Acidity of Urine In determining the acidity of urine, used the universal indicator inserted into the fresh urine.

An accurate measurement of urinary pH can be done only on a freshly voided specimen. From the observations, by looking at the color change on the universal indicator pH and compared with the list of colors available on the acidity of the universal indicator, 7 of the 8 OP has a pH of urine 6-7, while 1 OP diabetics have a pH of 5 is slightly more acidic urine. This depends on the input of food and drink consumed. If many consume protein, urine more acidic, otherwise vegetarian will urine is alkaline. In people who are not vegetarians, the pH of urine tends to be acidic. A diet rich in citrus fruits, legumes, and vegetables raises the pH and produces urine that is more alkaline. Most of the bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections make the urine more alkaline because the bacteria split urea into ammonia and other alkaline waste products. Therefore, any condition which produce acid or alkaline in the body or the consumption of foods that are acidic or alkaline, can directly affect the pH of the urine. A urine pH of 4 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), and 9 is strongly alkaline. Based on literature, the urine is normally has pH between 4.5 8. So, it can be concluded that all the OP has a normal pH of urine. In a pH balanced body, urine is slightly acid in the morning (pH = 6.5 - 7.0), generally becoming more alkaline (pH = 7.5 - 8.0) by evening in healthy people primarily because no food or beverages are consumed while sleeping. Whereas, during the day the body buffers the pH of the food and beverages consumed by releasing electrolytes and the pH level goes up. This process allows the kidneys to begin the elimination process slowly. The kidneys maintain normal acid-base balance primarily through the reabsorption of sodium and the tubular secretion of hydrogen and ammonium ions. Urine becomes increasingly acidic as the amount of sodium and excess acid retained by the body increases. Alkaline urine, usually containing bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, is normally excreted when there is an excess of base or alkali in the body. Secretion of an acid or alkaline urine by the kidneys is one of the most important mechanisms the body uses to maintain a constant body pH. However, the pH of urine can range from an extremely unhealthy low of 4.5 to a high if 8.5, which it tolerates a little easier, depending on the acid/base status of the extracellular fluids. A high pH value may indicate the body is over buffering to compensate for a physiological system that is too acidic. Urine pH is an important screening test for the diagnosis of renal disease, respiratory disease, and certain metabolic disorders.

Test of Proteins with Acetic Acid Acetic acid test : a test that detects the presence of albumin proteins in the urine. The urine is heated until cloudy and then several drops of acetic acid are added. If cloudiness increases that the test is positive for albumin. With recalled 3-5 drops acetic acid in urine that heat, so it can be detected whether or not protein in urine by looking at high turbidity in urine. Presence of phosphates, carbonates, proteins gives a white cloud formation. Add acetic acid 1-2 drops, if the cloud persists it indicates it is protein (acetic acid dissolves the carbonates/phosphates. Based on observations, 7 OP showed a negative result on the test protein. One OP which is a diabetic patients, showing a positive result with protein concentration > 0.5 percent. People with diabetes are most at risk of developing proteinuria. This could happen for diabetics having kidney damage . When kidney function is damaged, a number of albumin (the main protein in the blood) in urine by itself increased. Protein is normally not found in the urine. Fever, hard exercise, pregnancy, and some diseases, especially kidney disease, may cause protein to be in the urine. Normally, only small plasma proteins filtered at the glomerulus are reabsorbed by the renal tubule. However, a small amount of filtered plasma proteins and protein secreted by the nephron (TammHorsfall protein) can be found in normal urine. Normal total protein excretion does not usually exceed 150 mg/24 hours or 10 mg/100 ml in any single specimen. More than 150 mg/day is defined as proteinuria. Proteinuria > 3.5 gm/24 hours is severe and known as nephrotic syndrome. Some conditions that can cause proteinuria is: kidney disease, nephropaty (glomerulonephritis due to diabetes, pielonefritis, nephrosis lipoid), fever, hypertension, multiple myeloma, poisoning pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia), urinary tract infections (urinary tract infection). Proteinuria is also found in the healthy after physical work, urination that darkness or stress because of his emotion. There are three main factors that cause proteinuria: there is a problem in the glomerulus xcess amounts of protein in the blood (overflow proteinuria) due to the low reabsorption in the proximal tubule (Fanconi).

