2563. 'XcbV 'breast' > HS: CS 'ha'oay- (- ''haoja,y-) id. > Hb ez#h1 ha'zc id., BA h"'dc' id.

(ie5&de9 h"'d-ohi
'her breasts' du./pl.), Sr 'oda had'y-a, SmA idh hdy, MNA {OJ} hazyo, JA [Trg.], JEA ai!d6h2 had'ya, Md hadia 'breast,
chest', Ar vU30Ha haov-un, U30Hi hioy-un 'vis--vis', U"3aHi hioa?- 'opposite to (gegenber)', {BK} 'celui qui fait un vis--
vis' KB 289, 17O4-5, KBR 3O1, Tal 248, Js. 426, Lv. T I 24O, Sl. 432, OJ M 177, BK I 399, Dh. 1O5, MiK I #1.112 C: HEC
{Hd.} 'ao 'milk', {L} 'az- 'milk' > Brj 'ad-a, Sd, Hd ado, Kmb azu-t id.; ? Ya at-a` id. L Z 12O, Hd. 99, Ss. B 23 ll U: FU
'coc 'front' > F csi (gen. cdcn), Es csi 'fore, forepart, forefront', F cdclla 'before, in front of', Es cdasi 'foreward' || ObU {Ht.}
'yil 'front' (with a prosthetic 'y-) > pVg yil > Vg: T, LK il, P il - il, Ss cla 'forward', LK clt, P yclt, UL clit 'in front, before';
pOs {Ht.} 'yil > Os: V/Vy > V/Vy il, Vrt io, Ty i, D it, Nz yct, Kz yc adj. 'front (vorder)', V/Vy ilon, Vrt ion, Nz ycton, Kz
ycon 'in front' | Hg clo 'fore', clott 'before' UEW 71-2, Coll. CG 411, SSA I 1O8, Ht #187, Trj. S 52-4 ll ? D 'ctV, 'ctVr_V
'breast, chest' > Kt cd 'trunk from chest to navel', cd mar 'chest of body' (mar 'chest'), Kn cdc, cddc, crdc 'chest, breast' (-rd- <
'-tVr_-?), Tu cdc 'heart, chest, bosom', Tl cda 'heart, breast', cdada, cdda id., Prj cdram, cdrom, Knd cdur_am 'chest' D
#827 ll A: M 'cbci-un 'breast, chest, sternum' > MM [HI] cbccun 'breast' ({Ms., Lew.} 'poitrine'), [S] {H} cbccu(n)
'Brust', WrM cbcigu(n), HlM ' nu( n) 'sternum, chest', Kl ' nnn ovcun 'sternum', Ord ob_c`u, Shrn iscu, Mnr H {SM}
s_i_u 'poitrine, poitrail' MED 628, H 4O-1, H SMG I 28, KRS 4O9-1O, KW 3O3, SM 492, Ms. H 51, Lew. II 12 ^ In HS, FU
and D the N cluster '-b- was simplified with loss of the reflec of 'b, If the D belongs here, N ' yielded D 't Gr. II #171
('cti 'front') [U + err. IE, M + unc. Gil, CK].
2564. '_UcV 'to peel, bark, scrape off (hair, etc.)' > HS: S 'hcc > Ar hss G (pf. Wha hassa) v. 'shave (hair)'
Fr. I 386 ll ? K: (K or GZ?) '_vcc-/'_vc- v. {K
2
} 'peel' > OG _vcc- v. 'bark (a tree), peel, scrape, hew', G _vcc- v.
'plain\trim (wood) ( crpoiar , rccar )', Mg, Lz _oc- v. 'peel', ? Sv na-_vci - na-_cvi 'thin' (prtc. with the px. na-) K 259,
K DE 359, K
2
329, FS K 485, Abul. 329.
2565. ? '_qudV 'to separate' (> 'divide; part') > K: MG, G _vcdr-i 'part, share, plot of arable land' DCh. 1743, Chx.
2348 ll IE 'jH,vci_d"-/'jH,vid"- > NaIE 'vci_d"-/'vid"- v. 'separate, divide' > OI vidh- 'be destitute/bereft of, lack, want',
nir-viddha- 'separated from each other, isolated', vi'dhu- 'lonely, solitary', vidhu'ra- 'bereft, bereaved (of a loved person), alone,
solitary', ? 'vidha- 'distribute' || L d di-vid-o / -crc v. 'separate, divide', Um UEF 'partes' acc. pl. (< 'vci_f-f), vctu 'dividito'
(< 'vci_fjc,tod) - IE 'vid"cvo-s 'separated' > L viduus 'deprived, bereaved, destitute', W gvcddv 'widower', Gk
[F]ico) 'unmarried youth'; - IE 'vid"cv-a 'widow' > OI vi'dhava, Av vioava id., NPrs vYb bivc (< ClNPrs bcva)
'widow(er) || L vidua 'widow; divorced \ unmarried woman' || OIr fcdb, Crn gucdcu 'widow' || pAl {O} 'vidcva > Al vc id.
|| Gt viduvo, OSx vidova, OHG vituva, NHG Witvc, Wi(t)tib, AS vidcvc id., NE vidov || Pru viddcvu 'widow' | Sl
'vido'va id. > OCS a+eao v+dova, SCr udova, Slv vdova, Cz, Slk vdova, P vdova, R n(o'na, Uk y(o'na, Blg d
n(o'nnna EI 642 (Huld) quotes Ht
SAL
u(i)dati- 'widow', which is not confirmed by Ts. W and other available sources; if
Hulds perplexing interpretation of
SAL
u(i)dati- (with unexpected lack of h-) is valid, the derivational origin of the IE word for
'widow' (or only of the Ht word) is to be reconsidered - NaIE 'voi_d"-son- > Gmc 'vai_san- 'orphan' > OFrs vcsa,
OHG vciso > NHG Waisc P 1127-8, Dv. #617, EI 16O & 642 ('vi-d"h- 'put asunder' - 'vid"hcvch_- 'widow'), WH I
359 & II 785-6, Bc. G 351, Pln. 762-3, M K III 21O-1 & M E II 556 (OI vidh- < vi-dh-a, vi-'dha-), Brtl. 1443, F I 625-6, O
497, Fs. 562, Ho. 393, Ho. S 87, Kb. 1163, 1218, Schz. 327, KM 865, En. 273, Glh. 65O, Vs. I 281-2 ll A: NaT 'uour- > OT
uour- v. 'choose (one of several); part, separate', Xk uzur- v . 'choose (one of several)' Cl. 67-8, BIG 254.
2566. ??? ''_udjV?,V 'get [somewhere], reach [some place], clash [with sth.]' > K '_vcd-/'_vd- 'meet, come across, hit
(the goal); be found' > OG _vd-/_vcd- 'meet (begegnen)' (da sc_udcs magas '[they] befall him'), G {DCh.}
_vdoma - _doma 'come across, pass by', {K
2
} 'meet, be found', G {Chx.} _vcdr-/_vd- 'meet (treffen), hit', G G/I
_vdcn-/_vdin- 'meet (unwillingly), come across', Mg, Lz _vad- 'meet (treffen)', Sv {K} _vid- ({K): < '_vi_-+cd) 'meet
(begegnen, treffen)' K 258, K
2
328, FS K 484-5, FS E 549-5O, Chx. 2346, DCh. 1728-9 ll HS: ? S: Ar hd? G 'seek a refuge
towards, se refugier auprs de qn.' Hv. 114, BK I 389 pre-B '' Hvt > B 'Hvd > Ah avd 'parvenir ', Gd
avod rejoindre, arriver ', Kb avoo / yo||"oo 'atteindre, parvenir', BMn avo 'arriver' Fc. 1461, Lf. II #165O, Dl. 851-2 ll
D 'utt- 'be trapped, caught in a trap' > Gdb utt id., Gnd urrana 'be jemmed in a trap' (of fish) D #598 ^ The glottal stop
'? survives in S and indirectly in B ('d? > 't > 'd).
2566a. 'XagV 'dry, hard' > HS: S: Ar ?ahagg- 'dur (crne)' BK I 379 C 'hgg > EC 'hgcg-/'hgog- ({Ss.}
'(h)gcg-/'(h)gog-) vt. 'dry' > Sa -ohgog- 'be dry', pOr {Bl.} gog > Or gog-, Kns IoI- 'dry', Arr gog- vi. 'dry', goga- adj. 'dry',
Dsn gogu adj. 'hard, dry', gogob- 'be hard, dry', Elm gog-ida 'dry' || Ag: Bl {R} hag"ag- 'vertrocknen, verdorren', Km, Aw
Iag- 'dry' (I- < 'hg?) AD SF 256, Ap. 12, To. DL 5OO, Blz. CL 177 , LmS W 365 ll A: M 'ag- v. 'dry (up)' (unless it is
'qag-) > WrM ag-, HlM ai-ax 'dry, dry up' MED 12.
2567. 'Xoajy,gE 'to lack, want' > HS: SES 'hvg (= '-hug-?) > Mh, Hrs, Jb hvg v. (d stems): Mh pf. hatug / sbjn.
yshtsvog, Hrs pf. hatog / sbjn. yohtsvog v. 'need', Mh pf. 'hatvsg, Jb E pf. 'hat'cg, Jb C pf. 'ho'tcg (sbjn. ysh'tog) v.
'need', Mh 'hogst (pl. hsvoyog), Hrs hagoh (pl. hsgat), Jb E hogt, Jb C 'hogst (pl. 'hcg) 'need, thing' Jo. M 193, Jo. J
12O, Jo. H 63 Eg MK hy ({EG} hd|, {Fk.} hdi) vt. 'injure, destroy, annul', vi. 'fail' EG III 212-3, Fk. 182 C: HEC
{Hd.} 'hog- > Kmb, Sd hog- v. 'lose, miss, lack' Hd. 322, 372 ll IE: NaIE 'aji_,g"-/'og"- /?'ig"- '(to be) needy' > Gk
[Theo.] o _v 'needy (drftig)', Gk [Hs.] _vc) kcvoi, tte_oi 'lacking, poor' (pl.), ktcov_) tcv) 'poor', Gk
i _ovoe 'I long for' || Av azi-s 'eager desire (Begierde)', NPrs z oz id., Av aza-s 'Streben, Eifer', izyati 'endeavours to
obtain, longs for', iza 'Streben, Eifer', OI iha 'request, desire', ihatc v. 'endeavour to obtain; long for', c'ha-h 'desirous,
wishing' WP I 49-5O (IE 'ag`"-), P 14-5 (err.: Tc A aIal, B aIalI 'wish', which are of MIrn origin, cf. Ad. 2), M K I 97,
13O, F I 2OO, Vl. I 29 ll ??? A: NaT 'ag-su- 'be(come) defective, deficient, lacking' ( N 'hX'aIa 'to need, lack', q.v. ffd).
2568. ? 'XagVrV 'to gird, tie around, surround' > HS: S 'hgr > BHb hgr G vt. 'gird', vi. 'gird oneself', &r7gh9
h"go'r-o 'his girdle', er!&gh9 h"go'ra 'girdle, loincloth', Ug hgr v. 'gird', Pun hgr, Nbt hrg? '(protecting) wall, enclosure',
JPA hgr G v. 'encircle, gird', Sr hgr G v. 'halt, limp; hinder, restrain', Ar rjH hgr v. G 'prevent, hinder, withhold, restrain',
v. D 'be surrounded by a halo' (of the moon), rjuHu hugur- 'flesh surrounding the nail', Ar D mahgar 'abgegrenztes
Weidegebiet', Sb hgr 'reserve (sth. for exclusive use)', mhgr ''land reserved (for so.s exclusive use)', OYmn {Slw.} mhgr
'Plantage; bebautes, umfriedetes Landstck; abgegrenztes Weideland', ? Ak cgcru 'to twist, perverse' KB 279, KBR 29O-1, A
#9O3, OLS 174, HJ 348, Js. 424, Br. 214, JPS 126, Ln. 516-8, BK I 38O, Hv. 111-2, Lb. 36O, BGMR 67, Slw. 67-8, Sd. 19O,
CAD IV 41-2 ?
amb
Ch: WCh: pAG {Stl.} 'g"aHar 'gird' > Su {MtS} gvohar, Ang {Flk.} gvar | pBT 'gar- v. 'tie to, bind'
> Bl gar-, Ngm {ChL} ngar-, Pr {ChL} ysriyo, ? Tng {J} Icri 'tie, bind, imprison, fasten' Stl. ZCh 243 [#42], 246 [#4O],
ChL, J T 98, AD ChSC 33 The WCh may be alternatively equated with Tg 'gurji,- 'tie under' (STM I 174) ll A: NaT
'cagir- vt. 'encircle, surround' > OT {Cl.} agir- id., 'to twist, spin', Tk cgir-, Tkm cir-, Uz |igir-, ET cgi(r)-, Az ayir-,
Qzq iyir-, Kr G, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Qrg, Alt iyir-, Tv cr-; the meaning 'twist, spin' is probably due to coalescence with a
different Cl. 113, Rs. W 37, ET Gl 227-31 M 'ccrc- 'surround, rotate, revolve, twist' > MM [S] {H} ccrc-, WrO
{Krg.} cr- 'surround', WrM cgcrc-, HlM yypy- 'rotate, whirl, twist, spin', Brt yypy-, Ord crc- 'spin', Kl ) yp- id., 'twist
(zwirnen)', {Rm.} cr- id., 'drehen, im Kreis um etwas gehen' H 42, MED 299, Ms. O 242-3, Krg. 78, KRS 7O6, KW 131, Chr.
781 ? pKo {S} 'ori 'spool' > MKo ori id., NKo ollc 'reel, spool, bobbin' S QK #413, Nam 36O, MLC 1144 DQA
#417 (A 'cgVrV 'to twist, spin').
2569. ??? 'XaIECV 'shoulder (Achsel)' > ?? IE: NaIE 'aIs- 'ag(c)s- (and/or 'oI-?) id.: 'aIs- > Gmc: OHG {Kb.}
uohhisa - uochisa - uohasa id., MHG uohsc, uchsc 'armpit'; with a '-n-sx.: OHG uochsana 'shoulder (Achsel), armpit', AS
oxn 'armpit'; with a '-t-sx.: ON ost, ostr 'throat-pit' ('Halsgrube'), Nr ostc, AS ocusta - oxta id., NE oxtcr 'armpit' || ?
L axilla 'armpit' (with a dim. sx. -illa); 1 OIr oxal 'armpit' || Arm anut anut" (< 'asnut") 'armpit' || ? OIr ochac 'hollow of the
armpit' (suggests IE 'oI- without '-s-?) Cf. also a similar word 'ags(cl)- 'aIs(-cl)- for 'Achsel, shoulder': Av asaya
gen. du. 'of both shoulders (Achseln)' || L ala < 'aIsla) id. ( 'wing') || ON oxl, AS caxl, OHG ahs(a)la 'shoulder' > NHG
Achscl P 6, Dv. #243, EI 516 ['h_cIs- 'shoulder(-joint); axle'; 'h_cIslch_- 'shoulder'], WH I 25, KM 6, Vr. 421, 689, Ho.
87, 234, Kb. 11, 1117, OsS 7, 1O58, EWA I 114-6, Lx. 259, Vn. O 6, 36 The connection between 'aIgs- 'armpit' and
'aIgs(-cl)- 'shoulder' is not clear (derivation or semantic change, and if so, in which direction? or secondary semantic
association between originally unrelated stems?). Connection with IE 'aIs- 'axis' (supposed by many scholars) is unc. for lack
of sufficient semantic ties ll HS: Eg: {EG} MK/NK hcc.t 'shoulder (Schulter, Achsel), armpit', MK {Fk.} hcc.t 'armpit', hcc v.
'carry under the arm' EG III 2O4, Fk. 181 ? B 'HayVt > Tmz t-ayt-t (pl. t-uyat), Kb tayocc (pl. tuyat) 'shoulder', Izd
tayt (pl. tuyat) 'armpit' Valid if N '-IEC- may yield B '-yVt- Dl. 923, MT 786, Mrc. 16, 42O Ch: ?? Ke {Eb.} Iosi
'shoulder'.
257O. 'XaIERV 'plain' ( 'field') > IE 'ucagro- > NaIE 'agro-s 'field, field in cultivation' > OI 'a|ra-h 'field, plain'
|| Gk oo) 'field', Gk Hm oo) 'farm' || L agcr 'land in cultivation, a field', Um AGER 'ager'; L 1 Izn igor 'terrain' || Gt
aIrs, OSx aIIar, OHG acIar " ac(c)har, NHG AcIcr, AS ccr 'field (in cultivation)', NE acrc || ? Arm art art 'field' P 6,
EI 2OO ('h_cgro-s 'field, pasture'), M K I 23, M E I 52, WH 22 ( : 'agro- 'land 'pasture' ag- 'to drive cattle'),
Bc. G 327, F I 16, Mn. 5, Schz. 83, Ho. 8, Ho. S 2, Kb. 13, EWA I 4O-2, KM 6-7, Slt. 132 ll HS: CS 'hIr 'field in cultivation'
> Sr {Br.} wk hIvr '[haIur-a] (not att. with vocalization signs) 'ager', Ar {Ln.} ravKu'ha haIur-at- 'a piece of land
retained and enclosed by its proprietor for sowing and planting trees', MHb, JPA hIr G v. 'lease, rent (a field, a plot of land)',
JEA hIr G 'contract agricultural land as a tenant'; S 1 Sum aIar 'field' Js. 43, Sl. 46O, Sl. P 2O1, Br. 231, Ln. 616, Lv. II
49-5O ll A: M 'ccrmc (unless with 'q-) 'open plain' > WrM cgcrmc, HlM yypyx 'open plain, desert, steppe', WrO
cIcrmc tala 'wasteland, barren plain' (tala 'plain'), Kl {Rm.} crm - crmo in: crm cayan talo 'leere, weite Wste'
(cayan 'white') MED 299, Krg. 76, KW 131 ^ The sound corr. between S 'I and IE 'g suggests a common heritage rather
than borrowing. Therefore the hyp. of IE 'agro-s as a loan from either Sum aIar 'field (in cultivation)' or from S needs revision
( AD IEH 23) ^ M 'c- < 'a is due to vowel harmony (infl. of 'E of the following syll.).
2571. '_aIoaRV 'top part, tip, extremity' > IE 'xagj",r- > NaIE 'agro- 'top, point, uppermost (oberstes)' > OI 'agram
'tip, summit, beginning', agri'mah 'the foremost', Av ayra- 'der erste, oberste', ayrom n. 'Anfang, das Oberste, Spitze' || Ltv agrs
'early', agrums 'early hour, early morning' Ht {Pv.} hcIur 'rock-sanctuary, acropolis' P 8-9, M K I 18, M E I 45, Brtl. 49,
Kar. I 56-7, Ts. E I 235-6, Pv. III 287-9 ll K: Sv hoIcr " voIcr 'the very bottom, end' ( N ''oIi 'sharp point\edge', q.v.
ffd.) ll HS: S 'hrI > Ar {Ln.} harIaI-at-, pl. haraIiI- - haraIiI- 'heads \ extremities of the two hips\haunches that are
next the ground when one sits', hariI- 'upper part of horses withers', 'branches of the two shoulder-blades of a horse', 'place of
growth of the lowest part of the mane, next to back upon which he who mounts lays hold' Ln. 553 The mt may be connected
with the S morphophonemic law ruling out roots with the sequence 'h...I B {Pr.} 'Hyr > Ah {Fc.} ahyor 'escarpement
pic formant le couronnement (dune montagne)' Fc. 1752, Pr. H #348.
2572. '_cIV 'scrape, scratch' > K '_oI- v. 'scrape' > MG [VTq], G _oI- 'scrape, scratch', Mg _oI- 'scrape, 'shave', Sv
li-_I-on-c 'to scratch' Mg, Lz _aI-ar- 'scrape', that are likely to belong (acc. to K
2
) to K '_cI-/'_iI- 'scrape' K DE
367, K
2
21O, 33O, Q 4O5, Chik. 332-3, Fn. KW-2 95 [#5O] ll HS: S 'hII v. 'scratch' > MHb, JEA Kkh hII G 'rub, scratch',
Sr hII G 'scratch', Ar hII G (pf. haIIa, ip. -hIuIu) 'rub (a th.) with, scrape off (gold) with', Gz hII G v. 'itch, scratch,
rub, scrape', Tgr hII G 'scratch, scrape, Tgy haIvIv, hanI"vIv pf. 'scratch', Jb C {Jo.} hII G (pf. hcII, sbjn. yhiI)
'level off', Sh

pf. ah'IcI 'plane, level, smooth', Mh {Jo.} hII G (pf. hsI) 'level off, scratch', Hrs {Jo.} hII G (pf. hsI), Jb
C pf. hotII 'scratch', Ak OB/LB cIcIu 'to scratch' Js. 462, Sl. 46O, Br. 23O, Fr. I 4O9, L G 228, Jo. M 173-4, Jo. J 1O7, Jo. H
58, CAD IV 63-4, Sd. 193, MiK I #2.23 C: EC 'hcI-/'hoI- > Sa hoIuI-, Sml hoq-, Bn ho?-, Gdl hcI-, Arr hcI- v.
'scratch', Rn {PG} o_- 'scratch (an itchy place)', Or hoI- 'scratch (an itch)', Brj hoIoI- 'scratch oneself' (< rdp 'hoIhoI-)
|| Bj {R} hg"n (1s p. a-ha'gun, prs. ahan'guin) v. 'scratch, itch' || Dhl {EEN} hiI- 'grind' Ss. PEC 48, 5O, Ss. B 99-1OO,
PG 241, R WBd 113, AD SEC 134 [#7.1O], AD SF 157, E PC #528 (pC 'hoI"-/'hcI"-), Grg. 213-4, Hw. A 366, EEN 27
?? WCh: Ang {Flk.} gvaI 'rub hard, polish, grind corn' (if Tk. is right in postulating a reg. corr.: AG 'g S 'h) Tk. PAA 14
(Ang, Dhl, S) ll D 'cII- v. 'scratch, card' > Ml cIIuIa, Png cc- v. 'card (cotton)', Kt cI-, Tf oI- v. 'scratch (oneself, an itching
limb)', Gnd ch- v. 'weed' D #765 ^ Blz. KM 115-6 [#9] (K, S, Bj, EC).
2573. 'XoKU 'call out, speak (solemnly); incantations' > IE: Ht hucI- 'conjure, treat by incantation' As shown in Pv. II
323-7, this NaIE verb is hardly connected with NaIE 'vcI"- 'speak' (cf. N 'vaKU 'call') EI449 ll HS: S 'hIv > Ar
hIv G 'say, narrate', hiIayat- 'narration' BK I 472 Eg fP hI: 'magic spell (Zauber), supernatural force; incantation' (=
{Vc.} 'hiI? > 'hiIi?, verbal noun) > Cp Sd/B tk hiI 'magic'; - Eg fP hI:.v 'magician', MK {Fk.} hI:v 'magic, magic
spells', hI:y 'magician' EG III 175-7, Fk. 179, AD WIL (pre-S '_...I > S 'h...I) ll A: T 'hoIij:,- - 'hoIuj:,- > OT {Cl.}
oqi- 'call out aloud, summon, recite' 'read', Xlj hoqu- v. 'read, sing', Osm {Zn.} oqu- 'pronounce aloud, read', Tk oIu-, Az
o_u-, Tkm oqa-, Uz uqi-, CrTt, QrB, Qrg, ET, LN oqu-, Qzq, Nog, Qq oqi-, LN uqu-, VTt, Bsh uq+- 'read' Cl. 79, Rs. W
359-6O, DT 134, ET Gl 439-41 ^ IE 'vc as a reflex of N 'o is explained by the rule 4 described in AD NGIE 17: N 'ou >
pre-IE 'uu ( = any cns.) and later pre-IE 'u > IE 'vc.
