22-1488 Student Kit

22-1489 Classroom Kit

Carolind. Dissection Forensic

TEACHER'SMANUAL WITH STUDENTGUIDE

MNOHilA
& IvIath World-Cbs Suppottfor Science

Student Guide 21-1488 22-1489

Name Date

Carolina" Forensic Dissection

Objectives
Conduct an extemal investigation of a fetal pig following an auropsyprotocol. Conduct an intemal investigation of a fetal pig following an autopsyprotocol. Examine tissues, organs,$Fstems, and body fluids and note any abnormalities. Compare and contrast the fetal pig heart and kidney with an adult pig heart and kidney. ' Observe prepared slide sectionsof a lung artery and vein, stomach, liver, kidney, and reproductive tissues.

Background
You will examine a fetal pig using the protocol of a human autopsy.The anatomy of a fetal pig is very similar to human anatomy.A fetal pig's extemal featuressuch as birth marks, hair, and skin, and internal featuressuch as organs,systems, and tissuesare very much like those of a human. Autopsy is a Geek word meaning "to seefor oneself." The rwo types of human autopsiesare clinical (done in hospitals to determine the causeof death, usually for researchor due to a family request) and forensic (done for legal purposeswhen "foul play" is suspected,as popularizedby crime sceneinvestigation television shows). You will assumethe role of a forensic pathologist as you examine your fetal pig specimen. In real life, a forensic pathologist (sometimesknown as a Prosector) conducts an autopsyto determine the causeof death. The Prosectoris usually helped by a morgue assistantknown as a Diener (pronounced DEE'nur). The ffirmation obtained from an autopsycan be admitted as evidence in a couft of law for convicting a person(s) responsiblefor the victim's death. A forensic pathologist is a physician who has graduatedfrom medical school and doesa residency(44years of training in pathologyand forensic pathology) which will qualify a candidate to sit for a board exam. In passingthi, exam, one can be referred to as "board certified" in forensic pathology. In a lab group of fouq,your teacher may assignrwo students to assistthe Prosector and Diener. A Materials Manager organizesand hands dissection instruments to the Prosectorand Diener, and a Recorder records all of the Prosector'sand Diener's measurementsand observations.The Recorder may also take digital photographsof the extemal and intemal examinations and include them in the ftnal autopsy report. Rememberthat the mindset of a forensic pathologist is one of a true scientist. During an autopsy,the forensic pathologist examinesthe body with utmost care and professionalism, recording a[ of lhe minute details of what is seenextemally and intemally that could have causedthe person's death. As you conduct the investigation, you will remove all of the organ sfstemsfrom the body caviry.This givesyou a better view of all the organsin each systemand how spaceis conservedthrough the folding and placement of the organswithin the body cavrty.If needed, refer to the glossaryat the end of this Student Guide for more information on terms used in this protocol. You will conclude your investigation by placing all of the organsand connective tissueback into the body cavity. Then, you will suture the incision with baseballstitches using a surgeon'scurved suture needle and thread. In the real world, the human body would then be sent to the morruary where it would be embalmed and dressedfor public viewing or cremated without embalming.
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Procedures
both The best forensicpathologists have excellentobservationalskills. From your detailedobservations, extemally and intemally, try to determine the pig's behavioq characteristics,locomotion, diet, method of reproduction, etc. Other questionsto considerwould be: Is it a mammal and why? Is it male or female? How would this animal defend itselfl

A, External Anatomy
1. Each group should obtain a dissecting pan, an absorbantpad to place under the pan, a fetal pig, and gloves).Use the dissectingequipment,and personalprotective equipment (apron,goggles, Autopsy Report for recording all observations. 2. \Ueigh the fetal pig. Recordthe weight in pounds and in gmms (1 lb - 454 d. 3. Measurethe length of the pig from the tip of the noseto the baseof the tail. String works better than a ruler since it bends and follows the curvature of the body.Next, measurethe string with a metric ruler to determine the pig's length in centimeters. The ageof your fetal pig from conception can be determinedfrom the overall length. Seethe table that follows.

