C 2005 / 2 / 1 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

Article I. Article II.

MODULE

MALAYSIAN POLYTECHNICS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

UNIT 1

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U NI TACHYMETRY

OBJECTIVES

General Objective

: To know and understand the bas ! !on!e"ts o# d stan!e $easure$ent%

Specific Objectives : &t the end o# the un t 'ou shou(d be ab(e to :) E*"(a n the bas ! !on!e"ts o# +"t !a( , stan!e -easure$ent% , s!uss the s'ste$ that has been use n ta!h'$etr'% Ca(!u(ate the d stan!e b' us n. the ta!h'$etr' s'ste$% E*"(a n the "ro!edure to $"(e$ent the # e(d work E*"(a n the ste"s to "ro!ess the obser/at on data% 0 st errors n ta!h'$etr' sur/e'%

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E*"(a n the a""( !at on o# ta!h'$etr' n (and sur/e' n.

I I !"T !"T

#.# I TRO$"CTIO The word ta!h'$etr' s der /ed #ro$ the Greek takhus metron $ean n. 1sw #t $easure$ent2% It s a bran!h o# sur/e' n. where he .ht and d stan!es between .round $arks are obta ned b' o"t !a( $eans on('% &n e*a$"(e o# ta!h'$etr' $ethod s the stad a $ethod% Th s $ethod e$"(o's ra" d o"t !a( $eans o# $easur n. d stan!e us n. a te(es!o"e w th !ross ha rs 34 .ure 1%15 and a stad a rod 3one stad u$ 6 about 708 #eet5% The d stan!e between $arks !an be obta ned w thout us n. a ta"e% The ta!h'$eter s an' theodo( te ada"ted9 or # tted w th an o"t !a( de/ !e to enab(e $easure$ent to be $ade o"t !a(('%

Cross :a r ret !(e

6 Stad a Inter/a( 4 .ure 1%1 Two T'"es o# Stad a :a r

#.%

!RI CI!&ES O' O!TICA& $ISTA CE MEAS"REME T

The ta!h'$etr' $easure$ents are based on a !o$$on "r n! "(e% Cons der an sos!e(es tr an.(e; the "er"end !u(ar b se!tor o# the base s d re!t(' "ro"ort ona( to the

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(en.th o# th s base% I# the base (en.th and "ara(a!t ! an.(es are known9 then the (en.th o# the "er"end !u(ar b se!tor !an be !a(!u(ated% 34 .ure 1%25

4 .ure 1%2 Isos!e(es Tr an.(e Geo$etr' 3Sour!e : Ukur =e>uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$ d -oha$ed5 , stan!e &? 6 @ 3Cd5 * Cot A/2 I# d stan!e &? 6 ,9 d stan!e Cd 6 S 9 so , 6 @ S Cot A/2 Bhereb' , 6 d stan!e between two "o nt S 6 base ( ne A 6 "ara(a!t ! an.(e

#.(

TACHYMETRY SYSTEM

The a(ternat /es o# the ta!h'$etr' s'ste$ are !(ass # ed based on the bas ! "r n! "(es9 wh !h are: a5 4 *ed an.(e: 15 The stad a s'ste$ 5 In!( ne S .hts B th The Sta## Vert !a(

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5 In!( ne S .hts B th The Sta## Nor$a( b5 Var ab(e an.(e 15 tan.ent a( s'ste$ D /ert !a( sta## 25 subten!e s'ste$ D hor Eonta( sta## The theodo( te s a standard nstru$ent n ea!h !ase% It s $od # ed to su t the !ond t ons% #.(.# T)e Sta*ia S+ste, The d a"hra.$ n th s s'ste$ !onta ns two add t ona( hor Eonta( ( nes known as stad a ha rs% It s "(a!ed eFu d stant abo/e and be(ow the $a n hor Eonta( !ross ha r 34 .ure 1%<5% The d stan!e between these stad a ha r s !a((ed the stad a nter/a( 34 .ure 1%15% Th s stad a nter/a( s usua((' a !onstant9 "ro/ d n. # *ed)ha r ta!h'$etr'% Th s nter/a( $a' be a(tered on so$e nstru$ents and the $o/e$ent be n. $easured on a $ !ro$eter%

4 .ure 1%< The V ew In The Te(es!o"e 3Sour!e: Ukur =e>uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$ d -oha$ed5 +bser/at ons are $ade on to a (e/e( n. sta## wh !h a!ts as the /ar ab(e base% In the te(es!o"e2s # e(d o# / ew the stad a subtend a !erta n (en.th o# the sta## or !a((ed staff intercept9 wh !h s .reater the #arther o## the sta## s he(d% The sta## nter!e"t s "ro"ort ona( to ts d stan!e #ro$ the nstru$ent and so #ro$ th s obser/ed (en.th o# the sta## the d stan!e between t and the ta!h'$eter !an be obta ned%

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#.(.#.#

T)e Sta*ia '-r,.la

The stad a $ethod o# "ro/ d n. the hor Eonta( d stan!e between nstru$ent and sta## s shown n 4 .ure 1%C% Th s te!hn Fue s a(wa's used n stad a ta!h'$etr' #or en. neer n. sur/e'% The te(es!o"e !ons sts o# two !entr n. tubes% The e'e" e!e and d a"hra.$ are bu (t at the end o# tube% -o/e the ob>e!t .(ass wh !h s bu (t at the other s de when do n. #o!us n.% Bhen the te(es!o"e s n #o!us9 the $a.e o# the sta## &? w (( be #or$ed at ab n the "(ane o# the d a"hra.$% Then a ra' o# ( .ht w (( e$er.e "ara((e( to the o"t !a( a* s s $ (ar(' w th the ra' #ro$ ? as shown% The ra's here w (( #or$ two s $ (ar tr an.(es ea!h w th the r a"e* at 49 the base o# the s$a((er tr an.(e at the ob>e!t .(ass be n. eFua( to the stad a nter/a( i%

E'e" e!e , a"hra.$

Vert !a( a* s G !ket 4 .ure 1%C Stad a Gr n! "(e 3Sour!e 0and Sur/e' n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% B (son5 f ))) the #o!a( (en.th o# the ob>e!t .(ass 4 D the outer #o!a( "o nt o# the ob>e!t .(ass i ))) the stad a nter/a( ab I))) the d stan!e #ro$ the outer #o!a( "o nt to the sta## ,)))the hor Eonta( d stan!e reFu red s))) the sta## nter!e"t &? !)))the d stan!e #ro$ ob>e!t .(ass to nstru$ent a* s

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4ro$ these s $ (ar tr an.(es:

l f = s i

but l 6 D (f + c), So9 the stad a #or$u(a:

D - (f + c) f = s i
D 3 f + c5 = D= f s i

f s + 3 f + c5 i

The ter$ f / i s a !onstant n the stad a #or$u(a and s known as the stad a or $u(t "(' n. !onstant and $a' be denoted b' the (etter K% The ter$ ( f + c) "art(' o# the !onstant f and "art(' o# the /ar ab(e c9 wh !h /ar es as the ob>e!t (ens s $o/ed n #o!us n.% :owe/er the /ar at on n ! s s$a((9 es"e! a((' #or s .hts .reater than 10$9 and #or a(( "ra!t !a( "ur"oses $a' a(so be !ons dered a !onstant% The ter$ 3 f + c59 usua((' about <00 to C50$$ n th s te(es!o"e9 s known as the add t /e !onstant and $a' be denoted b' the (etter C% Th s redu!es the stad a #or$u(a to the s $"(e ( near eFuat on:
D = Ks + C

#.(.#.%

T)e Analactic &ens $- +-. /n-0 0)- J. !-rr- is1 He is t)e ,an 0)- invente* t)e analactic lens in #234.

In order to sa/e the (abour o# $u(t "(' n. the sta## nter!e"t ea!h t $e and the add n. the !onstant #or the "art !u(ar nstru$ent9 t wou(d ob/ ous(' be s $"(er # = were to be 100 and C Eero% Th s wou(d "ro/ de a stad a #or$u(a o# D 6 100s and !a(!u(at on wou(d $ere(' !ons st o# $o/ n. the de! $a( "o nt o# the sta## nter!e"t read n. two "(a!es to the r .ht% -ost o# the /ern er nstru$ents st (( n use toda' do not ha/e an a!!urate K /a(ue o# 1009 but $ost $odern ta!h'$eters .enera((' do% In 1IC09 the e( $ nat on o# the add t /e !onstant was a!h e/ed b' an Ita( an9 H% Gorro9 when he n/ented the ana(a!t ! (ens% The n!(us on o# a se!ond !on/e* (ens # *ed n re(at on to the ob>e!t .(ass had the e##e!t o# br n. n. the a"e* o# the $easur n. tr an.(e9 the ana(a!t !