2574. 'XoyEKV 'lap, lower front part of the belly' > HS: WS 'hayI- 'lap, loin' > BHb qih4 hcI hcI, Ug (AkSc)
{Hnr.} hcIu 'lap', JA [Trg.] aq!ih4 hcI-a {Js.} 'lap, bosom', {Lv.} 'Scho', Ar haqv- - hiqv- 'cette partie du corps qui est au
bas des ctes; ceinture', Sb hIv-nhn du. df., hIv-y du. cs. 'loins', Gz haI"c - havIc - havI"c 'hip, loin', Mh {SSL}
'haIsv 'taille' (A Ar?), Jb C {Jo.} haI'hcI 'hip(s), hip-bone(s)' 'Iv and I" in Ar and SS go back to the S nom. form
(...I-u) KB 3OO, Hnr. 124, MiK I #113, Js. 46O, Lv. T I 255, BK I 469, L G 239, SSL LNPM 22O, Jo. J 1O8 ? WCh: Tng
{J} ago, {ChL} hayo, Krkr {Lk.} ?aIo, {ChL} ?aIsv 'stomach, belly' J T 65, ChL ll A 'oycaI`V > T 'oycaI 'part of
animal skin on the lower belly' > Chg {PC} oycI id., 'hair under animals neck', Tv oycI, Alt/Tlt {Rl.} oyoI 'belly (of
animals), belly part of animals hide', Shor/QK {Rl.}, Xk oI 'belly part of animals hide', Qrg oI id., 'side of a horse', Chg
{Rl.} 'Yv" oyaI 'Bauch- und Halshaut des Eichhrnchens', VTt {Bu.} 'Yv uyaI ' no(6p mnnna' ( 'hair under the
belly'?) ET Gl 515, Rs. W 369-7O, TL 146, 423, PC 86, Rl. I 1179, 121, Jud. 597, BIG 136, Bu. I 165 M {DQA} 'oycIci_
'lower part of animals belly' > WrM {Kow.} oycIc 'bas-ventre, ventre, entrailles des animaux', {MED} oyuIc, HlM ' cx,
' cxnn 'the thin flesh of the belly; pit of the stomach' Kow. 553, MED 633 DQA #1545 [incl. T & M].
2575. ? 'XAKArV 'to need, want, be hungry' > HS: Eg fP hIr 'be hungry', Cpt Sd/B ke hIo (qual. ekcp hoIcr), Cpt
F tko hiIa id., Eg fOK hIr 'a hungry man', Cpt Sd ukc hcIc, Cpt B ukt hcIi 'poor' EG III 174-5, Fk. 178-9, Vc. 293
? S 'hIr > Ar hqr (pf. haqira, ip. -hqaru) 'be mean, deplicable, contemptible; have no weight\worth', (pf. haqara) 'be
mean, despicable' = 'devenir vil, mprisable, tomber dans labaissement' (if *'be poor' *'go hungry') Ln. 611, Fr. I 4O7,
BK I 466-7, Hv. 134 C: SC 'I"r 'hunger' > Irq/Alg {MQK, E} q"ari, Brn {E} qori, Kz {E} IuliIo id. || Dhl Icrc id. E
SC 28O, MQK 89, EEN 19, To. D 138 Ch: Mpn {Frz.} Isr 'hunger' Frz. DM 31 Cal. #72 (S, Eg), Tk. I 211 & Tk. SCC
91 [#21.4] (S, Eg, C, Ch) ll D 'aIIar_- 'necessity, want' > Ka aIIarc, Tl aIIara id., 'need', Tm aIIarai_, aIIarai_ 'concern,
interest, need, necessity' D #21.
2576 ''_alV (or 'h-,'-) '(*forehead' >) 'front, edge' > ? HS: S 'hlm (or ''lm) > Ak cllamu 'front' (in space or
time)' CAD IV 1O1, Sd. 2O3 ? Eg P h:.t or h:y.t 'front part, face, forehead; beginning' (unless : was followed by a vowel,
i.e. it was not from 'l) > Cpt: Sd/B t hi, Sd tu hic, cu chc, A t hi, ct hci, ct chi, ctct chici 'beginning, front part'
EG III 19-24, Vc. 285, 314, Tk. I 3OO ll ? K: G _ling-i 'edge' (Chx.: _lingi 'Kante, Rand', DCh.: _lingi- lingi 'ipan y (ocin')
Chx. 2369, DCh. 65O, 1749 ll U 'alV (?) > FU {UEW} 'alIa '(front\back) edge, beginning; to begin' > F alIa-, Es alga- v.
'begin', F alIu, Es alg (gen. alu) 'beginning', pLp 'alIc v. 'begin' > Lp S {Hs.} aalgc-, Lp N {N} al'gc- -lg-, Lp L {LLO}
al'Ic-, Lp K a
i
lIc- " a
i
lIc-, Lp Kld ann iy v. 'begin', Lp L {LLO} al'go -lg-, Lp L al'Io, Lp K alI"alI 'beginning,
origin' || pObU 'aloy - 'aloq - 'ayol - 'aqol 'beginning, end' {Ht.} > pVg 'aol > Vg: T avl, LK/UL ovl, MK/NV/SV
ol, P ol / nom. pl. ovlot, LL ol / alt, Ss ovl id.; pOs 'aloq > Os: V/Vy/O aloq, Ty/Y aoq, D/K otoq, Nz otoq, Kz
ooq id. UEW 6-7, Coll. 71, Ht. #26, Lr. #46 [believes that Lp is a loan from F], Lgc. #185, Hs. 2O6, SaR 24 ? Sm {Jn.}
'ol+ 'summit, head' > En {Cs.}: X oli?, B ori? 'Gipfel, Hhe', X olo 'frher', olo?, B oro? 'vor'; Slq Tz {KKIH} olo 'head', Kms
{KD} ulu - ulu, Koyb {Sp.} yny id. Jn. 29, Prk. SG 12O, KKIH 142, KD 8O; Jn. (p.c.) does not connect Sm 'ol+ with FU
'alIa, because the vocalism of the Sm stem does not match that of the FU word ll A {SDM97} 'ala 'front side' > NaT 'al
'front, forehead' > OT al (= 'al) 'front, facing, prior position', Qmq, QrB, VTt, Bsh, Tb, SY, Tk al, Qrg al(d) 'front, front side',
ET, Ln ayl id., Tkm al-a, QK, Qrg al-ya 'forward', Tkm al (= 'al) 'forehead'; NaT 'alin 'forehead' > OT alin (= 'alin),
Tkm ali, Az, SY alin id., Tk alin 'forehead, front, face', Alt alin 'front', QK {B} alin 'front side, space in front of', Xk, Tb {B}
alin 'front' adj., Tf, Tv Tj alin 'face' Cl. 121, 147 [is not sure about OT al, because in the texts it occurs only with a 3s ppa. in
oblique cases (dat., lat., abl.) which may be interpreted as cases of alin; he suggests that al appeared later (in Chg, etc.) as
reinterpretation of the oblique cases of alin], ET Gl 124-5, 146-7, TkR 43, Hs. 15, B DLT 138, B DChT 1OO, 1O2, Jud. 48,
Ra. 153 Tg: Ewk Nr {KD} almt 'front part of the garment'; ?? Tg 'clmu (with a puzzling 'c) 'front part of footgear'
('ncpc(in') > Ul slmi, Ork slmu - slum, Nn srmu, Neg snmu, Orv smmu KD KWV 26, STM II 454 pKo {S} 'ar-
'front' > MKo ar, NKo a" a S QK #651, Nam 348, MLC 1O98 pJ {S} 'ara-ar- v. 'appear' > OJ ara-ar-a-, J: T/Kg
aravarc-, K aravarc- S QJ #589, Mr. 677 DQA #66 [A 'ala or 'cla) 'front side': T, Ko] ^ Cf. IS I 244 ('Haln): U,
A. If the K cognate (qu., because its final part is not clear) is valid, the initial lr. must have been '_- (it is the only one yielding K
'_- and a S epiglottal cns.). If the K cognate is rejected, but the Ak one is accepted, the initial cns. could have been 'h-, '-, '_-,
or 'y-.
2577. '_AlV '(to be\become) clean' > IE 'xal- > Lw halali 'clean' 1 Ht halali id. Pv. III 13, Ts. W I 126, Lar. 38 ll HS:
S 'hll 'be clean' > Ak clclu 'become pure', cllu 'clean', JA [Trg.] hll D 'wash, rinse', JEA hll D 'wash', Sr hll D 'purify',
Md hll D id., 'cleanse, rinse, wash', ? Ug hll {OLS} 'desacralization, purification', ? BHb hll D 'entweihen', N 'entweiht
werden' ('desacralize' 'pirufy, clean'??) Sd. 197-8, Js. 47O, Lv. T I 26O, Sl. 464-5, Br. 231, JPS 143, DM 148, KB 3O6-7,
OLS 176 C: EC: Sml {DSI} hal- 'rinse, wash', Sml N {Abr.} hal- 'wash' || SC: Asa hilus- v. 'strain, filter' DSI 622, Abr. S
116, E SC 335 (SC 'hcl- v. 'clean') Eg OK h:.ty d 'Bleicher, Wscher' Hng. 5O1 Tk. SCC 96 [#26.6] (C, Eg, S) ll D 'al-
v. 'wash, clean' > Kn alc v. 'wash', alambu, alumbu, alabu, alubu v. 'rinse, wash', Tm alamu-, alai_cu- id., alacu- v. 'rinse', Ml
alaIIuIa 'wash clothes by beating', Td as_- v. 'clean', Tu alambuni 'to wash', Tl {Brown} alamu v. 'wash' D #246ll E: NEl
a-liI 'es wurde gesubert (?)' HK 46.
2578. '_clA 'to dwell, live' > HS: WS '-h'ill- v. 'stay, live (somewhere), settle somewhere, encamp' > Sb llh hll v.
'encamp', Hrs {Jo.} hl(l) v. 'stay, alight, live (at)', Mh {Jahn} hll G 'stehen bleiben, verweilen, wohnen', {Jo.} v. 'settle', Jb
C/E {Jo.} hll G id., Ar hll G (ip. -hillu--hullu) 'descendit (pec.) ex itinere, quievit (in loco)', ps. WHu hulla 'habitatum fuit
(locus)', whaMa mahall- 'halte; endroit, lieu, place', mahallat- 'campement, htellerie, quartier (de la ville)' (in Ar the verb was
semantically influenced by the verb hll 'dnouer, dfaire [un nud]', the ancient meaning 'habiter' being better preserved in the
ps. hulla 'was inhabited' and in d nouns: hulul- 'habitatio', mahall-, mahallat-, etc.) BGMR 67, Jahn MS 191, Jo. M 176, Jo.
H 58, Jo. J 1O8, Fr. I 412-4, BK I 472-5) ll K: GZ '_l- v. 'dwell, stay (somewhere)' > Mg _or-ua 'to settle (somewhere)' ('sich
ansiedeln') ({K}: < 'o_or-ua Mg o_or- 'dwelling'), G _l- v. 'be' (verbum existentiae, copula), 'be (in good, bad, etc.
condition)': ga-_la-var(t) 'ich bin, ich bins', ctrc ga_lavart 'I am Peter', ga_lavs, ga_lavt 'er\sie\es ist', 'es hat', 'ist
vorhanden', (Iargad/cudad) ga_lavs 'befindet sich (gut\schlecht)'; - GZ 'sa-_l- (= {K} '(s)a-xl-) 'house' (nomen loci
with the litteral meaning 'dwelling') > OG, G sa_l- 'house', Lz o_or- id., Mg o_or- 'dwelling, abode; farmstead' Chx. 2365-6,
Q 295-6, K 171-2, K
2
176 ('sa-_l- '_al-/'_l- 'be among, near') ll U 'cla- v. 'live, dwell' > F cla-, Es cla-, Lp N {N}
llc- v. 'live (leben, wohnen)', pLp {Lr.} 'clc id. > Lp: N {N} llct id., S |iclc- 'live (leben)', L icllc-, T yicllc- 'live, visit' |
Chr: H {Rm.} olc-, {Ep.} icnac- ola- v. 'live', L nna- ila-, E ilc- 'leben, wohnen' | pPrm 'ol- id. > Z ol--ov-, Yz ol- id., Vt
yn( i) - ul(I)- v. 'live' || Hg cl- id., pObU 'ycl- (= {Hl.} '|cl-, {Ht.} '|al-/'|cl-) > pVg 'yalt- v. 'be healthy' > Vg: T
yilt-, K/P/V yalt-, LL yclt-, UL/O yalt- id.; pOs 'yclaylo- ({Hl.} 'yilaylo-) v. 'resuscitate' > Os: V yclvalo-, Kz
yiao-, O yila'lo- id. Sm {Jn.} 'jy,ila, {Hl.} 'jy,ilc v. 'live' > Ng nilIdc; En {Cs.}: aor. 1s X iliro?, B |ircdo?, Ne T
{Ter.} nnc( c ) , Ne O {Lh.} |ilc, Slq Tz {KKIH} ilI- id., Kms {KD} 1s prs. tililcm 'wiederaufleben', dili 'lebendig', Mt
{Hl.} 'ilo- 'live' (Mt: M/T {Mll.} ilindc, K {Pl.} ilindc, {Mll.} illcndc 'vivus') Coll. 1O, UEW 73, SK 37-8, It. LC 184, Lr.
#226, Lgc. #856, N III 863-4, Hs. 78O, LG 2O3, Ep. 167, MRS

131, 53, 294, Ht. #185, Hl. rHt 71, Jn. 27, Jn. UK #73, KKIH
11O, Hl. M #34O ll A: M ''clc- v. 'live, be healthy'- adj. 'clc-ur 'healthy', 'sober' > MM [MA] rv|y clcur 'healthy',
yLrv|Y clcurliI 'health', [IM] rLu clur 'sober',B rvL clur bi 'health', Brt cluur clu'r 'healthy,
sober',1 Yk aliar- oluor id., Ewk NB slsr 'sober'; mt 'clcur > 'crcul, whence WrM crcgul, HlM
cpn cru'l, Kl crul 'healthy' Pp. MA 152, 437, STM II 45O, otherwise Klz. MJ 17 ll ??a D 'ill 'dwelling, house' ( N
'?il'a 'place to stay') > Tm il id., illam 'house, home', Ml il 'house, place', Kdg illa-von 'man who is a relative' (lit. "house-man",
with '-van_ 'man', cf. Tm i-van 'this man', a-van 'iste vir'), Tl illu 'house, dwelling', Tu ill+ id., 'family', Klm, Nkr clla, Gnd,
Png, Mnd il, Knd ilu, Ku illu - illu 'house', Kui idu 'house, dwelling' D #494 ^ Cf. IS I 267-8 s.v. '?clA ' nr '. IS adduces
words from K, S, B, C, T and M, which have no obvious semantic connections with the meaning 'live' and arouse many doubts
(concerning both meaning and phonology). In my opinion, among the words adduced by IS there are reflexes of different N
etyma: besides '_clA 'dwell, live', there are words going back to N '?clV 'clan, tribe' [q.v.], N 'voglV 'stay, be' [q.v.] and
possibly others.
2579. '_clV 'fence, border; enclosure' > HS: WS (or S) 'hvl - 'hyl v. 'surround' > Ar havl- 'surrounding',
hivala?-, hula?- 'seconde membrane qui sort de lutrus la partition (chez les chamelles)', Sb hvl [prep.] 'around', [n.]
'surrounding a tomb chamber'; 'ha'vil- (?) > Hb hcl (spelled lih4 hyl, lh4 hl) 'outer rampart, outwork', Ug hl 'fortaleza, baluarte;
torre, finca, coto'; ? Ak _illu 'egg membrane' KB 299, KBR 312, BGMR 73, BDB #2426, OLS 175, BK I 519, Ln. 575-6 MiK
I #1.13O EC: Sml hcl 'space surrounding a settlement' DSI 3O5, ZMO 187 ll K '_qcl- > G Lch _cl-i 'Grenzzeichen,
Steinhaufen im Wald' Chx. 2332 ll IE 'xcl- 'enclosure' > Ht hali- 'pen, corral; lunar halo' Gk Hm o`e 'garden, threshing-
floor', Gk Cp alavo = o`e 'garden' Pv. III 26-28, Ts. E I 128-9, F I 82-3, Ch. 67-68 ll D 'cll-ay 'limit, border, boundary' >
Tm cllai, Ml clla, Td cly, Kn cllc, Tl clla id. D #846, Zv. 72.
258O. ?? '_UlV 'lizard, snake' > K: GZ '(m-)_ul- 'lizard' > OG m_uliv-, Mg _olar-, _vilar-, _vclar-, Lz
mt_olar-, _olura- id.; G _vliI- id. ( GZ 'yvlcI-/'yvliI- 'be crooked. curved'?) 'm- is probably a px. K 144, K
2
134,
228, FS K 232, FS E 255-6 ll HS: S '_ujl,mat- 'lizard, snake' > Sr 'tomolwu hulmata 'large lizard', Hb ym37h
'homct ' reptile', Ak _ulmittu - _ulmittu ' snake or lizard', ? Ar himtat- {Fr.} 'animalculum in herbis vivens',
hamatit- {Fr.} 'serpens; vermis, qui in oleribus tempore veris est' (loans from a lge. having h from S '_) Br. 235, KB 314, Sd.
354, CAD VI 23O, Fr. I 427 Eg RT/G _rr.t 'snake in the underworld; reptiles, vermin (Gewrm)' EG III 15O ? EC (mt ):
pSam 'mul- 'lizard' (cp. OG m_uliv- id.) > Sml mula, Sml N {Abr.} mula ' 'lizard', Rn {PG} muluh ' small gray lizard'
Hn. S 69, Abr. S 182, DSI 445, PG 228 ll A: Tg 'olga(-ma) 'snake' > Neg olgon, olgoma id., Orc ugguma id., 'grass-snake',
Ud ugums 'a red poisonous snake', Nn KU olgoma abda, Nn B olgoma abda(n-) 'big snake, boa, python', Nn Nh
olgoma muyIi ' snake' STM II 13 T: Qq, Kr Cr uluv, Qzq uluv, Alt, Tv ulu, SY ulu - olu 'dragon' (unless a loan from
Chn lu id.) ET Gl 591ll D (in SD) 'ul 'wood-worm' or sim. > Tm, Ml ulu id., Kn G ulqgu 'a nit' D #7OO ^ Fn. KD
#1O6 (K + D 'Ia(v)ul- 'lizard'). If the T cognate is valid, the lateral in pN rec. is '-l-, otherwise it is either '-l- or '-l-.
2581. 'Xili?V '(black) dirt, soot' ( 'rust') > HS: WS 'hl? v. 'rust', 'h'ili?at- 'rust' > BHb ea1l5h3' hcl'?a' 'rust'
[e`t1a1l6h3 hcla'tah 'her rust'], Ar hl? G (pf. hali?a) v. 'rust', Sq {L} hal?c 'dirt', Mh {Jo.} hslct 'rust', hslu v. 'become
rusted', Jb E/C {Jo.} 'ha'lc v. 'rust' KB 3O2, KBR 315, L LS 174, Jo. M 179, Jo. J 11O ll IE: NaIE 'il-, 'ilu- 'mud, filth' ({P}
'Schlamm'), 'black' > Gk i u), -uo) 'mud' || pSl '|il+, '|ilo, '|ila 'mud' > OCS ua+ il+ 'mud', R nn 'silt', Blg nn, SCr |ila
'silt, slime', Cz |il, Slk il 'silt, clay', P il 'loam, mud' P 499, Mn. 43O, F I 723, Tr. 1O3, ESSJ VIII 221-2, EI 371 ('HiHlu-
'mud, swamp') ll A: ? T 'il - 'il 'soot, dirty smoke' > OT is 'lamp-black, soot', Tv is, Qb, Sg, Alt, Tlt, QK is, Shor, K, Qrg
is, Yk is 'smoke'; possible infl. of T 'is 'soot' (< N 'hEjy,sU 'faeces, filth', q.v.) Cl. 254, Rl. I 14O6, Nj. 164, ET Gl 38O (T
A M 'isu 'smoke', see N 'hEjy,sU) ll D (in SD) 'ill- 'soot' > Tm illatay 'soot adhering to the inner side of the roof', Kn
illna id., Ml illara-IIari, illara-IIari 'grime, soot' D #498.
2582. 'XalbV 'white' > HS: WS 'ha'lab- 'milk' > BHb bl1h1 ha'lab id., MHb bl1h1 ha'lab id., 'white (of an egg)',
Pun, Ug, IA hlb, JA [Trg.] bl2h9 h"'lab / aB1l6h2 hal'ba, JEA {Sl.} ab2l6h2 halba, Sr {Br.} hal(o)'b-a, Ar laHa halab-
{Fr., BK} 'milk', Gz halab 'sour milk'; d : Ar halib- 'milk', Gz halib, Tgr, Tgy halib 'milk, curds', WS 'hlb v. 'milk' > MHb, JA,
Ar, Sr hlb id.; WS (Ar?) 1 Ak NA _ilu 'milk' KB 3O2, KBR 315, HJ 372, OLS 176, Js. 464, Sl. 461, Lv. II 52 (JA bl1h9
h"'lab / aB1l6h2 hal'ba), Br. 232, Fr. I 414-5, BK I 476-7, L G 229, CAD VI 187 C: SC ({E} '?iliba 'milk'): Irq {Mgw.,
MQK} ?ilva-?ulva, {Wh.} ilva, Brn, Alg ilba, Grw uluva, Asa liba 'milk' AD SF 129, 152, Wh. IC 24, E SC 291, Mgw.
11O, MQK 55 AD l.c., OS #123O, E EEA 93 (SC 'iliba 'milk' A proto-East-Nilotic 'lc- 'to milk') The S words
'ha'lab- and 'ha'lib- have a morphological structure typical of adjectives (the patterns 'Ca'CaC- and 'Ca'CiC-), suggesting an
original meaning of adj. ('white'?) ll IE 'Haclb"o- 'white' > NaIE 'alb"o- id. > L albus id., Um alfu f. 'white' || Gl albo- 'white' ||
Gk [Hs.] acc. pl. oo) id., Gk oo) 'whiteness, white leprosy' || pGmc 'al|-it, 'al|-ut- 'swan' > OHG albi, clbi, AS
lbitu, iclfctu, ON cltr, olt || Sl {Glh.} 'olbodi - 'clbcdi 'swan' > RChS accci lcbcdi, Blg nc6c(, SCr la`bud, Slv
lcbcd - labod, R ' nc6c( , ' nc6 ( , P labcdz, Cz labut` Adduction of Ht alas 'cloud' is unj. WP I 92-4, P 3O-1,
Mn. 13-4, F I 81-2, WH I 26-7, Bc. G 327, Vr. 1O1, Glh. 365, Kb. 16, Schz. 85, EWA I 152-4, Ts. E I 18, Pv. I 37-8 (rejects the
connection of Ht alas 'cloud' with IE 'alb"- for lack of semantic proximity), EI 641 ('h cl'b"o-s) ll D 'all- 'clear' (of liquids) (
N 'hAlV 'to shine; bright', q.v. ffd.) ^ If Ht alas had belonged here, the rec. would have been 'halbV, otherwise it is 'XalbV
^ Trnt. NE2 (S, IE), AD NM #2O.