Irogth of Specimen 4cm

Approximate Age in Days From Fertilization

56 days 75 days 100days nZ-115 days(full term)

20 cm 25 cm 30 cm

4. As you begin to examine the fetal pig, keep the following orientation terms in mind when describing the location of extemal and intemal features. Dorsal side- the top sideor above Ventral side - the lower side Anterior - toward the head or front Posterior- toward the tail or rear Lateral - toward the side Medial - toward the midline Proximal - near a point of reference Distal - away from a point of reference *Right - structures to the right of the "dorsal" midline *l-eft - structures to the left of the "dorsal" midline *Note: When observing internal structures from the ventral side, or belly, left and right will be reversed (e.g., the right kidney will be viewed on your left). 5. Carefully examine the extemal featuresof your pig beginning with the head. P"y attention to the amount and color of hair, birth marks, and other unique markings. Record your findings asyou examine the mouth, nostrils, tongue, ears,and eyes. 6. Examine the dorsalside and appendages. Paycloseattention to the feet. Describein detail each foot and envision how this animal would walk and run.

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7. Examine the ventral side,or abdomen.Note any unusualmarkings.Note the location and number
of mammary papillae. Observe the end of the umbilical cord and identifi the umbilical cord vein, artery and allantoic duct.

8. Determine the sex of your pig by locating the extemal genitalia (scrotum and urogenital opening for
the male, or the genital papilla for the female).Seethe following diagram.
Umbilical cord

Urogenitalopening

Genitalpapilla

Figure 1. View of external genitalia

B. Incisions for Internal Anatomy

1. Put an absorbantpad under the dissectingtray. Place the pig in the dissectingtray on its back. The diener slidesa "body block" (sponge)under the back until it restsunder the shoulders(front legs). As in a human autopsy,the block causes the neck and arms (pig'sfront legs)to fall back while elevating the chest so thar the ftrst incision of the trunk is easierto make. 2. For a befter view of the abdomen,you can pull the hind legsfarther apart by rfrng a string around one of the hind legs,pulling the string undemeath the dissectingpan, and then ryrng it to the other hind leg. You can do the sameprocedurefor the front legs.Large rubber bandsconnected together will also work well (seeFigure2).
Figure 2. Pig in a dissecting tray

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a scalpel,the diener makesa Yshaped incision. The arrnsof the Y start from the top of each shoulder anterior to the front legsand come down to the stemum which is directly over the heart betweenthe front legs.The incision should be just deepenough to cut through the muscularchest wall. Cut away the tissuefrom the undersideof the flap of skin formed by the arms of the Y. Continue to cut the tissueasyou pull the flap back toward the nose until the protruding larynx is exposed.

. *._-:-+*

4. Continue cutting the tail of the Y down the middle of the abdomento the top of the umbilical cord. If the pig is a male, cut a semicircle around the anterior portion of the umbilical cord, then cut straight down on each side of the abdomenjust outsidethe left and right rows of teats.If the pig is a Gmale,the incision should encircle the entire umbilical cord, then with a singlecut, continue sraight down to the genitalia. SeeFigure3 for theseincisions. 5. The prosectorcuts the skin, muscle, and soft tissues of the chestwall on top and on both sides,exposingthe chest plate (stemum and rib cage). All of the remaining cuts will be done by the prosector, with the diener assisting. 6. Using dissectingscissors, start at the bottom of the ribcage and cut the ribs in half going up the nght and left sidesof the stemum. 7. The chest plate can now be lifted up and the connectingtissuecut away.Completely remove the chest plate, exposingthe heart, lungs,and liver. SeeFigure4. 8. All of the organsof the trunk can now be removedin "one block." Use a scalpelto free the larynx and esophagus.Make a cut just below the larynx and pull the attached trachea downward. Detach the chest organsfrom the spinewith your scalpel. 9. Cut the diaphragm away from the body cavity and pull the abdominal organs out and down. The only remaining attachments to the organsare pelvic ligaments,the bladder and the recrum. These can be severed with a scalpelor scissors, then all the organscan be removedin one block.

Figure 3. Y-shaped incision

Figure 4. Lifting up the chest plate

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10. Placethe entire block of organsin an adjacentdissectingpan. Note how all the organsare connected and how their symmetry allows for a perfect fit in the body cavity. 11. Place the empty body cavity back into the original plastic bag and securethe the open end with paper clips to maintain a moist environment for the skin and muscle tissues.

