ti cn c khng qun M gn Colorado Springs. Trm iu
khin trung tm ny c nhim v ch yu trong on iu khin, cp nht
thng tin o hng truyn i t v tinh. Cng phi hp hot ng vi trm iu
khin trung tm l h thng hot ng kim tra (Operational Control System vit tt l OCS) bao gm cc trm theo di (monitoring stations) phn b
quanh tri t, l cc trm Colorado Springs, Hawai, Assension Islands,
Diego Garcia, Kwajalein.
Cc trm ny theo di lin tc tt c cc v tinh c th quan st c,
cc s liu quan st c cc trm ny c chuyn v trm iu khin trung
tm MCS, ti y vic tnh ton s liu chung c thc hin v cui cng cc

thng tin o hng cp nht c chuyn ln cc v tinh, sau t v tinh
chuyn n cc my thu ngi s dng.
Nh vy vai tr ca on iu khin rt quan trng v n khng ch theo
di cc v tinh m cn lin tc cp nht chnh xc ha cc thng tin o
hng, bo m chnh xc cho cng tc nh v bng h thng GPS.
C bn quan bn thuc b quc phng M (DMA) phi hp vi
mt s nc khc, xy dng mng li theo di h thng GPS trn ton cu,
nh cc nc Achentina, Australia, Ba ranh, Equador, Anh... nh s phi hp
mang li quan trc rng di ny DMA s xc nh c epheinerit chnh xc.
Nh c quan trc a quc gia M (NGS) s p ng cung cp cho cc c
quan qun s s dng lch v tinh chnh xc trong nh v GPS.
Gn y s lng trm quan trc GPS tng ln. Nhiu c quan trc a
bn ca cc c quan khc nhau, nhiu vin nghin cu, cc trng i hc
v nhiu nhm nghin cu mi ni trn th gii c c cc trm quan
trc, quan trc GPS v s dng n nh "sn sau" c s dng GPS vi
chnh xc cao. Trc ht phi k n nhng c gng ca t chc hp tc quc
t v li GPS - CIGNET (Cooperative International GPS Network) v nhng
kt qu t c ca c quan ng dng GPS trong nghin cu a ng lc IGS t c ca c quan ng dng GPS trong nghin cu a ng lc - IGS
(International GPS Service for Geod - dynamics), bt u hot ng t
01/01/1994.
3. on s dng (User Segment)
on s dng bao gm cc my thu GPS, my hot ng thu tn hiu
v tinh GPS phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh: dn ng trn bin,
trn khng, trn t lin, v phc v cng tc o c nhiu ni trn th gii.
Trong vic khai thc s dng cng ngh GPS ngi ta c th kt ni cc thit
b thu tn hiu GPS vi mt s thit b thu pht khc thc hin cc k thut
o ng, thi gian thc (Real time kinematic - RTK), o vi phn DGPS
(Differential - GPS), o vi phn din rng WADGPS (Wide - Area -

Differential - GPS). Trong k thut WADGPS cn s dng v tinh vin thng
thng mi (Commercial communication satellite) nh l phng tin trung
gian truyn s ci chnh vi phn cho cc trm o.
My thu GPS l phn cng quan trng trong on s dng. Nh cc tin
b khoa hc k thut trong lnh vc in t, vin thng v k thut thng tin
tn hiu s, cc my thu GPS ngy mt hon thin. Ngnh ch to my thu
GPS l ngnh "k thut cao". Mt s hng ch to cn cho ra cc loi my c
th ng thi thu tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v c v tinh GLONASS.
Hin nay c nhiu loi my thu c kh nng o ch thi gian
thc (Real time). Dng my thu ph bin hin nay l dng my thu a knh
cc loi my thu ny thng c t 8 n 12 knh, mi knh s c lp theo di
v thu tn hiu t mt v tinh.
1.2. Cc nguyn l nh v GPS
1. nh v tuyt i
nh v GPS tuyt i l trng hp s dng my thu GPS xc nh
ngay ra ta ca im quan trc trong h thng to WGS - 84. c th
l cc thnh phn to vung gc khng gian (X, Y, Z) hoc l cc thnh
phn mt cu (B, L, H). H thng to WGS - 84 cng l h thng to c
s ca h thng GPS. N c thit lp gn lin vi Ellipsoid c kch thc:
a = 6378137m
1/ = 289.257223563
xc nh to ca mt im trong h WGS - 84, chng ta ch cn
quan st 3 v tinh l . Tuy nhin trong thc t ng h my thu khng ng
b vi ng h v tinh to nn sai s lch ng h. Do vy gii ra to
ca im quan st cn quan st ti ti thiu 4 v tinh. iu ny cng c li
ch l ta c th chn cch x l hu k nu quan st t nht 4 v tinh.
Ty theo phng php o, cch s dng tr o m ta c cc phng php
nh v tuyt i khc nhau.
* Ta chia theo phng php nh v:
10

- nh v tuyt i trng thi tnh
- nh v tuyt i trng thi ng.
* Ta chia theo cch s dng tr o:
- nh v tuyt i khong cch gi.
- nh v tuyt i bng pha sng ti.
Nu ti v tr quan trc ta thu tn hiu t cc v tinh, ta lp c cc
phng trnh xc nh to im l:
Trong :
i j i C i j t
j
Vi
(1.2.1)
X i t Y j Yi t Z j Z i t
2
(1.2.2)
(X, Y, Z)j : ta ca v tinh

(X, Y, Z)i : ta ca my thu
v2
2
v1
v3
3
v4
Hnh I.1. nh v tuyt i o khong cch gi

Nguyn tc giao hi khong gi c m t nh sau:
Trong trng hp s v tinh quan st c ln hn 4 ta s gii c 4 n
s theo phng php s bnh phng nh nht nh h phng trnh s hiu
chnh.
Vi j i C . i j t i j
j
(1.2.3)
Hay dng tuyn tnh:

Vi
j
( X j X 0i )
ij
dX i
Y j Y0i
ij
dYi
Z j Z 0i
ij
dZ i C . i j t li j
(1.2.4)
11

j
Trong : li j i i j
j: th t ca v tinh
i: th t ca my thu
Khong cch gi code ti thi im t c biu din bi biu thc sau:
Ri(t) = i(t) + c.(t)
(1.2.5)
Trong : Ri(t) khong cch gi o c gia v tr quan trc v v tinh i

i(t) l khong cch hnh hc gia v tinh i v im quan st
c l vn tc truyn sng (vn tc nh sng)
(t) l sai s ng h
sai ng h (t) bao gm tng hp sai s ca ng h v tinh v
ng h my thu xt trong h thng gi GPS.
Nu b qua sai s ng h v tinh, tc l dS = 0, v lu ti (1.2.5) ta c:
(t) = -t
(1.2.6)
y ta coi ng h ca cc v tinh ng b vi nhau v chy ng

gi GPS. Trn thc t mi v tinh c mt s hiu chnh ng h ring. Nh
ni trn. Nu chng ta c gi tr gn ng ca v tr im quan trc l X 0p;
Y0p; Z0p ta c th khai trin tuyn tnh v phi ca phng trnh (1.2.6). Trong
thay cho cc n s XP, YP, ZP l cc n s dxP, dyP, dzP vi quan h:
XP = X0P + dxP
YP = Y0P + dyP
ZP = Z0P + dzP
(1.2.7)
Sau khi p dng khai trin Taylor v gi li s hng bc nht ca dxP,

dyP, dzP ta c phng trnh:
R i t 01 t
X i t X P0
Y i t YP0
Z i t Z P0
dx
.
dy
dz P c. t
P
P
0i t
0i t
0i t
(1.2.8)
trong :
0i t
X t X Y t Y Z t Z
i
0 2
P
0 2
P
0 2
P
Chng ta k hiu:
12

li R i t 0i t
a xi
a iy
a zi
X i t X P0
0i t
Y i t X P0
0i t
(1.2.9)
Z i t Z P0
0i t
Theo k hiu trn, vi 4 v tinh chng ta c 4 phng trnh vit dng

ma trn nh sau:
l = A.x
(1.2.10)
trong :
a 1X
2
a
A 3X
a X
4
a X
aY1
a 1Z
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
a
a
a
a
a
a
c
;
c
dx P
dy
P
x
;
dz P
l1
l
2
l
l3

l 4
(1.2.11)
T h phng trnh (1.2.10) c th gii c vect n s x gm 4 n s

cn xc nh trong bi ton nh v tuyt i khong cch gi.
Trong trng hp, s lng v tinh quan st ng thi ti thi im t
nhiu hn 4 (k hiu s v tinh quan st l n; n 4), cc n s s c gii ra
theo nguyn l s bnh phng nh nht. Trong trng hp ny ta c h
phng trnh s hiu chnh:
v = A.x - l
(1.2.12)
trong :
v1
v
v 2 ;
...

v n
a 1X
2
a
A X
...
n
a X
aY1
a 1Z
aY2
a Z2
...
...
aYn
a Zn
c
;
...
dX P
dY
P
x
;
dZ P
l1
l
l 2
...

l n
(1.2.13)
Trong trng hp ny nu coi cc khong cch gi o c l cng

chnh xc th h phng trnh chun c dng:
ATA.x - AT.l = 0
(1.2.14)
Vc t n s x s nhn c t kt qu gii h phng trnh chun:

x = (ATA)-1 ATl
(1.2.15)
13

Sai s trung phng n v trng s c tnh theo cng thc quen
thuc:
vv
(1.2.16)
n4
nh gi chnh xc cc n s, s dng ma trn nghch o ca ma

trn h s phng trnh chun, k hiu l Q:
Q = (ATA)-1
(1.2.17)
Tng ng vi th t cc n s ta c th vit cc phn t ca ma trn Q

nh sau:
Q X , X
Q
X ,Y
Q
Q X ,Z
Q X ,t
Q X ,Y
Q X ,Z
QY ,Y
QY , Z
QY , Z
QZ , Z
QY ,t
Q Z ,t
Q X ,t
QY ,t
Q Z ,t
Qt ,t
(1.2.18)
Vi k hiu nh trn ta s tnh c sai s v tr im nh v tuyt i

trong khng gian theo cng thc:
M P . Q X , X QY ,Y QZ , Z
Ngi ta k hiu PDOP QX , X QY ,Y QZ , Z
(1.2.19)
(1.2.20)
PDOP l phn tn chnh xc ca v tr im (Position Dilution of

Precision).
Nh vy PDOP l mc o cht lng hnh hc ca li gii bi ton nh
v tuyt i. PDOP khng c n v, gi tr PDOP cng nh th cht lng hnh
hc ca li gii cng tt. Khi v tinh nhiu v phn b u trn bu tri theo
phng v v gc cao th PDOP s nh.
Sai s xc nh s hiu chnh ng h i(t) c xc nh theo cng
thc:
mT . QT ,T
Ngi ta k hiu TDOP QT ,T
(1.2.21)
(1.2.22)
TDOP l phn tn chnh xc i vi thi gian (Time Ditution of