2583. 'X'almV 'dream; to dream' > HS: WS 'hlm v. 'dream' > Hb, JA [Trg.], JEA, Sr, SmA, Ar, Gz hlm G , Mh, Hrs
hlm (pf. 'haylsm, sbjn. yshlom), Jb C hlm (pf. 'hclm, sbjn. yah'lum) id.; WS ''huljV,m- - ''hiljV,m-, 'halam- n. 'dream'
> Ph, Ug hlm, Ar hulm-, BA Ml3h4 'hclcm, JA, Sr hcl'm-a, Sb hlm, Gz holm, Hrs halom (pl. halom), Mh ham (pl.
hs'lavm), Jb E/C hum (pl. sh'lom) id., BHb M&lh1 ha'lom id. HJ 375-6, KB 3O7-8, KBR 317-8, 32O, HJ 375-6, Ln. 631-
2, L G 23O, A #1O3, OLS 176, Lv. T I 261, Sl. 465, Br. 234-5, Tal 272-3, BK I 482-3, BGMR 68, L G 23O, Jo. M 179, Jo. H 59,
Jo. J 11O, Nak. 246, MiK I #2.25 ll U: FU ''almV, {Sm.} 'alma > FP: Chr: L ) oxo n. 'sleep, dream', om " omo id. | Prm
{LG} 'onm- ({LG} 'onm-) n. 'sleep' > Z yn / ynx-, Z US un, Yz 'un, Vt yx/ yxx- id. || ObU 'vulom / 'vulmV (or '-o-)
'dream' > pVg {Ht.} 'ulmV > OVg S Kg onxa, OVg S VT onx, OVg S Tr ynxy, Vg T olom, OVg Tb ynix, OVg N Chd
ynx, Vg LK/MK/UK/UL/Ss ulom, Vg P vulom, Vg NV/SV/LL ulom n. 'dream'; - Vg: T olmay-, LK/NV/SV ulmoy-,
MK/UK ulmoy-, P vulmoy-, LL ulmay-, Ss ulmay- v. 'dream'; pOs {Ht.} 'vulom 'dream' > Os: V/Vy ulom, Ty uom, D/K
otom, Nz utom, Kz wuom, O vulom id., ? pOs {Ht.} 'alom n. 'sleep' (> Os: V/Vy/O alom, Ty/Y aom, D/K otom, Nz
otom, Kz oom) ( FU 'ooa- v. 'sleep'?) Sm. 542 (FU 'alma 'dream' > FP 'alma, Ugr 'alma), LG 297, TmK 722, MRS
379-8O, Ber. 45, Ht. #664, Stn. WV 2O9, Kn. WV 17O.
2584. 'X'ijL,tVrV 'vein, sinew, root' > IE: NaIE 'ctor, 'ctrom, 'ctr 'vein, sinew, internal organ' ( N
'qujhi,tV 'intestines, sinew, thread; to tie') > AS drc, dcr, ON r 'vein', OHG adra 'bloodvessel (vein, artery), sinew',
NHG Adcr 'vein, artery' || Gk Hm )to 'heart', Gk A )tov 'belly' || OIr inathar 'intestines' P 344, EI 359 ('hchtr- 'lung,
internal organ'), Mn. 254-5, Dv. #256, F I 645, Vr. 68, Ho. 9, Kb. 5, OsS 3, EWA I 54-7 ll HS: S 'htr > Ar hitar- (pl.
hutur-) 'corde principale de la tente laquelle on attache dautres pour mieux la tendre' Fr. I 341, BK I 374 Eg P/MK htr
'Strick, Seil', Eg Md/L/G htr v. 'bind together' > Cpt Sd w:p hotor 'runir, attacher, lier'; cp. Cpt Sd c:pc hctrc 'navel' (
'navel string'); ?: Eg: fOK htr 'yoke of oxen', fXVIII 'span of horses; horses' > Cpt Sd :e hto, Cpt B e ht"o 'horse' (Cpt 1
Bj {R} hatay id.) EG III 199-2O2, Fk. 18O-1, Vc. 315-6, Ws. 4OO, Tk. I 3O4 WCh: Su dugur v. 'darn (flicken)' (with an
epenthetic -g-, cf. AD ChSC 35; loss of the initial lr. in the AG lgs., as in Su {MtS} gvohar 'belt' < HS 'hgr id. and in Mpn
Isr 'hunger' < HS hIr 'be hungry') ll A: ? T '|ilt`ir (< ''|ilt`Xr - ''ilt`Xr) 'root' > OT |iltiz, Osm {Rl.} zYdlY |ildiz, Kr
|ildiz, Chg {Rl.}, Uz ildiz, ET iltiz " zildiz, |ildiz, Alt iltis, SY iltis - |iltis, Shor ciltis, SY |iltis - |iltis, K {Rl.}
|ildis, Tf sild_is, Yk silis id. T '|- < prosthetic 'y-? Cl. 922, Rs. W 2OO, ET Gl 35O, TL 1O9, DTS 267, KRPS 264, Rl. I
1495 & III 488, 521, Ra. 23O ^ If the phonetically questionable T cognate is valid, the N rec. is 'XiLtVrV, otherwise it is
'XEtVRV.
2585. ? '_qolV 'middle; be among' > K: GZ '_al-/'_l- v. 'be among\near sth.' > OG, G _l- id., Mg, Lz _ol- id. K 26O,
K
2
325 (GZ '_al-/'_l- 'be among, near sth.') ll A: T 'ol 'middle' > OT os 'the heart\centre of a tree-trunk\branch\horn' Cl.
255, Rs. W 366 ll ?? HS: S '-hul- > Gz hvl G (js. yo-hul, pf. havala - hola) 'mix, mingle', T (pf. tahavla) 'be mixed,
mingled', Tgr (tv)havvla 'eat and drink in community' L G 249 ^ If the EthS cognate is valid, the rec. is '_olV.
2586. ?? 'XamV 'womb, vulva' > HS: Eg fMd hm.t 'womb (of a cow\woman), vulva', ? fP 'woman' EG III 76, DW II
597-6OO, Fk. 168-9, Tk. I 123 ? S 'hVmm(-at)- ' internal cavity of animals body', ' part of viscera' > Ar hamam-at-
'milieu de la poitrine, du poitrail, sternum, etc.', ? hamma?- 'fesses', Tgr hsmmsto 'a dish of entrails cut to pieces', Tgy
hsmmsto 'una pietanza fatta dinteriori di capra\pecora etc.', ? Sq hc?m {SSL} 'bas-ventre', ? Ak umandu 'ein Teil des
Leibesinnern' BK I 486-7, Sd. 1412, LH 62, Bsn. 4O, SSL LSNP 146O, MiK I #1.119 ll A: NaT 'aj:,m 'vulva' > OT, MOg,
MQp [incl. CC] am, Tk am, Kr, VTt, Qzq, Qrg, Alt am id., Xlj {DT} ham id. (with a secondary h-) Cl. 155, Rs. W 18, DT
122, DHST s.v. ha
a
m ^ Cf. IS I 245 [supposes that T 'aj:,m goes back to N 'Hanga, i.e. '?aqga 'to open (esp. mouth)'].
2587. ? 'XEmV 'warm' > HS: S 'hmm 'be hot', 'hamm- hot' > Hb Mh1 ham (pl. Mim`5h2 ham'm-im) 'hot', JA
[Trg.], JEA, Sr hmm G (pf. ham), Ar 'hmm G (pf. hamma) 'be hot', Ak cmmu 'hot'; - 'humm- 'warmth, heat' > Hb M7h
hom, Sr hu'ma id., Ug hm {A} 'heat', {OLS} 'heat, draught' ('calor, sequa'), Ar humm-at- 'fever', Ak ummu 'heat' A #835,
OLS 177, KB 312, KBR 325, Lv. T I 266, Sl. 469-7O, Br. 238, BK I 485-7, HJ 38O, Ln. 636, CAD IV 15O-1 C: Dhl {EEN}
hant_-io- v. 'warm oneself' || SC: Irq {Mgw.} ham 'warm', {MQK} ham 'hot, warm' (of water) , Alg hamis- 'set on fire'
E SC 299, EEN 26, Mgw. 1O2, MQK 44 , Blz. SCL s.v. 'warm' ? Eg XVIII hm vi. 'be hot, burn' EG II 489 OS #1285
(S, Irq, Eg) ll A: NaT ''im'iI 'mild\warm' (of weather) > OT {Cl.} imiI, Tk An imiI - umuI id. Cl. 159, SDD 769, 1419.
2588. 'XumV 'raw, sour, inedible' > HS 'hum- > C 'hum--'ham- > Bj {R} -hami (hmy) pcv. 'be bitter, acid, sour' (1s
p. 'a-hami, 1s prs. a-'hammi), 'hami 'bitter, acid, sour' || LEC 'hum- ({Ss.} 'ham- - 'hum-) 'bad' ( N 'XUmV 'old, bad,
miserable', q.v. ffd.) Eg MK hmi.t, Cpt me hmu 'salt' EG III 93-94, Fk. 17O, Vc. 299 S (+ext. ) 'hms v. 'be sour,
fermented' > Hb hmc id., pf. 3m (pausal form) ha'mcc vi. 'leavened', Sh

prtc. mah'mcccO 'sth. sour-tasting', Sr hm G
vi. 'ferment, leaven', JA [Trg.] hm G 'be(come) sour, be leavened', Ar mH hmo G id., Tgr {d'Ab.} hms [hms] G
(pf. hamsa) 'become sour\bitter', Ak cmcsu v. 'be sour'; CS d ''hums- 'sourness, vinegar' > Hb 'homcc, Ug hms, JA
[Trg.] om2h9 h"'ma, em. ao1m6uh hum'-a 'vinegar', Ar m0Ha hamo- ' salt and bitter plants'; Cn 1 Eg N hm 'vinegar'
({Vc.} = [hum-]), (EgSSc) {Hlk.} ha`-m-a > Cpt Sd m hom, Cpt B hcm 'vinegar' KB 316, KBR 329-3O, A #941, Lv.
II 73, Lv. T I 266, Js. 478, BK I 492-3, Br. 23O, JPS 147, EG III 99, Vc. 3O3, Hlk. #169, SivCR 83 Ch {Stl.} 'hama 'salt' >
WCh: Fy {J} ?ama id. || CCh: Msg hom id. Stl. IF 115 OS #1231 (HS 'ham- > Eg, Ch) ll IE 'H"cm-/'H"m- > OI
a'ma- 'raw, uncooked' || Gk eo) id. || L amarus 'bitter' || OIr om, W of 'raw' || pGmc 'amra- (< 'om-ro) > Dt amcr
'sharp, astrigent, sour' ('scherp, wrang, zuur'), Sw amcr 'bitter, sharp (piquant)', ON ar 'hard' || ? Arm hum hum 'raw, unripe,
sour' P 777, Dv. #724, EI 478 ('ho'mo-s - 'ho'mo-s), M K I 77, WH I 35, Vn. O 21, F II 1149, Slt. 353, Vr. 11, Vr. N 16,
Hlq. 17 ll? U: FP 'umra 'Angelica sylvestris, sorrel' (< *'sour grass') > Er umbrav, umrav 'sorrel', pPrm 'umra > Z oxpa
'Angelica sylvestris', Z US/LL umra, Prmk umra id., Yz 'umra 'angelica' Lt. 57, LG 2O5, U 372 ^ Highly qu. (too loose and
unreliable semantic connections): SC {E}: Brn, Alg hamis- 'get lost, forget' (E SC 379); IE 'Hcou_mo- > ON aumr 'arm, elend',
Tc B au_mc 'misery', Tc A omasIcm 'evil' (Vr. 19, Ad. 132), ; the semantic component 'bad, unfavourable' is not sufficient
for etl. equations.
2589. ? 'XumV (= '_umV?) 'to wish, covet' > HS: WS '-hum- (- '_um-?) 'wish' > Ar hvm G (hama / -humu) v.
'want, wish', havam- 'altr de soif', Mh hvm (sbjn. yshom) 'want, like, wish, need', Bth hvm, Hrs _vm (sbjn. ys_om)
(with a puzzling _ for the expected h), Hbt _vm v. 'want' BK I 521, Jo. M 194-5, Jo. H 145, Nak. #1138 Ch {Stl.} '_am-
'look for' ( N 'qumV 'to prey, ask for') > WCh: DfB {J} gam 'look for' || ECh: Ll {ChC} ham- id. Stl. IF 1O8, 289, J R 214
ll A: NaT 'um- 'ask for, covet' > OT {Cl.} um- id., MQp/OOsm XIV um- v. 'hope', Tk um-, Az, CrTt, Qmq um- id., Ggz, Kr Cr
um- v. 'covet, hope', Uz um- v. 'wish' Acc. to Cl., the meaning 'hope' developped due to the infl. of NPrs dyM"u omid n.
hope', whence Tk um- v. 'hope, believe', Az, Ggz, CrTt, Qmn v. 'hope' Cl. 155-6. ET Gl 595-6, Vl. I 122 ? pJ {S}
o`mo`-- 'think', {Mr.} 'omo-a > OJ {S} omo`- id., {Mr.} omo-qu- 'think, feel', J: T omo-, K omo-, Kg omo`- 'think'
Mr. 741, S QJ #16O, Kenk. 1442, DQA #34 (unc. : T 'um- < 'amo 'mouth, taste) ^ The Ch cognate (if valid) points to N
'_- ^ I am grateful to S. Starostin (p.c., 1976) for drawing my attention to the J cognate.
2589a. ???? 'XUmV 'old' (of things), 'bad, miserable' > HS: LEC 'hum- 'bad' ( N 'XumV 'raw, sour, unedible') >
Sa, Af um-a, Sml hun/ hum- 'bad, evil, worthless', Sml J huq-, Or {Bl.} ham-a`, {Grg.} ham-a (Or a < 'u, acc. to Bl.) R
WBd 118, Bl. 1O7, 2O1, Ss. PEC 38 (EC 'ham--'hum-), Hn. S 64, ZMO 435, Th. 185-6, Grg. 197-8, E PC #519 || SC {E}: Brn,
Alg hamis- 'get lost, forget'; ??: Brn ham-, Alg hamu 'hardship, distress' Ss. PC 38, ZMO 435, Th. 185-6, Grg. 197-8, E SC
334, 379 ll IE: NaIE 'Hcou_mo- > ON aumr 'arm, elend' || Tc B au_mc 'misery', Tc A omasIcm 'evil' Vr. 19, Ad. 132
ll U: FU 'oma 'old, worn' (of things) > pLp {Lr.} 'omc 'old' > Lp: S oamic, L amcs, N oamcs, In oami, Kld {SaR}
nyyxx vucmm 'old' | Er umoI 'long ago' || ? Hg [ FU 'soqjI,V 'old' < 'oqE 'old']: ? OHg XI ohut, XII out, XVI avat
'(very) old', ? Hg o 'old, ancient, antique', avar 'dry fallen leaves and parched grass' UEW 337, Lr. #831, Lgc. #4573, SaR 62,
EWU 1O, 61-2, 1O52, MF 71-2, 495 ^ Highly qu. (too loose and unreliable semantic connections). Identical with 'XumV 'raw,
sour, inedible'? ^ Suggested by Blz. (Blz. LB #7a and Blz. LNA #23: N 'homa) ^ D 'um- 'dumb' (better from N
''umqnV 'to sleep, lose consciousness / remembrance of') and Kl omun 'soft' ( Blz. LNA #23).
259O. '_VmV 'wall, wind-break' > HS: WS 'ham-at-, 'ham-it- 'wall (around a city \ settlement)' > OCn (AkSc)
_u-mi-tu [= 'homitu], Hb em1&h ho'ma 'city wall, wall (around a building or an area of a city), Ph hmyt 'fortress', Mb hmt
'wall', Ug hmt, (AkSc) hamitu 'city wall (Mauer, muro)', Sb hmy 'build a dam wall (for a canal)' KBR 298, HJ 381, A #944, OLS
178, Hnr. 125, BGMR 69, HJ 381 ll K: G _im-i 'Zaun aus Rohr', _im-c 'Zaun aus Baumstmmen' Chx. 2361ll IE: Ht
humma 'stable, stall, sty', (?) Lw hum(ma)ti 'stable' Ts. E I 283-4, Pv. III 373 ll ? A: WrMc cmilc- v. 'screen' ({Z} ' :acnon) r ,
:aipinar , :acrn) r ') Z 81.
2591. 'XamjV,gE (or 'h-?) 'tight, narrow; constraint' > IE 'xamg"- id. > NaIE 'ang"- 'tight (eng), narrow', v. 'narrow
down, tie up' ( 'oppress') > Av azaqhc 'zu bedrngen', ny-azara 'sie schnrt sich' || Gk o_e v. 'squeeze (esp. the throat),
embrace, strangle, throttle' || L ang-o, -crc 'press tightly; strangle, throttle' || OIr ing 'Bedrngnis' (P: < 'ng"i), Brtt {RE}
'angios 'narrow' > W yng - ing, Crn yn, OBr cnc, MBr cncq, Br cnI id. || Sl 'vcz-ati 'to tie' (1s prs. 'vcz-o) > OCS
aao:u vczati, Blg (1s prs.) 'nca, SCr, Slv vczati, Cz vazati, Slk viazat`, R n ' :ar (1s prs. n 'y) NaIE 'an'g"-u-s
'tight, narrow' > OI am'hu-h 'narrow', MPrs {M} 'anzuI id. > MncMPrs hnzvg, Prt ?nzvg, MPrs 1
Arm an3uk anuI 'narrow, strait' || L angi-ortus - angi-ortum 'narrow street' || Gt aggvu (adj. ntr.), ON ongr, AS cnc,
OHG cngi (< angi), NHG cng 'narrow' || Sl 'o'z+-I+ 'narrow' (f. ''oz+-Ia, ntr.''oz+-Io), da. ''oz+I+-|i > OCS
a+k+ oz+I+, SCr u``zaI, Slv ozcI, Cz, Slk uzIy, P vazIi, R 'y:oi / 'y:inn, in d (words, forms) without '-+I+:
cmpr. 'ozi|i (< 'oz-si|i) 'narrower' > SCr u`zi, Cz uzi id., R (pradj.) 'yc 'is narrower', d nouns like OR uz-ota
'narrowness', etc. NaIE 'ang"os-, 'ang"cs- 'narrowness, oppresion, anxiety' > OI 'am'hah / am'has- ntr., Av azah
'anxiety, trouble' || L angor 'suppression of the throat, mental distress, anxiety', angustus 'narrow', angustia 'narrowness' || ON
angr 'ill humour, affliction, sorrow', OFrs angist, OHG angust, NHG Angst 'fear' || Lt anIstas 'narrow, cramped', ? ChS
aet:i ozosti 'narrowness' (unless d within Sl) Ht ham(m)c(n)I- - ham(m)cnI- - hami(n)I- 'tie; betroth' ({EI): <
'hmncg"-) P 42-3, EI 64 ('hcmg"- 'tie, constraint'), F I 17-8, M K I 14, M E I 38-9, RastM PJ 157 (on the Mnc letter
| for Prt z), WH I 47, RE 114, Flr. 1OO, 159, Fs. 13-4, Vr. 1O, 687, Kb. 32, 2OO, Schz. 88, 124, EWA I 253-5 & II 1O72-3,
KM 22, 165-6, Frn. 11, Glh. 658, 667-8, Vs. I 374 & IV 154, Srz. III 1172, Ped. H 197, Pv. III 64-8 ll HS: S 'hmg > Ar
hmg D v. 'screw up ones eyes (in order to see better)', 'be(come) lean' ('tre maigre, maigrir') BK I 488 ll U: FU {UEW}
'aqIc 'narrow, depressed' > F {UEW} anIca 'schwer, bedrnget, melancholisch', {Sz.} angc (gen. anIccn) 'Begrngnis', Es
angu- 'gerinnen, starr werden' (both unless A Gmc [Gt aggvus 'eng', etc., above]) || OHg agg- 'worry' ('sich um etwas
kmmern'), Hg aggod- 'be anxious, worry', aggod- 'to curdle' (of cow milk) UEW 12, EWU 1O-1 ll D 'aqIan`am 'space
between two posts\pillars\beams' > Kn, Tu an'Ian`a, Tl an'Ian`amu id., Tm an'Ian`am 'space between two pillars' D #28.
2592. 'XomussV [or 'XomU(-ssV)] 'articulation between a limb and the trunk' (> 'hip joint, rump'), 'collar-bone',
'bones of the shoulder' or sim. > IE: NaIE 'om(c)so-s 'shoulder' > OI 'am'sa-h id., Oss I on, Os D ona 'shoulder-blade' || Arm
us us (gen. usoy) 'shoulder' || Gk )eo) id. (< 'osmos, cp. ct-oooio) - ct-eooio) adj. 'on the shoulders') || L umcrus
'shoulder', Um uzc, ONSE 'in umero' || Gt ams 'shoulder', ON ass 'mountain ridge' || pTc {Ad.} 'anscc > Tc A cs, B
antsc 'shoulder' ( Pv., EI) Ht anassa- 'body part in the rear of the lower torso', prob. {Pv.} 'hips, buttocks' (possibly
connected with L anus, cf. Ivn. III-VIII 162 and Po. PBH 2O5) P 778, EI 515-6 (''hh omso-s), M K I 14. M E I 37, Ab. II
227-8, F II 1148-9, WH II 815, Bc. G 339, Slt. 2O3-4, Wn. 182, Ad. 43-4, Ad. H 2O, 28, 147, Pv. I-II 63-4 ll HS: WCh {Stl.}
'?am(si) 'arm' > SBc: Bg {J} ?amsi, Kir vam, vamsi, Plc am, Gj vomzi id. | Ngz {Sch.} amai_ 'hand, arm' Stl. ZCh
231 [#79O], Sch. DN 9, ChC ? Eg MK/G xms ({EG} hms) v. 'bend ones back in respect' EG III 367, Fk. 2O1 ll U
'vamsV 'rump, crupper, shoulder' > FU: pOs 'vamos > Os: D vomos 'bones of the shoulder', V vamos 'withers, crupper', Vy
vamos 'back part of the animals trunk; pelvis and the back end of the spine together with the surrounding meat', Ty vamos
'back part of the body, loins with their meat' Sm: Ne: T x: 'groin', T O {Lh.} ya':cara 'Vertiefung zwischen dem
Oberschenkel und dem Bauch um die Genitalien', T Y ya':msara, T MZ ya':m, F vc_a'ms - vc_a'mc id.; En: X {Cs.}
'bataro, B {Cs.} 'batado 'loins (Kreuz am Rcken)'; Ng {Cs.} bob'sudu 'loins, waist' Coll. 66, UEW 556, KrT 225, Lh.