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"o nt9 nto e*a!t !o n! den!e w th the /ert !a( a* s o# the nstru$ent9 as ((ustrated n 4 .ure 1%5%
, a"hra.$ +b>e!t .(ass &na(a!t ! "o nt

&na(a!t ! (ens

4o!us "o nt

4 .ure 1%5 The ana(e!t ! Te(es!o"e 3Sour!e : 0and Sur/e' n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% B (son5 The ter$ f / i 6 1/100 be!o$e K 6 100% , stan!e #or # and ! be!o$e s $ (ar but n the o""os te s de% There#ore C 6 0% The stad a #or$u(a wou(d now be!o$e D = Ks 9 the add t /e !onstants are e( $ nated% Th s e*terna((' #o!us n. te(es!o"e s known as an ana(a!t ! te(es!o"e%

#.(.#.(

Eval.ati-n -f Sta*ia C-nstants

In $ost $odern sur/e' n. te(es!o"es the stad a !onstant s des .ned to be 100 and the add t /e !onstant 0% To !on# r$ the /a(ue o# these !onstants or to estab( sh the stad a o# an o(d or a new nstru$ent9 the #o((ow n. # e(dwork shou(d be !arr ed out 34 .ure 1%75

4 .ure 1%7 E/a(uat on o# Stad a Constants9 = and C 3Sour!e: &sas Ukur =e>uruteraan9 &bdu( :a$ d -oha$ed5

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a5 Choose a #a r(' (e/e( .round b5 Set out #our "e.s &9 ?9 C9 and , on that .round% &? s 100$9 &C s C0$ and &, s J0$% !5 Set u" the ta!h'$eter o/er the "e. at & and obser/e to a sta## that he(d at C% d5 Not the sta## nter!e"ts% e5 Trans#er the sta## to , and note the sta## nter!e"ts% $istance C0 J0 Sta*ia Rea*in5 Staff Intercept 1%7209 1%C2091%220 0%C00 1%I8191%C2190%J81 0%J00 Tab(e 1 +bse/at on ,ata 3 Sour!e: &sas Ukur =e>uruteraan9 &bdu( :a$ d -oha$ed5

The obser/at on data s shown n tab(e 1% = and C !an be !a(!u(ate b' us n. the stad a #or$u(a9 D = Ks + C% D s the d stan!e between sta## and the ta!h'$eter9 s stands #or sta## nter!e"t% C0 6 0%C K + C )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 315 J0 6 0%J K + C ------------------------------ 325 Now9 we !an so(/e the "rob(e$ b' us n. s $u(taneous eFuat on% 325 D 315 J0 D C0 6 0%J K 0%C K 50 = 0%5 K K =
50 0%5

K 6 100 Re"(a!e K =100 n 315 C0 6 0%C 3 1005 K C C 6 C0 )C0 C60

#.(.#.3 Incline* Si5)t

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&s he .ht d ##eren!es between sta## "os t ons and nstru$ent n!rease9 t w (( be!o$e $"oss b(e to use the hor Eonta( ( ne o# s .ht wh !h so #ar has on(' been !ons dered% In su!h !ase a ta!h'$eter $ust be used to "ro/ de an n!( ned ( ne o# s .ht and the an.(e o# e(e/at on or de"ress on $ust be re!orded% The stad a #or$u(a $ust now re#(e!t the an.(e o# n!( nat on o# the ( ne o# s .ht and two su!h !ases ar se: a5 where the sta## s he(d /ert !a((' at the #ar stat on b5 where the sta## s he(d to the ( ne o# s .ht #ro$ the nstru$ent

#.(.#.3.# Incline Si5)ts 6it) T)e Staff Vertical 4 .ure 1%8 shows that an obser/at on o# an n!( ned s .ht to a sta## he(d /ert !a(('% &9 L and ? are the read n.s on the sta## and &29 L and ?2 are those wh !h wou(d ha/e been taken had the sta## been swun. about L to "os t on t at r .ht)an.(es or nor$a( to the ( ne o# s .ht% In # .ure 1%89 s 6 the sta## nter!e"t &? h = the (en.th o# the !entre ha r read n. #ro$ the sta## base V 6 the /ert !a( !o$"onent LY9 the he .ht o# the !entre ha r read n. abo/e 3or be(ow5 the nstru$ent a* s , 6 the (en.th o# the ( ne o# s .ht IL : = the hor Eonta( d stan!e reFu red% : I 6 nstru$ent he .ht

4 .ure 1%8 In!( ne S .ht B th The Sta## Vert !a(

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3Sour!e : 0and Sur/e' n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% B (son5 4ro$ the stad a #or$u(a D = Ks + C, t !an be seen that the ter$ s n th s !ase s the d stan!e &2?2 nor$a( to the ( ne o# s .ht% :owe/er9 the obser/ed /a(ue o# s s the (en.th &?9 so &2?2 a!tua((' eFua( s9 !os M a($ost e*a!t('% There#ore the (en.th o# the n!( ned s .ht D = Ks + C 9 but :9 the hor Eonta( d stan!e a!tua((' reFu red9 ob/ ous(' eFua(s D= !osM 9 there#ore the stad a #or$u(a now be!o$es: : 6 Ks !os2 M K C !os M 4ro$ the r .ht an.(ed tr an.(e ILY !an been seen that: V6DsnM D = Ks !os M K C V 6 Ks !os M s n M K C s n M !os M s n M 6 @ s n 2M V 6 @ Ks s n 2M K C s n M

?ut

?ut

In nstru$ents where the add t /e !onstant s Eero and K 6 1009 these #or$u(ae are s $"( # ed as #o((ows: : 6 100s !os2 M V 6 3100/25 s s n 2M To obta n the redu!ed (e/e( at the sta## "os t on where the redu!ed (e/e( o# the nstru$ent stat on s known9 the he .ht d ##eren!e between the "o nts s a""( ed as #o((ows: , ##eren!e n he .ht9 d: 6 :% I% N V Dh Bhere :%I 6 the he .ht o# nstru$ent 3a(wa's "os t /e5 V 6 the /ert !a( !o$"onent 3"os t /e #or an.(es o# the e(e/at on9 ne.at /e #or an.(es de"ress on5 h 6 the !entre ha r read n. 3a(wa's ne.at /e5

The redu!ed (e/e( o# the nstru$ent "os t on I "(us the d ##eren!e n he .ht eFua( the redu!ed (e/e( o# the sta## "os t on S% There#ore: R%0%s 6 R%0%I K :%I N V D h

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Example 1:

In this example, the value of hi cannot be seen on the rod due to some obstruction. Here, a rod reading of 2.72 with a vertical angle of -6 7! was boo"ed, along with the h of #.72 and a rod interval of $.2%#., &alculate the hori'ontal distance and the vertical distance. (hen find the elevation for station .