C. RespiratorySystemand Endocrine System

1. Locate the larynx and follow the ribbed trachea until it branchesinto two bronchi that each lead to a lung. The right lung should ha'i'e four lobes and the left lung should have three lobes.Note that the lungs are quite small as compared to the rest of the abdominal organs.\7hy? Try inserting a drinking straw into the opening of the larynx and blow into it. Observe what happensto the lungs. DO NOT INHALE. There is the danger that you could ingest someof the preservativesolution. 2. I-ocate the esophagus(dorsal to the trachea), which is flat when it doesnot contain food, and separate it from the rest of the chest organsusing a blunt probe. 3. L.ocatethe thymus on either side of the trachea and extending over the heart. This is an endocrine gland involved in the immune systemduring infancy. 4. Ventral to the thymus and dorsal to the trachea is a small reddish brown oval structure. This is the thyroid, an endocrine gland that producesthyroxine for regulating metabolic rates. Remove the thymus and thyroid with your dissectingscissors, measurethe length in cm, weigh each of them in grams,and record this data on your autopsyreport. 5. The diaphragmis locatedjust abovethe liver. This curved muscleseparates the thorax from the abdomen and is responsiblefor breathing. As it contracts and moves downward the chest cavity expandsand the lungs fill with air. As it relaxesand moves up, it forces air out of the lungs. 6. Carefully cut the left and right lobes of the lungs from the bronchi wlth your dissectingscissors, measure,weigh the right and left lobes separately, and record their weights on your autopsyreport. '107ith a scapel,make 0.5-cm crosssectionsof one of the lung lobeslike you would slice a loaf of 7. bread. See if you can observethe secondarybronchi with a magnifiringglass. 8. View the prepared slide Mammal Lung Section, showing a crosssection of bronchioles and alveoli, where gasexchangetakesplace. 9. Answer the reflection questionsfor the RespiratorySystemand Endocrine System.

D. Circulatory System
1. Cut away the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and cut the pulmonary artery (adjacent to the aofta on the left side) where it exits the heart. Using a blunt probe, check for any evidence of blockage.In humans,a clot from other parts of the body can be trappedthere as it movesthrough the heart. This occurrenceis higher for post-surgery hospital patients. 2. l-ocate the coronary artery and the coronary vein in the groove between the two ventricles. These blood vessels supplyand drain the cardiacmuscletissueof the heart. If the coronary arterieshave a blockage,a heart attack can occur. These blocked arteries in humans are the ones that are bypassed during "bypasssurgery" often using veins from the patient's leg. locate the five main vessels for blood flow into and out of the pig's heart (anterior vena cava and posterior vena cava, pulmonary artery pulmonary vein, and aorta). Also, locate the left and right auricles (earlike flaps extending from the aria) and the left and right ventricles. SeeFigure 5.

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Brachiocephalic artery

Left subclavian artery

Anterior vena cava

Ductusarteriosus
Right auricle

Right atrium

Coronaryartery

Fight ventricle

Left vsntricle

Figure5. Anterior view of the heart 3. Cut all the arteries and veins surrounding the heart and remove it. Measure the length of the heart in cm and the weight in grams,and record the data on the autopsyrepoft. 4. Orient the heart as shown in Figure 6. Carefully make a longitudinal section by starting at the anterior end near the aorta and cutting downwardwith your scissors to exposethe four chambers (left and right atria, and left and right ventricles). \7hen looking at the bottom half of your section,locate the two valves on the right side of the heart (viewed on your left), the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve of the pulmonary artery and the rwo valves on the left side of the heart, the mitral valve and the aortic valve of the aorta.

Tricuspid Mitral valve

Figure 6. Chambers and valyes of the heart

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J.

Try to visualizehow blood flows through the heart. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenatedblood into the right atrium. After passingthrough the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery going to the lungs. The left atrium receivesthe oxygenatedblood from the lungs, and then the through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood passes oxygenatedblood through the aortic valve, into the aorta, and out to the body. Keep these two halvesof the fetal pig heart to comparelater with those of an adult pig heart. septum, the foramen ovale, which allows blood to passfrom the right atrium to the left atrium. This pulmonary circulation. This hole closesafter birth. bypasses

6. The left and right atria are separatedby the interatrial septum. Mammal fetuseshave a hole in the

7. View the preparedslide Mammal Artery and Vein (crosssection).Note the ring of smoothmuscle
that lines the wall of the artery.This is designedto expand as the heart contracts, forcing blood through the arteries, and then retum to its original position as the heart relaxes.This helps to maintain a fairly constant blood pressureat all times. Adjacent to the artery is a vein crosssection which has a small amount of smooth muscle that can expand a little, but cannot snapback as quickly as an artery between beats.One-way valves help to prevent blood from flowing backward in the veins.

