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Chng 3:

NHU CU NC V NHU CU TI CA CY TRNG

-- oOo --3.1
BC HI V THOT HI
3.1.1 Bc hi (E)
Bc hi (Evaporation), k hiu l E, l qu trnh chuyn ha cc phn t nc t mt t v b
mt thong ca vng cha nc t th lng sang th hi v i vo khng kh do tc ng chnh
ca bc x mt tri, nhit , m khng kh, gi v cc yu t mi trng khc (Hnh 3.1).

Bc x
mt tri

My
Gi

Bc hi t
mt t

Bc hi t b thong
ca mt nc

Bc hi t
mt t

Hnh 3.1: Cc dng bc hi t nhin

Bc x mt tri cung cp nng lng lm gia tng nhit b mt ca mt nc v mt

t to iu kin chuyn ha cc phn t nc t th lng sang th hi. Di tc ng
ca bc x mt tri, ban ngy nc bc hi nhiu hn ban m, ma h lng bc hi
ln hn ma ng.
Gi l do s xo trn gy nn chuyn ng ca khi khng kh. Gi cng mnh lm gia
tng s cun ht cc phn t nc b mt ca nc v t chuyn t th lng thnh th
kh v cun ln khng trung. Gi lm chuyn dch khi khng kh m gn mt t ln
cao to nn s gim p khin khi khng kh kh hn trn vo khin s tc bc hi
tng thm.
m khng kh cng thp cng lm gia tng tim nng bc hi do s chnh lch p sut
cc lp khng kh. Vo ma kh, m khng kh thp khin p sut khng kh thp
theo, bc hi khi gia tng. Vo ma ma, khoi m khng kh t gi tr cc i
(khng kh bo ha hi nc) th hin tng bc hi mt thong gn nh khng ng k.
Cc yu t mi trng khc nh yu t t, cy trng v cc cng trnh trn mt t nh
hng n s bc hi. t ct to nn s bc hi ln nht so vi t st. Vng c nhiu
cy trng, lng bc hi t mt t cng bt i. Trn mt t, cng c nhiu cng trnh
bao ph th lng bc hi t nhin gim i theo t l din tch b che khut.
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Lng bc hi thng tnh bng chiu dy lp nc bc hi, n v l mm. Tc bc hi l
lng nc bc hi trong mt n v thi gian (mm/ngy). Cc trm kh tng Vit Nam
thng o bc hi bng chu o bc hi loi A (Hnh 3.2). Chu o bc hi loi A (A pan) l
mt chu hnh tr trn c ng knh 120,7 cm, cao 25 cm lm bng thp trng km hay inox.
Chu c t trn mt t khong 15 cm trn mt k g. Trong chu c mt ng tr trn nh
cao 20 cm, ng knh 10 cm o mc nc qua mt thit b gi l thc mc cu. Mc nc
vo chu mi ngy chng 20 cm. Ghi nhn mc nc ngy hm trc (khong 7:00 gi
sng), n 24 gi sau o li s st gim mc nc trong chu xc nh lng bc hi mt. o
bc hi phi km o ma, nu c ma phi tr i lng ma ri trong ngy.

Hnh 3.2: Chu o bc hi loi A

Ngoi ra, c mt s cng thc kinh nghim xc nh lng bc hi E:
Cng thc Maietikhomirov:
E = d.(15 + 3 w)

Cng thc Poliacov:

(3-1)

E = 18,6 (1 + 0,2.w) d2/3

(3-2)

E = 0,5 d

(3-3)

Cng thc Davis:

trong 3 cng thc trn:

E lng bc hi thng, (mm/thng);
d thiu ht lng m bo ha bnh qun thng (d = H r), %;
w tc gi trung bnh thng cao 8 10 m, (m/s).
Tng lng bc hi Ez (m3) trn mt din tch b mt F (km2) trong mt thi on no c
xc nh theo cng thc:
Ez = 103 E F
(3-4)
trong

E (mm) l tng lng bc hi trong thi on tnh ton.

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3.1.2 Thot hi (T)
Thot hi (Transpiration), k hiu l T, l hin
tng nc thot ra khng kh t mt l, thn
cy nh l mt phn ng sinh l ca cy trng
chng li s kh hn chung quanh n. Hi
nc c h thng r ca cy ht ln v thot
ra t l cy qua cc kh khng b mt l v
thn cy (Hnh 3.3).
Lng nc thot hi t cy trng ty thuc
vo tng din tch mt l (l rng, l hp), cu
trc l (dng phng, xon, cun,..), hng l
(v pha tia bc x mt tri nhiu hay t), s
phn b r ca cy (r dy, r tha). Trong
phm vi cy trng, lng nc thot hi ln
hn rt nhiu (c th ln n 90% tng lng
nc ti) so vi lng bc hi t mt t.
S thot hi cy trng gia tng khi bc x
mt tri ln, nhit mi trng tng cao,
khng kh tr nn kh, gi mnh, m thp.
Xc nhlng thot hi qua l thng kh
khn v t chnh xc. Thng thng ngi ta
xc nh lng thot hi ca cy trng t cc
thng s khc trong phng trnh cn bng
nc.

Hnh 3.3: Chuyn vn ca nc trong t ra khng kh qua h thng r ca cy trng.