)igure #

Solution: H * #$$s cos2 + * #$$ x $.2%# x cos2 6 7! * 2 .,m - * .#$$/20 s sin 2+ * #$$ s cos M sin M 6 #$$ x $.2%# x cos 6 7!x sin 6 7! * -2.76m 1.2. * 1.2.2 3 H.I 4 - 5 h * #,6.#6 3 #.72 3- 2.76 5 2.72 * #,#.%$

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7o, the elevation for station

is #,#.%$,

#.(.#.3.% Incline Si5)ts 6it) T)e Staff -r,al 4 .ure 1%I shows the obser/at on on a sta## he(d nor$a( to an n!( ned ( ne o# s .ht% The sa$e notat on a""( es as n # .ure 1%8%

4 .ure 1%I In!( ne S .ht B th The Sta## Nor$a( to The 0 ne o# S .ht 3Sour!e: 0and Sur/e' n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% B (son5 Th s t $e the sta## read n. nor$a( to the ( ne o# s .ht s the a!tua( read n. and does not ha/e to be redu!ed as n the "re/ ous !ase% There#ore D 6 Ks K C ?ut :6 D kos M N 3the d stan!e #ro$ "o nt L to the /ert !a( throu.h the sta## base5 : 6 3Ks K C) !os M N h s n M &s be#ore V 6 D s n M9 there#ore: V 6 3Ks K C) s n M In nstru$ents where the add t /e !onstant C s Eero9 = 6 100 and the /a(ue o# M s (ess than 10O 3the assu$"t on s .enera((' $ade that the ter$ h s n M s Eero59 these #or$u(ae !an be s $"( # ed as :

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: 6 100 s !os M V 6 100 s s n M To obta n the redu!ed (e/e( at the sta## stat on9 then the he .ht d ##eren!e between the "o nts s # rst redu!ed as #o((ows: , ##eren!e n he .ht9 d: 6 :% I%N V D h !os M

#.(.%.(

C-,paris-n -f Met)-*s Staff -r,al7Staff Vertical Sta## !an be he(d /ert !a((' w th .reater ease than n the nor$a( "os t on% It2s s $"(er to "(u$b a sta## w th a sta## bubb(e than ho(d the sta## nor$a( to a ( ne o# s .ht% 4or nor$a( ho(d n.9 t needs to be atta!hed w th a "ee")s .ht "er"end !u(ar to the #a!e o# the sta##9 so the sta##)$an !an s .ht towards the nstru$ent% In bush the "ee")s .ht $a' be obs!ured9 "re/ent n. nor$a( ho(d n.9 wh (e the u""er "art o# the sta## s st (( a/a (ab(e #or s .ht n. n the /ert !a((' he(d "os t on% The nor$a( "os t on $a' a(so be #ound b' sw n. n. the sta## unt ( the (owest "oss b(e read n. o# the !entre !ross ha r s obta ned% :owe/er9 t s d ## !u(t to s .na( to the sta##)$an the !orre!t "os t on n the bush% Staff -r,al7Staff Vertical The /ert !a( sta## redu!t on #or$u(ae are s $"(er than the nor$a( sta## redu!t on #or$u(a when the h s n M and h !os M are n!(uded n the nor$a( #or$u(ae% Errors o# d stan!e and e(e/at on are /er' $u!h $ore $arked when there s a de/ at on #ro$ the nor$a( "os t on es"e! a((' on stee" s .hts%

C-n*iti-ns a5 Bhen ho(d n. sta##

C-n*iti-ns b5 Redu!t on o# obser/at on !5 Care(ess sta## ho(d n.

The nor$a( "os t on $a' a(so be #ound b' sw n. n. the sta## unt ( the (owest "oss b(e read n. o# the !entre !ross ha r s obta ned% :owe/er9 t s d ## !u(t to s .na( to the sta##)$an the !orre!t "os t on n the bush%

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#.(.%

T)e Tan5ential S+ste,

In th s s'ste$ the "ara(a!t ! an.(e subtended b' a known (en.th o# sta## s $easured d re!t('% 4 .ure 1%J shows the $ethod where obser/at ons are taken to an ord nar' (e/e(( n. sta## he(d /ert !a(('%

4 .ure 1%J The Tan.ent a( S'ste$ o# Ta!h'$etr' 3Sour!e: 0and Sur/e' n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% B (son5 The nstru$ent s set u" and the /ert !a( ! r!(e s read on both #a!es to . /e the an.(e o# e(e/at on 3or de"ress on5 to a who(e sta## .raduat on% Th s "ro!ess s re"eated to another who(e .raduat on to . /e as (ar.e a sta## nter!e"t9 s9 as "oss b(e% 4ro$ the sta## nter!e"t and the two obser/ed /ert !a( an.(es M and 9 the hor Eonta( d stan!e : $a' be !a(!u(ated as: &Y 6 : tan M ?Y 6 : tan &Y D?Y 6 s 6 : 3 tan M D tan 5 or
= = s 3tan tan 5 s 3tan tan 5

3 #or s .ht down h ((s5

The d ##eren!e n he .ht between the nstru$ent stat on and the sta## stat on s #ound as #o((ows :

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Vert !a( !o$"onent9 V 6 ?Y 6 : tan :e .ht d ##eren!e9 d: 6 :%I N V D ?L Check ! "#= tan $ ( %hen & = 'I' ( ) "*)

#.(.(

T)e S.bstance Bar

The substan!e s'ste$ s a "art !u(ar #or$ o# the tan.ent a( s'ste$ where the $easured base s he(d hor Eonta((' as ((ustrated n 4 .ure 1%10 nstead o# /ert !a(('% The "ara(a!t ! an.(e s $easured w th .reater a!!ura!' us n. the hor Eonta( ! r!(e nstead o# the /ert !a( ! r!(e The hor Eonta((' he(d base s es"e! a((' $ade #or th s "ur"ose and s known as a substan!e bar% The substan!e bar s a s"e! a((' $ade nstru$ent su""orted on a tr "od w th two s .ht n. tar.ets set a "re! se d stan!e a"art9 usua((' 2$% The !entra( tar.et n the substan!e bar s "(a!ed $ dwa' between the end tar.ets #or tra/erse an.(e $easure$ent and #or use n s .ht n. w th the au* ( ar' base $ethod% The s .ht n. de/ !e s # *ed at r .ht)an.(es to the ( ne o# the bar so that t $a' be "os t oned at r .ht an.(e to the ( ne o# s .ht #ro$ the theodo( te% &s te$"erature a##e!ts the bar (en.th9 the subten!e bar tar.ets are usua((' atta!hed to n/ar rods or w res9 wh !h ha/e a (ow !oe## ! ent o# e*"ans on9 so that the r no$ na( d stan!e a"art re$a ns a($ost !onstant% The tar.ets $a' be ( t #ro$ beh nd #or n .ht obser/at ons9 wh !h ha/e the ad/anta.e o# a (ess d sturbed at$os"here resu(t n. n n!reased a!!ura!' n the an.u(ar $easure$ent%

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4 .ure 1%10 The Gr n! "(es o# :or Eonta( , stan!e -easure$ent 3 Sour!e : Ukur =e>uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$ d -oha$ed5 4ro$ the # .ure abo/e9 t !an be seen that the hor Eonta( d stan!e
= s !ot 2 2

be!ause ha(# the bar (en.th d / ded b' the "er"end !u(ar se!tor o# the sos!e(es tr an.(e o# ha(# the $easured an.(e A% Usua((' the bar s 2$ (on. to s $"( #' the !a(!u(at on% So
% &s the "ara(a!t ! an.(e s $easured on the hor Eonta( "(ane9 the d stan!e 2 obta ned s a(wa's the hor Eonta( d stan!e and no s(o"e !orre!t ons are e/er ne!essar' howe/er #ar abo/e or be(ow the theodo( te the substan!e bar $a' be%
= !ot

I# he .ht d ##eren!es between theodo( te and bar stat ons are reFu red then a /ert !a( an.(e M $ust be $easured to the ( ne o# the bar and the /ert !a( !o$"onent !a(!u(ated #ro$ the #or$u(a V 6 : tan M 3# .ure 1%115% The he .ht o# the theodo( te abo/e ts stat on 3: 5 and the he .ht o# the bar abo/e ts stat on 3:b5 $ust be $easured% Then the he .ht d ##eren!e between stat ons L and Y3d:LY5 s shown as be(ow: d: 6 : NV D :b where : 6 :e .ht o# the theodo( te V 6 /ert !a( !o$"onent :b 6 :e .ht o# substan!e bar So9 the redu!ed (e/e( o# the sta## "os t on Y9 R0 * 6 R0 Y K d:LY

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 1I

4 .ure 1%11 The :e .ht , ##eren!e ?etween Stat ons 3 Sour!e : Ukur =e>uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$ d -oha$ed5

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 1J

Activit+ #a

1%1 Bhat s $eant b' the ter$ 1ta!h'$etr'2P 1%2 E*"(a n the bas ! "r n! "(es u"on wh !h ta!h'$etr ! $easure$ent are basedP 1%< & /ert !a( sta## s obser/ed w th a hor Eonta( e*terna( #o!us n. te(es!o"e at a d stan!e o# 112%CIJ$% -easure$ents o# the te(es!o"e are re!orded as : +b>e!t /e to d a"hra.$ 2<0$$ +b>e!t /e to /ert !a( a* s 150$$ I# the read n.s taken to the sta## were 1%08<9 1%72J and 2%1I59 !a(!u(ate a5 the d stan!e a"art o# the stad a ( nes 3 5 b5 the $u(t "(' n. !onstant 3K5 !5 the add t /e !onstant 3C5 1%C Bhat are the $a n d ##eren!es between the stad a s'ste$ and tan.ent a( s'ste$P