Precision).
14

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn a ra khi nim phn tn chnh xc hnh
hc l GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision), vi gi tr GDOP c tnh:
GDOP Q X , X QY ,Y QZ , Z QT ,T
(1.2.23)
Nh vy trong h to khng gian a tm XYZ chng ta c cc

khi nim v GDOP, PDOP, TDOP.
Nu xt n v tr im nh v P trong h to khng gian a din x,
y, z, (N, E, U) ta c cc khi nim sau:
HDOP l phn tn chnh xc v tr mt bng (Horizontal Dilution
of Precision).
(1.2.24)
DHOP q x , x q y , y
VDOP l phn tn chnh xc v cao (Vertical Dilution of

Precision).
(1.2.25)
VDOP q z , z
Cng tng t nh PDOP, cc gi tr GDOP, HDOP, VDOP, TDOP u

l mc o cht lng hnh hc ca cc li gii.
Cc gi tr q11, q22, q33 l cc phn t trn ng cho ca ma trn q,
c tnh theo cng thc:
qx, x
q R QP R q x , y
qx, z
qx, y
q y, y
q y,z
qx, z
q y,z
q z , z
(1.2.26)
trong : R l ma trn xoay

sin B. cos L sin L cos B. cos L
R sin B. sin L cos L cos B. sin L
cos B
0
sin B
(1.2.27)
QP l ma trn con (3 x 3) ca ma trn Q (1.2.18)

Q X , X
QP Q X ,Y
Q X , Z
Q X ,Y
QY ,Y
QY , Z
Q X ,Z
QY , Z
QZ , Z
(1.2.28)
Do tnh cht trc giao ca ma trn xoay R cho nn:
15

Q X , X QY ,Y Q Z , Z q x , x q y , y q z , z PDOP
(1.2.29)
Trong Qjj nhn c trong qu trnh bnh sai bng cch nghch o
ma trn h s trong h phng trnh chun
Q = N-1 = (ATA)-1
(1.2.30)
Trong thc t, ta nhn c tr s DOP nh khi cc v tinh phn b u

v xut hin vi s lng ln trn bu tri.
2. nh v tng i
o GPS tng i l trng hp s dng 2 my thu GPS t hai im
quan st khc nhau xc nh ra hiu ta vung gc khng gian (X, Y,
Z) hay hiu to mt cu (B, L, H) gia chng trong h WGS - 84.
Trong phng php nh v ny chu nh hng ca nhiu ngun sai s:
sai s ca ng h v tinh v ng h my thu, sai s ca to v tinh, sai s
xc nh s nguyn ln chu k. Trong s cc bin php nng cao chnh xc
th vic ly sai phn kh cc ngun sai chung t ra rt hiu qu. Ty theo
cch ly hiu gia chng m ta c cc loi sn phm khc nhau nh: sai phn
bc 1, sai phn bc 2 v sai phn bc 3.
Thc cht ca nh v tng i l xc nh ca im cha bit so vi
im bit khc, thng l im c nh. Hay ni l nh v tng i l xc
nh vc t gia 2 im, thng gi l "baseline".
K hiu: : l hiu s gia hai my thu
: l hiu s gia hai v tinh
: l hiu s gia hai thi im o
Khi ly sai phn bc mt gia hai my thu n cng mt v tinh j vo

thiim ti.
J t i 2j t i 1j t i
(1.2.31)
th sai s ca ng h my thu s c loi b. Khi ly sai phn bc hai:

dng hai my thu, tin hnh quan st ng thi hai v tinh j v k thi im ti.
J,K (ti) = K(ti) - j(ti)
(1.2.32)
16

Trong sai phn ny c hai loi sai s ng h v tinh v sai s ng h
my thu u b loi b.
Nu xt hai trm quan st ng thi hai v tinh vo hai thi im t i, ti+1
ta c sai phn bc ba.
j,k = j,k(ti+1) - j,k(ti)
(1.2.33)
C ba loi sai s ng h my thu, sai s ng h v tinh v sai s xc

nh s nguyn ln chu k bc sng u c loi b. Tuy vy trong thc t
ngi ta t dng sai phn bc ba m dng sai phn bc hai nhiu hn (hiu pha
kp). Do khi ly sai phn bc ba (hiu pha 3 bc) mt s yu t v tnh trng
v tinh s b mt i.
nh v tng i cho kt qu tt nu quan trc c thc hin ng
thi ti hai im tham chiu v dim cn xc nh.
1.3. Cc ngun sai s trong nh v GPS
Nh chng ta bit bt k loi my no d hin i n u cng

khng th o ac chnh xc tuyt i c. V th trong nh v GPS c th
phn sai s lm 3 nhm nh sau:
1. Nhm th nht lin quan n v tinh.
2. Nhm th hai lin quan n s lan truyn tn hiu trong khng gian.
3. Nhm th ba lin quan n my thu.
Ta bit rng tn hiu sng in t, thng b sai lch (nhanh, chm) v
b nhiu (noise). Khong cch gi theo code v khong cch gi theo pha
thng b nh hng ca nhiu mang tnh h thng hoc ngu nhin. V cc
ngun sai s ny c thng k nh sau:
- Do v tinh: do s sai lch ng h, sai s qu o gy ra.
- Do lan truyn tn hiu: do s chit quang tng Ion, chit quang tng
i lu gy ra.
- Do my thu: do s lch tm pha anten, sai lch ng h my thu, hin
tng a ng dn (Multipath).
17

Mt s ngun sai s h thng c th c m hnh ha v lm gim
trong kt qu quan trc. Mt s loi khc c th c loi b nh x l thch
hp khi phi hp cc tr o (hiu pha...).
- Ngoi ra ngi o cng c th gy ra cc sai s nh sai s do nh tm,
sai s do o cao anten v c trng hp t my thu nhm im v.v...
1.4. Cc ng dng ca GPS
1.4.1. ng dng trong trc a

Nhng ng dng u tin ca cng ngh GPS trong trc a l o c
cc mng li trc a mt bng. Ta bit rng o tng i tnh cho chnh
xc cao v th phng php ny dng o cc mng li trc a.
- Trc ht l ng dng GPS vo cng tc xy dng li khng ch mt
bng.
- V sau l ng dng GPS vo cng tc o v a chnh, o v chi tit
bn a hnh, bn a chnh t l ln v t l trung bnh. phng php
ny o bng GPS ng ta khng cn b tr im khng ch o v nh cc
phng php truyn thng, v trm BASE c th t ti im c to v
cao cch khu o di 10km. Nh vy hon ton c th b qua cc mng li
GII, GT-2, C-I, C-2. Tit kim c kinh ph xy dng li chm dy v c
thi gian thc hin cng vic lp li.
- Gn y ngi ta a GPS phc v cng tc trc a cng trnh, o
lp cc mng li c s trc a cng trnh v li thi cng cng trnh.
Do tnh cht ca tng cng trnh v yu cu ring ca khu cng nghip,
c loi cn chnh xc cao, loi cn trung bnh, v loi cn chnh xc
thp. GPS c th lp li chuyn trc cng trnh ln cao, vi chnh xc
cao. Trong trng hp ny s dng cc li GPS cnh ngn chuyn trc
theo phng php to - hon nguyn.
- GPS p dng o cc mng li quan trc bin dng v chuyn dch
cng trnh. Cng tc ny yu cu chnh xc cao nht, mc tin cy vo s
18

liu o bin dng chuyn dch ph thuc vo chnh xc o v phng php
x l s liu o.
- GPS p dng trong o v thnh lp cc mt ct v o tnh khi lng.
1.4.2. Cc ng dng GPS trong i sng
Cng ngh GPS l cng ngh nh v hin i khng nhng ch dng
trong ngnh trc a m n cn c ng dng rng ri trong cuc sng ngy
nay nh:
- nh v phc v dn ng tu thuyn trn bin, cc my bay, tn la
trong khng trung.
- nh v phc v tm kim cu nn.
- Phc v du lch, i li trn sa mc, trong rng...
- nh v phc v cng tc thm d kho st a cht.
v.v...
19
Chng II.
Cc phng php o cao
2.1. Cc h thng cao
cao, thp trong thc t gn lin vi l thuyt th trng trng. Gi

tr th trng trng ng vai tr quan trng chuyn tr chnh cao o c
a v mt h thng cao n tr.
Cc h thng cao c cc tn gi nh sau: H thng cao chnh,
cao thng, cao trc a, h thng cao ng hc.
2.2. H thng cao chnh
H thng cao chnh (Orthometric Height) c xy dng trn c s

mt Geoid, v n c cng thc sau:
H
g
N
WN
WM
dw 1
g g mN
gdh
(2.1.1)
WM, WN : Th trng trng thc ti mt ng th gc v mt ng th i

qua im xt.
g : gi tr trng lc thc
gmN : gi tr trung bnh ca trng lc thc dc theo ng dy di ti
im N.
HgN: khong cch t im xt ti mt Geoid theo ng dy di. N cho
ta bit v tr Geoid vi mt t thc ti im xt.
tnh c cao chnh i hi phi bit gi tr trng lc trung bnh
dc theo ng sc trn on MN l gNm, gnN ch l gi tr tnh c da vo
gi thit v cu trc vt cht trong lng tri t. V vy, cao chnh khng
mang ngha thc tin (v c xc nh khng cht ch). Cc im trn cng
mt mt ng th c cao chnh gn bng nhau (chnh lch nh), tuy vy n
cng l mt h thng cao c ngha ln khi nghin cu mt Geoid ca tri
20

t. Vy ta c th nh ngha "khong cch theo hng dy di t mt im
trn mt t n mt thy chun gc (geoid) gi l cao chnh".
Ch xt cc nc chu u, nhng quc gia sau s dng h thng cao
chnh: Anh, Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha, Thy S, , Hy Lp, an Mch, B,
H Lan, Phn Lan.
2.3. H thng cao thng
Nh phn trn ni, h thng cao chnh c nhc im l khng

th xc nh c gi tr trng lc trung bnh gmN mt cch chnh xc, c
cng thc chnh xc Molodenski ngh thay gi tr gmN trong cng thc tnh
cao chnh (2.1.1) bng gi tr Nm c cng thc tnh cao nh sau:
H N
1
mN
gdh
(2.1.2)
Trong Nm : gi tr trng lc thng ti im N (c th tnh c