Glucose in Urine test with Benedict In the experiment test glucose in urine by using reagent Benedict on the basis of glucose as the substance reduction. Glucose have to reduce. Ion cupri reduced to cupro and settle in the form red brick. All the sugar solution which has clusters of free aldehyde or ketone will give a positive reaction. Reducing sugar covers all types of monosaccharides and some disaccharides such as lactose and maltose. Sucrose give negative reactions because they had no cluster active (aldehid/ketone free). Test of glucose with benedict observed with a color change in benedict urine after heat. The method benedict many used in clinical laboratory because it is only use one type of solution is to interpret a lot of sugar a rough and use urine material that is very little. Based on the test results, 7 OP result showed a negative effect that is not that contains glucose in their urine. However, 1 OP which is a diabetic patients (NN), did not show color change that positive. Colors are formed in samples NN blue muddy and not in accordance with the table specification determining the level of glucose. A mistake is possible because of the lack of warming and reactions that occur not fully carried out. Supposedly, in patients with diabetes will be found to contain glucose in urine. Urine containing glucose may be a sign of diabetes. Further tests must be done to ensure what type of reducing sugar present in the urine. Only glucose that indicate diabetes. In renal diabetes, blood glucose level is not elevated, but there is a hereditary deficiency of glucose transporters in the PCT, which causes glucose to remain in the tubular fluid. Glucose is the type of sugar found in blood. Normally there is very little or no glucose in urine. When the blood sugar level is very high, as in uncontrolled diabetes, the sugar spills over into the urine. Glucose can also be found in urine when the kidneys are damaged or diseased, (Pagana, 2010). But reduction positive, not always mean patients suffer from Diabetes. This is because the use the reduction can be false positive result in urine, due to the ingredients reduktor besides glucose. Reduktor material which can lead to positive reaction fake among others: galaktosa, fructose, lactose, pentose, formalin, glukuronat and medicines such as streptomycin, salicilate acid, and vitamin C. Therefore, it have to be done tests more to ensure that type of sugar reduction that contained in a sample urine. The use of an enzymatic method is more sensitive than by reduction. Enzymatic method can detect the level of glucose urine to 100 mg/dl, while in the reduction was only up to 250 mg/dl. The threshold renal in the normal situation for glucose is 160-180 mg percent.

Conclusion

1. All OP has pH urine is a normal, ranging from 5-6. 2. Acidity urine is dependent on food and beverage type that should be consumed or any condition which produce acid or alkaline in the body. 3. Secretion of an acid or alkaline urine by the kidneys is one of the most important mechanisms the body uses to maintain a constant body pH. 4. Urine pH is an important screening test for the diagnosis of renal disease, respiratory disease, and certain metabolic disorders. 5. On test proteins, seven OP showed a negative result on the test protein because there was no any unrest in urine. One OP which is a diabetic patients, showing a positive result with protein concentration > 0.5 percent. 6. Diabetics are most at risk of developing proteinuria because diabetics having renal damage . When kidney function is damaged, a number of albumin (the main protein in the blood) in urine by itself increased. 7. Protein is normally not found in the urine. Fever, hard exercise, pregnancy, and some diseases, especially kidney disease, may cause protein to be in the urine. 8. Benedict test can be performed on urine to determine the glucose content. Benedict method Principle: Glucose in the urine will reduce the complex salts contained in the reagent benedict (cupri ion is reduced to cupro) and precipitated in the form of CuO and Cu2O. 9. On Benedict test, 7 OP result showed a negative effect that is not that contains glucose in their urine but 1 OP which is a diabetic patients (NN) is also not found a positive result. In patients with diabetes should be found to contain glucose in urine. 10. Diabetes, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.