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 20

Tr' 'our best to answer these Fuest ons%

'ee*bac/ #a

1%1 Ta!h'$etr' $eans sw #t $easure$ent where he .ht and d stan!es between .round $arks are obta ned b' o"t !a( $eans on('% 1%2 The ta!h'$etr' $easure$ents are based on the !o$$on "r n! "(e o# the sos!e(es tr an.(e% The "er"end !u(ar b se!tor o# the base s d re!t(' "ro"ort ona( to the (en.th o# th s base% I# the base (en.th and "ara(a!t ! an.(e are known9 then the (en.th o# the "er"end !u(ar b se!tor !an be !a(!u(ated%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 21

, stan!e &? 6 @ 3Cd5 * Cot A/2 I# d stan!e &? 6 ,9 d stan!e Cd 6 S 9 so , 6 @ S Cot A/2 Bhereb' , 6 d stan!e between two "o nt S 6 base ( ne A 6 "ara(a!t ! an.(e

1%<

4ro$ eFuat on D = Ks + C 6
f s + 3 f + c5 i

i=

fs D 3 f + c5 2<032%1I5 1%08<5 = 112%CIJ 30%2<0 + 0%1505

6 2%< $$

2<031%1005 112%CI 0%<I0

There#ore9 K =

f 2<0 = = 100 i 2%<

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 22

C 6 # K! 6 2<0K150 6 <I0$$ 1%C In the stad a s'ste$9 the a"e* an.(e o# the $easur n. tr an.(e s de# ned b' the stad a ha rs on the te(es!o"e d a"hra.$% The base (en.th s obta ned b' obser/ n. the nterse!t on o# the stad a ha rs on the $a.e o# the $easur n. sta## seen n the te(es!o"e2s # e(d or / ew% The tan.ent a( s'ste$ n wh !h the a"e* an.(e subtended b' a bas ! o# known (en.th s a!!urate(' $easured9 usua((' w th the s n.(e)se!ond theodo( te% In order to obta n the d stan!e between nstru$ent and base9 the tan.ent o# the an.(e or an.(es obser/ed $ust be used n the !a(!u(at on% Well done. You have done a good job!!

I I !"T !"T
#.3 STA$IA 'IE&$ !RACTICE

Stad a ta!h'$etr' s $a n(' used n sur/e' n. deta (s n se(e!ted areas% &deFuate hor Eonta( and /ert !a( !ontro(9 su""( ed b' tra/ers n. and (e/e(( n. s reFu red to or entate the sur/e' and to "ro/ de stat on (e/e(s% It s best su ted to o"en .round where #ew hard (e/e(s are reFu red%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 2<

In # e(d "ra!t !e9 the trans t s set on a "o nt #or wh !h the hor Eonta( (o!at on and e(e/at on ha/e been deter$ ned% I# ne!essar'9 the e(e/at on o# the trans t stat on !an be deter$ ned a#ter setu" b' s .ht n. on a "o nt o# known e(e/at on and work n. ba!kward throu.h eFuat on e(e/at on stat on 3Rod5 6 e(e/at on stat on 3 nstru$ent5 K : ) h N V% : s nstru$ent he .ht9 V s the /ert !a( !o$"onent and h s the !entre ha r read n.

#.3.#

!ROCE$"RE O' 'IE&$ 6OR8

4 .ure 1%12 shows an area wh !h needs to"o.ra"h ! sur/e'% There are so$e ob>e!t ((ustrated n that # .ure9 su!h as stat on 3&59 bu (d n.3?59 road3C59 #en!e3,5 and dra na.e3E5% The "ro!edures be(ow show the wa' to $"(e$ent the stad a # e(d works% a5 Estab( sh C !ontro( stat ons 3stat on 19 stat on 29 stat on < and stat on C5 b' us n. wooden "e.s% b5 I$"(e$ent hor Eonta( !ontro( networks on ea!h stat on n order to obta n the !oord nate #or e/er' stat on% Re!ord the data n a # e(d book% !5 &#ter that9 $"(e$ent the (e/e(( n. "ro!ess to .et the e(e/at on o# ea!h stat on% Enter the obser/at ons n the # e(d book% d5 Now9 use e ther stad a ta!h'$etr' $ethod or stad a e(e!tron ! $ethod to set the theodo( te o/er stat on 2% e5 -easure the he .ht o# the theodo( te at stat on 2 as : 2 w th a stee( ta"e% #5 Set the hor Eonta( ! r!(e to Eero% .5 S .ht the re#eren!e stat on 3Stat on 15 at 0O002% h5 S .ht the stad a "o nt to Stat on < b' (oosen n. the !(a$" 3!(a$" s t .ht5% 5 S .ht the $a n hor Eonta( ha r rou.h(' on the /a(ue o# h9 then $o/e the (ower ha r to the !(osest e/en #oot 3de! $eter5 $ark% >5 Read the u""er ha r9 deter$ ne the rod nter/a(9 and enter the /a(ue n the notes% k5 S .ht the $a n hor Eonta( ha r "re! se(' on the h /a(ue% (5 Ba/e o## the rod ho(der on "o nt a9 "o nt b and "o nt !% $5 Read and book the hor Eonta( an.(e and the /ert !a( an.(e #ro$ stat on 2 to "o nts a9 b and !% Tr' to take as $an' deta (s as "oss b(e% n5 Che!k the Eero sett n. #or the hor Eonta( an.(e be#ore $o/ n. the nstru$ent to stat on <% o5 Re"eat ste" d to $ #or obser/at on at stat on <3<)d9 <)e9<)#5 9 stat on C 3C).9C) h9C) 5 and stat on131)>5% "5 4 na((' redu!e the notes 3!o$"ute hor Eonta( d stan!es and e(e/at on5 a#ter # e(d hours and !he!k the redu!t ons%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 2C

4 .ure 1%12 Stad a 4 e(d Borks% 3Sour!e: Ukur =e>uruteraan 1 9 ?ahar n -oha$$ad5

C 2005 / 2 /25 ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

#.3.%

Rec-r*in5 -f Observati-n Stad a ta!h'$etr' s best booked n tabu(ated #or$ as be(ow%

Sta*ia rea*in5 :a =.pper rea*in5< b> l-0er rea*in5< a) 0%IJ0 b) 0%<10 a) 0%551 b) 0%CCJ a)0%C5C b)0%<C7 a)0%I<8 b) 0%87< a)1%2C2 b)1%5CI a) 1%2<0 b) 1%180 a) 1%<27 b) 1%28C a) 1%<<C b) 1%277 a) 1%<2< b) 1%288

Stati-n an* Instr.,ent Hei5)t Stat on 2 1%5C2$

H-ri9-ntal An5le :;<

Vertical an5le

Mi**le Sta*ia rea*in5 0%7$ 0%5$ 0%C$ 0%I$ 1%2$ 1%2$ 1%<$ 1%<$ 1%<

H-ri9-ntal &en5t) H ? 8s C-s%@>C 58%J71$ 10%07I$ 10%758$ 8%<C0$ I%<5<$ 5%J71$ 5%18C$ 7%875$ C%58<$

Vertical *ifference V?:8s Sin %@<7% > sin@ 1%501$ )1%15<$ )1%2<<$ )0%I11$ )0%752$ )0%CI1$ )0%<7J$ )0%CI5$ ))0%<51$

$ifference in Hei5)t AH ? Hi BV>) 2%CC<$ )0%111$ )0%0J1$ )0%07J$ )0%<10$ )0%1<J$ )0%128$ )0%2C<$ )0%10J$

Re*.ce* level -f stati-n 100

Re*.ce* level -f p-int 102%CC<$ JJ%IIJ$ JJ%J0J$ JJ%J<1$ JJ%7J0$ JJ%I71$ JJ%I8<$ JJ%858$ JJ%IJ1$