chnh xc).
cao xc nh theo cng thc (2.1.2) gi l cao thng hay cao
chun (Normal height). Do " cao thng ca mt im trn mt t l
khong cch dc theo ng sc trng lc bnh thng t im xt n b mt
Kvazigeoid", s khc nhau gia cao chnh v cao thng chnh l s
khc nhau gia gi tr trng lc thc trung bnh gNm v gi tr trng lc thng
trung bnh Nm. Gi tr Nm c th xc nh chnh xc, v th h thng cao
thng l h thng cao cht ch. Hin nay chu u c nhiu nc ang
s dng h thng cao thng bao gm cc nc x hi ch ngha trc y
nh: Ba Lan, Tip Khc, Rumani, Bungari, Hungari, v mt s nc nh Php,
cng ha Lin bang c, Thy in. Mt s nc hin ang s dng c h
thng cao chnh v cao thng nh: Na Uy, o, Slovnia, Anbani.
cao thng c gi tr xp x vi cao chnh, nu ly b mt tri t
lm chun t cc on bng cc gi tr cao thng tng ng ca cc im
21

dc theo phng ca ng php tuyn th ta s c mt b mt gi l mt
kvazigeoid.
2.4. H thng cao trc a
Nu mt Geoid c thay bng mt mt Ellipxoid hai trc th ngi ta

c th nh ngha v cao mang ngha hnh hc l cao trn mt
Ellipxoid tham chiu hay cao trc a. cao ny t c s dng trong
thc t. Tuy nhin iu quan trng ca cao ny l c th nhn c mt
cch trc tip t to Descartes ba chiu ca im xt. Bng cng ngh GPS
chng ta d dng xc nh c cao trc a v hiu cao trc a trong h
quy chiu WGS-84.
Nu gi cao Geoid l khong cch gia mt Geoid vi mt Ellipxoid
k hiu l N, d thng cao l khong cch tng ng gia mt
kvazigeoid v mt Ellipxoid. Ta c cng thc tnh cao trc a.
H = H + = Hg + N
(2.1.3)
Mt t
Hg
H
Geoid
Kvazigeoid
Elipxoid
Hnh II.1. Cc h thng cao
Cng thc (2.1.3) cho ta mi quan h gia cc h thng cao chnh,
cao thng v cao trc a.
2.5. H thng cao ng hc
Trong thc t ta nhn thy rng cao thng c nhc im l do n

v thay i ca gi tr trng lc bnh thng theo v dn n cao thng
22

cng thay i theo v . S thay i ny rt ng k nhng vng nc tri
di theo kinh tuyn, nh: H Bai Can di t Nam ln Bc 450km. cao
ng b nc b Bc v b Nam chnh nhau ti 0,16m. Chng ta cng gp
phi nhng nhc im nh vy khi p dng cao chnh do s thay i ca
gi tr trng lc trung bnh. c cao bng nhau nhng vng nc ny ta
p dng cao ng hc tnh theo cng thc:
Hd
gdh
(2.1.4)
Trong l gi tr trung bnh ca trng lc thng 4 i vi im xt

c v thng ly v 450 cn i vi tng khu vc c th th ly gi
tr trng lc trung bnh v trung bnh ca vng xt.
cao ng hc ca tt c cc im nm trn cng mt mt ng th s
trng nhau. Cng thc chuyn cao o c v cao ng hc c dng
sau:
H Nd hdo hd
(2.1.5)
Trong : HdN : cao ng hc ti im N

ho : cao thy chun o c
dh : s hiu chnh theo v
Trong thc t dh kh ln. Nh vy n khng c li khi nghin cu hnh
dng, kch thc ca tri t nhng n c ngha thit thc trong cng tc
thy li.
2.2. o cao hnh hc
2.2.1. Nguyn l o cao hnh hc

Phng php o cao hnh hc l phng php c s dng kh rng ri
v c dng o trong cc mng li cao Nh nc. My s dng trong
o cao hnh hc l my thy bnh. Nguyn tc o cao hnh hc bng my thy
bnh l s dng tia ngm ngn song song vi trc ca ng thy di tc l song
23

song vi mt thy chun i qua im o xc nh hiu s cao gia hai
im dng mia A, B qua s dc trn mia a v mia b (Hnh 2.2).
a
Hnh II.2. Nguyn l o cao hnh hc
hAB = a - b
(2.2.1)
2.22. Mt s loi my dng trong o cao hnh hc

My thy bnh c nhiu loi, c loi chnh xc cao s dng o cc
mng li hng I, hng II Nh nc nh NI004, N3, NA2. Cng c loi
chnh thp hn o cc mng li hng III, hng IV v thy chun k thut
nh NI030, NI040, NI025. Cht lng v chnh xc o ca cc my thy
bnh ph thuc ch yu vo cht lng ca ng thy di v gi tr phn khong
ca n cng vi phng i ca ng knh.
Cng da trn nguyn tc tia ngm song song vi trc ca ng thy di
ngi ta ch to ra mt s my cn bng t ng. Trong b phn cn bng
t ng (theo nguyn tc qu nng) thay cho ng thy di nh my: KONI007,
NI025.
2.2.3. Mt s ngun sai s trong o cao hnh hc v cc bin php lm
gim bt sai s
Trong o cao hnh hc c ba nguyn nhn chnh gy ra sai s l:
1. Sai s do my o
2. Sai s do ngi o
3. Sai s do nh hng ngoi cnh
24

A. Sai s do my o
- Sai s do gc i
Sai s gc i do trc ngm v trc ca ng thy di khng song song
trong mt phng chiu ng. loi tr sai s ny khi o ta b tr sao cho
trong mt trm my khong cch sau xp x bng khong cch trc v tch
ly khong cch trong mt tuyn khng vt qua mt gi tr quy nh.
- Sai s giao cho
L do hnh chiu bng ca trc ng thy di v trc ngm khng song
song nhau. khc phc sai s ny ngi ta phi tro i v tr chn my trn
tuyn o.
- Sai s do b o cc nh lp khng chnh xc.
Trong thc t sai s ny rt nh v b o cc nh c ch to kh chnh
xc.
- Sai s do khc mia khng chnh xc
C th loi tr ngun sai s ny bng phng php kim nghim v hiu
chnh vo kt qu o, phng php o hp l.
B. Sai s do ngi o
Sai s ny bao gm sai s do lm trng bt thy khng chnh xc v do
ngi o khi kp vch chnh xc trn mia. V sai s ny n lm nh hng
ngu nhin c tuyn o, qua thc nghim ta tm ra nh hng sai s ny n
tuyn thy chun di 1km l 0.027mm.
C. Sai s do nh hng ca ngoi cnh
- nh hng do nhit thay i
S thay i ca nhit gy ra sai s ngu nhin. Bin php khc phc
ca nh hng ny l:
1. Khng nn s qu lu vo bt c b phn no ca my.
2. Ma h th dng che my khi b nng.
3. Ti trm my l v chn nn thay i trnh t o theo quy trnh S - T T - S hoc T - S - S - T.
25

- nh hng do khc x ca khng kh
Khc x ca khng kh nh hng mang tnh ngu nhin lm tia ngm
b un cong. khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta quy nh thi gian o
ngm l bt u sau khi mt tri mc v trc khi mt tri ln t nht l 30
pht.
- nh hng do my ln v mia ln
My v mia khi o phi trn nn t yu, trong qu trnh thao tc o b
ln xung. khc phc hin tng ny khi o thy chun chnh xc ta nn
chn tuyn thy chun khi o i v o v trung nhau v t trn nn t cng.
Khi chuyn t trm o ny sang trm o khc nn h mia xung gim bt
hin tng ln mia ng thi phi o i v o v.
Cn do trng hp my ln ta p dng chng trnh o theo th t S - T
- T - S hoc T - S - S - T.
Do chu nh hng ca rt nhiu ngun sai s nn trong quy phm quy
nh cc yu cu rt kht khe v chiu di khong ngm, s chnh khong
ngm, chiu cao tia ngm... nhm t c chnh xc cao. Chnh v th khi
o thy chun hnh hc vng c chnh cao ln hoc trn nhng tuyn c
khong cch di l rt vt v v tn km.
2.3. o cao lng gic
2.3.1. Nguyn l chung

o cao lng gic l phng php s dng my kinh v t ti im o,
o gc thin nh ca mc tiu v dng khong cch t my n mc tiu
tnh ra chnh cao gia chng. Phng php ny c p dng chuyn
cao nhng vng c chnh cao ln nh vng ni hoc vng kh khn i li,
qua sng qua h v.v...
Ti A t my c chiu cao l i, tm trm my l j, ngm v mc tiu ti
B c cao BV = V2 (do chu nh hng tng hp ca cong tri t v khc
26

x). Gc ng o c l Z' nh hn gc thin nh thc t Z mt i lng 1
c tnh theo cng thc:
1
S0
2R0
(2.3.1)
Trong : S0 : chiu di cung tia ngm do khc x

R0 : bn knh ca ng cong khc x
Theo hnh v ta thy H1 + i v H2 + V l nhng i lng rt nh so vi
bn knh tri t R. Do c th coi S0 = S (S l chiu di AB trn mt
Ellipsoid) cn c vo h s khc x ca kh quyn mt t:
K
R
R0
(2.3.2)
nn tr s 1 c th vit l:
1 k
S
2R
(2.3.3)
Gi HA v HB l cao trc a ti cc im A, B. T gi tr gc thin

nh o c trm my A l Z1 v khong cch gia hai im A v B l S ta
thnh lp c cng thc tnh chnh cao gia 2 im A v B l:
- Trong trng hp o n
Trong trng hp o gc thin nh ti A l Z1, khong cch S khng
qu 10km, gi tr gc thin nh nm trong khong 870 < Z < 930. Ta c cng
thc tnh hiu s cao trc a nh sau:
H B H A S cot gZ 1 C . S 2
U 12
. S i V
''
(2.3.4)
Trong U12 l gc lch dy di trn mt phng thng ng i qua im

ngm.
chuyn v hiu s cao thng ta c cng thc.
H B H A S cot gZ 1 C . S 2
U 12
. S B A i V
''
(2.3.5)
Trong A, B l d thng cao ti A v B.