1O3 U 'va- needs explanation (a case of "labial fission" [see Introduction, 2.2.7]?) ll A {ADb.} 'omur > T 'omur 'collar-
bone', 'breastbone' or sim. > Chg {PC}, MQp, OOsm omuz, Tkm omuo, CrTt, Qmq, QrB omuz 'shoulder', Tk omuz, Ggz omuz
'upper part of the back', Tk omuz 'back, horses chest', Uz umiz 'shoulder', 'arm-hole (in garments)', Chv +m+r 'animals
breast, dewlap (no(ipy(oi)', Tkm omurdan 'shoulder, upper part of a sleeve' (with 'r > r before a cns. [Hl.s law]);
- 'omurtIa - 'oqurtqa 'backbone' > OT oyurya id., Tk omurga, Qzq omirtqa, Qrg omurtqa, OOsm XIV, Tkm oqurya, Az
onurya ET Gl 453-5, Md. 171 ('omur), 41 ('oquriy, 'oqurga), Cl. 92-3, Rs. W 361-2, TL 24O-1, ADb. SR 136-7, 188-9O
The original meaning is likely to be 'collar-bone', 'breastbone' or sim., the semantic shift to 'shoulder' in the lgs of the SW area
(within and near the former Byzantine Empire) may be due to the infl. of Gk )eo) 'shoulder' ppM {Pp.} 'omuri-yun > M
'omuruyun > MM [S] {Koz.} [UygSc?] omoru, {H, Pp.} omoriud ({H} pl. of omorih?) 'breastbone', WrM omurugun, HlM
oxpyy 'sternum, clavicle, breast', Brt {Pp.} omoruq 'horses breast', Kl {KRS} oxpyn 'i py( ' (= 'chest'?), Kl D {Rm.} omrun,
Kl {Rm.} omru 'chest (cavity), breastbone', ? Mnr H {SM} mursdag 'Adams apple'; M 1 Nog, Qq, Qzq omirav 'horses
breast; breast', Qrg omuro 'breast (of horses and other animals)', Qmq omurav, VTt, Bsh umrav 'collar-bone', Alt omuru
'stature (cran)', Xk omiriy, Sg/Qb/Qc/K {Rl.} omriy 'front part of a horses breast' MED 611, Vld. 196, KRS 397, KW 285-
6, H 124, SM 251, ET Gl 453-4 (the authors try to find a T et. for omrav - omurav without considering it a loan from M),
KumRS 243, BIG 126, Rl. I 117O-1 Pp. VG 68, KW l.c., ADb. SR 3O8 [#18] The A cns. '-r- may be explained by a
hypothetic (reg. in some conditions?) change: from N '-s- > ''-z- > A '-r-. Another possible case of this pre-A rhotacism is A
{AD} '`oI`ur- 'bovine animal, bull' related to L ccus / ccoris (< N 'oKu 'pack, wild cattle' [q.v.] with a sibilant
extension). An alt. solution of the problem is morphological: N 'sV (or 'sV) may have been an aux. word (> sx.) used to form
derived nouns or cds , esp. those with the abstract meaning; this 'ssV underlies the pIE abstract nouns with the stem-final '-os
[e.g. 'gcn-os > L gcn-us (gen. gcn-cr-is), Gk cv-o) (gen. cv-c-o)), OI '|an-ah (gen. |an-as-ah)] and the Tg nomina
collectiva with '-sa / ' -sc [Ewk mo-sa 'grove, a group of trees' and Ork moso 'forest' Ewk, Ork mo- 'tree', Vas. 258,
788, STM I 54O-1]. In this case the abovementioned IE, S. Ch and U words with a sibilant are originally bimorphemic (< N
'XomU-ssV), while those without the sibilant go back to the 'XomU without this sx.; A '-r is a different sx.
2593. '_anV (or '-q-) 'to bow, bend down, descend' > HS: CS 'hnyv > Ar hnv - hny G (ip. hniy-) v. 'bend, bow
the head', hanv- 'crooked', BHb hny (ip. -h"'nc) v. 'decline, encamp', Amr hnyv v. 'encamp' KB 319, KBR 332, Fr. I 437-
8 ? (+ext. ) Eg OK _nd 'bend (wooden sticks)', Eg MK {Fk.} 'bend (wood), twist together (flower-stems)' EG III 312, Fk.
195 ll ? K: G I _van_val- 'sich winden' Ghl. 749, Chx. 2345 ll A: T 'anq- ({Md.} ppT 'cq-) v. 'descend, bow down' > OT,
XwT cn-, Tkm cq-, Chv an- v. 'descend, go down', Yk {Pek.} aqiya-ania 'slope' (' noiarocr , cnon'); (here??) Tkm in-,
Tk in-, Ggz |in- 'descend' Cl. 168, Rs. W 43, Fed. I 43, Jeg. 26, Pek. 27O, ET Gl 352-3 (T 'in- 'descend'), Md. 34, 164 [T 'cq
= 'aq 'descend'; rejects the connection with Tkm in-]), S AJ 18, 72, 257, 292. All forms except Tkm in-, Tk in- and Ggz |in-
can be accounted for by T 'an-; the Tkm long vw. in in- may suggest a pT long vw., but may be alternatively explained as going
back to |i- (with a prosthetic '|-, as in Ggz). Acc. to Md. 34, Tkm in- does not belong here. Tk in- and Ggz |in- must be of the
same origin as Tkm in- DQA #1533 [T < A 'qcni 'go (down, away)', cf. N 'qni 'go (away)'].
2594. '_inV 'be happy\glad, love' > K: Sv: UB -_cn- " -_cn- 'bring good news', msd. UB/L li-_cn-c, LB/Ln li-_cn-c
'bringing (/to bring) good news' TK 484, Dn. s.v. -_cn- ll HS: S 'hnn, '-hunn- > BHb hnn (pf. ha'nan, ip. ya-'hon, pf.
c. Nh1I!v@ vay'yahon) 'be gracious, generous', Ph hnn N , Pun hnn G , Ug hnn G /D (?) 'be benevolent, merciful towards
so.', Amr {G} hnn 'be gracious, be merciful', JA hnn G (pf, Nh2 han) v. {Js.} 'caress, grace, favour', {Lv.} 'jem-m
gnstig\gradevoll sein, sich seiner erbarmen', Ar hnn G (pf. WHa hanna) 'long for her child' (of a woman)', Ak cncnu 'seek
grace'; - 'ha'nan- > Htr hnn? 'pity, compassion', Sr Nno ho'nan, em. 'nono hona'n-a id., 'mercy', Ar 'naHa
hanan- 'mercy, prosperity, blessing, tenderness of heart', Plm hnn? 'clement, merciful'; CS 'hinn- > Hb Nh4 hcn 'favour' /
+ppa. hinn- (3m hin'n-o) 'grace, beauty; favour, approval', MHb hcn, JA [Trg.] an`!h5 - an`!ih5 hin'na 'grace, favour,
loviliness', Ph hn 'favour', OA, IA hn {HJ} '(quality) which procures favour' KB 318, 321, A #947, OLS 78-9, HJ 386-7, 389, G
A 2O, Js. 481, 484, Lv. T I 268-7O, Sl. 474, 457, JPS 149 ll A: M 'inag > MM [S] inah 'Favorit, Gnstling', WrM inag, HlM
nai 'beloved, darling; favorite, lover; friend', 'benevolence, affection' H 82, MED 4O9-1O ll D 'in_- 'pleasant, agreeable' >
Tm in- 'sweet, pleasant, agreeable', Ml in(i)am, inuam, inima 'pleasure, delight', iniya 'sweet', Kn in, ini, inc 'sweetness,
pleasantness, loveliness', Tu, Tl imu 'agreeableness, pleasantness', Tl incu 'be agreeable', ?? Brh hancn 'sweet' D #53O ^
FU 'intV 'energy' (LG 2O9-1O, SK 1O8); NaIE 'ans- 'be favorable' (P 47) is to be kept apart, because it belongs together
with S '?ns id. [< N '?anjV,SV 'friend(ly), favourable, useful', q.v.] ^ Blz. SNE #14 ('hinV in S, A + IE + U),
Bmh NMF ( IE 'ans-, S).
2595. 'XAnjV,V 'together, with' > D '-an_ > Tm -an 'with' (ending of instr.), ? OTl {An.} -on_ - -o id. [ccyi 'hand'
ccto(n_) 'with the hand'] An. SG 211-3 ll HS: Eg fP hn 'together with', 'and' EG III 11O-2, Fk. 172 This may
underly the second element of the HS compound aut. prn. '?anihEn-nV 'we' ['?an- (focalizing topic pc., forming aut. pers.
pronouns) + '(i)hcn- + 'nuV 'we, our'] found in S, Bj and B: S '?a'nihnu 'we' [aut. prn.] > BHb unh6n2a9 ?"'nahnu, Ph ?nhn,
BA, JA [Trg.], JEA an1h6n2a9 ?"'nahna, IA ?nhn(h), Plm ?nhnv, Sr Nxa nohan - Nnax ?onahnan, Ar uh0Na
nahnu, Gz nohna, Mh/Hrs {Jo.} nsha, Jb E 'nha, Jb C 'nhan - 'nha, Sq {Jo.} han - 'hanhsn, Ak (a)ninu KB 69, 1669, Lv.
T I 4O, Sl. 144, PS 25O, Jo. M 29O, Jo. H 95, Sd. G 41) C: Bj {RHd.} hi'nin, {Rop.} hc'nncn 'we, us', {R} ha'nan, han'in,
hc'nin 'we', {R} hc'nc-b 'us', {RHd.} -hon, {Rop.} -hon 'us', {R} han'nc " hc'nc 'our' ( 'uinV [= 'XinV?] 'other'? R
BdS 157-165, Rop. 197-8, RHd. B 111-2 B 'hana-y 'us, 'to us' > Tw {Pr.} an+y " han+y id. (ffd. see N 'nV 'we'
excl.) If this conjecture is right, the HS word '?anihEn-nV originally meant 'we together'. For an alt. et. of '?anihEn-nV
s.v. 'uinV (= 'XinV?) 'other'.
2596. 'X'unCV 'thin, narrow' > HS: Eg Md/NK hns ({EG} hns) 'narrow (eng, schmal)' EG III 116 C 'nC:
? EC: Sa {Wlm.} cnda 'little, small', Af {PH} unda 'be small, be young', ? Arr '?ini 'child, boy' || Ag: Aw {Hz.} sncay 'boy'
AD SF 143, HP 62, Hw. A 341 ll U: FU 'vinca (- 'vicV?) 'thin, narrow' > Ugr: ObU {Ht.} 'vincV > pVg 'vis > Vg:
T us, LK/UK vis, P/LL is 'small', UL us cqI 'elder brothers youngest daughter (xna(ma) :ononia)' (cqI 'elder brothers
daughter'); pOs 'vanc 'narrow' > Os: V/Vy vant, Ty/D va't, Nz/Kz vas | Hg [early XIX] vczna 'hager, schmchtig', Hg O
vczna 'lean, thin, slight (sovny, cingr)', Hg vczna 'puny, sickly, peaky, weak' UEW 899 ('vanca - 'vacV), Coll. 123
('vancV), Ht. #696, EWU 1631ll A 'unc`i 'thin, small' > T '|in-Ia 'thin' > OT |incga 'thin, slim, delicate', Tk incc, Az,
Ggz ina, CrTt inc, Tkm incc (i < '|i), Slr lcsIi " lasIi, Qmq incc, QrB incIc - incgc, Nog |iqisIc, Qq ziqisIc,
Qzq ziqisIc, VTt nisIa, Bsh nisIa, Uz ingicIa, ET inicIa, |inigc, Qrg, Ln icIc, Alt cicIc, Tv ciqc, Yk
sinnigas 'thin', Xk n cic ntsIc, Chv nnc sinz_c 'thin, narrow' Cl. 945, Rs. W 2O3, ET Gl 364-5, NogR 124, Tn. SJ 4O3
M 'ucu-Icn - 'ocu-Icn 'small, little' ( N 'quCV 'small, few', q.v. ffd.) ? pJ 'usu- 'thin' > OJ usu-, J: T usu-, K
usu-, Kg usi-, Ns usu-; J Sh inca and J Ns iII'a 'short' (acc. to Starostin, from pJ {S} 'minsiIa 'short') S AJ 269
[#1O2], S QJ #1O2, Mr. 843 S VL 228, SDM97 s.v. 'niqc`i and 'quc`c, ADb. NN 34, DQA #1544 [A 'qoycu thin,
small' > incl. T 'ou-, M 'ocu-, pJ 'usu-] ll D 'unc- 'lean, thin; to dry up' > Tm uncattai_ 'leanness, thinness', Tl uca
'withered, lean, thin', Prj un- v. 'dry up, become emaciated' D #735 ^ U 'vi- < 'u- may be a case of "labial fission" (see
Intrduction, 2.2.7).
2597. ? 'XanVIV 'XaqIV 'jaw, palate' > HS: WS 'hinI-, 'ha'naI- 'palate, lower jaw' > BHb Kh4 hcI id. / +ppa.
hiII- (hiI'I-o 'his palate'), JA [Trg.] ak`1ih5 - a1h5 hiI'I-a 'palate', JEA ak`1n^ih5 hin'I-a - ak`1ih5 hiI'Ia, Sr 'k.one
hcn'I-a - 'k.oe hcI'I-a and pl. hcn'Ic 'palate, pharynx', Ar hanaI- 'palate; lower jaw', Tgr hanvI 'palate' (A Ar?), Mh
hsnnuI, Jb C/E 'ho'nuI 'gum and palate', Hrs 'hcnnsI 'gum and uvula' KB 3OO, KBR 313, Lv. II 82, Js. 455, Sl. 457-8, Br.
244, Ln. 639, Fr. I 437, Jo. M 182, Jo. J 112, Jo. H 6O, MiK I #1.124 ll U 'aqV 'chin, jaw, jaw-bone' ( N '?aqgV 'chin'
[q.v. ffd.]) > ObU ''ano'y > pVg {Ht.} 'ano' 'jaw' > Vg: T anov, LK/MK oni, P ona 'jaw' Ht. #39 ( Os 'on`coy
[{Hl.} 'an`coy] that can be better explained from N 'Ian'cU 'cheek' [q.v.]) ll A 'aqV, -I`V ({DQA} 'cqa, -I`V) 'chin,
jaw' ( N '?aqgV '', q.v. ffd.).
2598. ?? 'XENIV 'to loosen, open, remove' > HS: S 'hnI: Ar hnI Sh

(pf. ?ahnaIa) 'loigner, carter, chasser' C
{E} 'hinI- v. 'remove, open' > Ag '?snI- ( N '?aqga 'to open' N 'nEIU 'to open(?), bare, uncover') > Bln {R}
?snI- 'ffnen, auflsen, aufbinden; befreien', Xm {Ap.} sI-s-, {R} icI-~cI-, Q snc-, sns- v. 'open, undo' || SC: pRt {E}
'hinI- v. 'push away' (E cites no reflexes in individual lgs.) || ? EC: Or {Grg.} hiI- v. 'loosen, untie', {Th.} hic-u 'slegare,
scioglere, rilasciare, liberare' E PC #53O, Ap. AV 4, R WB 37, Grg. 2O7, Th. 195 ll ? A: Tg: Ewk SB sqsys- 'stretch
( pacr) innar )' STM II 458 ll ? U: FU 'aqa 'untie, open (lsen, ffnen, aufmachen)' ( N '?aqga '', q.v. ffd.).
2599. ?? '_qanjV,KV (or '_qaqKV) v. 'bend' > HS: ? C: Bj {R} hng (1s p. a-ha'nig) 'biegen, krmmen' || ? SC:
Alg xongo?os- v. 'bend, wrap' R WBd. 116, E SC 259 (SC 'xononIo v. 'bend, fold' > Alg xongo?os- and
Mb IononIo 'joint [of body]') ll IE 'xcnI- ('hcnI-) 'bend' > Ht hinI- v. 'bow (reverentially), curtsy' Ts. E I 25O-1, Pv.
III 292-6 NaIE 'cnI-/'onI- vt., vi. > OI 'ancati, 'acati 'bends, curves' | MPrs ancitan 'bends' || Gk o`kev 'elbow',
o`ko, okoiv 'bent arm' || Lt anIa 'loop' || L [Fest] ancus 'qui aduncum brachium habet' || Tc A ancal 'bow (arc)'
? IE d 'xonIo-s 'crooked, hook' > Gk oko) 'barb of an arrow' || L uncus 'crooked, hook' || OIr cIath 'fish-hook' || OHG
ango 'hook', ds : AS ancl 'fish-hook, hook', ON ongull 'fish-hook', OHG angul 'fishing-rod', NHG Angcl 'fish-hook' || OI
'an''Ia-h n. 'hook, curve, bend', Av aIa- 'hook' || OCS ake:+ oIot+ 'hook' P 45-7 ('anI-), EI 61-2 ('hcnI- - 'hcng-
'bend an obkect so that it stays bent') and AHDI 3 (all of them do not distinguish between NaIE anI- and 'ang-), M K I 19, 24,
M E I 47, 52-3, Vr. 687, Ho. 6, Kb. 32, EWA I 251-3, KM 22, F I 1O-2 & II 347, Wn. 146, WH I 46 & II 816, Frn. 11.
26OO. 'Xan`VtV 'grain, kernel' > HS: S 'hint-at- (- 'hunt-at-?) 'wheat' > Hb ey`1h5 hit'ta, Ug htt, OA hth,
IA hnt? - hth, Plm h(y)t?, JPA, JEA at1y`6h5 hitto'ta, Sr 4,ote hcttota, Md htita, Ar 6an0Hi hintat- (1 Sq
{L} hintch), Ak uttatu 'wheat', Gz _ottat - hottat- 'grain, seed', BA pl. Niy5n6h5 hin't-in 'grains of wheat', Jb C {Jo.}
'hi'tct 'ear of rice', 'hit 'ears of rice, food, beans' KB 294, 171O, KBR 3O7, Lv. II 36, Js. 453, Sl. 453, Br. 227, Jo. J 119, L G
268 C {AD} 'Hyt > EC: Sml N {Abr.} hadud 'corn, millet', Sml {ZMO} hadud 'maize, jowari, millet, sorghum' ||
SC: Irq/Grw {Wh.} ayiti?i (pl. ayito?o), {MQK} ayito?o (snglt. ayti?i) 'maize' AD SF 221-2, Abr. S 1O2, ZMO 177,
MQK 18 ll IE (mt ) 'xct(c)n- 'grain, kernel' > NaIE 'ct(c)n- 'kernel, grain' ( N 'qatV ' corn' [q.v.]) > OIr {P} citnc 'kernel',
ScGl citc 'unhusked ear of corn', citcan 'kernel, grain' || Gk ctvo) 'a thick soup of pulse, pea-soup' AdS of Ht hat(t)ar
'cereal' ('ein Getreideart') (< N 'qatV '') P 343, F I 582, Ts. E I 22O, Pv. III 247 (Ht hat(t)ar - hat- 'dry up') ll D 'an`ti
'kernel, stone of a fruit' [ N 'HaNtV 'kernel' (q.v. ffd.), whence D '-t- rather than '-t-] ^ Since Ht hat(t)ar goes back mainly
to N 'qatV, it provides no decisive ev. for N '_-. Therefore the N rec. is with 'X- ('_- = or 'h-).
26O1. 'XUqgV 'throat' > HS: Eg fXVIII hngg 'pharynx' ['der Schlund (in dem die Zunge sitzt)'] EG III 121 S: Ar
rajan0Ha hangar-at- 'larynx', rjnH hngr 'gorger'; ?? dvjun0Hu hungud- 'larynx' BK I 5O1-2 C {AD} ''hanK"ar
'throat, pharynx' > Bj {R} anIar 'palate, 'gullet (Shlund), throat', Bj A {AD} 'hanIar 'gullet (Schlund), pharynx and the back part
of the mouth' || EC: pSam {Hn.} 'hanguri > Sml hunguri, Bn {Hn.} ha'qur
e
'throat', Sa {R} anqar 'palate, throat' AD SF
153-4, Hn. S 63 WCh: ?? Ngz qgurzaziya 'throat' Sch. DN 127 ll A: T 'oqa > OT {Cl.} oquc, Tv os 'larynx,
wind-pipe', Xk ogos, ET oqgac, Alt oc 'wind-pipe', Sg os 'thorax', VTt ` ` u uqas, Brb onac, Bsh
q+o+l uqas, Qzq, Qq oqcs, Qrg, Ln qizil oqgoc, QK oc - os, Uz qizil uqac 'gullet, oesophagus', Bsh uqas
'front side of the neck', Yk oqus 'musles of the occiput', oqus bas 'blood-vessels of the neck' Cl. 172, DTS 387, ET Gl
536, ADb. SR 138 (unc. 'oqa 'omgcn '(upper part of the) breast') M 'oqgclcur ( N ? 'omKE '( part of
the) neck\chest') > WrM oqgclcgur, HlM ' ni' np {MED} depression above [sic!] the Adams apple', {Kow., Luv.}
'depression under the Adams apple', Kl {KRS} ' ` inp oqgolur id., {Rm.} oqg

lur 'Vertiefung zwischen dem Adamsapfel

und dem Brustbein' MED 638, Kow. 498, Luv. 322, KRS 418, KW 297 Tg: Neg uqsls 'birds crop, Adams apple', Lm
uqrsn ' muscle of the neck of male reindeer\elks' STM II 279-8O pJ {S} 'una(-nsi) 'back of head, nape' > OJ una,
unai, J: T unai, K unai, Kg unai S QJ #1114, Mr. 563 DQA #1573 [A 'oqi(cV) 'windpipe, part of neck'].
26O2. 'XuV 'press, crush, rub' > HS: CS '-hu- - 'h 'rub, clean by rubbing': [1] '-hu- > MHb hv (prm.
-hu-, pf. Fh2 ha) 'rub the head with natron or another mineral in order to cleanse it', {Lv.} 'reiben, abreiben (eine Art des
Kmmens)', Sr hv (pf. ha) v. 'wash (ones head)', 'owa hav'-a 'lautio (capitis et barbae)'; [2] CS 'h > MHb h
G v. 'rub; cleanse (ones head)', Sr h (pf. ha) v. 'wash', Ar hff G 'pluck (the hair of the face), shave (the head \ beard \
moustache)', ({Ln.} 'cut\clip the hair of ones head, ones beard\moustache') Lv. II 24-5, 94, Js. 437, 492, Br. 221, BK I 455,
Hv. 131, Ln. 597 ll IE: NaIE 'ub- 'press, press down' > OI ub'|ati 'presses down, keeps under, subdues', Av ub|yaltc 'wird
niedergedrckt' || Lt Pr ubiti 'zur Eile drngen' WP I 193, P 11O3, M K 1O7, Frn. 1156 ll U 'oj,c > Sm {Jn.} 'I- v.