8. Answer the reflection questionsfor the Circulatory System.

E. Digestive System 1. Just below the diaphragm is the live6 located at the top of the abdominal cavity. This liver has five lobes. The top lobes are named the right and left medial lobes,the lower lobes are the right and left lateral lobes, and the lower middle lobe is the caudate lobe. The liver breaks down ingestedtoxins and drugs as well as the waste byproducts of protein metabolism. It is also a storagesite for vitamins, iron, and glycogen. 2. Dorsal to the right medial lobe is a small, green sac-likestructure called the gall bladder.This structure storesbile produced by the liver. Bile is secretedinto the small intestine to emulsifr fat. Detach the gall bladder,measureits length, weigh it, and record the data on your autopsyrepoft. 3. Note the umbilical vein connectedto the caudatelobe of the liver. Cut this vein, along with the anterior and posterior vena cava, the portal vein, the bile duct, and the connective tissue.Remove the liver for weighing. Record its weight on your autopsyreport. units known as 4. View the preparedslide Mammal Liver Section. Observe the hexagonal-shaped lobules, which are composedof layersof liver cells called hepatocytes.These cells filter toxic substances from the blood. Blood entersthe lobulesfrom the portal veins and hepatic arteries located at the verticesof theseunits. The blood then drains to the center of the lobule (central vein), contacting the hepatocytecells that provide purification. 5. Upon removal of the liver, the stomach and spleenwill be fully exposed.The spleenis a brown, flat structure ly-g dorsal to the stomach. Part of the lymphatic system,the spleenfilters the blood for old red blood cells,makesnew red and white cells,and producesantibodies.Removethe spleen, measureits length, weigh it, and record the data on your autopsyreport. down to where it enters the upper section of the stomach known as 6. Tlace the path of the esophagus the cardiacregion. Located at this entrance is the cardiacsphincteqwhich allowsfood to enter the Above the cardiac stomach and can contract to prevent food from going back up the esophagus. region is the fundus, and just below that is the the largestportion of the stomach,the curved region known as the body, or corpus.At the lower end is the pyloric region, including the pyloric sphincteq which controls the passage of food into the small intestine.

