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Taking Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Into a New Era
Mohamed A Mahgoub, PhD. PE
Assistant Professor and Program Director
Concrete Industry Management
Department of Engineering Technology
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ
ACI 555 Concrete with Recycled Materials
Committee Chair
6 February, 2014
THANK YOU

Manuel Lascarro
Andrea Uruea





Recycled Aggregate Concrete
(RAC)
Recycling concrete provides sustainability in
several different ways:
Saving natural resources
1250 million tons
44% x 1250=550 million
tons was used for concrete
Annual production of sand and gravel in the US
Construction and Demolition Debris







25% increase in 7 years!
Construction and Demolition Debris







Roofing
Brick
Concrete
Wood
Landfill debris
Scrap iron
Roofing
170 x 66%= 112 million tons! (net concrete waste in 2003)
2000 ft
400 ft
Average composition of demolition debris
66%
RAC is a concrete made of reclaimed aggregates;
Quality of RAC is dependent on the quality of RCA;
Care must be taken to prevent contaminations such as
asphalt and gypsum.
Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)?

RCA Natural
Mostly road sub-base
erosion control
pipe and drain ducts
parking lots
filter material














Current uses of RCA:

States recycling concrete as road base
Widespread application of RAC, such as
structure and seismic, requires knowledge of
RAC behavior (unconfined and confined)

The main objective of this research was to
develop stress-strain models for use in
structure and seismic analysis (confined and
unconfined).
















Problem Statement and Objective
of current RAC research at NJIT:

Experimental approach was employed.

45 Reinforced RAC columns (10x10x32 inches)
were tested under axial load (monotonic and cyclic).

Different reinforcement configurations were
considered.

There were several test variables:
- steel and unconfined concrete strengths
- pattern, size and distribution of the ties














Scope:

Literature Review on
RAC Properties
Mechanical Prop. and
Durability of Plain RAC
Beams made of RAC
Models for Confined
NAC
Summary of RAC Properties:

General Findings:
The idea of using RAC for structural applications is
quite new and the literature is limited.

Deflection and load capacity were simply compared
to normal concrete beams.

Cracking patterns were similar to normal concrete
beams.

Ultimate capacity of RAC beams slightly less than
NAC beams

Deflections at failure of RAC beams are more than
NAC beams.



Using RAC as Structural Members:

Confinement :

A constitutive model for normal concrete (Park et al, 1982)
Parabola
Sustaining branch

Experimental Setup
Weldon Materials crushing facilities,
New Jersey
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.0025 0.005 0.0075 0.01 0.0125
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
NAC Cylinder #1
NAC Cylinder #2
29
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
3 7 14 21
Age (days)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
k
s
i
)
Sample #1
Sample #2
Sample #3
Sample #4
Average
Gain in the strength
Mixing arrangement
RAC Cylinders
30
Testing machine used for
measuring strength of
concrete cylinders
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100
Axial Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
RAC Cylinder #1
RAC Cylinder #2
RAC Cylinder #3
test terminated
significant damage
Typical stress-strain
Curves for plain RAC
cylinders
9 possibilities to make columns with
different tie configuration and spacing
Tie pattern Tie spacing Sequence number
Column Designations
quasi-static
fast rate
cyclic
Extra End confinement with GFRPs:
Installation of SikaWrap GFRP sheets on specimen ends
External Instrumentation:
Capping with hydro-stone gypsum cement
DC Linear Variable Differential Transformers
(DCDT)
Internal Instrumentation:
CEA-06-240UZ-120 electrical strain gauge (4 by 9 mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
0.41%
Strain gauge still functional after this point
0.2% offset method
Loading Unit:
1000-kip MTS815 loading unit and data
acquisition hardware and software

Test Results:
Observations and Discussions
Typical failure
South and East sides North and West sides
South and East sides North and West sides
Effect of Reinforcement Variables:
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Axial Deformation (in)
A
x
i
a
l

L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
)
C1-1
B1-1
C2-1
A1-1
B2-1
A3-1
A2-1
B3-1
C3-1
Increase in volumetric ratio
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Axial Strain
A
x
i
a
l

L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
)
```
C3-1 ( =0.70, s=3 in)
C2-1 ( =1.05, s=2 in)
C1-1 ( =2.10, s=1 in)
f =4.23 ksi
c
f =4.34 ksi
c
f =4.45 ksi
c
Tie Spacing
Effect of Tie Configuration
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Axial Strain
A
x
i
a
l

L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
)
```
B2-1 ( =0.75, s=2 in)
A1-1 ( =0.88, s=1 in)
C3-1 ( =0.70, s=3 in)
f =4.18 ksi
c
f =4.26 ksi
c
f =4.45 ksi
c


Effect of Loading Rate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Axial Deformation (in)
A
x
i
a
l

L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
)
B2-4
B2-1

Analytical Prediction of RAC
Stress-Strain Behavior
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
A18 (fc=6.08 ksi)
A18 (predicted)
A13 (fc=5.02 ksi)
A13 (predicted)
A8 (fc=3.61 ksi)
A8 (predicted)
A3 (fc=2.4 ksi)
A3 (predicted)




0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.012
Axial Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
Proposed model for confined
RAC
Mander et al. (1984) model for
normal concrete
Sheikh and Uzumeri (1978)
model for normal concrete
Proposed model for confined
RAC
Experimental curves (C2-2)

Examination of RAC models in
Flexure
An extensive experimental program including testing of
several plain RAC cylinders as well reinforced RAC
columns, 10 inches by 10 inches in section and 32 inches in
height, with different tie arrangements was conducted. The
following conclusions can be made:

1. RAC has a relatively smaller E than that of NAC (30% to
50% depending on the compressive strength). The higher
the strength, the less the difference is;




Conclusions:
2. The strain corresponding to maximum strength of a RAC
cylinder is about 0.0025 (0.002 for NAC);

3. When efficiently confined, RAC can exhibit a significant
gain in strength (depending on the amount of the lateral
reinforcement) and ductility. An efficient confinement,
however, requires a cage in which the longitudinal and
lateral reinforcement are closely joined together;

4. Up to an axial strain about 0.0020 and regardless of the
amount of lateral reinforcement, RAC columns behave as if
they are plain. At this stage vertical hair cracks appear on the
cover;

5. The strain at which the cover spalls off is in a wide range of
0.004 to 0.007, depending on the amount of lateral
reinforcement (0.004 and 0.005 is suggested for NAC);

6. Under high straining rates, RAC column show 7% to 26%
increase in ultimate axial strength;

7. Well-confined RAC shows excellent ductility and no
insignificant degradation of stiffness under cyclic loading;











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