3.1.3 Bc thot hi tham chiu (ETo)
Nm 1990, T chc Lng Nng Th gii (FAO), Hi Ti tiu Quc t v T chc Kh tng
Th gii t chc mt hi ngh thng nht phng php xc nh lng bc thot hi ca cy
trng. Cc nh khoa hc (Doorenhos v Fruit, 1975) a ra khi nim lng bc thot hi
tham chiu (Reference evapotranspiration), vit tt l ETo, ch kh nng bc thot hi thc
vt theo mt tiu chun hoc iu kin tham kho. ETo l lng nc dng ti cho mt cy
trng l c chun, trng v chm sc ng k thut, ph u trn ton b mt t v c cung
cp nc y theo mt iu kin ti u.
Phng php xc nh lng bc thot hi tham chiu c FAO khuyn kch p dng chung
cho ton th gii v c th hin qua ti liu: Crop evapotranspiration Guidelines for
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computing crop water requirement FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Mt s phng
php xc nh ETo (Hnh 3.4):

Phng php Thy tiu k (Lysimeter)

Phng php Penman Monteith;
Phng php Blaney Crriddle;
Phng php bc hi chu A.

Nng

Nhit

YU T KH HU
+Ph. php thy tiu k
+ Ph. php bc hi chu

ETo

Gi
m

+ Ph. php Penman Monteith

+ Ph. php Blaney Crriddle
CY TRNG
Hnh 3.4: Cc phng php xc nh lng bc thot hi tim nng ETo
a. Phng php dng Thy tiu k
Thy tiu k (Lysimeter) l mt thit b dng xc nh gi tr bc thot hi tham chiu (ETo)
ca mt cy trng theo mt iu kin ti ch ng. Bng cch o th tch nc hay trong lng
ta c th xc nh lng bc thot hi da vo phng trnh cn bng nc.
Thy tiu k c dng l mt thng hnh tr trn c y t nh loi t canh tc. y thng
c ch nc thot ra nhm o lng thm su. Bn cnh , thit b o ma bng thng o
ma cng c lp t. Mt trn ca thng, cy trng c gieo cy u n ging nh mi
trng bn ngoi (Hnh 3.5).

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o ma (R)

Bc thot hi (ETo)
Ti (I)
Hm o thm su (DP)

Hnh 3.5: B tr thit b Thy tiu k

Mt cch tng qut, bng cch o lng ma ri trong khu vc (R), lng ti (I) v lng thm
su xung t (P), lng bc thot hi (ETo) s c xc nh theo:
ETo = R + I P
(3-5)
Mt s ni, ngi ta dng cn (t di thy tiu k) xc nh s thay i lng nc
thy tiu k xc nh lng bc thot hi.
Phng php 3 thng
i vi cy la v mt s cy trng cn, ngi ta cng xc nh trc tip lng bc thot hi
bng thy tiu k nhng t 3 thng khc nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng
php 3 thng.
Dng 3 thng hnh khi vung c kch thc 60 x 60 x 60 cm, trong c 2 thng khng y v
1 thng c y. t 3 thng ny ngoi ng, thng c chon xung t sao cho ming thng
ngang vi mt rung nh hnh 3.6. Dng thc mc cu xc nh mc nc trn mt rung.
Thit b o ma (R) cng c lp t khu th nghim.

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B
ET

C
E

Hnh 3.6: B tr th nghim xc nh lng bc thot hi theo phng php 3 thng

Gi tn 3 thng theo th t nh trn hnh v l thng A, thng B v thng C. Thng A khng
y, c cy trng. Thng B khng y v khng c cy trng. Thng C c y v khng c cy
trng. Gi E l lng nc bc hi t do mt thong, T l lng nc thot hi t l v P l
lng nc mt do thm su. Cn bng nc mi thng nh sau:
Thng A:
a=E+TP
Thng B:
b=EP
Thng C:
c=E
Suy ra:

Lng thm su
Lng thot hi
Lng bc thot hi

P =cb
T =ab
ET = a + c b

(3-6)
(3-7)
(3-8)

Phng php ny tng i d thc hin nhng kt qu c th khng chnh xc lm do:

S xo trn khi t trng vo thng c th nh hng n gi tr thm.
Din tch mt thng thy tiu k thng khng ln nn tnh i din khng cao.
Nhit t bn trong v bn ngoi thng c th chnh lch lm nh hng s bc thot
hi nc ca cy trng.
b. Phng php Penman Monteith
Phng php Panman Monteith xc nh gi tr bc thot hi l mt hm s ph thuc nhiu
thng s thi tit ti ch v chung quanh khu vc xem xt. Cc thng s ny c m t chi tit
trong ti liu hng dn tnh ton ca FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. No. 56: Guidelines
for computing crop water requirement, (1985). Tnh gi tr bc thot hi theo Panman
Monteith c phn mm my tnh CROPWAT cho kt qu nhanh v tin li hn.
Lng bc thot hi tham chiu ETo c tnh theo Panman Monteith:

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(3-9)
trong :
ETo
Rn
G
T
u2
ex
ea

- lng bc thot hi tham chiu chung i vi cy trng (mm/ngy);

- bc x mt tri trn b mt cy trng (MJ/m2/ngy);
- mt dng nhit trong t (MJ/m2/ngy);
- nhit trung bnh ngy ti v tr 2 m t mt t (C);
- tc gi ti chiu cao 2 m t mt t (m/s);
- p sut hi nc bo ha (kPa);
- p sut hi nc thc t (kPa);
- dc ca p sut hi nc trn ng cong quan h nhit (kPa/ C);
- hng s m (kPa/ C).