C
1 k
2R
vi k l h s chit quang
27
z'
So
j
b
a
a'
b'
Hnh II.3. Nguyn tc o cao lng gic

- Trng hp o kp
Trong trng hp ny ngi ta t my ng thi ti A v B xc nh
cc gi tr Z1 ti A v Z2 ti B.
T A o n B.
H B H A S cot gZ 1 C1 S 2
U 12
. S i1 V2
''
(2.3.6)
U 21
. S i2 V1
''
(2.3.7)
T B o v A
H A H B S cot gZ 2 C 2 S 2
Khi khong cch S nh hn 20km gi tr cc gc thin nh nm trong

khong 870 < Z < 930, hiu s cao trc a c tnh
2
2
U U 21 S
Z Z 1 C1 S C 2 S
H B H A Stg 2
12
.
i1 i2 V1 V2
2
2
''
2
(2.3.8)
Khi c hai trm my tin hnh o ng thi coi C1 = C2 th i lng
khc x c th b qua. V vy ta c:
Z Z 2 U 12 U 21
H B H A Stg 1
.S i1 i2 V1 V2
2 ' '
2
(2.3.9)
Cng thc tnh cao thng trong trng hp ny l:

Z Z2
H B H A Stg 1
2
U 12 U 21
.S B A i1 i2 V1 V2
2 ' '
(2.3.10)
28

- o co lng gic chu nh hng ca cc ngun sai s sau:
1. Sai s ngu nhin khi o khong thin nh.
2. Sai s h thng ca my.
3. Sai s do nh hng khc x kh quyn mt t.
4. nh hng ca lch dy di v do mt thy chun khng song
song vi nhau.
Do cc ngun sai s nu trn nn phng php o cao lng gic cho
chnh xc khng cao, phng php ny thng ch t chnh xc thy
chun k thut hoc hng IV.
2.4. Nguyn l o cao GPS
Nguyn tc o GPS tng i cho php xc nh c cc s gia to o

khng gian X, Y, Z (trong h WGS - 84) gia hai im thu tn hiu ng
thi. T cc gia s to khng gian ny, ta c th chuyn thnh cc s gia
B, L, H, y gi tr H l hiu s cao trc a, trong h WGS - 84 vi
Ellipxoid chn tnh. Qua tnh ton ta nhn c cao trc a ca cc trm
thu tn hiu, tc l cao so vi Ellipxoid chn tnh gn vi h to WGS 84. Trn thc t v tr im ch c xc nh theo nguyn tc nh v tuyt
i, khng phi l to chnh xc trong h WGS - 84, ch c th coi l trong
h WGS - 84 gn ng no (k hiu l WGS - 84'). V th cao trc a
xc nh trong nh v tuyt i c chnh xc thp.
K hiu cao trc a ti im A l HA, cao thy chun ( cao
chnh, hoc cao thng) l hA ta c quan h:
hA = HA - A
(2.4.1)
Trong A l d thng cao ti im A (gi tt l cao geoid hay

l d thng cao, chnh l khong cch t mt elipxoid chn tnh n mt
Geoid hoc kvazigeoid (Hnh II.3).
29
HA
hA
hB
Geoid
HB
BB
AA
Elipxoid
Hnh II.4. cao trc a v cao thy chun

Nu xtgia hai im A, B trn mt t ta c hiu cao:
hAB = HAB - AB
(2.4.2)
Trong HAB l hiu s cao trc a AB l hiu s d thng

cao gia hai im A, B. Cng thc (2.4.1) v (2.4.2) l cc cng thc c bn
ca o cao GPS.
Vy xc nh cao bng GPS vn mu cht l xc nh d
thng cao (hay cao geoid) hoc hiu d thng cao (hay hiu
cao geoid) ti cc im t my thu tn hiu. C th nhn thy rng
chnh xc chuyn cao bng GPS ph thuc vo hai yu t quyt nh l
cht lng o cnh GPS (baseline) v chnh xc xc nh hiu d thng
cao gia cc im trong li.
Trc khi bnh sai chng ta kim tra sai s khp ta trong cc hnh
khp kn.
n
f X X i'
i 1
n
f Y Yi '
(2.4.3)
i 1
n
f Z Z i'
i 1
30

Sai s khp ton phn c tnh nh sau:
f X ,Y , Z
f X2 f Y2 f Z2
(2.4.4)
V sau khi bnh sai chng ta c th nh gi chnh xc v tr im

trong khng gian bao gm cc sai s cao (mH) v sai s to mt bng
(mB, mL). Khi bnh sai li GPS chng ta s nhn c cao trc a H.
Chng ta cn phi tm cch chuyn cao trc a v cao thy chun h.
31
Chng III.
Chuyn i cao trc a v
cao thu chun cho vng m
Cm Ph - Mng Dng
3.1. Gii thiu chung
Cm Ph-Mng Dng l vng than quan trng thuc b than ng Bc

Vit Nam. Cc m than trn vng ny c sn lng chim trn 50% tng sn
lng than khai thc hng nm ca Tng cng ty Than Vit Nam. phc v
cho cng tc trc a m trn cc khai trng, t nhiu nm trc, vng ny
ngi ta xy dng cc mng li to hng IV, GT-1, GT-2 v GT-3.
Mng li cao cng c xy dng t nhng nm 1972-1986 cho n
nay ch cn li mt s t mc c th s dng c. Hin nay cc phng trc a
ca cc cng ty than thng xuyn o c cp nht tnh ton khi lng
than khai thc v khi lng t bc i. Trong cng tc o c, khng th
thiu vai tr ca cng tc o cao. i vi a hnh phc tp nh cc m Cc
su, Cao sn.vv vic dn cao bng phng php thu chun hnh hc gp
khng t kh khn . T khi cng ngh GPS c ng dng trong cng tc trc
a nc ta, o cao GPS ( GPS leveling) l vn c nhiu ngi lm cng
tc trc a quan tm. o cao GPS c nhng u im so vi cc phng php
o cao truyn thng, c bit l nhng vng c a hnh phc tp nh vng
m.
Hin nay khi tnh ton x l cc mng li GPS, chng ta thng s
dng cc m hnh Geoid ton cu nh EGM-96 hoc OSU-91A , nhng cc
m hnh ny thng cho chnh xc khng cao , trong nhiu trng hp
khng bo m chnh xc chuyn cao t cc mc khi tnh n cc mc
cn xc nh.
32

S khc nhau gia cao trc a v hiu cao trc a vi cao
thu chun v hiu cao thu chun l do mt Geoid khng song song vi
mt Ellipxoid. Nu chng ta nm bt c quy lut bin i ca mt Geoid so
vi mt Ellipxoid trn mt khu vc nh, ta hon ton xy dng c cc cng
thc chuyn i hiu cao trc a v hiu cao thu chun hoc chuyn
cao trc a v cao thu chun. Bng cch ny chng ta nhanh chng
thc hin cng tc o cao GPS vi chnh xc cn thit. Chng ta s nghin
cu 2 phng php tnh ton hiu chnh p dng cho 2 trng hp:
Trng hp 1- Hiu chnh cho cc on o cao GPS .
Trng hp 2- Hiu chnh cho mng li GPS gm nhiu im .
3.2. S mng li thc nghim v kt qu o mng li
thy chun hng III Cm Ph - Mng Dng - Qung Ninh
Trong phn tnh ton thc nghim, chng ti s dng s liu ca li

GPS Cm Ph - Mng Dng - Qung Ninh. Li ny bao gm 26 im o
GPS, vi 9 im song trng. im song trng l im m ti c o GPS v
c dn cao thy chun. Trong c mt im c cao khi tnh l
im hng II Nh nc (im II-19). Li c o bng my thu mt tn s
Trimble 4600 LS vo thng 11/2003 v c dn cao thy chun hng III
theo quy phm bng my Ni-030 vo thng 4/2004.
IV-06
IV-01
t08
iv-09
r96
m10
dc43
r3
iv-02
gt03
iv-12
R1
iv-16
II.19
107406
IV-14
R1
n40
R98
R99
R2
IV18
Hnh III.1. Li cao thy chun hng III Cm Ph - Mng Dng

33

Kt qu bnh sai li cao hng III trong ph lc 2 y ch gii
thiu gi tr cao sau bnh sai v sai s trung phng tng ng.
Bng III.1. o cao bnh sai ca cc mc li o cao hng III
Cm Ph - Mng Dng
Nr
Tn
Hbs (m)
MH (m)
107406
2.451
0.004
R-1
5.078
0.006
IV-14
47.965
0.006
R-98
6.315
0.007
IV-18
3.234
0.008
R-99
4.334
0.008
N-40
78.196
0.009
R-2
4.310
0.009
R-4
4.713
0.010
10
IV-02
21.945
0.010
11
DC-43
15.066
0.010
12
R-3
5.178
0.010
13
IV-06
22.985
0.011
14
M-10
9.952
0.010
15
IV-01
29.906
0.012
16
R-96
68.155
0.010
17
GT-03
92.724
0.010
18
IV-12
141.549
0.010
19
IV-16
103.096
0.009
20
IV-09
102.621
0.011
21
T-08
77.037
0.011
Ghi ch
103.021 (-75mm)
34

3.3. Cng thc chuyn i cao trc a v cao thu
chun cho li GPS.
3.3.1. Mng li thc nghim v m hnh ton xc nh cao Geoid

Thng 11 nm 2003 ngi ta hon thnh vic xy dng mt mng
li GPS hng IV trn vng Cm ph - Mng Dng. Mng li gm 26 im
ph trm mt din tch trn 100km2, trong c 9 im c o ni cao
bng thu chun hnh hc hng III tnh ton cao Geoid (hnh III.2).
Mng li o bng 4 my GPS Trimble 4600LS trong 14 ca o
(Session). di cc ca o l 60 pht. S cnh o l 74 cnh.
Ration nh nht l 1,7.
Phng sai ln nht l 39,7.
Sai s khp hnh tam gic ln nht 1:131000.
Cnh di nht l 5,9km.
Cnh ngn nht l 1,2km.
Hnh III.2. S mng li GPS CP-MD

35

Li GPS c bnh sai bng phn mm GPSurvey 2.35. xc nh
cao trc a H ca cc im trong li, khi bnh sai ch ly to v cao
ca 1 im trong li lm gi tr khi tnh, l im 107406.
Trong bng bao gm cao trc a (ct 3) , cao thu chun ( ct 4),
ct cui cng (ct 5) l cao Geoid ca 9 im song trng tnh theo cng
thc :
N i H i hi
(3.3.1)
Bng III.2. Tnh cao li trc a v cao thy chun

TT
im
cao trc a
cao thu
cao Geoid
chun h
107404
106.147
107405
413.416
107406
2.451
107446
43.454
107447
57.654
IV-01
2.451
29.919
29.906
0.013
IV-02
22.092
21.945
0.147
IV-03
43.664
IV-04
121.642
10
IV-05
82.837
11
IV-06
23.099
22.985
0.114
12
IV-07
312.854
13
IV-08
202.090
14
IV-09
102.752
102.621
0.131
15
IV-10
85.843
16
IV-11
436.225
17
IV-12
141.724
141.549
0.175
18
IV-13
41.415
19
IV-14
48.068
47.965
0.104
20
IV-15
287.685
36

21
IV-16
103.178
22
IV-17
14.289
23
IV-18
3.403
24
IV-19
70.013
25
IV-20
29.470
26
IV-21
47.101
103.021
0.157
3.234
0.169
3.3.2. Xy dng cng thc ni suy cao Geoid dng hm song tuyn (3
tham s)
Hm song tuyn c dng:
N a0 a1. X a2 .Y
(3.3.2)
trong 3 tham s a0,a1,a2 c xc nh theo phng php s bnh

phng nh nht da trn s liu ca 9 im song trng bng trn.
Bng III.3. S liu gii bi ton xp x hm c cho trong bng sau
TT
im
X(m)
Y(m)
N(m)
107406
2323852.106
422935.371
0.000
IV-01
2331718.588
425559.321
0.013
IV-02
2328405.657
433477.365
0.147
IV-06
2331773.683
431255.431
0.114
IV-09
2327943.769
425913.061
0.132
IV-12
2327899.366
429121.754
0.175
IV-14
2324908.275
426480.732
0.104
IV-16
2325680.500
430020.376
0.157
IV-18
2323314.679
430260.369
0.169
T biu thc (3.3.2). ta c cc phng trnh s hiu chnh:
Vi a0 a1. X i a2Yi N i
(3.3.3)
37