'press, squeeze' > Ne T i6apn 'crumple\squeeze (in a hand), 'pinch with fingernails', Ne T O {Lh.} qIb_arc 'in der Hand
zusamendrcken, in der Hand drcken', Ne F {Lh.} qIIrhs id., Slq Tz {KKIH} Ia-qo 'press\squeeze' (' (annr '), Iqal-qo
'crush, squash ( pa:(annr )', Slq Nr {Cs.} c`a`a 'drcken' Jn. 25, Ter. 4O6, Lh. 34, KKIH 196, Cs. 1O3, 212 ll A: NaT
'uob- 'crush, crumble, rub to powder' > OT {Cl.} uv- v. 'crush, crumble, reduce to powder', Tk ov-, uv- o- 'rub, friction,
crumble', Ggz u-, CrTt oy-, QrB uv-, Bsh iv-, VTt u- 'rub, rub to powder', Az ov- id., 'crumble', SY uy- 'crush', Xk uy-, Qmq
uv- 'crumble', Kr uv- id., 'knead' Cl. 4-5, Rl. I 1591, ET Gl 4O1-3 ^ A {ADb.} 'o`a 'powder' 'flour' ( N '?oa '
powder, dust, small pieces of dirt').
26O2a. ? '_ArV 'tracks, road' > HS: Eg fP hr.t 'Weg, Landweg' EG III 144 S: Ar har-at- 'street' BK I 525, Ln.
666, Hv. 148 B {Pr.} 'hrh > Ah hurot, ETwl hurot 'suivre la trace' Pr. H #65, Fc. 638, PGG 136 Ch: WCh: Su {J}
?ar, Ang {ChC} ?ar. 'road' || Klr {J{ arav 'Weg' ChC, J R 35O OS #122 ll K: GZ '_cr- 'step; make a path\road' > Mg
_ar- 'eine Sput durch den Schnee treten', Lz _ar-i n. 'step', OG _cr- v. 'lead, steer a course' (of pilots), G _cr- 'show the way',
s-_cr-v-cl-i 'Richtungsgeber, Steuer' FS K 481, FS E 547 ll D: SD 'ar_- 'way' > Tm aru 'way, road, path', Ml aru 'way,
manner', Td or_ 'way, entrance into thicket' D #4O5^ Blz. DA 162-3 [#1O4] [incl. D and WCh].
26O3. '_'avja,rE (or '_avErV) 'bright, white' > HS: CS 'hvr, '-hvar- (- '-hur-?) 'be bright\white' > BHb hvr
G (3mp ip. ur"v!h=i# ych'varu) 'turn pale', MHb {Js.} hvr D (pf. ru$h5 hiv'vcr) 'make clear\evident', BA ru!h5
hiv'var 'white', JA [Trg.] hvr G (pf. rv@h9 h"'var) 'be white, pale', JEA hvr G 'become white, be lighter in colour', Sr
hvr G (pf. wa ho'var) 'be(come) white', woe hcv'var 'white', Md hivara, havara id., Ar {Ln.} hvr D (pf.
havvara) 'whiten (clothes, wheat, food)', {BK} hvr G (pf. hara, ip. -hur-) 'wash\whiten clothes'; but Ar hvr G (pf.
havira) 'have its white and its black strongly delineated' does not necessarily belong here, it may be related to Mh and Jb hvr
'turn black' KB 287, 17O6, Dlm. 1O4, Lv. T I 24O-1, Js. 438-9, Lv. II 26-7, Sl. 435, Br. 223, JPS 133, DM 142, BK I 5O9-1O,
Ln. 665, Jo. M 195 ll IE (+ext. ) 'xarg-, 'xargi- 'white' [ N 'zahrV (or 'ahrV, or 'zahrV) 'to shine, be bright; light
(lux)' [q.v.]) > Ht harIi- 'white, bright' NaIE 'arg(i)- 'be white, gleam' > OI 'ar|una-h 'shiny white', r|'ra- 'radiant,
gleaming', {MW} 'red(dish)', ra|a'ta-h 'whitish, silver-coloured' || Gk oo), o) 'shining, bright, white', oi-ooo)
'white-toothed', ouo) 'silver' || Msp ARGORIAN 'made of silver' || L argu-o / -crc 'put in clear light' || Clt: Gl (in n. pr.)
{Schm.} argio- *'shining, bright' ('brillant'), Brtt {RE} 'argi_os 'snow' > MW ciry, W cira, OCrn irgh, Crn crgh, MBr crc`h id.
|| Gt airIni|a acc. 't voiov, genuineness' [from 'airIns (conjecture for airInis) *'clear, immaculated' 'holy'], OHG
crIan {Kb.} 'steadfast, noble, agile', {EWA} 'hervorragend, ehrwrdig, fest, bestimmt, wirklich', {Schz.} crchan, crchcn 'fest,
wirklich', {OsS} crchan, crchcn 'recht, echt' || Tc: A arIi, B arIvi 'white' - IE 'hrg-nt-om 'silver' > OI ra|a'tam,
Av orozatom, OPrs (a)rdata-, KhS al|sata- id. || L argcntum id., Osc argcntud abl. id. || OIr argat, W argant, W ariant,
MCrn arians, Crn arhans, Brt arc`hant 'silver' || Arm arca arcat" id. (-at` under the infl. of crIat" 'iron') Pv. III 169-71, Ts. G
I 197, P 64-5, EI 14 ('hargi- 'white'), 641 ('hrg-u- - 'hrg-cs- id., 'hrg-nt-om 'silver'), M K I 5O-1, 12O-1 & III 34,
F I 132-4, WH I 66-7, Bc. G 312, Vn. A 88-9, Schm. KGP 134, Billy 14, RE 133, Fs. 25, Kb. 2O8, Schz. 126, OsS 147, EWA II
114O-2, Slt. 129-31 Wn. 167, Ad. 49-5O IE '-ar- < '-au_r- (loss of 'u_ before sonorants) ll A: T 'uruq (or 'Evruq)
'white' ( N '?'omrE vi. 'burn, shine', q.v. ffd.) > OT, Yk uruq id., Chg XV cvruq 'shining, bright, clear weather', MQp XIII
urun 'milk', Tk urun 'milk, yoghurt', ? Qrg uruq baraq 'morning twilight, dawn; sth. dimly seen in the dark' Cl. 233-
4, Jud. 825, TL 6O1.
26O4. '_oRjV,vV 'herd\pack of (wild) animals' ( 'animal'?) > K: G _rov-a, {DCh.} _ro 'pack (as of wolves, etc.), herd
(of deer, etc.)' Chx. 2391, DCh. 1756 ll HS: S 'hvr > Ar havar- {BK} 'bull (taureau)', {Fr.} 'taurus', {Hv.} 'ox' Fr. I 44O,
BK I 51O, Hv. 148 B {Pr.} 'hrv > Ah tahrut 'herd (of camels, of sheep\goats)', Izd tavrut (pl. tivra) id., Ah chcrc (pl.
ihsravon) 'menu btail', Twl {ABs., Nic.} chorc (pl. ihorvan), Gh ihjo,ri id., possibly Ty chori 'calf', Sus ahruy 'moutons',
tahruyt (pl. tihray) 'brebis' Fc. 64O, Pr. H #397 C: EC {Ss.} 'hor 'herd' > Kns hor-cta 'wealth, lifestock', Or hori id.,
'cattle', Gdl horct 'cattle', HEC {Hd.} 'hor 'herd, property' > Ged horc 'herd', hor-tc 'property', ?? Brj hor-?- v. 'breed' Ss. B
1O1, Bl. 2OO, Hd. 79, 118 ll A: AmTg 'oraon-, 'oraoIV 'animal(s)' ( N '?or'u '(male) antelope, deer'?) > Ul oro(n-)
'animal', Ud {Shn.} o, {Krm.} o? (< 'oroIo) 'animal, bird' SMT II 25, Krm. 273.
26O5. 'XaRcV 'rub/scratch' > HS: S 'hrO v. 'plough' > BHb rh hrs v. G 'plough; engrave', OCn _rs v. 'plough',
Ug hrO G v. 'plough, till (land)', IA trh hrt v. 'plough', Plm hrt, SmA, Md hrt G 'engrave', JA [Trg.] hrt G id., {Lv.}
'eingraben, aushhlen', Sr hrt v. G 'furrow', (here?) 'dig out', Ar rH hrO G 'till and sow', Tgr hrs v. 'plough', Ak crcsu 'to
cultivate/plant (a field), to seed by drilling seed into a furrow by means of a seeder-plow' KB 343, KBR 357, OLS 181, HJ 4O7,
Js. 5O7-8, Lv. T I 286, Tal 298, Br. 26O, DM 153, CAD IV 285-9 ?? C: Bj {R} hsy (1s p. 'a-hasi, pJPS 16O, rs. ahansi)
pcv. 'schrfen, spitzen' R WBd 127 ll A: M 'arci- > MM arci- [S] {H} 'wipe', [MA] v. 'clean, wipe clean', [IM] {Pp.} 'sweep,
rub', WrM arci-, HlM apun- v. 'wipe\clean\dry by rubbing; erase, weed', Kl arc(i)- {KRS} vt. 'clean, wipe', {Rm.} 'rein fegen,
abputzen, abwischen', Dg {T} arci- vt. 'clean' H 8, Pp. MA 1O4-5, 432, MED 51, T DgJ 122, KRS 52, KW 15 ll ? IE: Ht hars-
v. 'till (the soil)' (unless a loan from Ak, as supposed by Pv.) Pv. III 184-5, Ts. E I 183, EI 434 The loan hyp. may solve the
enigma of the irreg. Ht s (for the expected IE '-st- or '-d-) ^ If Ht hars- is an inherited cognate, the N etymon is '_aRcV, but
if it is a Semitism, the etymon is to be reconstructed as 'XaRcV (= '_haRcV).
26O6. ''XiRgV 'male horned arteodactyl' > HS: C (?) 'haorg-i 1 Gz hargc, hargi 'ram, male of sheep and goats'; EC
{Ss.} 'org- ' male herbivore' > Sml org-i 'billy-goat', Rn orgcy, Arr ?orgi 'uncastrated billy-goat', Or B org-c` 'baby she-
camel', Gdl {Ss.} orI-cta 'billy-goat', {Bl.} orI-ct 'non-castrated male goat older than ca. two months', Hr orI-aIIo 'billy-
goat', Ya org-ci_ 'male giraffe'; ? cp. also (with mt ) Sml agor 'bull-calf to two years old', Rn {PG} ogor 'oryx, gemsbok' || Bj
{R} cr'ganc, 'argin 'sheep, ram' EC 'org- is a qu. cognate because of the initial zero (for the expected 'h-) L G 242, Ss. PEC
23, Bl. 112, PG 238, 243, Hw. A 343, R WBd 29 ll IE: NaIE 'yorII- 'roe deer' ( 'n'aRKa [= 'n'aRqa?] ' deer' [q.v.
ffd.]) ll A {ADb.} 'irgc 'ram' > NaT 'irI > OT {Cl.} irI 'ram', Tb {B} irI, Qb/Sg/Tlt {Rl.} ir(i)I id., Qmq, QrB irI, ET {Jr.}
cyiI - iyiI, Ln iI, Tv irt 'castrated ram', Qrg iriI - irI, Tk irI 'three-year old castrated ram' Cl. 22O, ET Gl 377-8, Rl. I
1459, 1464, 1833, Jud. 3O3-4, Jr. 99 M 'irgc > MM [S] irgc, WrM irgc, HlM npyi, Ord {Ms.} irgc, Kl npi irgo, Mnr H
{SM} ycrg_c 'castrated ram, wether' H 83, MED 414, Kow. 326, KRS 272, Ms. O 387, SM 492.
26O7. '_ar'u 'valley, depression, pit' > HS: S 'hry > Ar rAha hara- 'gte de la gazelle; aire de la maison, espace
compris entre les murailles; plage; lieu o lautruche dpose ses ufs', {Fr.} "raha hara-t- 'atrium, mediumque domus; tractus
latus; nidus ovorum' Hardly here (because of _-) Ak _arru 'watercourse' Fr. I 373, BK I 417, CAD VI 114-5 ?? Eg fO xr
'under', xry 'which is under', Eg fMK xrv 'base, lower side, under-side' (unless from unattested hypothetical Eg {Vc.} 'xr
'heel' > Cpt B o- _a- 'heel' or akin to Mh {Jo.} sn_ali 'under, underneath' (as supposed by Tk.) EG III 386-9O, Fk. 2O3, Vc.
282-4, Tk. I 142-3, Jo. M 3O8 ll IE 'xcry- 'xry- ({EI} ''hcryo-s 'cavity') [ N 'gari 'valley, hollow in the ground, cave'
(q.v. ffd.) and (possibly) IE 'HaHr- 'valley, low place, cave' < N 'zajH,rV 'low place, valley'], q.v. ffd) ll U: FP {LG} 'arc
'pit, depression, valley' > pPrm 'or (LG} 'or) 'ravine, gully' > Vt Sr/Y sr, Vt Kz o'r 'Flubett, Graben', Vt {W} ur 'Graben', Vt
N ur-IIrcm 'ravine (onpai, noi)' (IIr- 'wash away, break through' [of water]), Z Ud orov 'rut, gully' ('pirnnna, npoxonna') [
Z or- 'be torn'], Z {TmK} io'(-o'po'x Is-srsm 'former river-bed in a bend of a river' (Is 'bend of a river') || Chr XVIII
{Pl.} op 'ditch (pon)' LG 2O7 ( Os V urI 'old river-bed', which goes back to pOs 'vorI, Stn. D 163), UEW 721
(connecting the Vt and Chr forms with FP 'orIV 'depression, valley') ll A: T 'oj:,r 'valley' > OT {Cl.} oz 'valley (and the
like)', Osm XVIII oz 'wadi', Tk An oz 'valley' || Chv {Ash.} var 'ravine' Cl. 278-9, SDD 1124, Ash. V 167 The vw. 'o
(instead of 'a) is probably due to the palatalizing and labializing infl. of the vw. of the second syll. ll D (in SD) 'ar`i 'place where
a lagoon\river joins the sea' > Tm ari 'place where the lagoon joins the sea', arivu 'rivermouth', Ml ari id., 'bar', Kn aravc 'mouth
of a river in which the tide ebbs and flows, bar', Tu aluvc 'rivermouth, harbour', Krg alubagalu 'mouth of a river' D #278
^ It is worth paying attention to K: G _riati 'steiniger Abhang, Gerllhalde' (Chx. 2389), although the structure and prehistory
of this word is obscure.
26O8. '_'ot'A 'scrape (off)' > K '_vct-/'_vt- v. 'scrape' > G _vct- id., 'tear\scrape off, sweep', Mg _vat- 'scratch,
gnaw', Lz _vat- v. 'gnaw', Sv UB {GP} -_vit-/-_vt- (msd. li-_vtc) vt. 'exterminate', -_vct- (msd. li-_vct) vi. 'perish' (of
a multitude) K 259, K
2
328-9, FS K 485, FS E 55O, Chik. 425, TK 485, GP 188-9 ll HS: S 'htt > Ar htt G vt. 'rub off
(mud), bark (a tree)', vi. 'fall off (leaves, plaster)' Fr. I 339-4O ll ? A: NaT 'ot`a- 'cut (grass)' ( T 'ot`- 'grass, vegetation')
> OT {Cl.} ota- 'cut (grass)', 'pull up (weeds)', Tk ota-, Qzq, Qq ota-, Alt oto- " odo-, VTt, Bsh uta-, Xk oda- 'pull up (weeds)'
> Cl. 34-5, 42, ET Gl 482.
26O9. 'X'ot'i ' fish' > HS: S 'hut- > Ar hut- 'fish' (esp. 'very large fish') BK I 5O8 C: Bj {R} hut 'fish'
(A Ar?) WCh {Stl.} 'hadV 'fish' > NrBc: Wrj {Gw.} cudci, {Sk.} ysdai_, Cg {Sk.} hati, Kry {Sk.} ysdc`, My {Sk.}
ysdi, Jmb {Sk.} avuda Stl. ZCh 225 [#747] ll A 'oj:,t`'i > Tg 'oV 'small fish' > Orc ocIo - ocoIo, Ul oco(n-),
Ork otoa, Nn Nh ocaqa, Nn B ocoa 'small fish', WrMc oca - oca ' species of Gobio (gudgeon or the like) with a large
mouth and red eyes' STM II 29, Z 12O, 131, Hr. 738 Tg ' (earlier 'i < A 't`i?) suggest a final A 'i ll IE: NaIE 'oati- >
Lt atis, Ltv atc 'halibut, turbot' ( N 'at'u 'fish', q.v.).
261O. ? 'XVtV 'quick' > IE: NaIE 'ct-/'ot- 'earlier' > ON aan 'earlier, before' || Lt U {Gtl.} otu
'quickly', otus 'eilfertig, behend, Eile habend, dringend' - NaIE 'ctro-/'otro- 'quick' (P: 'rasch, heftig') > OHG atar (<
'ct'ro-) {EWA} 'scharfsinnig, rasch, eifrig (acer)', {OsS} atar 'quick, clever, sharp (acer, fugax, celer)', AS drc, OFrs cdrc,
OSx adro 'at once, forthwith', ON ar 'earlier' ( 'early') || Ltv atrs 'quick, fast, swift', atri 'quickly, fast, swiftly', Lt U {Gtl.}
otrus 'lebhaft, feurig, temperamentvoll; gierig (beim Fressen und Trinken)', ? Lt K atrci_ 'schnell, heftig, ungestm' || ?? Tc
{Wn.}: A atar, Tc B ctrc 'hero' (unless an Iranian loan, as suggested by Bai.) P 345, EI 194 (? 'ctro- 'quick, fast'), Vr. 2, Kb.
47, OsS 33, EWA I 379-81, Kar. I 84, Frn. 518-9, Gtl. LS 99, Ho. 9, SiSS 22, 5O, 228, 485, Wn. LE 23, Wn. 152 ll HS: S 'htI
v. 'hurry, go fast' > Ar htI G (ip. -htiIu) v. 'walk at a quick and short pace', Ak {Sd.} ctaIu 'sich dranhalten, sich beeilen'
Fr. I 341, Hv. 11O, Sd. 26O ll A: M 'uod-tur > MM {HI} otcr 'vite, rapidement', WrM udtcr - odtcr - udtur, HlM
(ryp 'immediately, quickly, rapidly'; the element '-tur may be identical with 'tur > WrM tur, HlM rp 'temporarily, for a
short time', MM [MA] turgcn 'quick, fast' (turgcn usun 'quick water') Ms. H 85, MED 854, 996, KW 415, Pp. MA 359.
2611. '_avV 'to spurt, to rain' > IE: Ht hc(v)u-, hc(y)av- n. 'rain' Pv. III 3O1-4, Ts. E I 235, 238-4O ll HS: Eg: fP
hv.t, hy.t, MK {Fk.} hvyt n. 'rain', MK/NK/L hvy, hy ({Fk.} hvi) v. 'rain' (with 'the sky' as subject), as well as
amb
Eg fMK
hvy v. 'flow, flood' and
amb
Eg P/G hvy, hy n. 'flood (of a river\watercourse)' ( N 'XoyV 'to swim, float, flow', q.v.) EG III
48-9, Fk. 165 Ch: WCh: Sir {Sk.} h"i 'rain' || ECh: Smr {J} ?o v. 'rain', {OS ?} ?va 'rain' ChC OS #13O3 and Tk. I
46 (both: Eg, Ch) ll ? A: T 'ab- v. 'spurt' ( N 'qaV 'to stream, flow'?) > OT U h. l. ab- v. 'spurt' (of blood) (Cl. considers it
to be a misreading of aq in the Uyguric script) U2 27 (line 22), Cl. 4, DTS 1.
2612. '_avij?V, 'drive, chase, pursue' > HS: S 'hvv > Ar havv- {Fr.} 'propulsio camelorum', {BK} 'action de faire
marcher les chameaux' Fr. I 438, BK I 5O7 Eg hvy v. 'drive off (cattle)' ( Eg OK hvy v. 'beat, strike', whence the double
meaning 'Tiere schlagen und dadurch treiben') EG III 46-8, Fk. 165 B 'h?y v. 'chase, pursue' > Ah ohi 'chasser devant soi
rapidement', Tnsl, ETwl, Ty huyyot 'chasser' Fc. 541, Pr. H #441 ll ? K '_qcv- > G _cv- 'zurckweichen, sich zurckziehen'
( *v. 'be driven back'?) Chx. 2322 ll IE 'xvci_L- v. 'pursue /chase' > AnIE 'xvcy- v. 'run, flee' ( *v. 'pursue' or *v. 'be
driven \ chased \ pursued'?) > Ht huvai_-/huya- 'run, hurry', HrLw hvaya(n)ta or hu(i)ya(n)ta 'they ran' NaIE 'vci_jo,- v.
'pursue, drive' ( P: 'worauf losgehen, es erstreben, erjagen') ( N 'vayV 'want, wish, strive for') > Av vi- (vayclti,
vyclnti 'pursue, chase', OI vcti - 'vayati 'strives for, tracks' || Gk Hm (-) i`ek 'pursue' (n.), Gk Crn iekci '(he)
pursues' || ON vcia, AS van to hunt, wander', OHG vcidon {Kb., Schz.} 'graze, hunt', NHG vcidcn 'lead\drive to pasture;
graze'; ON vcir 'hunt', AS va 'hunting; wandering, travelling', OHG vcida {Kb.} 'prey (Beute), food (Futter), pasture',
{Schz.} 'Beute, Fang, Futter, Weide', NHG Wcidc 'pasture' || Lt vc|u, vyti v. 'drive\chase (away)', Ltv va|at 'verfolgen' | Sl
'vo|i > OCS aeu vo|i 'warrior'; - [1] 'vo|in+ id. > OCS aeuu voin, Cz, Slk vo|in, R ) nonn; [2] Sl 'vo|ina 'war' > OCS
aeuuo voina, SCr vo`|na, R non) na; [3] Sl 'vo|i-sIa - 'vo|i-sIo 'army' > OCS aeutko voisIa, Blg non) cia, SCr, Slv
vo|sIa, Cz, Slk vo|sIo, P vo|sIo, R ) noncio, Uk ) n ncio NaIE pp. 'vi-to- 'pursued' > OI {MW} vi-'ta- pp.
'approached, desired, liked' || Lt vytas 'pursued' || L in-vitus 'unwilling' || Tc A va-, B vaya- 'will drive, lead' This prtc.,
together with other forms with '-i- (Av vi-tar- 'Verfolger, Nachjagender', etc.), provides ev. for a stem-final lr. (i.e. the stem is a
sct-base). The original lr. must have been a light one (it yields zero in AnIE) with unknown vocalic coloring ('L in my
notation). Mayrhofer equates OI vcti with Ht viya- 'schicken, jagen', but it unt. because viya- is actually
u-iya- ('schicken' *'herschicken', acc. to Ts. W) with the px. u- 'her', cp. -iya- 'hinschicken' P 72-3, 1123-4, EI 2O8
['vci_(H)- 'go after'], Hirt IG II 1O8 (on '-i- as ev. for sct-bases), M K III 255-6, MW 1OO4, WP I 79, F I 747-8, WH I 79 & II
713-4, Vr. 65O-1, Ho. 382, 384, Sw. 2OO-1, Kb. 1161-2, Schz. 313, KM 846, Tp. P A-D 142-3, SchmB EV 75, StSS 719-56, Vs.