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just above the cardiac sphincter and cutting the 7. Remove the stomach by cutting the esophagus just pyloric Measure the length and weight of the stomach and sphincter. small intestine below the record the data on the autopsyreport. cut the stomach in half longitudinally. You will 8. Starting at the anterior end with dissectingscissors, find that the stomach is full of a green material, which appearsto be digestedfood, known as meconium. This is amniotic fluid that the fetal pig has swallowed,along with mucous and cells from '\il(iash the skin and digestivetract. both halvesof the stomachwith water from a washbottle oi faucet. Observe the stomach lining and note the many folds, known as rugae.These are designedto stretch outward, allowing the stomach to expand as it fills with food. Gastric glandsbetween the rugae produce pepsinogenand hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid converts the pepsinogen into pepsin, a key ena/me for protein digestion. 9. View the preparedslide Fundic Stomach,crosssection.You will seethe gastricpits that fold in from the outer tissue layers. Lining those pits are the chief cells (resemblingfried eggswith nuclei in the center) and the parietal cells (cel[ nuclei lyittg next to the cell wall). The parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid, and the chief cells producepepsinogen. 10. Lift the upper end of the small intestine. Ly-g ventrally to the small intestine is the pancreas,which is lighter in color than the stomach or intestines. The pancreasis an endocrine gland aswell as an exocrine gland that producespancreatic juice and the hormones insulin, glucagon,and it to help regulateblood sugar somatostatin.Insulin decreases and glucagonincreases blood sugar, levels.Somatostatininhibits the release of both of thesehormones. LL. The small intestine is comprisedof three main sssli6ns-the duodenum (adjacentto the stomach), the jejunum (middle section), and the ileum (the terminal section adjacentto the largeintestine). 12. I-ocatethe ileocecalvalve at the junction of the small and largeintestine.You can feel this sphincter of material from the by rolling it between your thumb and forefinger.This valve controls the passage small to the large intestine. 13. Look just below the junction of the small and large intestine and you will seethe caecum,the large pouch-like structure of the large intestine, which is enclosedat one end. The bacteria in this structure secretethe ena/mecellulase, which helps digestcellulosefrom plant material.These of termites which enablesthem to bacteria are similar to the protozoansin the digestive systems into the appendix (a smallvestigialstructure digestwood. In humans,the caecumhas degenerated that makeslittle or no contribution to digestion). L4. To remove the small intestine, cut the posteriorend just abovethe caecumand cut awaythe connective tissue (mesentery)surrounding the coils. Observe the lymph nodes in the mesentery that help filter pathogensfrom the lymph fluid. Lift the small intestine and the pancreasconnected to it away from the rest of the organs.Then remove the pancreasfrom the small intestine, weigh it, measureits length, and record the data on the autopsyreport. 'Weigh 15. the small intestine and record the data on the autopsyreport. 16. Carefully cut away the mesenterythat holds the coils of the small intestine together,Uncoil the small intestine, measureits length in cm, and record the data on the autopsyreport. For pigsand humans, the length of the small intestine is approximately five times that of their body length. Is this true for your pig? Record the length of the small intestine in your autopsyreport. 17. Cut a}-cmsection of the small intestine from the terminal ileum. Slit it lengthwiseand place it in and locate the fingersomewater in a petri dish. Examine the section through a stereomicroscope like villi, with their smaller microvilli. These folding structures,rich in capillaries and ly.ph nodules,provide a largesurfacefor the absorptionof digestedfood. In fact, most digestionoccursin from the digestivejuices of the small intestine, with the breakdownof fats, proteins,and starches the liver, pancreas, and small intestine.
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18. The large intestine is next in the digestive tract. It is composedof a spiral colon, ascendingcolon, descendingcolon, rectum, and anus. The spiral colon is the coiled portion on the left side of the abdomen. This the longest portion of the colon. The next portion is the ascendingcolon, in the right abdomen and just below the caecum. This turns into the descendingcolon, which runs vertically down to the rectum, a dark tube that opensinto the anus.Removethe entire colon (large intestine) and weigh it. Record this weight on the autopsysheet.Cut a }-cmsection from the spiral end, slit it lengthwise,and place it in somewater in a petri dish. Observethe inner lining with a stereomicroscope. Does it look the sameas the small intestine?Recordyour observations on the autopsy sheet. The colon is primarily responsiblefor consolidating waste by removing most of the water from it. Bacteria in the colon help ferment any remaining carbohydratesand produce vitamin K for absorption. The compacted waste is eliminated through the anus. 19. Answer the reflection questionsfor the DigestiveSystem.

E Urogenital System
1. You should now be able to seethe kidneysthat normatly tie on the dorsalwall on both sidesof the spine. 2. Remove each kidney by cutting the ureter as it exits the kidney. \Ueigh the left and right kidney, measurethe lengths,and record the data on the autopsysheet.Do they both have the sameweight and length? 3. Cut one kidney in half longitudinally from the anterior to the posterior end. You should be able to seethree distinct regions-the renal pelvis (funnel-like structure exiting the kidney), the medulla (dark tissuein the center), and the cortex (tissuein the outer rim). SeeFigure 7. The cortex and medulla contain nephronswhich filter the blood to regulatethe optimum amount of salts,water,

Gapsule Cortex Medulla Pyramid Papilla Column Hilus Renal artery Renal vein Major calyx Minor Pyramid