Kt qu gii c 3 tham s a0,a1,a2 v lp c cng thc thc nghim
ni suy cao Geoid cho vng Cm ph - Mng dng nh sau (Kt qu tnh
ton ph lc 2):
N 8.891 0.00000666. X 0.00001571.Y
(3.3.4)
Vi cng thc ny, ta cc im song trng ta tnh c lch (V) v

sai s trung phng nh sau:
m0
VV 0.044m
n3
(3.3.5)
Nhn xt: Vi cng thc thc nghim (1.4) cho php chng ta ni suy
nhanh chng cao Geoid chuyn i cao trc a trong li GPS v
cao thu chun vi sai s khong 4 cm. Nh vy i vi cc mng li GPS
vng Cm Ph-Mng Dng chng ta ch cn o ni cao bng phng php
thu chun hnh hc n 1 hoc 2 im trong li. Tt nht l nn o ni ti 2
im c thm iu kin kim tra.
3.4. Hiu chnh chnh cao trc a v chnh cao thy
chun cho vng Cm Ph - Mng Dng
3.4.1. Xc nh gc nghing v hng nghing tng th gia mt Elipxoid

v Geoid vng m Cm Ph - Mng Dng
Trong mt phm vi khng ln, chng ta c th coi 2 mt ny c quy lut
bin i tuyn tnh, tc l gn nh 2 mt phng ct nhau theo mt giao tuyn,
c hng nghing ln nht vung gc vi phng ca giao tuyn v tng ng
cng c gc nghing ln nht theo hng .
xc nh gc nghing, chng ta c thut ton gii thiu trong [6].
Tm tt nh sau:
Khong cch gia hai mt Geoid v Ellipxoid chnh l cao Geoid s
ph thuc vo 2 tham s l khong cch v phng v ca cnh o (baseline).
Cng thc tnh chuyn hiu cao trc a v hiu cao thu chun c th
hin qua cng thc sau :
38
hi , j H i , j a.Di , j . cos( i , j )
(3.4.1)
Trong hi,j l chnh cao thu chun,Hi,j l chnh cao trc a xc

nh bng GPS tng i. Di,j l khong cch gia hai im o GPS (chiu di
cnh o tnh bng kilmt), i,j l phng v cnh o, a v l cc tham s
cn xc nh. xc nh hai tham s a v chng ta s phi da vo t nht 3
im o song trng khng thng hng, trn c o GPS v o thu chun
chnh xc.
Nh vy ta c cng thc tnh hiu s cao geoid gia hai im i v j
nh sau:
N i , j a.Di , j cos( i , j )
(3.4.2)
Sau khi xc lp c cc tham s a, c th s dng (3.4.2) tnh s

hiu chnh chuyn chnh cao GPS v chnh cao thu chun .
Da vo mng li GPS hng IV lp trn khu vc cc m vng Cm
Ph- Mng Dng trong c 9 im c o ni cao thu chun hng III,
gi l cc im song trng. To trong h HN-72 , kinh tuyn trung ng
1080 ca 9 im v cao ca chng c th hin trong bng sau:
Bng III.4. To v cao ca cc im song trng
X(m)
Y(m)
im
107406
2323852.106
422935.371
2.451
2.451
IV-01
2331718.588
425559.321
29.919
29.906
IV-02
2328405.657
433477.365
22.092
21.945
IV-06
2331773.683
431255.431
23.099
22.985
IV-09
2327943.769
425913.061
102.752
102.621
IV-12
2327899.366
429121.754
141.724
141.549
IV-14
2324908.275
426480.732
48.068
47.965
IV-16
2325680.500
430020.376
103.178
103.021
IV-18
2323314.679
430260.369
3.403
3.234
H(trc a)
h(thu
TT
chun)
39

Vi s liu ca 9 im s tnh c 36 cnh (t hp chp 2 ca 9), gi
tr chiu di, phng v v cc chnh cao trc a, chnh cao thu chun th
hin trong bng sau:
Bng III.5. Gi tr cc cnh
TT
im u
im cui
Di,j
i,j
Hi,j
hi,j
180 2648 27.468
27.455
107406
IV-01
(km)
8.292
107406
IV-02
11.483
66 38 18
19.641
19.494
107406
IV-06
11.488
46 24 20
20.648
20.534
107406
IV-09
5.060
36 02 42
100.301
100.170
107406
IV-12
7.393
56 48 23
139.273
139.098
107406
IV-14
3.699
73 24 40
45.617
45.514
107406
IV-16
7.317
75 31 47
100.727
100.570
107406
IV-18
7.345
94 11 46
0.952
0.783
IV-01
IV-02
8.583
112 42 16
-7.827
-7.961
10 IV-01
IV-06
5.696
89 26 45
-6.820
-6.921
11 IV-01
IV-09
3.791
174 38 47
72.833
72.715
12 IV-01
IV-12
5.223
136 59 32
111.805
111.643
13 IV-01
IV-14
6.872
172 17 42
18.149
18.059
14 IV-01
IV-16
7.507
143 32 32
73.259
73.115
15 IV-01
IV-18
9.629
150 46 40
-26.516
-26.672
16 IV-02
IV-06
4.035
326 35 12
1.007
1.040
17 IV-02
IV-09
7.578
266 30 21
80.660
80.676
18 IV-02
IV-12
4.385
263 22 11
119.632
119.604
19 IV-02
IV-14
7.822
243 26 28
25.976
26.020
20 IV-02
IV-16
4.402
231 45 04
81.086
81.076
21 IV-02
IV-18
6.022
212 17 20
-18.689
-18.711
22 IV-06
IV-09
6.573
234 21 48
79.653
79.636
23 IV-06
IV-12
4.423
208 50 33
118.625
118.564
40

24 IV-06
IV-14
8.362
214 49 03
24.969
24.980
25 IV-06
IV-16
6.217
191 27 30
80.079
80.036
26 IV-06
IV-18
8.517
186 42 33
-19.696
-19.751
27 IV-09
IV-12
3.209
90 47 34
38.972
38.928
28 IV-09
IV-14
3.088
169 24 27
-54.684
-54.656
29 IV-09
IV-16
4.690
118 51 22
0.426
0.400
30 IV-09
IV-18
6.350
136 47 53
-99.349
-99.387
31 IV-12
IV-14
3.990
221 26 36
-93.656
-93.584
32 IV-12
IV-16
2.394
157 57 09
-38.546
-38.528
33 IV-12
IV-18
4.724
166 03 10
-138.321
-138.315
34 IV-14
IV-16
3.623
77 41 34
55.110
55.056
35 IV-14
IV-18
4.102
112 51 42
-44.665
-44.731
36 IV-16
IV-18
2.378
174 12 27
-99.775
-99.787
T s liu ca 36 cnh cho trong bng trn chng ta lp c 36 phng

trnh s hiu chnh xc nh 2 n s a v theo nguyn tc s bnh phng
nh nht.
Phng trnh s hiu chnh c dng:
Vi , j a.Di , j . cos( i , j ) (H i , j hi , j )
(3.4.3)
C th bin i (3.4.4) v dng:

Vi , j Di , j . cos i , j .P Di , j . sin i , j .Q l i , j
(3.4.4)
trong
P a. cos ; Q a. sin ; l i , j H i , j hi , j
(3.4.5)
T h (2.4) ta xc nh c 2 n P v Q theo nguyn tc [VV]=min,

sau xc nh cc tham s a v theo cng thc bit:
a P 2 Q 2 ; arctg
Q
P
(3.4.6)
Vi s liu bng 2, theo thut ton nu trn tnh c cc n s P, Q

nh sau:
41

P = 0.00665 0.00216
Q = -0.01576 0.00202
v gi tr hai tham s s l :
a 0.0171 ; 292 053'
(3.4.7)
Nh vy ta c cng thc tnh chnh cao thu chun t chnh cao GPS
cho khu vc Cm Ph-Mng Dng nh sau:
hi , j H i , j 0.0171.D i, j . cos( i , j 292 0 53' )
(3.4.8)
trong Di,j tnh n v km. Phng v i,j l phng v trong h to

vung gc (gc nh hng) vi mi chiu c kinh tuyn trc 1080 .
C th thy rng bin i ca hiu cao geoid (gradien d thng
cao) khu vc Cm Ph- Mng Dng ln nht theo phng c phng v
=2920 53' (hay 1120 53') l 0.0171m/km.
Theo s liu d thng cao, chng ti cng v c cc ng ng
d thng trn hnh 3.
292o53'
Hnh III.3. Cc ng ng d thng cao Cm Ph- Mng Dng

3.4.2. Hiu qu s dng cng thc
Sau khi lp c cng thc hiu chnh chuyn chnh cao o bng
cng ngh GPS v chnh cao thu chun cho khu vc Cm Ph-Mng Dng,
cn kim tra kt qu tnh hiu chnh chnh cao theo cng thc lp. Ngy
21-9-2004 chng ti tin hnh o th nghim chuyn cao trn mt s
mc bit cao ( c o cao hng III), l cc mc IV-14, IV-18,R2,R-98 v N-40. T chnh cao trc a, chng ti hiu chnh theo cng thc
42

(3.4.8) nhn c hiu cao thu chun v so snh vi hiu cao thu
chun bit. Da vo kt qu so snh ta s nh gi c kh nng s dng
cng thc tnh hiu chnh ny trong thc t trc a vng Cm Ph-Mng
Dng.
Bng III.6. nh gi kt qu s dng cng thc
S
TT
Cnh GPS
ph.v
0
(km)
'
-N
htc
gh(IV)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
R-2 IV-14
6.746
2720 20
43.564
0.108
43.672
43.655
0.017
0.052
R-2 IV-18
3..229
246 12
-1.094
0.038
-1.056
-1.076
0.020
0.036
R-2 N-40
3.268
289 19
73.858
0.056
73..914
73.886
0.028
0.036
IV-18 IV-14
4.102
292 37
44.654
0.070
44.724
44.731
-0.007
0.041
IV-18 N-40
2.389
356 53
74.950
0.018
74.968
74.962
0.006
0.031
N-40 IV-14
3.745
257 34
-30.276
0.052
-30.224
-30.231
0.007
0.039
IV-18 IV-14
4.102
292 37
44.622
0.070
44.692
44.731
-0.039
0.041
IV-18 R-98
0.576
305 03
3.071
0.010
3.081
3.081
0.015
N-40 IV-14
3.745
257 34
-30.294
0.052
-30.242
-30.231
-0.011
0.039
10
R-98 N-40
2.083
9 28
71.844
0.008
71.852
71.881
-0.029
0.029
Trong bng trn, H l chnh cao trc a (chnh cao o bng GPS)
-N l chnh cao geoid tnh theo cng thc (3.4.2)
h l chnh cao nhn c theo cng thc (3.4.8)
htc l chnh cao thu chun hnh hc hng 3
1 =H-htc l lch sau hiu chnh
gh(IV)- l hn sai thu chun hng IV, tnh theo
cng thc
hgh( IV ) 20mm. D
(3.4.9)
trong D l khong cch chuyn cao tnh bng km.