Cc gi tr thng s ni trn c th tnh t s liu do ngnh kh tng cung cp kt hp vi cng

thc v bng tra theo ti liu ca FAO, Granier (1985). Phng php Panman Monteith cho kt
qu tng i chnh xc nhng khi lng tnh ton ln, phc tp v phi c ti liu ban u.
c. Phng php Blaney - Crridle
Blaney Crridle cho cng thc tnh bc thot hi tham chiu ETo (mm/ngy) n gin hn:
ETo = p(0,48T + 8)
(3-10)
trong :
T
- nhit trung bnh ngy (C);
p
- t l phn trm s gi chiu sng trung bnh nm i vi cc ngy ca thng
trong mt chu k ti. Gi tr ca p ph thuc vo v a l ni xem xt v thi gian tnh
ton cho thi v cy trng, xc nh theo bng 3.1.
V
Bc
Nam
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

I
VII
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.27

Bng 3.1: Bng tra h s p trong cng thc Blaney-Criddle

Thng
II
III
IV
V
VI VII VIII IX
X
XI XII
VIII IX
X
XI XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
0.20 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.41 0.40 0.34 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13
0.21 0.26 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.16
0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.18
0.23 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.20
0.24 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.21
0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.22
0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23
0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24
0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25
0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26
0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27
0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
(Ngun: Brouwer v Heibloem, 1986)
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V d 3.1: Tnh lng bc thot hi tham chiu ETo theo Blaney Crridle cho thng 4 vng c
v 25 Bc. Cho bit nhit trung bnh ngy trong thng 4 l 21,5 C.
Gii: Ti v 25 Bc trong thng 4 c p = 0,29 (tra bng 3.1). Vi T = 21,5 C th lng bc
thot hi tham chiu s l:
ETo = p(0,48T + 8) = 0,29 (0,48 21,5 + 8) = 5,2 mm/ngy
Cng thc Blaney Crridle c s dng ph bin nh n gin v nht l khi khng c y
s liu quan trc. Nm 1977, Doorenbos v Pruitt hiu chnh cng thc Blaney Crridle bng
cch a thm mt s yu t kh hu.
Cng thc Blaney Crridle hiu chnh nh sau:

(3-11)
trong :
N
- s ngy ti trong 1 chu k ti (10 N 30) (ngy);
a
- h s kinh nghim, ph thuc RHmin (%) v t s n/N;
b
- h s kinh nghim, ph thuc vo RHmin, n/N v Ud;
RHmin
- m tng i ti thiu (%);
n/N
- t s gi nng thc t/ gi nng ln nht;
Ud
- tc gi trung bnh ngy (m/s);
P
- t l phn trm s gi chiu sng trung bnh, ly theo bng 3.1;
T
- nhit trung bnh ngy trong thi k ti (C);
K1, K2, K5 cc h s iu chnh, c th ly K1 = 2,19; K2 = 8,13, K5 = 1.
d. Phng php chu bc hi loi A
Dng chu bc hi loi A ( m t mc 3.1.1) o s thay i mc nc trong chu. Lng
bc hi tham chiu ETo c xc nh theo:
ETo = Kp Epan
(3-12)
trong :
Epan
- lng bc hi o trc tip t chu (mm).
Kp
- h s bc hi chu. Kp ph thuc vo hnh dng chu (loi chu, mu sc), v tr
t chu, iu kin m v gi. Gi tr Kp thng trong khong 0,35 0,85, trung bnh c
th chn Kp = 0,70.
Nu xt n v tr t chu nh hnh 3.7 th Kp ly theo bng 3.2.

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Trng hp A

Trng hp B

Gi
Vng
t trng

Gi

Vng
trng cy

50 m

DA

Chu

Vng
trng cy

50 m

Vng Chu
t trng

DB

Hnh 3.7: Hai trng hp t chu

Chu A
m RH
trung bnh (%)
Vn tc gi
(m/s)
Nh
<2
Trung bnh
2-5
Mnh
5-8
Rt mnh
>8

DA
(m)
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000

Bng 3.2. Bng tra h s Kp cho chu A

Trng hp A:
Trng hp B:
t trn thm c
t trn mt t kh ro
Thp Tr. Bnh
Cao
Thp Tr. Bnh
Cao
< 40
40-70
> 70
< 40
40-70
> 70
DB
(m)
0.55
0.65
0.75
1
0.7
0.8
0.85
0.65
0.75
0.85
10
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.85
100
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.75
0.85
0.85
1000
0.5
0.6
0.65
1
0.65
0.75
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.75
10
0.55
0.65
0.7
0.65
0.75
0.8
100
0.5
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.8
0.8
1000 0.45
0.55
0.6
0.45
0.5
0.6
1
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.55
0.6
0.65
10
0.5
0.55
0.65
0.6
0.65
0.7
100
0.45
0.5
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
1000
0.4
0.45
0.55
0.4
0.45
0.5
1
0.5
0.6
0.65
0.45
0.55
0.6
10
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.5
0.6
0.65
100
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
1000 0.35
0.4
0.45
(Ngun: FAO, Irrigation and Drainage paper No. 50)