Re,ar/s

50 2< 00 <C< 25 00 <C2 58 00 <58 00 00 <05 <1 00 21C 17 00 220 <8 00 250 <7 00 255 27 00

KII <1 )J2 <2 ) J7 <7 )J7 20 )JC 2I )JC <8 )JC 05 )JC 07 )JC 2<

Stat on 1) !ontro( stat on a) bes de dra na.e b) bes de dra na.e !) road s de d)tree 3rad us) 2%8$5 e) bes de dra na.e #) bes de dra na.e .) (a$" "ost h) road s de

Tab(e1%1 Ta!h'$etr' Stad a -ethod ?ook n. 3Sour!e: Ukur =e>uruteraan 1 9 ?ahar n -oha$$ad5

C 2005 / 2 / ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

27

E*"(anat on o# the book n. Co(u$n 1 : Stat on nu$ber and he .ht o# nstru$ent Co(u$n 2 : The bear n. o# the ra' or ented on the !ontro( "o nts Co(u$n <: Vert !a( an.(e 35 or the Een th an.(e% Q 6 3 6 J0)Q5 4or e*a$"(e "o nt 1 Q 6 J<9 then 6 J0) J<6 < 00R Co(u$n C: - dd(e stad a read n.% Co(u$n 5 : U""er and (ower stad a read n.s Co(u$n 7 : :9 the hor Eonta( (en.th 6 =sCos2 ) C 3 Usua((' 100sCos25 b' us n. the data #ro$ !o(u$n < and 5% Ks s n 2 C Co(u$n 8 : Vert !a( d ##eren!e 6 : tan or 2 3usua((' 50 s n 2 ) C5 b' us n. the data #ro$ !o(u$n < and 5% Co(u$n I: , ##eren!e n he .ht9 wh !h s !a(!u(ated #ro$ #or$u(a : NV)h Co(u$n J : &* s (e/e( o# the stat on Co(u$n 10 : Redu!ed (e/e( o# the "o nt : a* s (e/e( N 3V)h5 Co(u$n 11 : Re$arks a$"( # !at on o# d a.ra$%

#.C

ACC"RACY O' STA$IA OBSERVATIO

a5 &!!ura!' o# d stan!e $easure$ent Under dea( !ond t ons9 t shou(d be "oss b(e to obta n an a!!ura!' o# 0%01S n d stan!e $easure$ent9 but th s s se(do$ a!h e/ed n "ra!t !e% Us n. an ord nar' (e/e(( n. sta## w th 10 $$ d / s ons "ra!t !a( a!!ura! es a""ro* $ate to the #o((ow n.: , stan!e 20$ 100$ 150$ &!!ura!' N100$$ N200$$ N<00$$ b5 &!!ura!' o# he .ht $easure$ent Gro/ ded that the sta## s he(d /ert !a((' w th reasonab(e !are and an.(es o# s .ht n. are (ess than 10T9 then he .hts shou(d be a!!urate to w th n 0%01 "er !ent o# the s .ht n. d stan!e% #.C.# Err-rs in )-ri9-ntal *istances The error o# !are(ess sta## ho(d n. !an be reso(/ed b' us n. sta## bubb(es when $"(e$ent n. # e(d obser/at on% Error n read n. the stad a nter!e"t9 wh !h s $$ed ate(' $u(t "( ed b' 1003=159 thereb' $ak n. t s .n # !ant% Th s sour!e o# error w (( n!rease

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 28

w th the (en.th o# s .ht% The ob/ ous so(ut on s to ( $ t the (en.th o# s .ht to ensure a .ood reso(ut on o# the .raduat ons% Error n the deter$ nat on o# the nstru$ent !onstants =1 and =29 resu(t n. n an error n d stan!e d re!t(' "ro"ort ona( to the error n the !onstant =1 and d re!t(' as the error n =2% E##e!t o# d ##erent a( re#ra!t on on the stad a nter!e"ts% Th s s $ n $ Eed b' kee" n. the (ower read n. 1 to 1%5$ abo/e the .round% Rando$ error n the $easure$ent o# the /ert !a( an.(e% Th s has a ne.( . b(e e##e!t on the sta## nter!e"t and !onseFuent(' on the hor Eonta( d stan!e%

In add t on to the abo/e sour!es o# error9 there are $an' others resu(t n. #ro$ nstru$enta( errors9 #a (ure to e( $ nate "ara((a*9 and natura( errors due to h .h w nds and su$$er heat% The (a!k o# stat st !a( e/ den!e $akes t rather d ## !u(t to Fuote standards o# a!!ura!'; howe/er9 the usua( treat$ent #or s$a(( errors w (( . /e so$e bas s #or assess$ent% #.C.% Err-rs in elevati-ns The $a n sour!es o# error n e(e/at on are errors n /ert !a( an.(es and add t ona( errors r s n. #ro$ errors n the !o$"uted d stan!e% 4 .ure 1%1< !(ear(' shows that wh (st the error resu(t n. #ro$ errors n /ert !a( an.(es re$a ns #a r(' !onstant9 the resu(ts #ro$ add t ona( errors r s n. #ro$ errors n the !o$"uted d stan!e n!reases w th n!reased e(e/at on% = D tan
= D tan = D se! 2 = (D tan ) + D se! 2
2 2

= ( 0%CI tan 5) + 200 se! 2 5 20U s n 1U = 0%0C7

2 1/ 2

Th s resu(t nd !ates that e(e/at on need be Fuoted on(' to the nearest 10$$% &!!ura! es o# 1 n 1000 $a' st (( be a!h e/ed n ta!h'$etr' tra/ers n.9 due to the !o$"ensat n. e##e!t o# a!! denta( errors9 re! "ro!a( obser/at on o# the ( nes and a .enera( n!rease n !are%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 2I

4 .ure 1%1< Errors In E(e/at on% 3Sour!e : En. neer n. Sur/e' n.9 B% S!ho# e(d5

#.D

!&OTTI G &#ter the # e(d obser/at ons9 the !o((e!ted data $ust now be "ro!essed% The tra/erse !(osure s !a(!u(ated and then a(( ad>usted /a(ues #or north n.9 east n. and e(e/at ons are !o$"uted $anua((' or b' !o$"uter "ro.ra$s% &#ter that9 the data s "ro!essed b' us n. so#tware su!h as TRGS and &uto!ad% &(( the deta (s !an be "(otted the #o((ow n. wa'%

a5 G(ott n. Contro( Stat on%34 .ure 1%1C5 V V V V G(a!e the !ontro( stat on on a .r d "a"er% The .r d "a"er s "r nted w th .r d ( nes at 1$$ nter/a(s% Bhen "(ott n. on .r d "a"er9 the stat ons are de# ned b' us n. the !oord nate s'ste$% Stat on 1 s assu$ed as the or . n whereb' !oord nate * s 1000$ and !oord nate ' 1000$% The "os t on o# stat on s "(otted start n. #ro$ the (ower (e#t !orner o# the .r d "a"er% S!a( n. a(on. the *)a* s #ro$ !oord nate * stat on 19 "(ot the !oord nate o# stat on 29 L2% Us n. the sa$e wa' a(so "(ot !oord nate Y2% Re"eat th s ste" #or stat on < and stat on C

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / 2J

4 .ure 1%1C ,eter$ nat on +# Stat on Gos t on +n Gr d Ga"er% 3Sour!e: Ukur =e>uruteraan 1 9 ?ahar n -oha$$ad5 b5 ,eta ( n. 34 .ure 1%155 V Instead o# us n. !oord nates9 "(ott n. !an be done b' s!a( n. the bear n. and d stan!es o# a deta (% V Nor$a((' a "rotra!tor and a s!a(e ru(er are needed n "(ott n.% V G(a!e the ! r!u(ar "rotra!tor w th ts !entre stat on 2 and the Eero ( ned u" w th the re#eren!e stat on 2)1% V -ark the bear n. o# a on the "a"er a.a nst the "rotra!tor ed.e% V Re$o/e the "rotra!tor and draw the d re!t on o# the ( ne 2)a% S!a(e the d stan!e and "(ot the "os t on o# a% V Re"eat the sa$e ste"s when $ark n. o## "o nt !)>% V 4 na(('9 >o n the "o nts to #or$ the deta (%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <0