C th thy rng, hu ht cc chnh cao trc a sau khi hiu chnh theo
cng thc lp u gn vi chnh cao o thu chun v u nm trong hn
sai ca thu chun hng IV.
Chnh cao trc a xc nh bng GPS cn ph thuc vo to trc a
B,L ca im u cnh. To im u cnh trong h WGS-84 c xc
43

nh theo nguyn tc khong cch gi (bng ephemeris thng dng) c th sai
t vi mt n c chc mt, dn n sai s chnh cao trc a tnh theo cng
thc [6]:
3.5. So snh chnh xc khi s dng m hnh Geoid osu 91A
v EGM 96
phn ny, chng ta s dng hai m hnh ton cu l m hnh EGM-96

v OSU-91A tham gia vo qu trnh bnh sai mng li GPS. Trong c hai
phng n u c nh cao thy chun ca im 107406 vi h107406 = 2.451
(m). cao thy chun ca 25 im cn li trong mng li c tnh theo
gi tr cao ca cc im c nh. Trong 25 im , ta c 8 im dn
cao thy chun hnh hc. T , ta c th so snh chnh xc cao cc
im nhn c theo cc phng n khc nhau.
Khi bnh sai li GPS, chng ta c th khai thc m hnh Geoid c c
sn trong phn mm theo trnh t sau:
1. Khi ng chng trnh bnh sai li.
2. Bnh sai li bc mt khng s dng m hnh Geoid.
3. Gi m hnh Geoid trong Terrestrial Network Mudule/ Geoid
Module/ Load Geoid Module.
4. To tp s liu Geoid dng *DCO: Estimate Geoid Height/ Creat *DCO
File.
5. Bnh sai li GPS bc 2, trong s dng s liu gc trong tp
*DCO (sau bnh sai ta so snh s liu ca cc im gc khc nu khng c s
sai khc ln chng t khng c s nhm ln v s liu gc, ta c th tin hnh
bnh sai tip tc).
6. Bnh sai bc 3 vi ton b s liu gc trong *DCO file.
7. In kt qu
Ton b kt qu bnh sai bng chng trnh GPS urvey c s dng m
hnh EGM-96 v m hnh OSU-91A c trnh by trong phn ph lc 3. Sau
y, ch xin nu kt qu cao nhn c sau khi bnh sai.
44

Bng III.7. So snh cao nhn c theo cc phng n khc nhau
h GPS
h GPS
STT Tn im EGM-96 OSU-91A
(m)
(m)
h TC
(m)
h GPS
(m)
1
(m)
2
(m)
3
(m)
107406
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451 0.000 0.000 0.000
IV-01
29.947
29.889
29.906
29.918 -0.041 0.017 -0.012
IV-02
21.777
21.867
21.945
22.091 0.168 0.078 -0.146
IV-06
22.911
22.935
22.985
23.097 0.074 0.050 -0.112
IV-09
102.705
102.700 102.621 102.757 -0.084 -0.079 -0.136
IV-12
141.556
141.597 141.549 141.723 -0.007 -0.048 -0.174
IV-14
47.953
IV-16
102.946
IV-18
3.129
47.993
47.965
48.070 0.012 -0.028 -0.105
103.024 103.021 103.178 0.075 -0.003 -0.157

3.237
3.234
3.402 0.105 -0.003 -0.168
trong bng trn, ta k hiu:

hTC l cao thy chun ca cc im thu c t mng li cao
hnh hc.
HGPS l cao trc a khi bnh sai li GPS khng s dng m hnh
Geoid.
hGPS EGM-96 l cao thy chun nhn c khi bnh sai li c s
dng m hnh EGM-96.
hGPS OSU-91A l cao thy chun nhn c khi bnh sai li GPS c
s dng m hnh OSU-91A.
1 = hTC - hGPS EGM-96
(3.5.1)
2 = hTC - hGPS OSU-91A
(3.5.2)
3 = hTC - HGPS
(3.5.3)
T bng trn ta c th tnh c nh sau:

m1
0.081 (M hnh EGM-96)

2
(3.5.4)
45

m2
0.050 (M hnh OSU-91A)
(3.5.5)
m3
0.128 (Khng s dng m hnh Geoid)
(3.5.6)
T cc tnh ton trn ta c nhn xt nh sau:

1. Nu xt v chnh lch ca cc im sau qu trnh bnh sai th
phng n bnh sai khng s dng m hnh Geoid cho lch ln nht
(max=0.174m), phng n s dng m hnh OSU-91A c lch nh nht
(max=0.079m)
2. S dng cng thc tnh sai s trung phng th phng n s dng m
hnh OSU-91A c lch trung bnh nh nht (0.050m), tip theo l phng
n s dng m hnh EGM-96 c lch trung bnh l (0.081m) v phng n
th 3 l khng s dng m hnh Geoid c lch trung bnh l (0.128m).
Nh vy ta thy rng khi bnh sai li GPS c s dng m hnh Geoid
th chnh xc xc nh gi tr cao thy cun t gi tr tt hn so vi
phng n khng dng m hnh Geoid.
Nh vy khi ta xt hai m hnh EGM-96 v m hnh OSU-91A sau khi
tnh ton ti thy s dng m hnh OSU-91A th cho chnh xc cao hn so
vi cng vic bnh sai li s dng m hnh EGM-96 cho vng than "Cm Ph
- Mng Dng - Qung Ninh".
Nu chng ta s dng cng thc (3.3.4) ni suy cao Geoid v tnh
hiu chnh vo cao trc a th sai s trung phng ch l 0,044m cho
chnh xc cao hn c m hnh EGM - 96 v OSU-91A. Trong trng hp ch
dn cao bng GPS theo cc cnh o, th nn s dng cng thc (3.4.8)
tnh chuyn chnh cao GPS v chnh cao thy chun vi chnh xc c thy
chun hng IV.
46
Kt lun v kin ngh