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3.2
NHU CU NC CA CY TRNG
3.2.1 Khi nim
Trong tnh ton nhu cu nc cho cy trng, ngi ta thng gp lng nc mt i t bc hi
v thot hi li thnh mt v gi chung l lng bc thot hi (evapotranspiration), vit tt l
ET. Trong mt vng t, khi cha c cy trng, ET s l E. Khi vng t c che ph bi cy
trng trn 90% din tch t, tr ET tr thnh T. Lng bc thot hi l thng s quan trng nht
xc nh nhu cu nc ca cy trng. Mt cch gn ng ta c th xem:
(Nhu cu nc ca cy trng) (Lng bc thot hi)
Mun xc nh lng ET, thng phi lm th nghim kh cng phu v mt thi gian. ET l
thng s ty thuc vo nhiu yu t:
Yu t kh hu;
Lp ph thc vt;
iu kin t.
3.2.2 Bc thot hi cy trng (ETc)
Bc thot hi cy trng (Crop evapotranspiration), vit tt l ETc, theo thc t xc nh theo:
ETc = Kc . ETo
(3-13)
Trong , Kc l h s cy trng (crop coefficient), Kc thay i theo loi cy trng, thi v canh
tc v giai on sinh trng ca cy trng. S thay i ca Kc c th biu hin bng ng cong
Kc theo giai on sinh trng ca cy trng (Hnh 3.8). ng cong ny xc nh bng thc
nghim. Trng hp thiu iu kin s liu quan trc , c th tham kho kt qu cng b ca
FAO (2001) theo Bng 3.3 v Bng 3.4.
Bng 3.5 cho thi gian trng v s ngy ng vi thi k sinh trng ca cy trng.
ng Kc thc

ng Kc
thit k

1.2
1.0
Kc

0.8
Ra hoa
Kt tri

0.6
Pht trin

0.4
0.2

Thu
hoch

Gieo
ht

0.0
Giai on sinh trng ca cy trng
Hnh 3.8: V d s thay i gi tr Kc theo giai on sinh trng ca cy trng
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Bng 3.3: Khong gi tr Kc ca mt s loi cy trng theo ma (FAO, 2001)
Loi
Giai on
Giai on
Giai on
Giai on
cy trng
u (gieo ht)
pht trin
ra hoa kt tri
thu hoch
Ci bp
0,30 0,40
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,10
0,80 0,95
C rt
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,10
0,80 0,95
Bng vi
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
1,00 1,10
0,65 0,70
u phng
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,05
0,55 0,65
u xanh
0,30 0,40
0,65 0,75
0,95 1,05
0,85 0,95
u H Lan
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
1,05 1,20
0,95 1,10
u nnh
0,30 0,40
0,70 0,80
1,00 1,15
0,40 0,50
Da leo
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
0,85 0,95
0,70 0,80
Bp
0,30 0,50
0,70 0,980
1,05 1,20
0,70 0,80
Khoai ty
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
1,05 1,15
0,70 0,80
Ma
0,40 0,50
0,80 0,90
1,10 1,20
0,60 0,70
H tiu
0,30 0,40
0,60 0,75
0,95 1,05
0,70 0,80
C chua
0,40 0,50
0,70 0,80
1,05 1,25
0,70 0,90
La m
0,30 0,40
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,20
0,20 0,25
La mch
0,30 0,40
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,20
0,20 0,25
La nc
1,10 1,15
1.10 1,50
1,10 1,30
0,95 1,05
Hnh
0,40 0,60
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,05
0,75 0,85
C ci
0,40 0,50
0,55 0,65
0,85 0,95
0,85 0,95
C ci ng
0,40 0,50
0,75 0,85
1,05 1,20
0,60 0,70
Da hu
0,30 0,40
0,70 0,80
0,95 1,05
0,65 0,75
Ghi ch:

Gi tr u: Khi m cao (RHmin > 70%) v gi nh (w < 5 m/s)

Gi tr cui: Khi m thp (RHmin < 70%) v gi mnh (w > 5 m/s)
Khi khng tha iu kin trn, c th ly tr trung bnh.
Bng 3.4: Gi tr Kc ca mt s loi cy trng lu nin (FAO, 2001)
Cy trng
Cn non
Trng thnh
Chui
0,45 0,55
1,05 1,15
Chanh
0,25 0,35
0,60 0,70
To
0,40 0,50
0,80 0,90
Nho
0,65 0,75
0,65 0,75

Bng 3.5: Thi gian trng (ngy) v s ngy ng vi thi k sinh trng ca cy trng
Thi k
Tng
Cy trng
Chn,
thi gian Gieo s - Tng trng Ra hoa,
Cy con
kt tri
thu hoch
u xanh
Bp ci
C rt

75
90
120
140
100

15
20
20
25
20

25
30
25
30
30

25
30
60
65
30

10
10
15
20
20

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Cy trng

Bng vi
Da leo
C tm
Bp ngt
Bp chn nui
Hnh l
Hnh c
u phng
u H Lan
Tiu
Khoai ty
u nnh
B xanh
Hng dng
C chua

Tng
thi gian
150
180
195
105
130
130
140
80
110
125
180
70
95
150
210
130
140
90
100
120
210
105
145
135
150
95
150
125
130
135
180