I 334-5, Chrn. II 279, Glh. 678, Frn. 1185-6, 1267, Ad. 36, Ts. W 95, Pv. III 419-23 ll A 'abV 'hunt; to hunt; wild game' ( N
'I'ovV 'wild sheep\goats'??) > NaT 'ab 'hunting, () wild game' > OT {Cl.} av id., {DTS} ab - av 'hunting', OT Og [MhK]
av id., XwT av- av id, 'wild game', Chg av, MQp [CC] uv 'hunting (venatio)', Tkm av, Tk av 'wild game, hunt', Tk av, CrTt,
Qzq, Nog, VTt av-av, Uz ov, ET ov-o, Qmq hav-av 'hunting'; Uz ov, ET av"av"ov 'wild game, hunt', Qrg u 'hunt'; ?
NaT ''aj:,b- > Tk {ET TH A DS} av- v. 'drive (away), chase' Cl. 3, DTS 1, 68, ET Gl 62-3, TL 417-8, TH A DS I 39O,
Rs. W 1 M 'aj:,ba 'chase, hunt' > MM [S, MA], WrM aba, HlM an id., 'Jagd, Treibjagd', MM [IM] av - ab 'battue', Kl
an av+ 'battue', {Rm.} av
a
'Vogeljagd, Vogelfang'; MM [MA, IM] d aba-la- v. 'hunt' MED 1-2, KRS

2O, KW 19, H 1, Ms.
H 33, Pp. MA 93, T VM 1O5 ? Tg 'va- [{S} < ''ava-] 'to hunt, kill' > Ewk, Neg, Lm A, Orc, Ud, Ul, Ork, Nn va-, Lm
ma- 'kill, get game\catch (of hunt, fishing)', Sln, Crj va- 'kill', WrMc va- 'kill, hunt', Mc Sb va- 'kill' STM I 127-9, Y #739
Pp. VG 46, S CNM 1O (suggests to adduce Tg va-) ^ In A and in some IE lgs. thre is semantic change 'drive\chase' v.
'hunt'. The IE stem-final light lr., unless it is of suffixal origin, provides ev. for a N stem-medial lr., which may be only '?,
because this is the only lr. which both yields zero in AnIE and K and can be lost in S and Eg.
2613. 'Xay'u 'live' > HS: WS 'hyv (G prm. '-hyav- > CS '-hyay-) v. 'live' > Sb wuih hyv, Gz hyv (pf. 1Yw
hayva, js. -hyav - -hyu), Sq {L} hy'y ({DM.} a'sc 'lchyc 'il vivra peut-tre'), Hb eih hyvy (ip. -hyc), Ph pf.
hv?, Ug hvy hyy, Amr {G} hyy, IA eih, aih hyvy G , BA aih hyvy G , JA [Trg.] iih - aih hyvy G , JEA {Sl.}
iih hyy G , Sr 'j hyvy G (ip. 3m 'xeji - 'e'i n-ihc), Ar wH hyy-hyv G (pf. WHa hayya - ayiHa hayiya, ip.
-hya), "vayHa hayv-an 'living, animal; life'; WS 'hayy- adj. 'alive, living' > Hb, BA, JAr ih2 hay, Ug hy, (AkSc) hayy-,
Pun, IA hy, Amr {G} hayy-, Sr Ja hay, em. 'joa hayy-a, Ar wHa hayy-, Sb ih hy, Sq {L} hay id.; the substantivized pl. of
the S adj. 'hayy- means 'life': Hb pl. MiI%h2 hay'yim (sg. cs. ih4 ,hc), Ph, Ug hym, BA NiI%h2 hay'yin, Ar
'yWHa hayyat- (sg. from a pl. 'hayy-at-), Mh {Jo.} hsyot, Jb {Jo.} hyot KB 295-7, KBR 3O7-1O, GB 225-7, 9O6, A
#911, OLS 185-6, G A 19, Js. 454, Lv. T I 252-3, Sl. 453-4, Beyer AHG 23, 27, JH 86-7, HJ 365-9, PS 1251-4, Fr. I 448-9, L G
252, L LS 171, Jo. M 196, Jo. J 122, BGMR 74-5 C {AD SF} 'hyv > Bj {R} hay- scv. 'live, be healthy', hay 'alive,
living', {AD) hayit 'situation', ? t 'hiyu 'husband' ( *'person' *'living being'?) || EC: Sa {Wlm.} hcav 'people, Menschen',
hc'avto 'person'; ? Sa {R} hay- 'live' (if {R} h is [h] and unless it is not a loan from EthS; the word may have merged with the
C reflex of N 'hov'i 'become, appear' [q.v.]) || SC: Irq {MQK} havata 'husband, male', {Wh.} havata 'man, husband', Brn
{Mnh.} havata 'Mann' AD SF 156, R WBd 132-3, R S II 2OO, MQK 49 ? Eg fP hv 'food' (: Fr viandc) EG III 44, Fk.
16O ? Ch: Bdm {Tlb.} ai|u 'live' Tlb. 453 Coh. 1O3, Cal. 175-6, IS I 242 (with references to earlier studies), AD SF 156
ll IE 'ucyu-/'uci_v- 'life' > NaIE 'ayu-/ayv- > OI 'ayu 'life', 'ayu-h 'vital power', a'yu-h 'lebendig, beweglich', Av ayu,
gen. yaos (< 'ucyu-/'uycv-) 'lifetime, lifespan' || Gk oi`ev 'vital power, life, eternity', Gk oi`ci, Gk Cp oi`ci 'ever', Gk
Cp uoi) ov 'during one's lifetime' || Al {Jokl} cshc 'Zeitraum' ({Jokl} < 'ayvcsya) || L acvus, acvum 'lifetime, time of life,
period of time; eternity' || OIr acs 'lige, age' || Gt aivs, OHG cvo, cva 'eternity' - cvig 'eternal' (> NHG cvig id.), ON
vi, fi 'eternity, lifetime'; Gt aiv 'ever' (in the construction ni ... aiv 'never'), ON 'always', AS a, o 'ever, always', OHG
io, NHG |c 'ever, always' || Tc A aym- {P} 'spirit, life', {Wn.} 'le soi, le moi' (translation of OI atman-) P 17, Mn. 7, M K I
77, F I 35-6, 49, WH I 21, Fs. 3O-1, Kb. 211-3, 5O6, Schz. 126-7, 175, EWA II 1175-8, Vr. 68O, 682, Ho. 1, Jokl LKU 34, Wn.
173, EI 352 & 548 (''h_oyus / gen. ''h_you_s 'vital force, life, age of vigour') ll A: NaT 'oy > StAlt nn oy, Tlt {Rl.}, Qmn
{B} oy, Tv ' n oy 'moment, time, season', Tb {B} oy 'time'. IS adduces Yk oyun 'future, time', which is a Tungusism (
below) Rl. I 1172, BT 118, B DK 238, B DChT 142, TvR 333 M 'uyc 'time, generation' > MM [HI] uyc 'generation', [S]
uyc(n) uyc(n) 'old, earlier', WrM uyc, HlM, Brt uyc, Kl uy 'time, epoch, period, age; generation', Dg {Mr.}
uic 'generation'; the meaning 'generation' may have been a result of a merger of homonyms: M 'uyc 'time' M 'uyc 'joint of
body' MED 1OO1-2, Chr. 495, KRS

547, Ms. H 1O9, H 167, Mr. D 231 Tg 'uyV-, 'uyu-(n-) 'life, living' > Ul
uyu, uyun- 'living', Nn Nh uyu, Nn B uyu(n-)-uys(n-) 'living, alive', Ork uyu(n-) 'living; a living being; life', Mc
vcy_un 'living', 'provision', vcyu- v. 'resuscitate'; Tg 1 Yk oyun 'future, life, lifetime, time' STM II 252, Sun. UJ 245,
Antn. YSK 49 pJ {S} 'sys- 'grow old' > OJ oyu-, J: T/Kg oi- K oi- S QJ #1337, Mr. 74O DQA #156O (pA 'oyc
'life, age') ^ Cf. AD LRC #62: IE, S; IS I 242-3: HS, IE, A. The initial 'o-'u in Altaic is due to regressive as of the sort
called Altaic vowel breaking bringing about Altaic ascending diphthongs. The source of the ass. infl. must have been both
rounded and palatal, i.e. 'u Gr. II *247 ('ayu 'live') [IE, A, J, CK, EA].
2614. 'XoyV 'to swim, float, flow' > HS: Eg MK hvy v. {EG} 'flow' (of a river) ('flieen, fluten'), {Fk.} 'overflow, surge
up' (of Nile),
amb
Eg P/G hvy 'flood' ( N '_avV 'to spurt, rain' [q.v.]) EG III 48, Fk. 165 ll U 'uyc--'oyc- v. 'swim' > F ui-,
Es u|u-, o|u-, o|o-, pLp {Lr.} 'vo|s v. 'swim, float' > Lp N {N} vuogg|a-/-|-, Lp L {LLO} vuod|a-, Lp Kld vu||c-, Lp Nt
vuo||c- id., S {Hs.} vuo|c- 'swim' | pMr {Ker.} 'uyo- > Er yc- uyc-, Mk yc- uyo- | Chr: L n - iya-, E iya-, H ia- | pPrm
'uy- > Vt uya-, Z uy- id. || pObU 'vuy- id. > (1) pVg '(v)uy- > Vg: T oy-, LK (v)oy-, UK/P vuy-, UL/Ss uy- id., (2) pOs
'uy- > Os: K uy-, frq. uyit-, D uyit- v. 'crawl' (of a snake) | Hg usz- v. 'swim' Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'u- id. > Ne F Ly qu-, Slq
(aor. 1s): Tm uag_, Tz uqag_ id., Tz {KKIH} u-, Mt {Hl.} 'uj:,- v. 'swim' Coll. 64, UEW 542, Sm. 536 (U 'uxi 'swim'
> Sm 'u-, FU, FP 'u|i-, Ugr 'u|i-), It. #211, Lr. #1422, Lgc. #8748, Hs. 1448-9, LG 296, Stn. D 2O, Jn. UK 42-3 #122, Jn. 29,
KKIH 192, Ker. II 173-4, Hl. M #11O8 ll A {SDM97} 'oyco (or 'uyo) v. 'swim' > M 'oyi-mu- 'swim' (unless it is
'qoyi-mu-?) > WrM oima-, oimu- v. 'swim', HlM onxo- id., Kl om- v. 'bathe, swim', Ord oo_mo- {Ms.} v. 'wade', as well
as possibly M {DQA} 'uyi- v. 'sink, put in a pot for boiling' > WrM uy(u)-, HlM n-, Ord {Ms.} u-, Mnr H {SM} vi- v.
'put (meat, vegetables, etc.) into boiling water or soup in order to cook it' and M 'uycr 'inundation, flood' > MM [HI] {Ms.}
uycr, WrM uycr, HlM cp id. MED 6O4, 999, 1OO2, SM 48, Ms. H 1O9 Tg 'uyV- v. 'swim' (of birds) > Ewk
PT/Y/Urm uyu-, Ewk B uvu-, Ewk Y/Nr/Skh/Urm unu-, Neg oytyan- - otyan- v. 'swim' (of a waterfowl), Ud X {Shn.}
uyan- - vuyan-, Ud B/Sm {Krm.} vayan- v. 'swim (on the surface of water)', Nn KU oyana- id. (of waterfowls or mammals)
STM II 25, Krm. 217 pJ 'sysnI- or 'syu_anI- v. 'swim' > OJ oy(u_)og-, J: T oyog-, K oyog-, Kg oyog-, Ns og'-,
Ht u-, Y uN- S QJ #74, Mr. 744 DQA #1559 (A 'oyc 'swim'), S AJ 22O #2O9, 238 #9O, 267 #74, 277 #7O, MED 6O4-5,
KW 3O4, SM 182, STM II 253, Pp. VG 14O, Rm. EAS I 98 ^ The U and the A (M and Tg) stems were equated by many
authors: Rs. UA 42, Coll. 147, AD LRC #81, IS MS 355, Rdei (UEW 542), and others. The Eg cognate has not been adduced so
far Gr. II *377 ('oyc 'swim') [U, A, J + err. Ko].
2615. 'XazV 'to cover, spread', 'soft stuff spread on the ground as bedding' ( 'soft stuff [fell, feathers, hay]') > HS: S
'hs'yv, 'hasv- > Ar hasiyat- (pl. hasa?-) 'matelas, lit', hasv- 'pailles, crin, plume, tout ce qui sert remplir un
coussin, un oreiller' BK I 119 ll U: FU 'aozV 'bed (ein mit etwas bedeckter, zum Liegen [Schlafen] geeeigneter Platz)' > Prm
'vol ({LG} 'vol-) 'bed, bedding, litter (spread for animals to lie upon)' > Vt nancc valcs 'feather-bed, bed, mattress', Z
vol / voll- 'fell of reindeer or elk', uv vol 'bedding (made of cloth)' (uv is 'bottom'), Z volss, Z USs olss 'bedding, litter (for
animals to lay upon)', Z vol-as, Z USs ol-as 'bed' (as is 'coat'), Prmk olas, Yz 'ulas 'bedding' || Vg {Kn.}: T
a'lat 'bed', Ss ola't-yiv, ola't-um 'hay as bedding (Bettheu)' (yiv is 'wood', um is 'grass, hay') | Hg agy 'bed' UEW
4, Sm. 542 (FU, FP 'oodi, Ugr 'adi 'bed'), MF 74, LG 62, WVD VII 28 ll D 'al- v. 'spread, cover' > Kn alur v. 'enclose,
cover, overspread', OTl, Tl alamu v. 'spread, extend', Knd almi v. 'level, spread out' D #3O7, Km. 285 [#45] ll ??? A: Tg
'clbc- v. 'cover a tent with reindeer fells or cloth', v. 'cover (food, body parts, etc.)' > Ewk, Neg slbs- id., Orc sbbs, Ud sgbs- v.
'roof', Ul slbsms 'foot-gear', slbsns 'a sacking cover for fish and meat', Nn KU slbs 'roof', Ul, Nn Nh slbsns 'sail', WrMc clbc-
v. 'roof; to thatch, to cover' STM II 445.
2616. '`ya 'which?' > K: Sv ya- " ya- 'who?': Sv UB nom.
yar, erg. yard, dat. ya-s, gen. isa - ycsa, Sv L nom. ya-r, gen. ya-s, Sv UB nom. ya-r, gen. i-sa, Ln nom. (y)ar Top.
SJ 83, TK 637, Dn. s.v. yar ll IE: NaIE: '`yo-, rel. (and interr.?) pronominal ('which' or sim.) (m. '`yo-s, f. '`y-a, ntr. '`yo-d)
> OI m. ya-s, f. ya, ntr. ya-d id., Av yo 'which' rel. || Gk o) m., f., o ntr. id. || Clt: Gl DUGIIONTI-IO 'who serve' || ? Phr
io) (vi) 'whoever' || Sl m. '|i-zc (> OCS uc izc), f. '|a-zc (> OCS mc |azc), ntr. '|c-zc (> OCS ac |czc) 'which'
(rel.); the interr. meaning of the may be discerned (with a query) in Sl '|aI+(|i) 'what kind of?, which?' and in '|aI+ 'how?':
Sl '|aI+(|i) > OCS mk+ |aI+ id., Blg i, SCr |aI m. (|aIa f., |aIo ntr.), Cz, Slk |aIy, LLs , P |aIi, Uk ) inn, R S
) inn 'which?', 'what kind of?'; Sl '|aIo 'how?' > OCS mke |aIo, Pol |aI, Uk, Blr i id. (in P, OCS and ESl merged with Sl
'aIo 'as' in the form |aIo) | Ltv |a 'if' (< ntr. 'yad), Lt |ci - |ci 'if' Wtk. OIV 16 and IS I 278: + unc. Ht -ya pc. 'and, also'
P 383 (does not distinguish this from the NaIE dem. 'ci_-/'c-), EI 457 (''yo-s / ''ych_ / ''yo-d 'who, what, that' rel.), M K
III 14, M E II 39O (IE 'Hyo-), F I 434, Frn. 182, En. LG 825, ESSJ VIII 171, StSS 793-7, Vs. IV 552-3, Glh. 286 ll A: M
'ya - 'ya-n 'what?' > MM [IsV] ya 'what?' (ya Iilu bi 'what have I done?'), [L, IsV, IM] yan 'what?', [MA] id., 'what !'
(exclamatory: yan otcr 'how quick (he is)!, iaion 6icrpin' '), as well as Brt a, Dx yan 'what?, which?', Ba yaq 'what?' (or <
'yayun?); M 'yaya- interr. v. 'to do what?' > WrO {Krg.} ya- - ya-, HlM, Kl a- ya- id., WrM d yagaIi- id., 'how to act?';
M 'ya-yun 'what?, what kind of?, which?' > MM [HI] yau(n), WrM yagu(n), HlM y(n), Brt yn, Mnr H {SM} yan id., {T}
yaq 'what?', Ord yu' id., yun - yu'n 'which?', Kl n yun, {Rm.} yun 'what?', WrO yuun 'what?, why?' Pp. L III 77, Pp.
MA 387, 45O, Ms. H 11O, MED 423-5, Lg. VMI 73, SM 487, T 337, T DnJ 122, T BJ 14O, Ms. O 4O6-7, Krg. 7OO-1, KRS
7O7, 713, KW 218, 221, Chr. 785, 787 Tg 'ya 'what?' > Ewk c, Sln i, Neg cva, Orc yavu, Ud {STM} ysvsqi id.,
{Krm.} ys?u 'what?', 'who?' (of animals), WrMc ya 'what?, who?'; Tg 'ya- interr. v. ('to do what?') > Ewk, Neg c-, Lm a-,
Orc, Ud ya- - ys- id. STM I 288, Krm. 243 ll U: FU (att. in FV) 'yo- 'which' (rel.) ( 'whatsoever') > F |o-Ia (gen. |on-Ia)
id., 'every', Krl yoIa 'which' (rel.), F, Es |os 'if' (< loc. of 'yo-?) | Lp: N |uoga 'something, something or other', L {LLO}
|uoIa 'some', Klf yuIIc every' | Chr: H yuz, L o yuzo, Uf/B yuzo 'some (irgendeiner, ncioropin)' UEW 637,
It. #87, SK 116-7, Ep. 31, MRS 782 ll D 'ya 'what?, which?' > Tm, Ml ya 'what?', Td cO (obl. cn-) 'which person\thing?',
c-/cy- 'which?, what?' interr. adj., Kn ya 'what?, which?', Kdg, Klm c-, Tl c- 'which?', Knd ayc 'which?, what?'; Tm yavan,
Ml yavan - cvan, Kt cvn, Kn yavanu, Kdg cvo, Tl cvadu 'which man?', Nkr cn 'who?' (m.), Gdb cyin 'which man?',
cynd 'who?', Gnd bcnond 'who?, which man?', Knd cn 'who?', Krx cndr 'what?' D #5151 Knd ayc may go back to
demonstr. '?a + 'ya (like HS '?ayy-) ll HS: ? Ch: CCh: Msg ya 'where?' || WCh: Hs yaya 'how?' ( N '?ayV 'which?',
'what?') ChC ^ IS I 277-8 ['|n 'which, what kind of' (interr. and rel.)], Gr. I 225-9 ("interrogative J" in IE, U, A, Gil + unc. Ai)
^ Cf. N '?ayV '' ^ On N and pIE '`- see Introduction, 2.2.6.
2616. 'ya 'which?' > K: Sv ya- " ya- 'who?': Sv UB nom. yar, erg. yard, dat. ya-s, gen. isa - ycsa, Sv L nom. ya-r,
gen. ya-s, Sv UB nom. ya-r, gen. i-sa, Ln nom. (y)ar Top. SJ 83, TK 637, Dn. s.v. yar ll IE: Sl '|aI+(|i) 'what kind of?,
which?', '|aI+ 'how?': Sl '|aI+(|i) > OCS mk+ |aI+ id., Blg i, SCr |aI m. (|aIa f., |aIo ntr.), Cz, Slk |aIy, LLs , P
|aIi, Uk ) inn, R S ) inn 'which?', 'what kind of?'; Sl '|aIo 'how?' > OCS mke |aIo, Pol |aI, Uk, Blr i id. (in P, OCS and
ESl merged with Sl 'aIo 'as' in the form |aIo) Wtk. OIV 16 and IS I 278: + unc. Ht -ya pc. 'and, also' ESSJ VIII 171, StSS
793-7, Vs. IV 552-3, Glh. 286 ll A: M 'ya - 'ya-n 'what?' > MM [IsV] ya 'what?' (ya Iilu bi 'what have I done?'), [L, IsV,
IM] yan 'what?', [MA] id., 'what !' (exclamatory: yan otcr 'how quick (he is)!, iaion 6icrpin' '), as well as Brt a, Dx yan
'what?, which?', Ba yaq 'what?' (or < 'yayun?); M 'yaya- interr. v. 'to do what?' > WrO {Krg.} ya- - ya-, HlM, Kl a- ya-
id., WrM d yagaIi- id., 'how to act?'; M 'ya-yun 'what?, what kind of?, which?' > MM [HI] yau(n), WrM yagu(n), HlM
y(n), Brt yn, Mnr H {SM} yan id., {T} yaq 'what?', Ord yu' id., yun - yu'n 'which?', Kl n yun, {Rm.} yun 'what?',
WrO yuun 'what?, why?' Pp. L III 77, Pp. MA 387, 45O, Ms. H 11O, MED 423-5, Lg. VMI 73, SM 487, T 337, T DnJ 122, T
BJ 14O, Ms. O 4O6-7, Krg. 7OO-1, KRS 7O7, 713, KW 218, 221, Chr. 785, 787 Tg 'ya 'what?' > Ewk c, Sln i, Neg cva,
Orc yavu, Ud {STM} ysvsqi id., {Krm.} ys?u 'what?', 'who?' (of animals), WrMc ya 'what?, who?'; Tg 'ya- interr. v. ('to do
what?') > Ewk, Neg c-, Lm a-, Orc, Ud ya- - ys- id. STM I 288, Krm. 243 ll D 'ya 'what?, which?' > Tm, Ml ya 'what?',
Td cO (obl. cn-) 'which person\thing?', c-/cy- 'which?, what?' interr. adj., Kn ya 'what?, which?', Kdg, Klm c-, Tl c- 'which?',
Knd ayc 'which?, what?'; Tm yavan, Ml yavan - cvan, Kt cvn, Kn yavanu, Kdg cvo, Tl cvadu 'which man?', Nkr cn
'who?' (m.), Gdb cyin 'which man?', cynd 'who?', Gnd bcnond 'who?, which man?', Knd cn 'who?', Krx cndr 'what?' D
#5151 Knd ayc may go back to demonstr. '?a + 'ya (like HS '?ayy-) ll HS: ? Ch: CCh: Msg ya 'where?' || WCh: Hs yaya
'how?' ( N '?ayV 'which?', 'what?') ChC lll This etymon may be an AdS of the relative pronoun 'yo- in IE and FU (see N
''yiyo 'which', 'that which, related to') ^ IS I 277-8 ['|n 'which, what kind of' (interr. and rel.)], Gr. I 225-9 ("interrogative J" in
IE, U, A, Gil + unc. Ai) ^ Cf. N '?ayV '' ^
2617. ? 'yE (= y'i?) 'these, they' (animate plural deictic element) > HS: B {Pr.} 'i-, nominal px. of m. pl.: {Pr.} 'i-yunab
'feathers' sg. 'a-yanib 'feather' (> Ah {Pr.} pl. iyunab sg. ayanib), 'i-diharan 'feet' sg. 'a-dihar 'foot' (> Ah
{Pr.} pl. i-daran sg. adar, Kb {Dl.} pl. ioarron sg. aoar), Tw, Shl, etc. i- (with allomorphs depending on the
environment); according to Vc. ADB, this px. goes back to a df. art. of m. pl. AiM 211-2, Pr. M IV-V 14-6, 5O-63, Dl. 18O
Eg O y-, pl. marker of dem. pronouns: yn 'these' m., ytn 'these' f. ( n 'this' m., tn 'this' f.), yf 'those' m., ytf 'those' f. (
sg.: f m., tf f.), yv 'these' m., ytv 'these' f. ( sg.: y > v m., ty > tv f.) Lopr. AE 68 C: Bj R ya / a 'the' nom. pl.