Sau khi nghin cu l thuyt v nguyn l o cao GPS v tnh ton thc
nghim trn mng li Cm Ph - Mng Dng - Qung Ninh. Chng ta i
n mt s kt lun sau:
1. Phng php truyn cao bng cng ngh GPS c th thc hin
trong mi iu kin a hnh. y chnh l u im vt tri ca cng ngh
GPS so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng. Tuy nhin, khi truyn cao bng
cng ngh GPS cn phi nghin cu phng php tnh ton chuyn i
cao trc a hoc hiu cao trc a v cao thy chun hoc hiu cao
thy chun.
2. xc nh cao thy chun bng cng ngh GPS, khi thnh lp
mng li GPS, cn o ni cao hnh hc n mt s im ca li sao cho
cc im ny phn b u trn ton b mng li. Cc im o song trng s
l c s ni suy gi tr cao Geoid cho cc im cn li trong mng li.
3. Khi iu kin ch cho php dn cao thy chun n mt im song
trng th i vi vng Cm Ph - Mng Dng ta nn chn phng php bnh
sai li GPS c s dng m hnh OSU - 91A.
4. Khi cn chuyn cao t mc gc n khu vc khai thc c th s
dng hai my thu GPS (loi 4600LS) xc nh hiu s cao trc a. Nu
cnh ngn hn 5km ch cn thu tn hiu trong thi gian khong 60 pht. S
dng cng thc (3.4.8) chuyn hiu cao trc a v hiu cao thy
chun. chnh xc c th t hng IV.
5. i vi li GPS vng Cm Ph - Mng Dng nn s dng cng
thc (3.3.4) ni suy cao Geoid phc v tnh chuyn cao trc a v
cao thy chun vi sai s trung phng khong 0,044m.
47
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Phm Hong Ln, Nguyn Vn Chu, Gio trnh trc a cao cp phn hai trc a mt cu. H Ni 1996.
[2] Ngc ng, ng Nam Chinh. Hng dn thc tp trc a cao
cp, Trng i hc M - a cht 2001.
[3] Dng Nam Chinh. Gio trnh Bnh sai li.
[4] ng Nam Chinh. Hng dn s dng phn mm GPSurvey.
[5] ng Nam Chinh. Ni suy d thng cao v chnh xc xc
nh cao bng cng ngh GPS. c san khoa hc v cng ngh a chnh
thng 12-1997.
[6] ng Nam Chnh. Bo co hi ngh khoa hc. Tuyn tp cc cng
trnh khoa hc s 33 nm 2004.
[7] Phan Vn Hin v NGK. Trc a cng trnh. Nh xut bn giao
thng vn ti 2001.
[8] L Vn Hng. S tay nh v GPS. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut 1997.
[9] Phm Hong Ln. Bi ging cng ngh GPS (dnh cho cc lp cao
hc) 1996.
[10] Phm Hong Ln. Mt Kvazigeoid trn phm vi lnh th v mt
phn lnh hi ven b Vit Nam. c san khoa hc v cng ngh a chnh
thng 12/1997.
[11] Phm Hong Ln. Trng lc trc a (tp 1-2). Gio trnh trng
i hc M - a cht. H Ni 1973.
[12] Dng Vn Phong. Bi ging Xy dng li. H Ni 1998.
48
Phn ph lc
49
Ph lc 1
Ni suy dng hm song tuyn dng 3 tham s
[VV] = 0,12
m0
VV
n3
0,012
0,044m
93
50
Ph lc 2
Bnh sai li thy chun
hng III vng m Cm Ph - Mng Dng
S lng mc bit o cao
S lng mc cn xc nh
21
S lng tuyn o trong li
44
Tng chiu di cc tuyn o
113.70 km
Sai s n v trong s
003 m/km
Cc mc c cao
Nr
Tn
H (m)
II - 19
5.8230
Ghi ch
51
Ph lc 3
Kt qu bnh sai li GPS Cm Ph - Qung Ninh bng
phn mm GPS urvey s dng m hnh EGM-96
Bng kt qu bnh tng hp sai vi m hnh EGM-96
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
K hiu
107404
107405
107406
107446
107447
IV-01
IV-02
IV-03
IV-04
IV-05
IV-06
IV-07
IV-08
IV-09
IV-10
IV-11
IV-12
IV-13
IV-14
IV-15
IV-16
IV-17
IV-18
IV-19
IV-20
IV-21
X (m)
2331407.840
2326404.632
2323852.106
2329998.206
2326511.635
2331718.588
2328405.657
2330196.678
2330341.806
2329641.311
2331773.683
2327224.228
2328554.035
2327943.769
2328658.982
2327061.317
2327899.366
2327498.504
2324908.275
2325176.534
2325680.500
2322502.092
2323314.679
2324646.361
2323033.041
2322299.625
Y (m)
428140.906
426590.849
422935.371
432473.638
434475.240
425559.321
433477.365
424958.004
427556.749
430854.461
431255.431
424484.050
423164.693
425913.061
427972.825
427758.816
429121.754
432227.324
426480.732
428447.340
430020.376
426879.922
430260.369
431879.960
428786.813
431473.133
mP
0.0072
0.0063
0.0000
0.0069
0.0067
0.0070
0.0077
0.0700
0.0067
0.0065
0.0071
0.0067
0.0062
0.0061
0.0066
0.0064
0.0066
0.0063
0.0059
0.0058
0.0065
0.0058
0.0058
0.0065
0.0053
0.0072
h (m)
106.070
413.319
2.451
43.197
57.280
29.947
21.777
43.690
121.570
82.632
22.911
312.849
202.158
102.705
85.729
436.095
141.556
41.131
47.953
287.501
102.946
14.122
3.129
69.701
29.243
46.770
52
Ph lc 4
Kt qu bnh sai li s dng m hnh Geoid OSU-91A
Bng kt qu bnh tng hp khi s dng m hnh OSU-91A
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
K hiu
107404
107405
107406
107446
107447
IV-01
IV-02
IV-03
IV-04
IV-05
IV-06
IV-07
IV-08
IV-09
IV-10
IV-11
IV-12
IV-13
IV-14
IV-15
IV-16
IV-17
IV-18
IV-19
IV-20
IV-21
X (m)
2331407.840
2326404.632
2323852.106
2329998.206
2326511.635
2331718.588
2328405.657
2330196.678
2330341.806
2329641.311
2331773.683
2327224.228
2328554.035
2327943.769
2328658.982
2327061.317
2327899.366
2327498.504
2324908.275
2325176.534
2325680.500
2322502.092
2323314.679
2324646.361
2323033.041
2322299.625
Y (m)
428140.906
426590.849
422935.371
432473.638
434475.240
425559.321
433477.365
424958.004
427556.749
430854.461
431255.431
424484.050
423164.693
425913.061
427972.825
427758.816
429121.754
432227.324
426480.732
428447.340
430020.376
426879.922
430260.369
431879.960
428786.813
431473.133
mP
0.0072
0.0063
0.0000
0.0069
0.0067
0.0070
0.0077
0.0700
0.0067
0.0065
0.0071
0.0067
0.0062
0.0061
0.0066
0.0064
0.0066
0.0063
0.0059
0.0058
0.0065
0.0058
0.0058
0.0065
0.0053
0.0072
h (m)
106.055
413.343
2.451
43.257
57.402
29.889
21.867
43.642
121.560
82.676
22.935
312.831
202.103
102.700
85.745
436.127
141.597
41.216
47.993
287.565
103.024
14.196
3.237
69.814
29.336
43.905
53
Ph lc 5
Kt qu thc hin chuyn cao bng GPS
54
Mc lc
M u............................................................................................................... 1
Chng I. Khi qut chung v cng ngh GPS ............................................ 5
1.1. Cu trc h thng GPS .......................................................................... 5
1. Phn khng gian (Space Segment) ..................................................... 6
2. Phn iu khin (Control Segment) ................................................... 8
3. on s dng (User Segment) ........................................................... 9
1.2. Cc nguyn l nh v GPS.................................................................. 10
1. nh v tuyt i .............................................................................. 10
2. nh v tng i ............................................................................. 16
1.3. Cc ngun sai s trong nh v GPS .................................................... 17
1.4. Cc ng dng ca GPS ........................................................................ 18
1.4.1. ng dng trong trc a.............................................................. 18
1.4.2. Cc ng dng GPS trong i sng ............................................. 19
Chng II. Cc phng php o cao........................................................... 20
2.1. Cc h thng cao ............................................................................ 20
2.2. H thng cao chnh ........................................................................ 20
2.3. H thng cao thng ...................................................................... 21
2.4. H thng cao trc a ..................................................................... 22
2.5. H thng cao ng hc................................................................... 22
2.2. o cao hnh hc .................................................................................. 23
2.2.1. Nguyn l o cao hnh hc ........................................................ 23
2.22. Mt s loi my dng trong o cao hnh hc ............................. 24
2.2.3. Mt s ngun sai s trong o cao hnh hc v cc bin php
lm gim bt sai s .............................................................................. 24
2.3. o cao lng gic ............................................................................... 26
2.3.1. Nguyn l chung ........................................................................ 26
2.4. Nguyn l o cao GPS......................................................................... 29
55

Chng III. Chuyn i cao trc a v cao thu chun cho
vng m Cm Ph - Mng Dng ............................................................... 32
3.1. Gii thiu chung.................................................................................. 32
3.2. S mng li thc nghim v kt qu o mng li thy chun
hng III Cm Ph - Mng Dng - Qung Ninh........................................ 33
3.3. Cng thc chuyn i cao trc a v cao thu chun cho
li GPS...................................................................................................... 35
3.3.1. Mng li thc nghim v m hnh ton xc nh cao
Geoid .................................................................................................... 35
3.3.2. Xy dng cng thc ni suy cao Geoid dng hm song
tuyn (3 tham s) ................................................................................. 37
3.4. Hiu chnh chnh cao trc a v chnh cao thy chun cho vng
Cm Ph - Mng Dng............................................................................. 38
3.4.1. Xc nh gc nghing v hng nghing tng th gia mt
Elipxoid v Geoid vng m Cm Ph - Mng Dng ...................... 38
3.4.2. Hiu qu s dng cng thc....................................................... 42
3.5. So snh chnh xc khi s dng m hnh Geoid osu 91A v
EGM 96 ...................................................................................................... 44
Kt lun v kin ngh ..................................................................................... 47
Ti liu tham kho ......................................................................................... 48
Phn ph lc
Ph lc 1
Ph lc 2
Ph lc 3
Ph lc 4
Ph lc 5
56

o cao bnh sai ca cc mc li o cao hng III Cm Ph - Mng Dng
Nr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Tn
107406
R-1
IV-14
R-98
IV-18
R-99
N-40
R-2
R-4
IV-02
DC-43
R-3
IV-06
M-10
IV-01
R-96
GT-03
IV-12
IV-16
IV-09
T-08
Hbs (m) MH (m)

Ghi ch
2.451
0.004
5.078
0.006
47.965
0.006
6.315
0.007
3.234
0.008
4.334
0.008
78.196
0.009
4.310
0.009
4.713
0.010
21.945
0.010
15.066
0.010
5.178
0.010
22.985
0.011
9.952
0.010
29.906
0.012
68.155
0.010
92.724
0.010
141.549
0.010
103.096
0.009 103.021 (-75mm)
102.621
0.011
77.037
0.011
57
Bng 1: Cc h thng cao v

cc phng php o cao
I. Cc h thng cao
1. H thng cao chnh

Cng thc:
H
g
N
Wn
WM
dW
1
N
g
gm
gdh
(1.1)
2. H thng cao thng

Cng thc :
1
H N
m
gdh
(1.2)
3. H thng cao trc a

H = H + = Hg + N
(1.3)
Trong : D thng cao

N - cao geoid(undulation)
4. H thng cao ng hc
Cng thc:
Hd
gdh
(1.4)
II. Cc phng php o cao
1. Phng php o cao hnh hc

Ta c cng thc sau:
hAB = a - b
(1.5)
a,b - l s c trn mia
58

2. Phng php o cao lng gic
Trong trng hp o n:
H B H A s cot gZ 1 C . S 2
Trong C
U 12
.S i V
"
1 k
2R
(1.6)
(1.7)
- Trong trng hp o kp ta c cng thc:

Z Z 2 U 12 U 21
H B H A Stg 1
. S i1 i2 V1 V2
2"
2
(1.8)
3. Phng php o cao GPS

i vi cao: hA = HA - A
(1.9)
i vi hiu cao
hAB = HAB - AB
(1.10)
59
Bng 2: Mng li GPS hng IV

Cm Ph - Mng Dng
Mng li trn c o bng 4 my thu GPS Trimble 4600LS trong 14

ca o (Session) vi di cc ca o l 60 pht. S cnh o l 74 cnh. Li
c o vo thng 11 nm 2003.
Cnh di nht l 5,9km
Cnh ngn nht l 1,2km
H to Ration nh nht l 1,7
Phng sai ln nht l 39,7
Sai s khp hnh tam gic ln nht l 1 : 131000
Li c bnh sai trong h HN72, L0 = 1080
60

Bng 3: Li o cao hng III Cm Ph - Mng dng
IV-06
IV-01
t08
iv-09
r96
m10
dc43
r3
iv-02
gt03
iv-12
R1
iv-16
II.19
107406
IV-14
R1
n40
R98
R99
R2
IV18
cao bnh sai ca cc mc li

Nr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Tn
107406
R-1
IV-14
R-98
IV-18
R-99
N-40
R-2
R-4
IV-02
DC-43
R-3
IV-06
M-10
IV-01
R-96
GT-03
IV-12
IV-16
IV-09
T-08
Hbs (m)
2.451
5.078
47.965
6.315
3.234
4.334
78.196
4.310
4.713
21.945
15.066
5.178
22.985
9.952
29.906
68.155
92.724
141.549
103.096
102.621
77.037
MH (m)
0.004
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.010
0.012
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.011
0.011
Ghi ch
103.021 (-75mm)
61
Bng 4: cao ca cc im song trng

TT
im
cao trc a
cao thu
cao Geoid
chun h
107404
106.147
107405
413.416
107406
2.451
107446
43.454
107447
57.654
IV-01
2.451
29.919
29.906
0.013
IV-02
22.092
21.945
0.147
IV-03
43.664
IV-04
121.642
10
IV-05
82.837
11
IV-06
23.099
22.985
0.114
12
IV-07
312.854
13
IV-08
202.090
14
IV-09
102.752
102.621
0.131
15
IV-10
85.843
16
IV-11
436.225
17
IV-12
141.724
141.549
0.175
18
IV-13
41.415
19
IV-14
48.068
47.965
0.104
20
IV-15
287.685
21
IV-16
103.178
103.021
0.157
22
IV-17
14.289
23
IV-18
3.403
3.234
0.169
24
IV-19
70.013
25
IV-20
29.470
26
IV-21
47.101
62
Bng 5. Tnh chuyn cao trc a v

cao thy chun
S dng hm song tuyn :
N = a0+ a1X + a2Y
(5-1)
S liu gii bi ton xp x hm c cho trong bng sau

TT
im
X(m)
Y(m)
N(m)
107406
2323852.106
422935.371
0.000
IV-01
2331718.588
425559.321
0.013
IV-02
2328405.657
433477.365
0.147
IV-06
2331773.683
431255.431
0.114
IV-09
2327943.769
425913.061
0.132
IV-12
2327899.366
429121.754
0.175
IV-14
2324908.275
426480.732
0.104
IV-16
2325680.500
430020.376
0.157
IV-18
2323314.679
430260.369
0.169
T cng thc (5.1) ta c phng trnh s hiu chnh sau:

Ta c h phng trnh chun nh sau:
Vi = a0 + a1 . Xi + a2 . Yi - Ni
(5 - 2)
AT . A . X + AT . L = 0
(5 - 3)
X = - (ATA)-1 . AT .L
(5 - 4)
T (5.2), (5.3) v (5.4) ta gii c 3 tham s a0, a1, a2 v lp c cng

thc thc nghim ni suy cao Geoid nh sau:
N = 8.891 - 0.00000666 . X + 0.0000157 . Y
(5 - 5)
T cng thc trn ti cc im song trng ta tnh c lch (V) v

nh gi sai s theo cng thc:
m0
VV
n3
(5 - 6)
63
Bng 6: Tnh chuyn chnh cao trc a v chnh cao

thu chun
Cng thc chnh cao c dng nh sau:
C h i,j = C
Hi,j + a.Di,j - Cos ( i,j - )
(6-1)
Bng 6a: To v cao ca cc im song trng

X(m)
Y(m)
im
107406
2323852.106
422935.371
2.451
2.451
IV-01
2331718.588
425559.321
29.919
29.906
IV-02
2328405.657
433477.365
22.092
21.945
IV-06
2331773.683
431255.431
23.099
22.985
IV-09
2327943.769
425913.061
102.752
102.621
IV-12
2327899.366
429121.754
141.724
141.549
IV-14
2324908.275
426480.732
48.068
47.965
IV-16
2325680.500
430020.376
103.178
103.021
IV-18
2323314.679
430260.369
3.403
3.234
H(trc a)
h(thu
TT
chun)
64
Bng 6b. Gi tr cc cnh

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
im u
107406
107406
107406
107406
107406
107406
107406
107406
IV-01
IV-01
IV-01
IV-01
IV-01
IV-01
IV-01
IV-02
IV-02
IV-02
IV-02
IV-02
IV-02
IV-06
IV-06
IV-06
IV-06
IV-06
IV-09
IV-09
IV-09
IV-09
IV-12
IV-12
im cui
IV-01
IV-02
IV-06
IV-09
IV-12
IV-14
IV-16
IV-18
IV-02
IV-06
IV-09
IV-12
IV-14
IV-16
IV-18
IV-06
IV-09
IV-12
IV-14
IV-16
IV-18
IV-09
IV-12
IV-14
IV-16
IV-18
IV-12
IV-14
IV-16
IV-18
IV-14
IV-16
Di,j
(km)
8.292
11.483
11.488
5.060
7.393
3.699
7.317
7.345
8.583
5.696
3.791
5.223
6.872
7.507
9.629
4.035
7.578
4.385
7.822
4.402
6.022
6.573
4.423
8.362
6.217
8.517
3.209
3.088
4.690
6.350
3.990
2.394
i,j
180 2648
66 38 18
46 24 20
36 02 42
56 48 23
73 24 40
75 31 47
94 11 46
112 42 16
89 26 45
174 38 47
136 59 32
172 17 42
143 32 32
150 46 40
326 35 12
266 30 21
263 22 11
243 26 28
231 45 04
212 17 20
234 21 48
208 50 33
214 49 03
191 27 30
186 42 33
90 47 34
169 24 27
118 51 22
136 47 53
221 26 36
157 57 09
Hi,j
27.468
19.641
20.648
100.301
139.273
45.617
100.727
0.952
-7.827
-6.820
72.833
111.805
18.149
73.259
-26.516
1.007
80.660
119.632
25.976
81.086
-18.689
79.653
118.625
24.969
80.079
-19.696
38.972
-54.684
0.426
-99.349
-93.656
-38.546
hi,j
27.455
19.494
20.534
100.170
139.098
45.514
100.570
0.783
-7.961
-6.921
72.715
111.643
18.059
73.115
-26.672
1.040
80.676
119.604
26.020
81.076
-18.711
79.636
118.564
24.980
80.036
-19.751
38.928
-54.656
0.400
-99.387
-93.584
-38.528
65

33
34
35
36
IV-12
IV-18
4.724
166 03 10
IV-14
IV-16
3.623
77 41 34
IV-14
IV-18
4.102
112 51 42
IV-16
IV-18
2.378
174 12 27
T 6-1 ta c phng trnh s hiu chnh sau:
-138.321
55.110
-44.665
-99.775
-138.315
55.056
-44.731
-99.787
Vi,j = a.Di,j. Cos (i,j - ) + (C Hi,j - C hi,j )
(6 - 2)
Ta bin i v dng sau:

Vi,j = Di,j . Cos i,j . P + Di,j - Sin i,j . Q + li,j
(6 - 3)
Trong :
P = a. cos ; Q = a.sin ; li,j = C Hi,j - C hi,j
(6 - 4)
a=
(6 - 5)
arctg
P2 Q2 ;
Q
P
Theo s liu ca bng 6b ta tnh c P v Q

P = 0,00665 0,00216
Q = - 0,01576 0,00202
Vy gi tr 2 tham s l
a = 0,0171 ; = 292053'
sau:
(6 - 6)
T ta c cng thc tnh chnh cao thu chun t chnh cao GPS nh
C hi,j = C Hi,j + 0,0171 . C i,j . cos ( i,j - 292053')
Trong :
(6 - 7)
Di,j - Tnh n v l km
i,j l phng v trong h to vung gc
Bng 6c. nh gi kt qu s dng cng thc

S
TT
Cnh GPS
D
(km)
ph.v
0
'
-N
htc
gh(IV)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
R-2 IV-14
6.746
2720 20
43.564
0.108
43.672
43.655
0.017
0.052
R-2 IV-18
3..229
246 12
-1.094
0.038
-1.056
-1.076
0.020
0.036
R-2 N-40
3.268
289 19
73.858
0.056
73..914
73.886
0.028
0.036
IV-18 IV-14
4.102
292 37
44.654
0.070
44.724
44.731
-0.007
0.041
IV-18 N-40
2.389
356 53
74.950
0.018
74.968
74.962
0.006
0.031
N-40 IV-14
3.745
257 34
-30.276
0.052
-30.224
-30.231
0.007
0.039
IV-18 IV-14
4.102
292 37
44.622
0.070
44.692
44.731
-0.039
0.041
66

8
IV-18 R-98
0.576
305 03
3.071
0.010
3.081
3.081
0.015
N-40 IV-14
3.745
257 34
-30.294
0.052
-30.242
-30.231
-0.011
0.039
10
R-98 N-40
2.083
9 28
71.844
0.008
71.852
71.881
-0.029
0.029
Bng 7: Kt qu tnh s dng m hnh Geoid
So snh cao nhn c theo cc phng n khc nhau

h GPS
h GPS
STT Tn im EGM-96 OSU-91A
(m)
(m)
h TC
(m)
h GPS
(m)
1
(m)
2
(m)
3
(m)
107406
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451 0.000 0.000 0.000
IV-01
29.947
29.889
29.906
29.918 -0.041 0.017 -0.012
IV-02
21.777
21.867
21.945
22.091 0.168 0.078 -0.146
IV-06
22.911
22.935
22.985
23.097 0.074 0.050 -0.112
IV-09
102.705
102.700 102.621 102.757 -0.084 -0.079 -0.136
IV-12
141.556
141.597 141.549 141.723 -0.007 -0.048 -0.174
IV-14
47.953
IV-16
102.946
IV-18
3.129
47.993
47.965
48.070 0.012 -0.028 -0.105
103.024 103.021 103.178 0.075 -0.003 -0.157

3.237
3.234
3.402 0.105 -0.003 -0.168
T bng trn ta c:
1 = hTC - hGPS EGM - 96
(7 - 1)
2 = hTC - hGPS OSU - 91A
(7 - 2)
= hTC - HGPS
(7 - 3)
T ta c cng thc sau:

m
(7 - 4)
Vi:
m1 = 0,081
m2 = 0,050
m hnh EGM - 96
m hnh 0Su - 91 A
(7 - 5)
(7 - 6)
67

m3 = 0,128
khng s dng m hnh no
(7 - 7)
68

Do Cao GPS Va Ung Dung Tren Vung Mo CamPha QuangNinh PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Do Cao GPS Va Ung Dung Tren Vung Mo CamPha QuangNinh PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Sinh vin thc hin:

PGS. TS. ng Nam chinh

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Cng ngh GPS c a vo ng dng trong cng tc trc a

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

1.1. Cu trc h thng GPS

T nhng nm 1960 cng vi s tin b ca k thut in t, ch to tn

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

(X, Y, Z)j : ta ca v tinh

Hnh I.1. nh v tuyt i o khong cch gi

Hay dng tuyn tnh:

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Trong : Ri(t) khong cch gi o c gia v tr quan trc v v tinh i

y ta coi ng h ca cc v tinh ng b vi nhau v chy ng

Sau khi p dng khai trin Taylor v gi li s hng bc nht ca dxP,

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Theo k hiu trn, vi 4 v tinh chng ta c 4 phng trnh vit dng

T h phng trnh (1.2.10) c th gii c vect n s x gm 4 n s

Trong trng hp ny nu coi cc khong cch gi o c l cng

Vc t n s x s nhn c t kt qu gii h phng trnh chun:

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

nh gi chnh xc cc n s, s dng ma trn nghch o ca ma

Tng ng vi th t cc n s ta c th vit cc phn t ca ma trn Q

Vi k hiu nh trn ta s tnh c sai s v tr im nh v tuyt i

Ngi ta k hiu PDOP QX , X QY ,Y QZ , Z

PDOP l phn tn chnh xc ca v tr im (Position Dilution of

Ngi ta k hiu TDOP QT ,T

TDOP l phn tn chnh xc i vi thi gian (Time Ditution of

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Nh vy trong h to khng gian a tm XYZ chng ta c cc

VDOP l phn tn chnh xc v cao (Vertical Dilution of

Cng tng t nh PDOP, cc gi tr GDOP, HDOP, VDOP, TDOP u

trong : R l ma trn xoay

QP l ma trn con (3 x 3) ca ma trn Q (1.2.18)

Do tnh cht trc giao ca ma trn xoay R cho nn:

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

Trong thc t, ta nhn c tr s DOP nh khi cc v tinh phn b u

: l hiu s gia hai thi im o

Khi ly sai phn bc mt gia hai my thu n cng mt v tinh j vo

th sai s ca ng h my thu s c loi b. Khi ly sai phn bc hai:

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

C ba loi sai s ng h my thu, sai s ng h v tinh v sai s xc

Nh chng ta bit bt k loi my no d hin i n u cng

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng

n tt nghp - Trng i hc M - a cht

1.4.1. ng dng trong trc a

Phng Th Tng Lp Trc a K44 Sng