Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-1

ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
LECTURE 080 SINGLE-STAGE FREQUENCY RESPONSE - II
(READING: GHLM 504-516)
Objective
The objective of this presentation is:
1.) Illustrate the frequency analysis of single stage amplifiers
2.) Introduce the Miller technique and the approximate method of solving for two poles
Outline
Differential and Common Frequency Response of the Differential Amplifier
Emitter/Source Follower Frequency Response
Common Base/Gate Frequency Response
Summary
Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-2
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Emitter Follower Input Impedance
-
+
v
in
Q1
V
CC
R
L
Fig. 080-01
R
I
v
out
V
in
R
I
r
b
r

C
i
V
1
+
-
g
m
V
1
R
L
-
+
V
out
B
C
E
I
in
Z
i
-
+
V
b
Z
o
I
o
If we let z

=
r

1+sC
i
r

, then
V
i
= V
b
= I
in
(r
b
+ z

) + (I
in
+ g
m
z

I
in
)R
L
Z
i
=
V
i
I
in
= r
b
+ z

+ (1 + g
m
z

)R
L
Z
i
= r
b
+
r

1+sC
i
r

+
\
|
[
)
j

1+
g
m
r

1+sC
i
r

R
L
= r
b
+
\
|
[
)
j

(1+g
m
R
L
)r

1+sC
i
r

+ R
L
Z
i
= r
b
+
(1+g
m
R
L
)r

1+
sC
i
1+g
m
R
L
(1+g
m
R
L
)r

+ R
L
= r
b
+
R
1+sCR
+ R
L
where R = (1+g
m
R
L
)r

and C = C
i
/(1+g
m
R
L
)
Z
i
r
b
(1+g
m
R
L
)r

C =
C
i
1+g
m
R
L
R
L
Fig. 080-02
B B'
C

Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-3

ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Emitter Follower Output Impedance
From the previous model (or from the impedance transformation aspect of a BJT) we can
write,
Z
o
=
V
out
I
o
=
z

+ R
I
+ r
b
1 + g
m
z

=
z

+ R
I
'
1 + g
m
z

=
r

1+sC
i
r

+ R
I
'
1 +
g
m
r

1+sC
i
r

=
r

+ R
I
'+sC
i
r

R
I
'

0
+1 + sC
i
r

Multiplying top and bottom by R
I
/
0
, gives
Z
o

\
|
|
[
)
j
j

1
g
m

+
R
I
'

0

+sC
i
r

R
I
'

0
R
I
'
R
I
' + sC
i
r

R
I
'

0
=
(R
1
+ sL)R
2
R
2
+ sL
assuming
0
>>1.
Equivalent output circuit:
V
out
L = C

R
I'

0
R
1
=
g
m
1
R
I'

0
+
R
2
= R
I'

Z
o
Fig. 080-03
Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-4
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Source Follower Frequency Response
From the previous lecture for the MOSFET r

= , r
b
= 0, and R
L
=
1
g
mbs
||R
L
=
R
L
1+g
mbs
R
L

v
out
v
in
=
g
m
R'
L
+
R'
L
r

1+ g
m
R'
L
+
R
I
+R'
L
r

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1-
s
z
1
1-
s
p
1

v
out
v
in
=
g
m
R'
L
1+ g
m
R'
L

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1-
s
z
1
1-
s
p
1

where z
1
= -
g
m
C
gs
, p
1
= -
1
R
1
C
gs
and R
1
=
R
I
+R'
L
1+g
m
R'
L

1
g
m

Example
Calculate the transfer function for a source follower with C
gs
=7.33pF, KW/L=100mA/V
2
,
R
L
=2k, R
I
=190, and I
D
=4mA. Let g
mbs
0, C
gd
= 0, C
gb
= 0, and C
bs
= 0.
Solution
g
m
= 2(100)4 mA/V = 28.2mA/V.
v
out
v
in
=
28.22
1+ 28.22
= 0.983V/V
|z
1
| =
T
=
g
m
C
gs
= 3.85x10
9
rads/s, R
1
=
R
I
+R'
L
1+g
m
R'
L
=
190+2000
1+1 28.22
= 38.2,
p
1
= -
10
12
38.27.33
= -3.57x10
9
rads/s (C
gd
, C
gb
, and C
bs
cause two poles, 1 zero)
Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-5
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Source Follower Output Impedance
The output impedance of the source follower can be found from the previous general
analysis or from the following model:
-
+
v
in
M1
V
DD
R
L
Fig. 080-04
R
I
v
out
V
in
R
I
Z
o
C
gd
V
gs
+
-
g
m
V
gs
R
L
-
+
v
out
G
S
D
C
gs
g
mbs
V
bs
V
in
R
I
Z
o
C
gd
V
gs
+
-
g
m
V
gs
R
L
-
+
v
out
G
S
D
C
gs
g
mbs
V
out
I
o
I
o
Summing currents at the output,
I
o
+ g
m
V
gs
+ sC
gs
V
gs
= g
mbs
V
out
and V
gs
= -
V
out
sC
gs
R
I
+1

I
o
= g
mbs
V
out
(g
m
+sC
gs
)
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
-V
out
sC
gs
R
I
+1

I
o
V
out
= g
mbs
+
g
m
+ sC
gs
1+sC
gs
R
I

Z
o
=
V
out
I
o
=
1+sC
gs
R
I
(g
m
+g
mbs
) +sC
gs
(R
I
g
mbs
+1)
=
1
g
m
+g
mbs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1+sC
gs
R
I
1+sC
gs
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
R
I
g
mbs
+1
g
m
+g
mbs

Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-6
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Identification of the Output Impedance
Find the value of R
1
, R
2
, and L in the equivalent output impedance
model shown for the source follower.
Note that,
Z
o
=
R
2
(R
1
+sL)
R
1
+R
2
+sL

R
2
(R
1
+sL)
R
2
+sL
if R
1
<< R
2
The best way to solve this problem is to use the limits of Z
o
.
lim Z
o
(s 0) =
R
1
R
2
R
1
+R
2
R
1
=
1
g
m
+g
mbs
where R
1
<< R
2
lim Z
o
(s ) = R
2
=
R
I
R
I
g
mbs
+1

L =
C
gs
(1+R
I
g
mbs
)
g
m
+g
mbs
=
C
gs
R
I
R
1
R
2

If one includes C
gd
in parallel with the equivalent circuit, the potential for resonance of the
output impedance will occur roughly at
1
LC
gd
if R
1
is small. Using the values of the
previous example with g
mbs
= 0.1g
m
and C
gd
= 0.5 pf gives R
1
= 32.2, R
2
= 123.7 and
L = (7.33pF19032.2/123.7) = 0.362nH f
osc
= 11.8GHz
V
out
L
R
1

R
2

Z
o
Fig. 080-05
Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-7
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Frequency Response of Current Buffers
Current buffers include the common base and common gate configurations.
V
DD
-
+
v
in
Q1
V
CC
R
L
Fig. 080-04
R
I
v
out
v
in
v
in
R
I
r
b
r

C
i
v
1
+
-
g
m
v
1
R
L
For MOS:
r
b
=0
and r

=

-
+
v
out
R
I
i
i i
o
C
f
-
+
v
in
Q1
R
L
R
I
v
out
Summing the currents at the input node (neglecting R
I
),
i
i
+
v
1
z

+ g
m
v
1
0 where z

=
r

1+sC
i
r

i
i
= -v
1
\
|
|
[
)
j
j

g
m
+
1
r

+ sC
i

The short-circuit output current gain can be found as,
i
o
= -g
m
v
1
=
g
m
g
m
+
1
r

+ sC
i
i
i
=
g
m
r

1 + g
m
r

+ sC
i
r

i
i

i
o
i
i
=
g
m
r

1+g
m
r

1
1 + s
r

1+g
m
r

C
i

Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-8
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Common-Base Amplifier Frequency Response
Replace C
i
with C

gives,
i
o
i
i
=
g
m
r

1+g
m
r

1
1 + s
r

1+g
m
r

0
1+
0

1
1 + s
C

g
m
if
0
>>1 where
0
= g
m
r

The low frequency gain,

i
o
i
i
=
0
and a pole is at p
1
= -
g
m
C

-
T
If the output current flows through R
L
, then the current gain has another pole due to C

:
i
o
i
i
=
g
m
r

1+g
m
r

1
1 + s
r

1+g
m
r

1
1+sR
L
C

0
1+
0

\
|
|
[
)
j
j

1
1 + s
C

g
m

\
|
|
[
)
j
j

1
1+sR
L
C

= A
i
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1
1+
s
p
1

\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1
1+
s
p
2

Example:
If I
C
= 1mA,
0
= 100, C

= 10pF, C

= 0.5pF, C
cs
= 1pf, and R
L
= 2k, evaluate the
CB amplifier.
g
m
= 1/26 mS
A
i
= 0.99, p
1
= -2.6x10
12
rad/s, and p
2
= -
1
R
L
(C

+C
cs
)
= -0.333x10
9
rad/s
Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-9
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Common Gate Amplifier Frequency Response
Short-circuit current gain:
i
o
i
i
=
g
m
r

1+g
m
r

1
1 + s
r

1+g
m
r

C
i

(r

= and g
m
g
m
+g
mbs
)


i
o
i
i
=
1
1 + s
C
gs
+C
bs
g
m
+g
mbs

Current gain (R
L
0):
i
o
i
i
=
1
1 + s
C
gs
+C
bs
g
m
+g
mbs

\
|
|
[
)
j
j

1
1+sR
L
C
gd
= A
i
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1
1+
s
p
1

\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1
1+
s
p
2

where
A
i
=1, p
1
= -
g
m
+g
mbs
C
gs
+C
bs
and p
2
= -
1
R
L
C
gd

Example
Calculate the transfer function for a common-gate amplifier with C
gs
=7.33pF,
KW/L=100mA/V
2
, R
L
=2k, and I
D
=4mA. Let g
mbs
0, C
gd
= 1pF, and C
bs
= 2pF.
g
m
= 24100 mS = 28.2mS p
1
= -
28.2x10
-3
9.33x10
-12
= -3.03x10
9
rad/s
and p
2
= -
1
200010
-12
= 0.5 x10
9
rad/s
Lecture 080 1 Stage Frequency Response -II (1/20/04) Page 080-10
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
SUMMARY
The emitter follower and source follower have very high frequency responses
The 3dB frequency will most likely be caused by the pole at the output of the follower
The equivalent output of the emitter follower is inductive
The common base and common gate amplifiers have a current gain of 1
The CB and CG amplifiers have a high frequency response because of the low input
resistance at the input
If R
L
0, the pole at the output of the CB and CG amplifiers causes the 3dB frequency
The common base amplifier has an input impedance that is inductive
More detailed analysis of these amplifiers leads to complex poles which will influence
the high frequency behavior