Thi k
Gieo s Cy con

Tng trng

Ra hoa,
kt tri

Chn,
thu hoch

25
30
30
20
25
30
30
20
20
20
30
25
25
15
20
25
30
15
20
25
30
25
30
20
20
20
25
20
25
30
35

35
50
50
30
35
40
40
25
30
35
50
30
40
25
35
35
40
25
30
35
40
30
35
30
30
30
35
35
35
40
45

70
55
65
40
50
40
45
25
50
40
60
10
20
70
110
45
45
35
35
40
110
30
50
60
70
30
35
45
45
40
70

20
45
50
15
20
20
25
10
10
30
40
5
10
40
45
25
25
15
15
20
30
20
30
25
30
15
25
25
25
25
30

3.3
LNG MA HU HIU (Re)
Ma l mt ngun cung cp nc t nhin rt quan trng v cn thit cho t v cy trng. Khi
lng ma ri xung khu vc canh tc khng nc cho cy trng th khi buc chng ta
phi c bin php ti b sung (supplemental irrigation) b cho lng nc thiu ht.
Khng phi tt c lng ma ri (rainfall) u c cy trng s dng, mt phn nc ma s
thm su (deep percolation) xung t b cp vo lng nc ngm, mt phn chy trn (runoff)
theo sn dc ca mt t (Hnh 3.6). Phn nc ma thm su v chy trn theo sn dc m
cy trng khng s dng c gi l lng ma khng hu hiu. Phn nc ma tr li trong
tng r v c cy trng hp thu gi l lng ma hu hiu (Effective rainfall), k hiu l Re.
(Lng ma hu hiu) = (Lng ma ri) (Lng thm su) (Lng chy trn)
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My

Ma ri
Ma ri
Chy trn
Chy trn
Thm su

Thm su

Hnh 3.6: Mt phn ma ri s b mt do chy trn v thm su

Lng chy trn v thm su ty thuc vo a hnh, dc, lp ph thc vt, loi t, Thng
thng phi o c thc nghim mi c cc s liu ny. S b, c th tham kho ti liu ca
FAO (2001):
Re = 0,8 R
khi R > 75 mm/thng
(3-14)
v
Re = 0,6 R
khi R < 75 mm/thng
(3-15)
Trng hp thiu s liu o c, c th tm thi s dng s liu Bng 3.6 xc nh lng
ma hu hiu t lng ma thc o.
Bng 3.6: Quan h gia lng ma thc o (R) v lng ma hu hiu (Re)
n v tnh: mm/thng
R
Re
R
Re
00
00
130
79
10
00
140
87
20
02
150
95
30
08
160
103
40
14
170
111
50
20
180
119
60
26
190
127
70
32
200
135
80
39
210
143
90
47
220
151
100
55
230
159
110
63
240
167
120
71
250
175
(Ngun: Brouwer v Heibloem, 1986)
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Ghi ch: Trng hp, lng ma thc o nm gia 2 tr s R cho trong bng 3.6, gi tr gn
ng ca Re s c ni suy theo cng thc:
Lng ma thc o R
a

an
ij
bm

(3-16)
n

Nu cc gi tr lng ma thc o a, i, b bit. Tr lng ma

hu hiu n, m c c t bng 3.3. Cng thc ni suy s cho lng
ma hu hiu:

Lng ma hu hiu Re
(3-17)
V d 3.2: Nu lng ma thc o l 175 mm th lng ma hu hiu s l bao nhiu?
Gii: Lng ma 175 mm nm gia tr 170 mm v 180 mm, cn c vo bng 3.3, tng ng
vi 2 tr lng mu hu hiu l 111 mm v 119 mm.
Vy lng ma hu hiu cho lng 175 mm s l:

3.4
NHU CU TI CA CY TRNG
3.4.1 Xc nh nhu cu ti ln nht theo thng
Nhu cu ti cho mt loi cy trng no chnh l s hiu s gia nhu cu nc cho cy trng
v lng ma hu hiu.
(Nhu cu ti ca cy trng) = (Nhu cu nc cho cy trng) (Lng ma hu hiu)
Da vo thi gian canh tc (t thng n thng), thnh lp bng xc nh nhu cu nc
theo thng. Bn cnh thu thp s liu ma thng trung bnh ca giai on canh tc. Lng
ma hu hiu c tnh hoc suy t bng tra (Phn 3.3).
S chnh lch gia nhu cu nc cy trng v lng ma hu hiu theo thng chnh l nhu cu
ti theo thng ca cy trng. Lp bng tnh ton c kt qu, ng thi xc nh c thng
c mc ti cao nht. Ly gi tr mc ti cao nht thng lm c s thit k cng trnh ti cho
thi v.