4 .ure 1%15 ,eta (s G(ott n. +n Gr d Ga"er% 3Sour!e: Ukur =e>uruteraan 1 9 ?ahar n -oha$$ad5 !5 Contours V V &#ter $ark n. a(( the deta (s9 the !ontours need to be "(otted% Contours are ( nes on a $a" re"resent n. a ( ne >o n n. "o nts o# eFua( he .ht on the .round% Th s $ethod s $ost !o$$on(' ado"ted #or (ar.er areas% Redu!ed (e/e( s "(a!ed bes de deta (s and the he .ht o# ea!h "o nt s s"otted% 4 na(('9 !ontour ( nes are "(otted b' us n. the nter"o(at on $ethod%

V V

d5 Gre"arat on o# T t(e ?(o!k on Tra! n. Ga"er% V &(( to"o.ra"h' and en. neer n. draw n.s ha/e t t(e b(o!ks% V Usua((' the t t(e b(o!k s "(a!ed n the r .ht !orner o# the "(an9 wh !h a(so has the (o.o !( ent9 "ro>e!t na$e9 date o# "ro>e!t and other deta (s%34 .ure 1%175%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <1

V V V V

Re/ s ons to the "(an are usua((' re#eren!ed $$ed ate(' abo/e the t t(e b(o!k9 show n. the date and a br e# des!r "t on o# the re/ s on% The t t(e b(o!k s o#ten o# standard s Ee and has a #or$at s $ (ar to that n # .ure 2%C% &(( the draw n.s on tra! n. "a"er are done $anua((' b' us n. the te!hn !a( "ens w th Ind an nk or b' us n. &utoCad so#tware% The s Ee o# the te!hn !a( "en s deter$ ned based on te*ts and ( nes reFu red n a draw n.%
Gr d /a(ue , re!t on S!a(e 0o.o !( ent G(an nu$ber G(an t t(e

,atu$ e*"(anat on 0e.end E*"(anat on o# obser/at on9 0and Sur/e' 4 r$9 Na$e o# sur/e'or9 date9 "(an re#eren!e nu$ber and others%

4 .ure 1%17 T t(e ?(o!k 3Sour!e: Ukur =e>uruteraan 1 9 ?ahar n -oha$$ad5 e5 4 na( draw n.% V &#ter !o$"(et n. the t t(e b(o!k9 trans#er a(( the draw n.s #ro$ the .r d "a"er to tra! n. "a"er% V Then9 wr te the add t ona( te*t or draw ( nes and s'$bo(s n that draw n.% V The te*ts re#er to the na$e o# bu (d n.9 road9 and /a(ues o# he .ht and !ontour nter/a(s% V G(ot the te*t hor Eonta((' #or a(( /a(ues e*!e"t the /a(ue o# he .ht% V E/er' deta ( has ( nes o# d ##erent t'"es and s Ees% 34or e*a$"(e9 the root ( ne o# hed.e s shown n b(a!k and the out( ne n .reen5 V 4 na(('9 "(ot the deta (s b' us n. a "(otter% 34 .ure 1%185%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <2

4 .ure 1%18 ,eta (s That G(ot +n & I)Gen G(otter% 3Sour!e: Sur/e' n. B th Constru!t on &""( !at on9 ?%4% =a/ana.h5

#.E

A!!&ICATIO

Th s $ethod s eas' to a""(' n the # e(d9 but un(ess a d re!t)read n. ta!h'$eter s used9 the resu(tant !o$"utat on #or $an' 1s"ot)shots2 !an be e*tre$e(' ted ous9 e/en w th the use o# a !o$"uter "ro.ra$% The /er' (ow order o# a!!ura!' and ts short ran.e ( $ t ts a""( !at on to deta ( sur/e's n rura( areas or !ontour n.% #.E.# $etail S.rve+

The theodo( te s set u" at a !ontro( stat on & 3 4 .ure 1%1I5 and or ented to an' other !ontro( stat on 3R+5 w th the hor Eonta( ! r!(e set to 0O 002% Therea#ter the bear n.s 3re(at /e to &DR+5 and hor Eonta( (en.th to ea!h "o nt o# deta ( 3G19 G29 G<9 et!5 are obta ned b' obser/ n. the stad a read n.s on a sta## he(d there9 the hor Eonta( ! r!(e read n. 3 19 2F <9 et!5 and the /ert !a( an.(e% The !ross ha r)read n. s a(so reFu red to !o$"ute the redu!ed (e/e( o# the "o nt% The # e(d data s booked as shown n tab(e 2%1% Note that the an.(es are reFu red to the nearest $ nute or ar! on('% It s worth not n. that the sta##)$an shou(d be the $ost e*"er en!ed $e$ber o# the sur/e' "art' who wou(d a""re! ate the error sour!es9 the ( $ t a!!ura!' a/a (ab(e and thus the best and $ost e!ono$ ! sta## "os t ons reFu red%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <<

At stati-n & Gri* ref E C009 N<00 6eat)er C(oud'9!oo( Staff p-int

Stn level :R&< <0%IC$ +, Ht -f inst :)i< 1%C2$ AGis level :R& H )i< <1%J0$3&*5 Staff rea*in5s Staff intercept

S.rve+ Canbur' Gark S.rve+-r H% S-IT: $ate 12%12%I< H-ri9-ntal $istance 8s c-s% @ , 107%78 Vertical An5le 87% s sin %@ NV )J%J7 Re*.ce* level Re,ar/s

H-ri> 9-ntal 0 00 CIO122

An5les -bserve* Vertical Vertical circle an5le

s 1%JC2 1%C0C 0%I77 0%JJI 0%7C0 0%2I1 1%710 1%217 0%I22 1%087

&* N V)h 20%5C Stat on ? Ed.e o# "ond Ed.e o# "ond Ed.e o# "ond

R+ G1

J5O202

)5O202

0%818

81%C1

)C%5I

27%7I

G2

I0O022

J<OC02

)<OC02

0%8II

88%8C

KJ%0J

<J%88

G<

108O572

I<O202

K7OC02

Tab(e 1%2 ?ook n. +# 4 e(d ,ata 3Sour!e : En. neer n. Sur/e' n.9 B% S!ho# e(d5

4 .ure 1%1I ,eta ( Sur/e' 3Sour!e : En. neer n. Sur/e' n.9 B% S!ho# e(d5

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <C

#.E.%

C-nt-.rin5

Contour n. s !arr ed out e*a!t(' the sa$e $anner as abo/e9 but w th $an' $ore s"ot shots a(on. ea!h rad a( ar$ 34 .ure 1%1J5% The ar$s are turned o## at re.u(ar an.u(ar nter/a(s9 w th the sta## D$an obta n n. (e/e(s at re.u(ar "a!ed nter/a(s a(on. ea!h ar$ and at ea!h d st n!t !han.e n .rad ent% SubseFuent !o$"utat on o# the # e(d data w (( # * the "os t on and (e/e( o# ea!h "o nt a(on. ea!h ar$9 wh !h $a' then be nter"o(ated #or !ontours%

4 .ure 1%1J Contour n. 3Sour!e : En. neer n. Sur/e' n.9 B% S!ho# e(d5

#.2 '"RTHER O!TICA& $ISTA CE>MEAS"RI G EI"I!ME T #.2.# $irect>Rea*in5 Tac)+,eters

, re!t)read n. ta!h'$eters or se(# redu! n. ta!h'$eters as the' are a(so !a((ed9 ha/e !ur/ed ( nes re"(a! n. the !on/ent ona( stad a ( nes% 4 .ure 1%20 ((ustrates one "art !u(ar $ake9 n wh !h the outer ( nes are !ur/es to the #un!t on !os2 and the nner !ur/es are to the #un!t on s n !os% Thus the outer !ur/e sta## nter!e"t s not >ust S but S !os2% :en!e9 one need on(' $u(t "(' and nter!e"t read n. b' =16100 to obta n the hor Eonta( d stan!e% S $ ( ar('9 the nner !ur/e sta## nter!e"t s S s n !os9 and need on(' be $u(t "( ed b' =1 to "rodu!e the /ert !a( he .ht :% The se"arat on o# the !ur/es /ar es w th /ar at on n the /ert !a( an.(e%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <5

There are other $akes o# nstru$ents wh !h ha/e d ##erent $ethods o# der / n. at the so(ut on% :owe/er9 the ob>e!t /e re$a ns the sa$e)to e( $ nate !o$"utat on% It shou(d be noted that there s no $"ro/e$ent n a!!ura!'%

4 .ure 1%1J +uter 0 nes o# , re!t)read n. ta!h'$eters 3Sour!e: En. neer n. Sur/e' n.9 B% S!ho# e(d5 #.2.% Vertical>Staff !recisi-n Tac)+,eter.