m., yc - yi / c - i acc. pl. m. (ya, yc, yi before vowels and lrs., otherwise a, c, i) [ vu / u 'the' nom. sg. m., vo / o acc.
sg. m.), Bj {Rop.} yi 'the' pl. (before nouns beginning with h-), i - c 'the' pl. (before byssylables with a long vw.) || EC {Zab.}
'-Vy(-), pl. marker > Sml Me {Lm.} -ay-tI [-tI is an article of f. sg.] (nin 'man' - pl. nim-ay-tI, luI 'leg' - pl. lu?-ay-tI, ilmo
'child' - pl. ilmao-ay-tI), Arr -ay - -cy (sirg-at 'mad person' - pl. sirg-ay, Icdc-tc 'bee' - pl. Icd-cy, toma-tc 'water-pot' -
pl. tomay), Elm -ay (ona-tc 'fruit' - pl. onay, haruvatc 'girl' - pl. haruvay, clctc 'jackal' - pl. clay), Or -cyyi / -iyyc
(obolcssa 'brother' - pl. obolcyyi, Or B daha 'rock, stone' - pl. dahayyc, vati 'baby-calf' - pl. vatiyyc), Kns {BlSO}
-iyya / -aya (a-itta 'fire' - pl. a-iyya, oII-atta 'cow' - pl. oII-aya), Gdl -ayya, -iyya (qim-ayt 'old man' - pl. qim-ayya,
hal-itt 'stick' - pl. hal-iyya), Sd -Vyyc (bal-icca 'gazelle' - pl. baliyyc, og-cssa 'doctor' - pl. o'gcyyc), Ya -ai - -ay - -cy
(ilmamu 'tear' - pl. ilmamay, xoxormoro 'penis' - pl. xoxormorai, mori? 'sinew' - pl. morcy) Rop. 9, R BdS 6O-1,
Zab. MNT 77, 113-4, 118-9, 141-2, 156, 169-7O, 19O, 241-2, 296 ? pre-S morpheme ('-'?i?) of nom. plural, which followed
the case ending and later merged with it into nom. pl.'-u, acc. pl.'-i, gen. pl.'-i; the palatality of the acc. pl.'-i (contrasting with
the acc. sg.'-a) points to a palatal element within the original pl. marker, so that the prehistory of the S case/number sxs. may be
conjectured as follows: acc. sg.'-a + pl. '-'?i > acc. pl. '-i, nom. sg. '-u + pl. '-'?i > acc. pl. '-u, gen. sg. '-u + pl. '-'?i> gen.
pl. '-i ll IE '-i_, plural marker of animate gender (> NaIE m. and f.) of dem. and interr. pronouns, e.g. 'to-i_ 'these' [animate
gender] > OI tc, Lt tic, OCS :u ti, OR :1 tc, R rc, Gt |ai id., Gk B/D/Hm toi (m. pl. article; Gk A/I oi id. was created on
the analogy of m. sg. o), L is-ti 'those' (thou-deixis), as well NaIE m. pl. locative 'to-i_-su 'in these' > OI 'tcsu, OCS
:1+ tcx+ id., Gk Hm toioi, Gk A toi) dat. pl. atricle. The form 'toi_ is specifically connected with the animate (> masc.)
gender and not with the inanimate (neuter) one (where the plural marker is '-h >'-o (< '-u) and '-a (< thematic vowel + 'h).
In some dialects this '-oi_-form of nom. pl. m. spread to the system of nouns and adjectives (declension of the '-o-stems), whence
Gk ukoi 'wolves', coi 'gods', OL oloc 'peoples', L lui, OCS aa+u vl+ci 'wolves', L vir-i and OIr fir (< 'viroi_) 'men', Gt
blindai 'blind' [m. pl.] Ht I-c 'these' (pl. anim. of the dem. prn. {Rsk.} Ia-s, a-c 'those', HrLw ii, pl. anim. of the dem. prn.
i-s Bks. 2OO-6, Brg. KVG 39O-1, 4O6-6, Brand. GS II 76-7, Vnd.
2
II 78-9 (Sl 'tc > OCS :u ti, OR :1 tc), Rsk. 68-7O, Mer.
SGA 322-3 ll U {Coll.} '-yi/-?i (> -i-, -i_-), pl. marker in oblique cases > FU '-y, pl. ending in obl. cases: F Ioulu-i-ssa 'in
schools', Ialo-i-sta 'from fishes', Lp N sul'lu-i-d acc. 'islands' (from suolo 'island') ? Sm {AD} '-y-/'-?i-, [+ppas.] {Hl.} '-y-
id.: Kms {K.} aa-?i-m 'rivers' (acc. pl.), aa-?i-n 'of rivers' ( sg. aa-n 'of [a\the] river'). aa-?yc? 'rivers' (nom. pl.),
possibly also Ne {Coll.} qudi? 'hands' (gen. pl.) [ quda 'hand'], Tv {Coll.} Iindai_ 'smoke' (acc. pl.) [ Iinta (nom. sg.)], En
{Coll.} yohc? 'rivers' (acc.-gen. pl.) [ yaha (nom. sg.)]; +ppas.: -y-no 'my s' ('-y- pl. + '-no 'my' with pl. nouns) > Mt {Hl.}
'-nnE ('ayonE [Mt M {Sp.} annc] 'my children') Hajd US 233, It. LC 41-6, Knp. KJ 383, Kn. SUKF I 31-8, Coll. CG
297-8, Hl. M 145 ll A: Tg '-yc, pl. of the interr. prn. 'q'uy 'who?' > Ewk, Neg ni-yo - qi-ys, Lm ni-ys - qi-ys, Orc
ni-ys 'quines?' STM 66O ^ IS interpreted this etymon as a sx., which is unt. , because in daughter-lgs. it functions both in the
word-final and in the word-initial position [the latter in Eg (y-) and B] and as a separate word in Bj., which proves that 'yE was
movable and hence was a separate word ^ IS I 12 (IE, U, HS), Gr. I 1O8-1O ("plural I" in IE, U, CK, EA, unc. Gil).
2618. 'yi 'he, (?) that' (anaphoric) > HS 'yi- 'he' (verbal px. of 3m): S 'yi- id. > Ak i-, pWS 'yi- [with verbs having a
thematic vw. 'a] > BHb yi-, yc- (e.g. K`6b6I$v@ vay'ycbIjo, 'and he wept'), Gz yo-; the vw. '-a- in Ar ya- and in BHb
ya- (Mq!I!v@ vay'yaIom 'and he stood up') is due to analogical generalization of the vw. in the paradigm of the verbal
personal pxs. Hz. VP 35-48; this 'yi may be also present in S 'miyV 'who?' (possibly from N 'mi yi = N 'mi 'what?' + 'yi
'he', cf. ffd. N 'mi 'what?') B 'i- , verbal px. of 3m > i- in modern B lgs. C 'yi-, verbal px. of 3m: Bj (?)i-; EC: Sa, Af, Rn
y-, Sml yi-, y-, y-a- (-a- in yaqan 'knows' and yahay 'is' goes back to the a px. of imperfectiveness aux. verb, AD IPCV),
Dsn yi-, y-; Ag: Aw yi-; C 'yi- is probably present in Or i-sa 'he' (marked nominative i-n-ni), Aw s-n 'this', in SC: Irq {Mous}
?inos, ?is, pl. ?ino?in, ?inin, {Wh.} inos-inus 'he, she', pl. ino?in 'they', Grw ino(s), pl. ino?in, inin, Alg
in, pl. ina, Brn ina, pl. incy id. Zab. VC, AD KJ, AD IPCV, Hz. AL 21-2, PH 259-62, Grg. 22, PG 42-4, To. DL 2OO-2, Wh.
57, Mous GI 112 NrOm: Hrr {CR} yi, Zl/Gf {C}, Wl {LmS} i, Male {AzA} ?i 'he', Bsk {Bnd.} ?iy 'he', iy 'his' CR H
63O, LmS W 92, 273-4, AzA 8O-2, C SO 38, 48, Bnd. MO 11 Ch {Sch.} '-i, marker of definiteness: Dr gam-i: 'the ram'
( gam 'ram'), Zr gIman-i 'the husband' ( gIman 'husband'), EDng aI-i 'the fire' ( aIo 'fire') Sch. ED 158-6O ll IE
'?ci_-/?i (or 'hci_-/'hi- ?), anaphoric dem. prn. {Bks.} 'that, the (just named)' ( N ''hi 'iste' or 'hic'): OI a'y-am, GAv
ay-om m., OI i'y-am f., OI i-'d-am ntr., OI i'm-am, OPrs imam m., acc. 'eum' || Gk Cp iv 'eum, eam' || L i-s, i-d ||
OIr c - hc 'he' (<'i-s ), cd - hcd (< 'id or 'id-a ) 'it', pl. hc || Gt i-s 'he', acc. in-a, ntr. ita 'it', pl. cis 'they', ORu cv, iv, iav
rel. 'that, which', ON cs, later cr, OHG cr 'he', i - c 'it', NHG cr m., cs ntr. || Lt |i-s he', |i 'she' | Sl '|- dem. 'is, ille', rel.
'which': m. nom. '|i, f. nom. '|a, ntr. nom.-acc. '|c > OCS, OR m. u i, f. m |a, ntr. a |c; Sl '|- in the obl. cases: gen. m. are
|cgo 'of him, of it', dat. m.\ntr. am |cmu 'to him, to it', etc. ? AnIE: Ld -i-, enclitic px. of the 3rd pers., but it does not
necessarily belong here: it looks like a variant of a more typical -a- id. (Mer. SGA 319: "A fianco di -a- [in lidio] compare
qualche volta una forma di -i- Si pu provvisoriamente accettare che si tratti d'una variante per evoluzione fonetica") P 281-
3, Bks. 2O2, M K I 13, 46, 86, M E I 1O3, WH I 72O-1, F I 726, Fs. 296, Vr. 1O5, EWA II 1O92-11O7, LG 358, Thr. 25,
4O5, Frn. 194, ESSJ VIII 2O4-5, Gsm. LW 129 ll K 'jh,i 'that' (distal deictive stem), 'he' > G i-s 'he; that',i-gi id., Mg i-, Lz hi-
'that' ( N ''hi '', q.v. ffd.) ll A 'i > T '-i/'-i 'his\her\their' (after cnss.; '-i and '-i are distributed acc. to palatal harmony of
vowels; in lgs. with labial harmony of vws. there are additional allomorphs -u/-u) > OT, MQp [CC], XwT, Chg, Tkm, CrTt, ET
, Nog, Qq, Alt -i/-i, Qzq, Xk -t/-i, VTt -i/-+, Tk -i/-i/-u/-u, Az, Ggz, Qmq, Qrg, Tv, Tf -i/-i/-u/-u, Bsh -i/-+/-i/-+, Kr T/G
-i/-i/-u, Yk -a/-a/-o/-o, Chv -i, (stem-final vw. -a or -c + ppa. >) -i, (after geminated cnss.) -i; ? Blq inol 'that'; the T
allomorph '-si / '-si 'his\her' (after vowels) is of more complicated origin [probably N 'sE 'he\she' (q.v.) + vw. '-i/i induced by
the postcons. allomorph] Ktw. PLA 46-7, Bz. BT 1-17, Rs. MTS 21-5, Dmt. KP , Sev. KP , PhTF , Pokr. GJ 117, Mag.
198, Ra. MTJ 22 M 'i- 'he' (gen. 'i-nu, in other cases'i-ma-, which goes back to the N accusative compound 'yi ma 'him') >
MM, WrM i-nu 'his', ima-, stem of the obl. cases of 'he';'-i 'his' > PClWrM -i id.; gen. 'i-nu > Dg Cc {Pp.} iq - ii_ 'he', gen.
ini, as well as WrM inu (focalizing marker of the theme) Pp. IM 214-5, MED 412 DQA #582 'i (a deictic ; T, M i- 'he' +
deictic 'i- in Ko and J; no distinction between refkexes of N 'yi 'he' and ''hi 'iste') ^ Cf. IS I 27O-2 (combines together 'yi
'he', ''hi 'iste' and 'h'c 'this' as variants of the same word), Gr. I 81-5 ("third-rerson I - E" and a similar
"pronoun/demonstrative" in IE, U, A, Gil and Ai).
2619. 'yi 'a couple' (inanimate) dual marker > IE: NaIE dual marker (ntr.) '-o-i_ / '-i(:): [1] NaIE ntr. '-o-i_ (of '-o-
stems): OI yu'gc 'two yokes', OCS u1 izc, [2] NaIE '-i(:) of consonantic stems: Av visalt-i, Gk ikot-i, L vigint-i
'twenty', OCS r umcuu imcni 'two names', :1actu tclcsi 'two bodies'; [3] NaIE '-ai_, nom.-acc. du. of 'a-stems m., f.: OI
'asvc 'two mares', OIr tuaith 'two peoples' (sg. tuath 'people') [< pClt 'tou_tai_], Lt ranIi, OCS pa1 racc 'two hands'.
Bks. 194-5 reconstructs the IE dual marker of nom. ntr. as '-iH (i.e. '-iH) - mainly on the ev. of NaIE '-i in OI (aIsi 'eyes'),
which would suggest N 'yiHV, but since this IE lr. has no counterpart in S and Eg, I am inclined to suppose that the length of i in
OI is of analogical origin and does not go back to any ancient lr. Brg. KVG 388-9 ll HS: S '-ay, the marker of acc.-gen. dual >
Ar -ay, -ay-ni acc.-gen. dual (?ibn-ayni acc.-gen. 'two sons', ?ibn-ay acc.-gen. cs. 'two sons of'), with loss of case distinction:
BHb -'ayim du. [st. abs.] (Mi%m2&i yo'm-ayim 'two days'), -,c du.\pl. cs. (in4r6q2 Iar,nc 'horns of.), OAk -i-n
(salmin annin 'diese beide Bildnisse'), Ak OA -cn (scncn atitcn 'two open shoes') Br. AG 69, Sd. G 76 [ 61] Eg
-vy du. masc., -ty du. fem. (nominal sxs.): zn.vy 'two brothers', zn.ty 'two sisters' ? Ch: Hs D/Dm {Vc.} -ay, -ayc, dual
sx.: fantaziycy 'zwei Hacke' Vc. H 93-6 Dk. SXJ 6O (S, Eg, B) ll A: T palatalization of '-r in names of paired body parts
> T 'Ior 'eye, both eyes' (> OT Ioz [Ioz-in Ioru 'seeing with the eyes'], Tk goz, Tkm goo, etc.; cp. T 'Ior- v.
'see' < N 'g'urV 'to look, look for' [q.v. ffd.]), 'IoIur 'breast, two female breasts' (> OT IoIuz 'chest, breast, both
breasts of a woman' [Ioguzi qara 'with black breasts'], Tk goguz 'breast', Tkm govuO 'female breast, womans breasts',
Chv: L iaAiaAp I+g_+r, H I+g_+r, etc.; cp. T 'I`oIur-aI 'breast, chest' > Tkm IuIrcI, Qrg IoIurcI, Qzq
IoIrcI), 'tir 'knee' (> OT tiz, Tk diz, Tkm dio, Tv dis-IcI, Chv cir), 'muyqur (> 'muqur) ({Md.} 'bo'nqor)
'horn(s)' (> OT muquz " muyuz, Tk boynuz, Tkm buynio, Az buyniz, Chv {Ash.} m+yra, [cd ] Chv L m+yrag_a, Chv
V mirag_a - murag_a, Chv MK miraa 'horn', cp. M 'mogcrc-sun 'cartilage, gristle') Cl. 57O, 712-4, 736, 756, Rs. W
2O2, 288, 294-5, 347, 482, Ash. VIII 292, Jeg. 98, Fed. I 249, Md. 51, 169, 174, TkR 194-5, 42O, MED 545, KW 268 ^ IS MsN
s.v. '-i- dual (IE, HS).
262O. 'yabE (- 'yaE) 'to cover, fence, protect' > HS: Eg MK ib.v 'refuge, shelter' EG I 62, Fk. 15 C: Dhl {EEN}
a|-, {E} a|- v. 'save' || SC: Irq {MQK} yav- 'protect with a fence', {E} yav- v. 'enclose, fence', Alg yaba 'fence' || HEC
{Hd.} 'if- 'be covered' - caus. 'if-ij:,s- 'cover' ( N 'quV 'quV 'to cover, to close; a lid, a cover') > Hd {Hd.} if-is-,
Kmb {Hd.} if-is- 'cover', Hd if-occu n. 'cover, stopper (e.g. cork)', Sd {Gs.} if-icco n. 'cover'; C 1 Grg {L}: Ch cfa v.
'cover with a lid, stop up (an opening)', Ez, Ms cffa id., Gt ifa, Ed, Sl, Wl iffa, Ms, Go iffa n. 'lid, cover' E SC 315, MQK
122, EEN 29, Hd. 44, 284, 323, 373, L EDG III 19 ? WCh: Ngz {Sch.} abu 'hiding, seeking refuge' Sch. DN 4 Tk. SCC
1O4 [#34.1] (SC, Dhl, Eg, Ch) ll A: T '|a- 'cover; build (a wall)' > OT {Cl} |a- 'cover (things), build (a wall)', XwT XIV,
MQp XIV [CC] |a- v. 'cover, shut', OOsm |a- v. 'cover; hide, conceal', Tkm, CrTt, Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh, ET |a-, Uz |o-,
QrB, Qrg a-, Qzq, Qq za, Xk ca-, Tv si-, Tf ci'`-, Yk sa- 'cover', ?: Tk ya-, Ggz |a- 'make, build' Cl. 87O-1,
Rs. W 187, ET J 126-9 M 'ibc(-c)-'i|c(-c)- > MM [HI] {Ms.} ihc- v. 'protect', ihccn 'protection', ihcgdc- 'be
protected', [S] {H} ihcc- - ihc- 'protect, help', ihccl - ihcycl 'protection (Schutz)', WrM ibc-, HlM nny- v. 'pad, lay sth.
between or under', WrM ibcgc-, HlM nnyy- 'protect, help', Ord {Ms.} ivcgc- 'traiter avec bont (prince, ses sujets)', WrO
{Krg.} ibc- v. 'protect, save', ibc- 'save, rescue, protect', ibcgc- v. 'protect', Kl nn` - iva- 'patronize, protect
( noiponnrcn crnonar , onciar )', Kl {Rm.} ivc- 'be-\unter-schtzen, hten, helfen', Kl nn` n ival 'protection, care',
{Rm.} ivcl 'Schutz, Hut, Segen, Hilfe', Brt W y6niyyn 'patronage, protection' Ms. H 62, Ms. O 39O, H 81, MED 396, Krg.
89, KRS 262, KW 212, Chr. 753 Tg 'uusi 'garment' > Ul usi 'shamans garment', Neg usi id., 'skirt', Nn B ufsi 'belt'
STM II 281, Ci. N 285 pKo 'si- 'wear\put on (headgear)' > MKo si-, si- NKo ssi- S QK #9OO, Nam 317, 319, MLC
1O23-4 pJ {S} s- 'put on clothes (on the upper body), cover' > OJ o-, oo-, J: T o-, K/Kg o- S QJ #1O47, Mr. 742-
3 DQA #644 (A 'i_oc 'to cover, wear'; M, Tg, Ko, J), Pp. VG 236, 286 ll IE: NaIE 'ycb"- / (SA) 'oi_b"- 'copulate'
[ possible IE ?? 'ycP- 'enter' > pTc {Ad.} 'ya- 'enter' and Lw iatarma 'west'] > OI 'yabhati 'copulates', BdSgd ??y?|t?I
'adulterous' || Gk D oie 'futuo' || Sl {Bern.} '|cb- (1s prs. '|cb-o, inf. '|cti and '|cbati) 'futuere' > Blg prs. c) 6a 'futuo', SCr
|cbcm / inf. |cbati, Slv |cbam / |cbati, P |cbac, R prs. c) 6y / inf. cr - c) rn - c) 6ar , Uk L6arn yi'batt id., OCz
|cbati id., 'beat' WP I 198, P 298, EI 5O8 ('ycb"c/o- 'copulate' 'enter\penetrate'), M K III 7, M E II 398-9, F II 371,
Bern. I 452, ESSJ VIII 188 (Sl '|cbati with 'c on the ev. of Uk i in yi'batt, but his 'c is at variance with many attested forms,
e.g. R p. cc6 yob), BER I 474, Ad. 496-7 Mlc. CL 91 The semantic change 'to cover' 'futuere' is most natural when
referred to cattle ('the steer covers a cow'), so that be may suppose that it occurred in the lanuage of the IE cattle-breeders.
2621. ? 'yadV 'to go' > HS: B 'yvdv 'to go' B 'yvdv 'to go' ( N 'vE adV 'to walk, go, set out for', q.v. ffd.) ll
U: FU 'yolV v. 'go' > ObU 'ycl- > pVg 'yal- > Vg: T yil-, LK/MK/UK/P/NV/SV/LL yal-/yal-, UL/Ss yal- 'go'
({BV} ' cxo(nr , cc:(nr '); pOs 'ycl- ({Hl.} 'yil-) > Os V/Vy ycl- 'go' ({Trj.} ' xo(nr , c:(nr ') Ht. #184, BV 151,
Trj. S 91 ll A: NaT '|aoa- v. 'walk', '|aoa-I (|aoa-g) 'on foot, pedestrian' ( N 'raydV 'foot, track; to walk' [q.v.] with 'a > T
'a due to vowel harmony) > OT, MT |aoa-y 'on foot, 'pedestrian', Chg {Rl., Cl.} |aya- 'im Wasser gehen, indem man Grund
unter sich hat', Tk yayaliI n. act. 'walking', Tk yaya, Az |ayay, ET |ayaq, Uz |ayov, VTt zayav, Bsh |ayav, Qzq
zayav, Qrg o, Alt oyu, SY |azay, Xk cazay, Tv caday, Tf cad_ay, Yk sati 'pedestrian, on foot' Cl. 887, Rs. W
177, ET J 68-9, TrR 918, Rl. III 72, Ra. 193.
2622. 'y'odV 'claws (as of a lobster\scorpion)', 'to hold between fingers\claws (e.g. of a lobster)' > D 'ituII- 'claws of a
lobster\scorpion', 'to take between the claws' > Tm ituIIu 'prehensile claws (of a scorpion \ lobster)', ituIIu v. 'take between
the fingers\toes, grasp as with pincers', ituIIi 'prehensile claws of a crab\scorpion, pinces, tongs', Ml ituIIu 'claws of lobster',
Kt iIl 'tongs', Kn iIIur_, iIIur_a, Tu iIIuli 'pair of tongs \ pincers', Kn ir_Iur_i, Kui dia 'tongs, pincers', Kn idaIu v.