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V d 3.3:
Gi s c mt cnh ng trng c chua vi thi gian sinh trng l 150 ngy. Thi v canh tc
c chua l t thng 2 n thng 6. Nhu cu nc cho c chua theo tng thng cho bng sau:
Thng
2
3
4
5
6
Tng
Nhu cu nc
69
123
180
234
180
786
(mm/thng)
Trm Kh tng cung cp gi tr lng ma trung bnh ca cc thng cho bng sau:
Thng
2
3
4
5
6
Lng ma R
20
38
40
80
16
(mm/thng)
Hy xc nh lng nc cn ti cho c chua tng thng.
Gii:
S dng bng 3.6 c lng lng ma hu hiu Re, kt qu cho bng sau:
Thng
2
3
4
5
6
Lng ma
2
13
14
39
0
hu hiu Re
(mm/thng)
Vy, nhu cu ti cho c chua theo tng thng s l:
Thng
2
3
4
Lng ti
67
110
166
(mm/thng)

5
195

Tng
194

Tng
68

6
180

Tng
718

Nhn kt qu trn, ta d dng bit thng 5 l thng cao im ca nhu cu ti. Nh vy, nu thit
k h thng ti cho v c chua trong khong thi v ny, gi tr max ca nhu cu ti theo
thng s l 195 mm/thng. Nu phi lm knh dn nc th lu lng dn nc phi tha cho lp
nc ti ny trn ton b din tch trng c chua.
3.4.2 Ch ti ca cc loi cy trng
Mi loi cy trng cn c mt ch ti nht nh. Vic xc nh ch ti l qu trnh tnh
ton thnh lp ng qu trnh nh mc ti theo tng giai on sinh trng ca cy trng.
Mc ch chnh l nhm t mc tiu nng sut cng nh tnh kinh t trong xy dng v qun l
cng trnh ti. Mc ti (k hiu l m) l lng nc cn ti (n v l th tch khi ni
ti, m3) cho mt n v din tch cy trng (tnh theo hecta, ha). Mc ti c tnh bng
m3/ha. H s ti (coefficient of irrigation) l lng nc cn cung cp cho 1 n v din tch
trong khong thi gian nht nh t c mc ti.
(3-18)
trong :

q
m
t
86,4

- h s ti (l/s.ha);
- mc ti (m3/ha);
- thi gian ti (ngy);
- h s quy i n v.
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Lu :

1 m3/ha
1 l/s.ha

= 10 mm
= 8,64 mm/ngy.ha

= 86,4 m3/ngy.ha

3.4.3. Xc nh mc ti cho cy la
Cy la c nhiu giai on sinh trng, c th nh hnh 3.7. Ty theo ging la v ma v, thi
gian sinh trng t lc s/cy n khi thu hoch khong t 95 145 ngy. Ta c th gi giai
on t khi c cy m n lc chi max l thi k pht trin, giai on cy la lm ng (tng
gi) - tr bng l thi k tr bng hay thi k sinh sn, cui cng khi ht la ngm sa chc
xanh cho n lc thu hoch l thi k chn.

Hnh 3.7: Cc giai on sinh trng ca cy la v nhu cu ti (xp x)

Nu khng cung cp nc cho cy la trong giai on tng trng, s lng chi v chiu cao
cy c th b gim. Nu c ti li, cy la s phc hi nhng nng sut c kh nng gim.
Trong giai on pht dc ca cy la (lm ng tr bng), nu b hn hn ko di, nng sut
la s gim r rt.
Trong canh tc la, c hai thi k ti quan trng l thi k ti i (chun b t) v thi k ti
dng. Ti i nhm lm mm t cho n khi t c bo ha nc to iu kin cho vic cy
i. Thi k lm i thng khong 2 3 tun, khng nn ko di qu 4 tun v s nh hng n
cc v sau. Ti dng nhm duy tr lng nc cn trong rung b cho lng nc mt i do
bc thot hi v thm rt xung t trong giai on t sau khi cy cho n khi la gn chn.
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Lng nc ti cho thi k lm i (15 30 ngy)

Wta = Wc + Wbh + We + Wp 10 CR
(3-19)
trong :
Wta
- lp nc ti i, mm;
Wc
- lp nc chn rung, m3/ha; Wc = a, vi a = 20 30 mm;
Wbn - lp nc bo ha trong tng t mt rung, mm;
Wbh = 104 HA (1 - n)
H
- chiu su lp t bo ha, mm;
A
- rng theo th tch ca t, %;
n
- m ban u ca t, (% ca rng A);
Xem minh ha hnh 3.8.
We
- lp nc bc hi trong thi gian lm i; mm
We = 10. E ta
E
- bc hi trung bnh ngy trong thi gian lm i, mm/ngy;
ta
- thi gian lm i, ngy;
Wp
- lng thm n nh; mm
Wp = 10 Ke. I. t
Ke
- h s thm n nh,ty theo loi t, mm/ngy;
J
- gradient thm n nh;
t
- thi gian thm n nh, ngy
- h s s dng nc ma

Re
R

- lp nc ma hu hiu, mm;
- lp nc ma o thc t t thng o ma, mm
Bc hi E

Ma R

a
t rung
H
Thm Wp

m ban u n,
rng t A%
Mc nc ngm

Hnh 3.8: Minh ha cc thng s ca phng trnh 3.19

H s ti i q (l/s.ha) s xc nh theo cng thc:
(3-20)
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Lng nc ti dng
Da vo phng trnh cn bng nc:
I = ET + P R
trong :
I
- lp nc ti, mm;
ET
- lp nc mt i do bc thot hi, mm
P
- lp nc thm rt, mm;
R
- lp nc ma ri xung, mm.