The /ert !a()sta## ta!h'$eter as "rodu!ed b' =ern and na$ed the =ern ,=)RV9 has a $o/eab(e d a"hra.$ wh !h /ar es w th the n!( nat on o# the te(es!o"e9 the a$ount o# /ar at on be n. !ontro((ed b' a .ear)and)!a$ $e!han s$% It s used w th a s"e! a((') .raduated /ert !a( sta## . / n. hor Eonta( d stan!es to an a!!ura!' o# 1 n 5000 o/er a $a* $u$ ran.e o# 150$% 4 .ure 1%20 ((ustrates a "ort on o# the s"e! a( sta## as / ewed throu.h the nstru$ent% ?' rotat n. the te(es!o"e n the /ert !a( "(ane9 the hor Eonta( ret !u(e & s $ade to b se!t the Eero wed.e% Rotat on o# the nstru$ent n aE $uth s !arr ed out unt ( the s(o" n. ret !u(e ? b se!ts a s$a(( ! r!u(ar dot on the (e#t)hand s!a(e% The nstru$ent now reads as #o((ows: Ret !u(e ? 6 15%00$ Vert !a( ret !u(e C 6 0%II$ :or Eonta( d stan!e 6 15%II$ The sa$e !o$$ents a""(' to th s nstru$ent as to the hor Eonta()sta## "re! s on ta!h'$eter%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <7

4 .ure 1%20 Gort on o# Vert !a()Sta## Gre! s on Ta!h'$eter% 3Sour!e: En. neer n. Sur/e' n.9 B% S!ho# e(d5 #.2.( T-tal Stati-n

Bhen e(e!tron ! theodo( tes are !o$b ned w th nter#a!ed E,-Is and an e(e!tron ! data !o((e!tor9 the' be!o$e e(e!tron ! ta!h'$eter nstru$ents) Tota( Stat ons% The tota( stat ons !an read and re!ord hor Eonta( and /ert !a( an.(es to.ether w th the s(o"e d stan!es% The $ !ro"ro!essors n the tota( stat ons !an "er#or$ a /ar et' o# $athe$at !a( o"erat ons9 #or e*a$"(e9 a/era. n. $u(t "(e an.(e $easure$ent9 a/era. n. $u(t "(e d stan!es $easure$ent9 deter$ n n. L9 Y9 Q !oord nates and others% The data !o((e!ted !an be hand(ed b' a de/ !e !onne!ted b' !ab(e to the ta!h'$eter but $an' nstru$ents !o$e w th the data !o((e!tor bu (t nto the nstru$ent% ,ata are stored on board nterna( $e$or' about 31<00)"o nts5 and on $e$or' !ards 3about 2000 "o nts "er !ard5% The data !an be d re!t(' trans#erred to the !o$"uter #ro$ the tota( stat on / a !ab(e9 or the data trans#erred #ro$ the data stora.e !ards # rst to a !ard reader)wr ter and #ro$ there to the !o$"uter% Th s se!t on w (( be d s!ussed #urther n Un t 7%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <8

4 .ure 1%21 Tota( Stat on 3Sour!e: Sur/e' n. B th Constru!t on &""( !at on9 ?%4% =a/ana.h5

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <I

Activit+ #b

1%5 0 st down 5 ste"s that are needed to "rodu!e a to"o.ra"h ! $a"% 1%7 The #o((ow n. obser/at ons were taken w th a ta!h'$eter9 ha/ n. !onstants o# 100 and Eero9 #ro$ "o nt & to ? and C% The d stan!e ?C was $easured as 158$% &ssu$ n. the .round to be a "(ane w th n the tr an.(e &?C9 !a(!u(ate the hor Eonta( d stan!e and /ert !a( d stan!e #or &?% At & T? C Staff rea*in5s :,< 1%CI9 2%8<9 <%JI 2%0I9 2%I29 <%57 Vertical An5le K 8 <72 )5 2C2

1%8 In ta!h'$etr' sur/e'9 the a!!ura!' o# stad a obser/at on s a##e!ted b' se/era( sour!es o# error% ,es!r be < o# these errors% 1%I ,es!r be the "ro!edure to $"(e$ent the stad a # e(d work n ta!h'$etr' sur/e'%

Look for the solutions now.

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / <J

'ee*bac/ #b
1%5 There are 5 ste"s to "rodu!e a to"o.ra"h ! $a"% a5 G(ott n. Contro( Stat on b5 ,eta (s "(ott n. !5 Contours d5 Gre"arat on o# t t(e b(o!k on tra! n. "a"er% e5 4 na( draw n. 1%7 :or Eonta( d stan!e &? 6 100 * S !os2 6 100 * 3<%JI D 1%CI5 !os2 8 <72 6 2C7 $ Vert !a( d stan!e &? 6 2C7 tan 8 <72 6 K<2%I$ 1%8 There are three k nd o# errors: a5 Care(ess sta## ho(d n.% Th s s $ n $ Eed b' us n. sta## bubb(es% b5 Error n read n. the stad a nter!e"ts% Th s sour!e o# error w (( n!rease w th the (en.th o# s .ht% The ob/ ous so(ut on s to ( $ t the (en.th o# s .ht to ensure .ood reso(ut on o# the .raduat ons% !5 E##e!t o# d ##erent a( re#ra!t on on the stad a nter!e"ts% Th s s $ n $ Eed b' kee" n. the (ower read n. 1 to 1%5$ abo/e the .round% 1%I Estab( sh C !ontro( stat ons 3stat on 19 stat on 29 stat on < and stat on C5 b' us n. wooden "e.s% I$"(e$ent hor Eonta( !ontro( networks on ea!h% Re!ord the data n a # e(d book% &#ter that9 $"(e$ent the (e/e(( n. "ro!ess to .et the e(e/at on o# ea!h stat on% Re!ord the obser/at ons n the # e(d book% Now9 use e ther stad a ta!h'$etr' $ethod or stad a e(e!tron ! $ethod to set the theodo( te o/er stat on 2% -easure the he .ht o# the theodo( te at stat on 2 as : 2 w th a stee( ta"e% Set the hor Eonta( ! r!(e to Eero% S .ht the re#eren!e stat on 3Stat on 15 at 0O002% S .ht the stad a "o nt to Stat on < b' (oosen n. the !(a$" 3!(a$" s t .ht5% S .ht the $a n hor Eonta( ha r rou.h(' on the /a(ue o# h9 then $o/e the (ower ha r to the !(osest e/en #oot 3de! $eter5 $ark% Read the u""er ha r9 deter$ ne the rod nter/a(9 and enter the /a(ue n the notes%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C0

S .ht the $a n hor Eonta( ha r "re! se(' on the h /a(ue% Ba/e o## the rod ho(der on "o nt a9 "o nt b and "o nt !% Read and book the hor Eonta( an.(e and the /ert !a( an.(e #ro$ stat on 2 to "o nts a9 b and !% Tr' to take as $an' deta (s as "oss b(e% Che!k the Eero sett n. #or the hor Eonta( an.(e be#ore $o/ n. the nstru$ent to stat on <% Re"eat ste" d to $ #or obser/at on at stat on <3<)d9 <)e9<)#5 9 stat on C 3C).9C)h9C) 5 and stat on131)>5% 4 na((' redu!e the notes 3!o$"ute hor Eonta( d stan!es and e(e/at on5 a#ter # e(d hours and !he!k the redu!t ons%

4 .ure 2

I got it !!!