Arcuate artery
Arcuate vein Interlobar lnterlobar vein

Figure 7. The kidney

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glucose,minerals, and pH that must be maintained for homeostasis. All excess amounts of electrolytes,metabolites,and cellular wastesare excreted into the urine through the renal pelvis and out the ureter. 4. View the preparedslide Mammal Kidney (median sagittal section). You will seethe round, dark glomeruli enclosedin Bowan'scapsulesin the outer coftex region. These are the filtering units of the nephrons. In the medulla,you will seethe loopsof Henle and the collecting tubulesof the nephrons. 5. l.ocate the two uretersagainand follow them down to the urinary bladder (a thin muscularsacthat lies betweenthe umbilical arteries). 6. Find the urethra, which empties the bladder. For females,urine empties into the urogenital sinus and exits the body at the urogenital oriftce just above the anus. For males, urine emptiesinto the penis and exits at the urogenital opening just below the umbilical cord. will have a pair of small, 7. The reproductiveorgansshouldbe the last structuresto locate. Females just oval-shapedorganscalled ovaries,located below each kidney.Connectedto each ovary is a small tube known as an oviduct that transports eggsto a larger tube (uterine hom), which is connected to a small muscular uterus. Unlike humans, who do not have uterine homs, multiple fertilized eggsof the pig will implant themselvesin the horns rather than in the small uterus. This allowsfor the accommodationof litters as large as 10-12 pigs.In addition to eggs,the ovaries producethe femalesexhormones,estrogen,and progesterone. 8. View the slide Mammal GraafianFollicles(section).You will seecircular Graafianfollicles.Someof these will have an oocyte, or egg,inside them. Femalepigs,like all other mammals,are bom with all the eggsthey will ever produce. 9. Tlace the uterus down to the vagina, which is part of a Yconnection to the urogenital sinus. The to the outside through other branch of the Y is the urethra coming from the bladder.Urine is passed the urogenital oriftce. As the female pig matures into an adult, the urogenital sinus shrinks, forming two separateextemal openingsfor the vagina and urethra. 10. The male reproductivesystemconsists of two oval testesthat rest inside a sac-likestructure known completelyinto the asthe scrotum. In the male fetal pig, the testesmay not have descended scrotum.In adults,the extemal scrotum allows the testesto be cooler than normal body temperatures, which is necessary for normal spennproduction. The vas deferens 11. Locate the epididymis,a coiled structure that carriesspermto the vas deferens. penis penis. The is locatedjust behind the connectsto the urethra, and the urethra connectsto the urogenital opening adjacent to the umbilical cord. 12, Vew the slide Mammal Epididymis(section).Note the largepopulation of spermcomposed of a head (nucleus)and a flagellum. 13. Find the pair of seminalvesicles on either side of the small,flat prostategland located at the junction of the urethra and the vas deferens. 14. Locate the bulbourethralglands(a pair of long glandsat the junction of the urethra and penis). glandsproduce the fluids that transport the sperm as they are expelled through the These accessory penis during ejaculation. 15. Answer the reflection questionsfor the Urogenital System.

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G. FetalPig Heart Vertus Adult Pig Heart

1. Comparethe extemalhalvesof your fetal pig heart with the extemal halvesof the adult pig heart
dissectedby your teacher.Note the similarities aswell as the differencesbetween the two different and musclethickness,etc. Recordyour valves,vessels, of the chambers, hearts,such as the sizes observationson your autopsyreport. 2. Compare the intemal halves of your fetal pig heart with the intemal halves of the adult pig heart dissectedby your teacher.Note the similarties aswell as the differencesbetween the nvo different hearts and record these on your autopsyreport.

H. Fetal Pig Kidney VersusAdult Pig Kidney

L. Compare the extemal halvesof your fetal pig kidney with the extemal halvesof the adult pig kidney dissectedby your teacher.Note the similarities aswell as the differencesbetween the rwo different kidneys and record these on your autopsyreport. 2. Compare the intemal halves of your fetal pig kidney with the intemal halves of the adult pig kidney dissectedby your teacher.Note the similarties as well as the differencesberween the rwo different kidneys and record these on your autopsyreport.

I. The Final Steps

1. The final stepsof a human autopsyinclude the placement of all the organsback into the body cavity, . not necessarilyin their original locations, or to incinerate the organsand pack the body cavity with filler material. The idea is to give the body cavity a normal shapefor viewing at a moftuary. 2. You will follow the protocol of placing all of the organsback into the body cavity (thorax and abdomen), arranging them to approximate the original body shape,suturing the "Y" incision, editing and ftling your autopsyreport, and disposingof the specimen. 3. Thread your suture needle (caution, sharp tip) with 5 feet of black nylon line (provided). Divide the line into two equal portions and tie a knot at the open ends. Starting at the bottom of the Y incision, insert the needle into either side of the incision and start a "running stitch" with over and under stitches on both sides,like baseballstitches.Pull the incision closedasyou work along the opening. At the end of the incision pull the string taut and tie another knot. Cut off any remaining string. 4. Once you have completed the forensic dissectionactivity, edit your autopsyreport with all the membersof your group and tum it in to your teacher,along with any digital photos of the examination. 5. Follow your teacher's instructions regarding disposalof your sutured pig.

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