(3-21)

o lng thm rt xung t, ngi ta chn 2 thng tr trn ng tm c ng knh ln lt

l 30 cm v 60 cm xung t (hnh 3.9). Nc hai thng bng nhau, thng ngoi c tc dng
to gradient thy lc nc thng trong bo m c thm thng ng xung t. o tc
h thp mc nc thng trong xc nh tc thm rt theo mm/gi.
Thng ngoi

60 cm
Thng trong

30 cm

Nc
t

20 cm
10 -15 cm

Thm

Hnh 3.9: B tr o thm rt ngoi ng

S thm rt ph thuc vo loi t trng, v d mt kt qu o cho bng 3.7. Bng 3.8 cho
phn loi mc thm rt.
Bng 3.7: Tc thm rt ca mt s loi t
Tc thm rt (mm/gi)
Loi t
t c thm thc vt
t trng
t tht
25
13
t tht mn
15
8
t tht pha st
5
3

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Bng 3.8: Phn loi tc thm
Mc
Tc thm (mm/gi)
Nhanh
> 160
Nhanh Trung bnh
50 - 160
Trung bnh
16 - 50
Trung bnh Chm
5 - 16
Chm
1,25 5,0
Rt chm
< 1,25
nh lng ti dng bng phng php lp bng
Lp bng tnh s b da vo phng trnh cn bng nc ng mi thi on 10 ngy ti mi giai
on sinh trng theo v d bng 3.9.
Bng 3.9: Cn bng nc trn rung la trong thi k ti dng
n v tnh: mm
Thi k
sinh
trng
(1)
Cy
Ny chi

Tr ng
Ngm sa
Chc xanh
Chn

Thi on
10 ngy
(2)
1/5 10/5
16/5 26/5
27/5 6/6
7/6 17/6

Lp
nc
u thi
on S1
(3)
30
40
40

Bc
thot
hi
ET
(4)
24
30

Thm
P

Lng
ma
R

Lng
ti
I

Lp nc
cui thi
on S2

(5)
10
8

(6)
15
20

(7)
39
18

(8)
40
40

Lp nc
bnh qun
gia u
v cui k
(9)
35
40

Lp nc
cy la
yu cu
(10)
30 - 40
30 - 50

30 - 60
10 20
10
0

Cc bc tnh ton:
o Lp bng theo mu trn;
o Lp nc thi on u S1 da vo thc t ngoi ng hoc gi nh;
o Cc s liu ct (4), (5) v (6) ly t Trm Kh tng;
o Lng nc ti I cn c vo lp nc cy la yu cu v d kin lp nc thi on
cui m nh mc ti;
o Lp nc thi on cui S2 (mi thi on 10 ngy):
S2 = S1 + R + I ET P
(3-22)
o Lng nc bnh qun gia u v cui k:
(3-23)
o Lp nc cy la yu cu thng da vo cc nghin cu nhu cu lp nc tng giai
on sinh trng m a ra khuyn co.
Kt qu trn mang tnh s b v c mt s ct s liu kh tng ch l phng on. Theo thc t
canh tc v din bin thi tit m bng trn s c cc bc hiu chnh.
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nh lng ti dng bng phng php gii

Cc bc thc hin (Hnh 3.10):

o Lp th c 2 trc: trc honh l thi gian sinh trng ca cy la, trc tung l mc ti
tng ng;
o V ng ly tch nc hao (Whao):
Whao = ET + P;
o V ng ly tch nc hao A = (Whao + amax) vi amax l lp nc ti a gi trn mt
rung, amax = 60 cm;
o V ng ly tch nc hao B = (Whao + amin) vi amin l lp nc ti thiu gi trn mt
rung, amin = 30 cm;
o Trn trc honh, v lng ma ri theo ngy xut hin. Lng ma xc nh t m hnh
ma ngy ng vi tn sut thit k 75% (xem thm Gio trnh Thy vn Cng trnh ca
L Anh Tun, 2006, i hc Cn Th).
o T im a0 ban u ca lp nc trn rung, v ng thng nm ngang, song song vi
trc honh, ct ng B, t im giao ct, tip tc v ng thng ng, song song vi
trc tung, ct ng A. on gia ng B v ng A chnh l lng nc ti ti thi
im xem xt.
o Trng hp c ma, th tnh tin chiu dy lp nc ma ln, cng thm lp nc mt
rung ti thi im . Nu lp nc ny vt qu ng A th phi tiu nc thi
on . Nu lp nc khng vt qu ng A th tip tc v ng ngang cho n khi
gp ng B xc nh thi im ti v lp nc ti.
Lp nc
trn rung, mm

Ma
Tiu

Ti
Ma Ma

Tiu

ng A:
(Whao + amax)
ng B:
(Whao + amin)
ng
Whao = ET + P

Ti
Ti
Ma ngy

Ma ngy, mm

amax
amin

Ngy
Hnh 3.10: Xc nh cc thi k ti hoc tiu cho cy trng bng gii

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3.4.4. Xc nh mc ti cho cy trng cn
i vi cy trng cn, ngi ta dng phng php ti m. Phng php ny l cn duy tr
m thch hp trong t nm trong gii hn thy dung ngoi ng (hay m ln nht max) v
im ho (hay m nh nht min) (Hnh 3.11). min ph thuc vo lng bc thot hi ca cy
trng hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo loi cy trng.
min < < max
(3-24)
Tng lng nc hu hiu (Total Available Water TAW) c xc nh theo:
TAW = Sa = Wng rung Who cy = (ng rung ho cy). D

(3-25)

Vi D - chiu su lp t cn ti; cm.

m hu hiu (Readily available water RAW)
RAW = Sa. p

(3-26)

Vi p - h s ph thuc vo cy trng v lng bc thot hi, c th ly p = 0,75.