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C1

Self Assessment

15

Ta!h'$etr' s used to deter$ ne the e(e/at on o# the nstru$ent stat on ? base on e(e/at on o# stat on &% E*"(a n the ta!h'$etr' stad a #or$u(a be(ow b' us n. ((ustrat ons% R%0%? 6 R%0%& K :%I K V D h Bhere: R%0%? 6 e(e/at on o# the nstru$ent stat on ? R%0%& 6 e(e/at on o# the nstru$ent stat on & :%I%6 nstru$ent he .ht h = the (en.th o# the !entre ha r read n. #ro$ the sts## base V 6 the /ert !a( !o$"onent LY9 the he .ht o# the !entre ha r read n. abo/e the nstru$ent a* s & ( ne o# th rd order (e/e(( n. s run b' theodo( te9 us n. ta!h'$etr' $ethods w th a sta## he(d /ert !a(('% The usua( three sta## read n.s o# !entre and both stad a ha rs are re!orded to.ether w th the /ert !a( an.(e 3V&5% & se!ond /a(ue o# he .ht d ##eren!e s #ound b' a(ter n. the te(es!o"e e(e/at on and re!ord n. the new read n.s b' the /ert !a( ! r!(e and !entre ha r on('% The two /a(ues o# the he .ht d ##eren!es are then $eaned% Co$"ute the d ##eren!e n he .ht between the "o nts & and ? #ro$ the #o((ow n. data: The stad a !onstant are :$u(t "(' n. !onstant 6100; add t /e !onstant 6 0% Bac/si5)ts Staff '-resi5)ts Staff Re,ar/s :all VA VA ,eas.re,ents in ,< K 0O 022 00W 1%IJ0 1%C18 Go nt & 0%JC5 K0O 022 00W 1%J0I )0O 1I2 00W <%10J 2%012 0%J1C Go nt ?

25

0O 002 00W <%171 3he .ht d ##eren!e between the two ends o# theodo( te ra' 6 100s !os M s n M9 where s6 stad a nter!e"t and M 6 V&5

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C2

<5

The rod read n. $ade to !o n! de w th the /a(ue o# the hi9 s t'" !a( o# J0 "er!ent o# a(( stad a $easure$ents% In # .ure 19 the /ert !a( an.(e s K 1O <72 and the rod nter/a( s 0%C01% ?oth the rod hi and the rod read n. 3R%R%5 are 1%82$% Ca(!u(ate the hor Eonta( d stan!e and the /ert !a( d stan!e% Then # nd the e(e/at on #or stat on 2%

'i5.re %

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C<

C5

& theodo( te has a ta!h'$etr' !onstant o# 100 and an add t /e !onstant o# Eero% The !entre o# read n. on a /ert !a( sta## he(d on a "o nt ? was 2%2J2$ when s .hted #ro$ &% I# the /ert !a( an.(e was K25 and the hor Eonta( d stan!e &? s 1J0%<27$9 !a(!u(ate the other sta## read n.s and thus show that the two nter!e"t nter/a(s are not eFua(% Us n. these /a(ues !a(!u(ate the (e/e( o# ? # & was <8%J5$ and the he .ht o# the nstru$ent 1%<5$% The tab(e be(ow shows a ta!h'$etr' stad a # e(d book n.% Co$"(ete the tab(e be(ow and !a(!u(ate e(e/at on o# ea!h "o nt%
H-ri> 9-ntal An5le :;< a =.pper rea*in5 b> l-0er rea*in5 H-ri9-nt al &en5t) H ? #44s C-s%@>C Vertical *ifference V?#44s c-s@ sin@

55

Stati-n an* instr.> ,ent )ei5)t Stat on C 1%C18

Vertical an5le

Mi**le Sta*ia rea*in5

Re*.ce* level -f stati-n 10%C18

Re*.ce* level -f p-int

Re,ar/s

C5 51R 1801I2 120212

)J0 1I2 )JI CI2 I8 C72

<%100 1%120 2%202

<%<01 2%J00 1%252 1%000 2%C85 2%100

?es de road 0a$" "ost Centre ( ne

Try your best to find the solution. How to answer this???

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / CC

'ee*bac/ t- Self Assess,ent

15

Sta##

Theodo( te

The # .ure abo/e shows R%0%? 6 R%0%& K :%I K V D h Bhere: R%0%? 6 e(e/at on o# the nstru$ent stat on ? R%0%& 6 e(e/at on o# the nstru$ent stat on &% :%I%6 nstru$ent he .ht h = the (en.th o# the !entre ha r read n. #ro$ the sta## base V 6 the /ert !a( !o$"onent LY9 the he .ht o# the !entre ha r read n. abo/e the nstru$ent a* s 25 V 6 100s s n M !os M 6 50s s n 2 M To &9 V 6 50 31%IJ0 )0%JC55 s n 0O 0C2 00W 6 0%055$ , ##eren!e n (e/e( #ro$ nstru$ent a* s 6 0%550 D 1%C18 6 )1%<72

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C5

Check +ea&in, V 6 50 30%JC55 s n 0O C02 00W 6 0%550$ , ##eren!e n (e/e( #ro$ nstru$ent a* s 6 0%550 )1%JI0 6 )1%<5I -ean 6 1%<70$ To ?9 V 6 50 3<%10J)0%J1C5 s n )0O <72 00W 6 )1%1CJ$ , ##eren!e n (e/e( #ro$ nstru$ent a* s 6 )1%1CJ)2%012 6 )<%171 Che!k (e/e( 6 )<%171 -ean 6 ) <%171$ , ##eren!e n (e/e( &? 6 )<%171K1%<70 6 )1%I01$

<5

:6 100s !os2 M 6 100 * 0%C01 * !os2 1O <72 6 C0%1$ V 6 3100/25 s s n 2M 6 100 s !os M s n M 6 100 * 0%C01 * !os 1O <72* s n 1O <72 6 K1%12$ R%0%2 6 R%0%1 K :%I N V D h 6 1I5%17 K 1%82 K1%12 D 1%82 6 1I7%2I So9 the e(e/at on #or stat on 2 s 1I7%2I%

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C7

C5

4 .ure 1 4ro$ bas ! eFuat on9 C, 6 100s !os2 M 1J0%<27$ 6 100 s !os2 25 s 6 2%<17$ :H 6 s !os2 25 6 2%<17 X !os2 25 6 2%1$ CE 6 C, se! !os2 25

4ro$ # .ure 19

In!( ned d stan!e

2 =

= 0 18R11U
Now b' re#eren!e to # .ure 1:

2 %1 ra& = 0<CR2<U 210

,G 6 C, tan 325- 5 6 1J0%<27 tan 325 )0 182 11W5 6 I8%5JC ,E 6 C, tan 25 6 1J0%<27 tan 25 6 II%8CJ ,4 6 C, tan 325 K 5 6 1J0%<27 325 K 0 182 11W5 6 IJ%J10

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / C8

It !an be seen that the stad a nter/a(s are: GE 6 ,E D ,G 6 S1 6 II%8CJ D I8%J5C 6 1%115 E4 6 ,4 D ,E 6 S2 6 IJ%J10 D II%8CJ 6 1%171
62%<17 3Che!k5

4ro$ wh !h t s ob/ ous that the a5 U""er read n. 6 32%2J2 K1%1715 6 <%C5< b5 0ower raed n. 6 32%2J2 D 1%1555 6 1%1<8 Vert !a( :e .ht ,E 6h 6 C, tan 25 6 1J0%<27 tan 25 6 II%8CJ3 as abo/e5

0e/e( o# ? 6 <8%J5 K 1%<5 K II%8CJ 2%2J2

6 125%858 $

CD = !!s "os# $%..&'la bla bla(

ENGINEERING SURVEY 2

C 2005 / 1 / CI

55
Stati-n an* instr.> ,ent )ei5)t Stat on C 1%C18 H-ri> 9-ntal An5le :;< Mi**le Sta*ia rea*in5 a =.pper rea*in5 b> l-0er rea*in5 H-ri9-nt al &en5t) H ? #44s C-s%@>C Vertical *ifference V?#44s c-s@ sin@
Re*.ce* level -f stati-n

Vertical an5le

Re*.ce* level -f p-int

Re,ar/s

10%C18 C5 51R 1801I2 120212 )J0 1I2 )JI CI2 I8 C72 <%100 1%120 2%202 <%<01 2%J00 1%252 1%000 2%C85 2%100 C0%0JJ 2C%710 <8%CC< 0%210 <%I10 1%C70 I%52C 7%J0C 11%0J2 a) ?es de road b )0a$" "ost !)Center ( ne

Redu!ed (e/e( o# "o nt a 6 10%C18 K1%C18 )0%210 D <%100 6 I%52C Redu!ed (e/e( o# "o nt b 6 10%C18 K1%C18 )<%I10 D 1%120 6 7%J0C Redu!ed (e/e( o# "o nt ! 6 10%C18 K1%C18 K 1%C70 D 2%202 6 11%0J2

Congratulations, you can proceed to the next unit.