Mc tng trng

Ti ho

Sa (1-p)
Sa (p)
(RAW)

ho cy

hu hiu

ng rung

(TAW) = Sa
Hnh 3.11: Minh ha cch xc nh tng lng nc hu hiu v m hu hiu
Vic xc nh m trong t thng mt thi gian, mun chnh xc phi khoan ly mu ngoi
ng v a v phng th nghim phn tch. Theo kinh nghim, ta c th c on m trong
t bng cch quan st ngoi ng v th t bng tay nh Bng 3.10 v Bng 3.11.

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Bng 3.10: Xc nh m bng quan st v th bng tay rung t tht
Quan st v th bng tay
m 50 60%
m 70 75%
m 80 85%
m 90- 85%
Rung mu:
Rung mu:
Rung mu:
Rung mu:
t khng vo thnh
t vo thnh vin c t vo thnh vin
t se c thnh
vin c
nhng khi n vo th v c, khi n vo th
nhng si nh
d dng
khng v
Rung la:
Mt rung nt n,
nghing bn chn c
th lt vo khe nt

2,5
4,2
6,5

Rung la:
Rung la:
Mt rung lin mt, c Mt rung nho
giun n t

Bng 3.11 : Xc nh lng nc cn ti bng xc gic

Loi t

Lng nc
cn ti I
(cm/100 cm)
0

Rung la:
Mt rung nt chn
chim

t ct

t pha ct

Nc ra tay khi
nm cht (*)
Hi m
Thnh vin trn
d v
Hi m,
Hi dnh
Kh ri rc
Chy qua k tay

(*) + c th vn
si nh, ngn.
Thnh vin trn
kh v

Tht trung bnh

St

(*) + c th vn (*) + c th vn v
si 3 cm
si 5 cm
Thnh vin trn Dnh
do
Vn thnh si d
Khi vn s dnh
dng
C th thnh vin Thnh vin trn
- nt trn
kh v
C th thnh vin
- nt Thnh vin trn
trn yu
kh v
(Ngun: Meriam et al, 1973)

Khi tnh ton ch ti cho cy trng cn, cn xc nh:

i. Lp nc ti;
ii. Chu k ti;
iii. Thi gian ti;
iv. S ln ti;
v. Tng lng nc ti.
i. Xc nh lng nc ti
I = (ng rung - min) k.D

trong :
k
D

(3-27)

- dung trng kh ca t, g/cm3;

- chiu su lp t cn ti; cm.

ii. Xc nh chu k ti
- Ngy ti l ngy m m t gim xung ti m nh nht min
- Chu k ti l khon thi gian gia hai ln ti
- Vit phng trnh cn bng nc gia hai ln ti
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I + R = nET +

(3-28)

trong :
n

- s ngy ti, ngy;

- chnh lch m u v cui thi on, %;
= 0

(3-29)

iii. Thi gian ti

(3-30)
trong :
I
q

- lng nc ti, mm/ngy;

- h s ti, l/s.ha;

iv. S ln ti
S ln ti da theo thi gian sinh trng ca cy trng v chu k ti (Hnh 3.11)

Hnh 3.11: m s ln ti trong c thi gian sinh trng ca cy trng

v. Tng lng ti
Tng lng ti cho c v Iv l tng lng ti cho tng k ti Ii:
Iv = Ii

(3-31)

Ta c th dng phng php gii v xc nh mc ti thao thi gian (Hnh 3.12).

V trc tung l mc nc ti, c chiu dng 2 u, trc honh cc cc thng ca thi
v canh tc.
V ng ly tch cn bng nc, ng s (1): W = (Wb + Re + Ge ET), trong :
o Wb
- lng nc u thi on;
o Re
- lng ma hu hiu;
o Ge
- lng nc ngm b sung; v
o ET
- lng bc thot hi.
V ng s (2): Sa.D, trong :
o Sa
- tng lng nc hu hiu (TAW);
o D
- chiu su lp t cn ti, cm.
V ng s (3): (1 - p) Sa.D
o p
- h s ph thuc vo cy trng v lng bc thot hi.
T giao im gia ng s (1) v ng s (3), v ng s (4) song song vi trc tung
ct ng s (2), t giao im v ng song song vi ng s (1) n khi ct
ng s (3) th v ln ng s (5) song song vi trc tung, Tip tc nh vy ta s c
mt chui ng dch dc s (4) v (5) xen nhau.
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Chng 3: NHU CU NC CA CY TRNG

Gio trnh H THNG TI TIU

TS. L ANH TUN

=====================================================================

Thi im ti cc cc on ng s (4).
Lp nc ti chnh l chiu cao ca ng s (4) nm kp gia ng s (2) v s (3).
S ln ti l s on thng ng s (4).
Hti
400
300

200

100
T6

Sa.D

(1-p)Sa.D

T8

T5

Thng

T7

100
200

300
400
500

(Wb + Re + Ge ET)

600
700
Hnh 3.12: gii xc nh mc ti cho cy trng cn

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Chng 3: NHU CU NC CA CY TRNG