'pinch, queak' D #444 ll A: Tg: WrMc yoda- v. 'hold' ll HS: S ''yad- 'hand' > BHb di! 'yad 'hand, forearm', cs. di@
,yad, st. prn. &di! ya'd-o 'his hand', du./pl. Mi%d2i! ya'dayim, pl. cs. id4i^ yo'dc, Ph, Ug, IA yd 'hand', JPA di@
yad (- dia5 ?id - dia3 ?cd), BA cs. di@ ,yad, Sr da 'yad, cs. di ?id, em. doi ?i'd-a, Ar Ya yad-, Sb, Mn, Qt
yd, Gz AD ?od, OAk, Ak id-u(m), Eb i-tum = {Frnz.} yidum id., i-tim yidim gen. sg. & acc.-gen. du. 'hands', Mh {Jo.} indf.
?id, df. ha-yd, Jb E/C {Jo.} 'cd 'arm (from fingertip to shoulder), hand', Hrs {Jo.} hayd 'hand, arm, forepaw', Sq {Jo.} 's?sd,
{L} ?cd 'hand'. In some lgs. (Aram dialects, SES, Eth, Ak, Eb) there is as 'ya- > 'yi- and later (?)i- KB 39-71, KBR 386-8,
HJ 443-9, A #1138, OLS 52O-1, L G 7, BGMR 167, Rk. 8O-1, MA 1O8, Jo. M 46O, Jo. J 313, Jo. H 146, L LS 52, Krb. EG 19,
21, Frnz. EL 144, BHKKLMBlz. SAL #96, MiK I #1.291 Eg d hier. *'hand' [alternatively, Eg fP {Rsl.} 'arm' (Rsl.: HS
'd > Eg )] EG I 156 & V 414, 58O, Fk. 3O8, Tk. I 37 ^ The semantic change 'claw of a lobster\scorpion' HS 'hand' is a
typical zoomorphic (reminding the NE slang usage of av for 'hand', muzzlc for 'face', etc.).
2623. 'yugE (or 'yuIE?) 'to drink' > U: FU 'yuc (or 'yuIc?) v. 'drink' > F |uo-, Es |oo- (inf. II |uu-a, 1s p. |oin),
Lv inf. |uo-d+ id. | pLp {Lr.} 'yuIs id. > Lp: S {Hs.} |uvgc-, L {LLO} |uhIa-, N {N} |uIIa- / -g-, Kld iiy, K {Gn.}
|uIIc- id. | pChr {Ber.} 'yuy- > Chr: L nyca- yua- (inf. nycamyu'as), B yuya-, Uf |ua-, H nycac- yua- (inf.
nycamyuas) id. | Prm {LG} 'yu- > Z, Vt - yu-. Prmk, Yz yu- || ? ObU: ? pOs 'yanc- id. (belongs here if '-nc- is a
sx.) > Os: V/Vy yant-, Ty/Y ycnt-, D/K yant-, Nz yas-, Kz ycns-/yans-, O ycns-/ycs- id.; ?? Vg: T ay-, LK
ay-, MK/UK/P/LL ay-/ay-, UL/Ss ay- id. | OHg XI i-, yu-, Hg iv- (/i-, isz-), ihu- id. Coll. 84, UEW 1O5, Db. OS
xxvii, xxxii, It. #231, Sm. 543 (FU, FP '|uxi-, Ugr '|ugi-), SK 124, SSA I 249, Lr. #285, Lgc. #18O7, SaR 427-8, Gn. 468,
Ber. 12, MRS 155, Ep. 52, LG 335, Ht. #726, MF 329-3O, EWU 629-3O, Mgiste ELLE ll A: NaT '|oj:,g > OT {DK} |oy
'meal for the dead', {Cl.} |oy 'funeral feast' (the long o has been reconstructed on the basis of the Ar spelling with v in MhK,
which is not a sufficient proof), OT VI 1 BzGk VI [MnP] ooio 'Turkic funeral feast' (Gk o- renders eOT |- and thus confirms
the hyp. of an obstruent pT '|-) Cl. 895, MKD 229 ll ?? HS: EC ( C 'g 'drink' < N ''EgU id. [q.v.]): Arr {Hw.}
?ig-, Dsn ?iI, Elm {Hn.} iI-, Kns iI-, Msl/Gdl {Bl.} uI- v. 'drink' Ss. PEC 17, Wh. IC 56, Bl. 1O8, BlSO s.v. iI, Hw. A 34O,
To. DL 482 Ch: Tng {J} yc " c v. 'drink' J T 86.
2623a. ?? 'yuHV 'to tie, bind' > IE: NaIE 'ycu_- > OI 'yau-ti 'binds, unites', yu'ti- 'Verbindung, Vereinigung' || ? Blt: Lt
|autis 'ox, steer' ({EI}: 'that which is yoked'), Ltv |utis 'fork in a road' EI 64 ('ycu_- 'bind, join together'), M K III 28-9, Frn,
191 ll A: T '|ular (with a sx. '-lar of n. coll.) > OT yular ({Cl. yular with unj. vowel length) '(a horses) halter', Osm {Rl.}
yular, Tk yular, Ggz yular, Alt ular, Slr ulur, Tv cular, Yk sular id., Slr culir 'short rope (part of a snaffle-bridle)', Chg
{ShSB} yular 'a rope attached to the animals neck', Tk yular 'golden thread hanged on a womans forhead' Cl. 932, ET J 244-
5, Rl. III 554, ShSB 105 ll HS: C: Bj {R} yay 'rope' R WBd 243, 336.
2624. 'yaIV 'to pour; ground covered with water' > A: T '|ag- v. 'pour, pour rain' > OT |ay-, MU, XwT, MQp, Chg,
OOsm |ay-, Tk yag-, Tkm, Az, ET, Slr, CrTt, Kr, SY, Xlj |ay-, Gz |a-, Uz |oy-, Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh |av-, Qzq, Qq zav-,
Qrg a-, Alt a-, Xk, Shor, Tv cay-, Tf cay-, Chv L y- su-, s+v- v. 'rain'; T d '|agmur n. 'rain' > OT |aymur, MQp
[CC] (|)amyur, Tk yagmur, Az |aymur, Tkm |aymir, ET |amyu(r) - |aqmur, Uz |omyir, Qmq |aqur, VTt |aqy+r, Bsh
|amy+r, Qzq zaqbir, Qq zamyir, Qrg amyir, Alt aqmir, Xk naqmir, Yk samir, Chv L yxaAp sum+r 'rain' (in some
lgs. and contexts also 'snow') Cl. 896, 9O3-4, 9O8, ET J 57-8, TL 25, Rs. W 177, TkR 8O4, z. 182, Jeg. 216-8, Fed. II 127-8,
135-6, Ra. 193 Tg 'yaIu- 'be covered with water' (of ground) > Ewk yaIu- id.; Tg 'yaIujn, 'ground covered with water, pit
filled with water' > Ewk yaIu 'grassy swamp, puddle, pit filled with water', WrMc yo_on 'pit filled with water, ditch (in a
field)' STM I 339 DQA #62O [Tg < A 'i_aIj`,a] ll HS: Eg Wc iIn 'draw (water), (Wasser) schpfen' EG I 139.
2625. 'yaIa 'ice, cold' > IE: NaIE 'ycg- 'ice' > ON |aIi 'piece of ice, icicle', NGr Sw Jach, Gicht (= Gc|icht) 'hoar-
frost; frozen dew on trees'; dim.: Gmc {Vr.} '|cIulaz > ON |oIull, Sw |oIcl, NLG is-hcIcl, |aIcl, OLG {Vr.}, OHG ihilla,
NGr Ichcl 'icicle', AS {Ho.} iccl(a), icclc 'icicle, ice' ( = [|]), NE icIlc, (cd >) iciclc || OIr aig (gen. cga), Brtt {RE}
'yagis, {Vn.} 'yago- > W ia, OCrn [] icy ice'; - 'yagnyos 'cold' ( *'icy') > OCrn icin, MCrn ycyn, ycn, MBrt ycn, Brt
icn 'cold' Ht cIa- 'cold, frost, ice', ciIuna- 'cold' WP I 2O6, P 5O3, EI 287 ('ycg- 'ice, icicle'), Vr. 289, 294, Ho. 142, Sw.
74,Km. 495, Vn. A 28, RE 1O6, Frd. HW 4O, 81, Pv. I 257-9 ll HS: C: Ag {Ap.} '?syay- 'ice' > Bln {Ap.} ?sxaxa, {R}
cg'ag'a 'hail, ice, snow', Q {Ap.} (y)caa, {R} ycg'ag'a id., Aw {Ap.} syayi 'ice'; possibly (but not certainly): Aw {Bnd.}
sgumi 'cold', {Hz.} sgsmt- v. 'feel cold' Ap. AV 6, R WB 17, R QW 149 & III 14, AD SF 263 ?? NrOm: Kf {C, Fl.}
aI- 'be cold', {Fl.} aIIo, {C} aIIo 'cold', Shn {Fl.} aIa, {C} aIa, Amuru {Fl.} aI"a, Anf {Fl.} aIo 'cold' Fl. OWL, C
SE IV4O2 The unexpected glottalized I needs explanation ll U (+ext. ) ''yaIsa > [1] FU 'yaIsV 'cool, cold' > F
|aahty- " |ahty- 'grow cold, become cold\cool', Krl yahtu- id. , Vp yau_htu- 'congeal' | Lp: N {Fri.} iIscm, |iIscm
'frigidus', L {LLO} |icIso- 'get cooler\colder' (weather), |cuhsas 'cold and windy' (weather), T {TI} yiI:scm adj. 'cold' | pMr
{Ker.} 'yaIso > Er yimc cIsc, Mk ymc, {Ps.} asa, yaso 'cool; cool weather', Mk ymic asIs adj. 'cool' | pChr
yuIso- 'get colder' > Chr: L yuIscm (inf. nycimamyuI'sas), B yuIsc, Uf |uIsc-, H uIsc- (inf.
ycimam'uIsas) id. || Os: V yoyli, Ty ya'yi n.\adj. 'cold', D ya'yto 'cold, cool', Kz yii 'cool' [2] FV (+ext. ) 'yaIsa
'cool, cold' > Es |ahc (gen. |ahcda) 'cool', |ahtu- 'cool down, become cool', Lv yo?- id. | Lp Sw {L} |uosIos 'rigidus', Lp Vfs
{Lgc.} |u'_osIi_c n. 'cold', |osIo- 'get cooler' | Er imaxo yaIsamo, Mk imaxa yaIsama adj. 'cold', Er imaxo, Mk
imax yaIsam n. 'cold, cold weather' The variation 'yaIsV - 'yaIsa suggests an old U with combination of a front vw.
and a back one (probably ''yaIsa) with subsequent as (due to "vowel harmony") in two opposite directions Coll. 84, UEW
9O-1, 631, It. #241, SK 133, SSA I 26O, TI 65, ERV 776, 8O1, PI 318, 321, Ker. II 37, Ber. 13, MRS 156, 641, Ep. 132 ll D (in
NED) ''yacI- > NED 'cI- 'become cool' > Krx cx- vi. 'lose heat, cool', cxta`a- vt. 'cool', Mlt cgc 'become cool',
cgtrc 'make cool' D #875, Pf. 186 [#43] ^ AD GD 5 & IS MS 346 (IE, U, A; both do not distinguish this from N
'yaqjg,E 'ice; to freeze') , Blz. DA 162 [#98] (suggested to add NrOm). .
2626. 'yuIa 'to attach, tie\bind to' > IE: NaIE 'ycu_g- / 'yung- v. 'bind, harness, yoke' > OI yu|- (prs. 1s yu'na|mi, 3s
yu'naIti, 3p yun'|anti), Av yaog- / yu|- v. 'harness, yoke, join', d : MPrs a-yoxtan- v. 'harness', uxt, ClNPrs fJ
uft 'yoke, pair', NPrs oft 'pair' || Gk cu-vu-i 'yoke, put to; bind, bind fast' || OHG untar-|ouhhcn 'subjugare' || L |ung-o
/ -crc 'join, unite, connect' || OIr cuing 'yoke' (< 'Iom-yung-) || Lt |ungti (1s prs. |ungiu) 'to yoke, join, connect', Ltv |ugt 'to
harness, put to' - [1] IE 'yug-o-m 'yoke' > Ht iuIa- id. OI yu'ga-m, Av yuga-, ClNPrs Ju uy id. || Gk uov id. || L
|ugum id. || OW iou, W iau, OCrn icu, Brt ico id., Ir ughaim 'harness' || Gt, OSx |uI, ON oI, OHG |oh, NHG Joch, AS
coc - ioc 'yoke', NE yoIc || Sl '|+go > '|igo id. > OCS ure igo, Blg, R 'nio, SCr , b igo, Slv igo, Cz, Slk |ho id., P
|ugo id., ' cross-beam', SCr |igo ' cross-beam' | Lt |ungas 'yoke' (with n due to the infl. of |ungti), Ltv |ug-s id. [2]
NaIE d 'ycu_g-os ntr. 'yoke\team of beasts' > Gk cuo) ntr. id., team (of oxen\horses\mules) [Gespann]' || L |ugcra id. - sg.
|ugcrum 'a measure of land, 2,5OO m
2
' ( 'a plot ploughed by a team of oxen') || MHG |iuch 'ein Morgen Landes' WP I
2O1-2, P 5O8-1O, EI 64 ['ycu_- 'bind, join together' (cf. N 'yuHV 'tie, bind'), 'ycu_-g- id.], EI 655 ('yu'go-m 'yoke'), Bc.
726, M K III 19-21, M E II 412-3, 417-8, Horn 95, Vl. I 517, Sg. 364-5, BK 151, F I 6O9-1O, 615-6, WH I 726-31, Vn. C 273, LP
35.3, YGM-1 295, Dnn. 774, KM 333, Fs. 3O4, Vr. 417, Kb. 522, 11O7, Schz. 178, OsS 465, KM 333, Ho. 141, Lx. 1O2, Frn.
196-7, ESSJ VIII 2O6-8, Glh. 274, Pv. II 495-6, 498-9 ll HS: EC: Sml {DSI} yoIc 'legare le mani \ i piedi a qualcuno', yoIo
'legatura delle mani \ dei piedi' DSI 647 NrOm: Mch {L} 'yoIIa(yc) v. 'spin', Kf {Msr.} yoIIc id., Kf {C} yoI- 'domare
(un bue per laratro; filare (il cotone ecc.)' C SE 52O, Msr 241, L M 58 ll A: T '|ugan (- '|ugan?) 'bridle' [< pre-T
''|ugan?] ( N 'LuIj?,c 'flexible rod, thong', q.v. ffd.) Gr. II #38 ('ycu 'belt') [IE U 'yayc 'belt']
2627. 'yaKs'o 'to loosen' > U: FP 'yaIsa- - 'yoIsa- id., 'untie' > pMr {Ker.} 'yuIso- > Er yuIsc- (inf.
iccxc |uIscms), uIsc-, Mk yuIso- v. 'untie, loosen' | Krl A yaIsa- vi. 'undress', Krl {Gn.} yaIsa- id., vt. 'ausziehen,
entblen', Vo yahza- 'die Fubekleidung ausziehen', ? F |aIsa-, Es |aIsa-, |aIsa- 'be able to, have strength enough to' | Prm
{LG} '|usI- > Prmk, Vt ciini yusIInI, Yz |usI- v. 'unharness' UEW 63O-1, Sm. 552 (FP '|cIsa- 'take off'), Ker. II 46,
LG 336 The variation 'yaIsa- - 'yoIsa- suggests an earlier etymon with a stem-final '-o ('yaIso-) with subsequent vowel
assimilation in two opposite directions ll A: NaT '|as- 'loosen' > OT |as- v. 'unstring (a bow); disband (troops)', MQp XIII |as-,
OOsm XIV |as-, Tk yas- v. 'unstring (a bow)' The '|as- 'to flatten; flat' (represented in OOsm, Tk and other T lgs., cf. Rs. W
191 and ET J 155-6) is either a semantic derivate from 'to unstring the bow' or a different (albeit homonymous) Cl. 973 ll ?
HS: WCh: pAG {Hf.} 'yoI- v. 'become loose' > Kfr {Nt.} yoI 'loosen', Gmy {Hf.} yoI 'become loose', Ang {Hf.} 'be shaky,
loose' Hf. AG #184, Nt. 45.
2628. 'yKE (or 'yKhE?) '(very) bright, white' > HS: S '-yiII- > Ar yqq (ip. -yiqq-) 'tre d'une blancheur
clatante' BK DAF II 1631 C: Ag 'yaII- > Bln {R} yaq- 'be light\bright (hell)' R WB 365, AD SF 185 ?? Eg L/G
iIh 'to shine' [unless connected with Eg MK Ih 'light (hell), light (lux)'] EG I 138 & V 66 ll IE: NaIE
'ycI-(o-s)/'oi_I-(o-s) 'light colour, clearness, brightness' > OI 'yas-ah ntr. 'beauty, splendour', Av yaso.ht ya- 'Ansehen
verleihen' || Sl 'cs+, 'csa n. 'light colour, radiance' > SCr |as 'clearness', Slv |as 'light, splendour, radiance', |asa - |csa 'a
ride cut in a forest', Slk |as 'radiance, glitter'; - 'c

s+n+ ({Trb.} 'csI+n+) adj. 'clear, light (hell)' > OCS |as+n+, Blg
' ccn, SCr |a`san, Slv |ascn, R ' ccn / ' cnin 'clear', Cz, Slk |asny, P |asny 'clear, bright', Uk ' cnnn - c'nnn 'bright,
clean' | Lt aisIus 'clear, bright' Mn. 44O, M K III 12, M E II 4O5-6, Bern. I 276, ESSJ VI 5O-3 (Sl 'csa, 'cs+, 'csI+n+
with unjustified 'I) ll U 'yIIV > Sm {Jn.} 'ycIV (unless it is 'lcIV) 'white' > Ng {Pl.} d (iaia, Slq Nr {Cs. in Lh.'s
interpretation} 'cag(a), Slq MKe {KD} tcyo, Slq EKe {Kzm., Katz} rtc: i tcqo 'white' Jn. 42, Katz SQ 179-181, Kzm.
DMSJ 274, KD D 73, Cs. 133, 153, 3O2, CsL SSM 96 FV 'yaIsjt,'crV 'red' (< N 'yKE cAhtdV 'light red'?) > Er
yaIstcrc, Mk yaIstor, Chr: L nomiapic yos'Iarc, H naimapii |aIsar+ UEW 6O6 (Chr < FV 'aIstc-rV or
'aIsV-tcrV 'gelt, gst, unfruchtbar') ll ? A {DQA} 'i_aIa 'light, white' > M 'yaga-yan 'pink' > WrM yagan, HlM iaan
'pink, ruddy, violet, lilac', {Kow.} 'vermeil, rouge clair', IM {T} yayan, Brt iaan 'pink' MED 423, Kow. 2246, T VM 273,
Chr. 795 pJ {S} 'aIa- 'bright, red' [ N ''havI'a, q.v. ffd.) Tg 'iIcrc 'light (lux), lighting appliance' > Neg UA iIsrs,
Neg LA, Nn ixsrs 'light (lux)', Neg iIsrs - ixsrs, Orc, Ul, Ork, Nn ixsrs 'lighting appliance, lamp (burning fat), candle', Ng LA
ixsrs-, Ork iIsrsci- v. 'light' STM I 3O2 S AJ 11O, 277, SDM97 (A 'aI`a 'light, white' > T, J, Tg), DQA #634 (T, J, Tg,
M) ^ Resh. NNE #3 (A, FV 'yaI-sjt,'crV). The age of the semantic change 'bright, light' 'pink, red(dish)' is not clear. It
may be rather ancient (because it is present in several ascending lgs: FU, M and J. But it may also result from cds [e.g.
'yKE cAhtdV 'light red' 'pink'] (that are not necessarily very ancient) with ellipsis in M and J.
2629. ? 'yoK{E (or '?oK'E?) 'to catch, seize' > HS: Eg fOK icy (= {EG} it|) 'nehmen, rauben, fortfhren', fNK
ic: 'etw. fortnehmen' EG I 149-5O, Fk. 34 EC: Hr/Dbs {AMS} cII-, Gln/Gwd {AMS} aII- 'take' AMS 26O Ch: WCh:
Ang {Flk.} yaI 'pick up\out, ladle out', Mpn {Frz.} yaI 'hold, catch', Su {J} yaI id., 'seize', Cp {J} yaI 'catch, seize' | Bl {Lk.}
yoII- 'pflcken', Pr {ChL} yuIo 'seize' | Bg {Sh.} yoI 'carry (load)' || ECh: Jg {J} ?cI-it- 'take' JI II 62, J S 88, J J 112, Frz.
DM 67, ChL, ChC Tk. I 235 ll D (in SCD) 'oII- ({GS} '-gg-) v. 'trap' > Tl oggu 'lay a trap\net, lay a wager', Gnd HMB
{BB} og- v. 'set (fishtrap)', Gnd Mn {Ph.} vaggana, vaIIana 'set snare', Kui oga- v. 'trap, snare', Ku og- v. 'set a trap',
ur`u ogali v. 'noose' (ur`u 'a snare') D #934 ll ?? A: Tg 'uIi 'fishing-tackle, trap (for fish\birds)' > Lm uIit, Neg uxi, Orc,
Nn uIi id., Ewk uIi id., 'fishtrap', WrMc uIu 'fishtrap', 'trap for birds' STM II 253 ll ?? IE: NaIE 'ci_I-/'iI- 'take possession,
possess' ('ci_I- is a SA from 'i_cI-?) > OI 'isc, 'istc 'owns, possesses, is master of', Av isc 'is lord over', isc 'ich verfge' ||
Gt aigan' 'to have' (aih 'I have', aigum 'we have'), ON ciga, OSx cgan, OHG cigan, AS aan 'to possess', NE ovn v.; - ON
cigan, OSx cgan, OHG cigan, NHG cigcn, AS acn adj. ( pp.) 'own', NE ovn; Gt aigin, ON cigin, OSx cgan, AS
acn 'possession' || ? Tc B ai_I- 'know, recognize' The length of 'i in 'iI- is still puzzling P 298-9, EI 27O ('h_ci_I-
'possess'), M K I 96, M E I 2O7, Fs. 2O, Vr. 95-6, Ho. 2-3, Ho. S 14, Sw. 8, Kb. 187, OsS 126, EWA II 981-3, KM 156, Ad. 1O1-2
^ HS de-emphatization 'K > 'I.
2629a. ?? 'yiLV 'burn' (tr.), 'kindle' > A: Tg 'yila- id. > Mc Sb yila-, Ewk ila-, Lm tla- id., Sln ila- ' ccu ', Orc, Ud ila-
'kindle' ( N 'ycljay,V 'to shine; light (lux)'): Sln ila: 'light (lux) STM I 3O3-4 ll HS: WCh: Jmb {Sk.} yila 'burn' (tr.) ChC
ll ?? IE ( N ''alV 'burn', q.v. ffd.): OI alatam 'a fire-brand, coal', Sw {P Joh.} ala v. 'to blaze, flame' ^ In other lgs. this
N root is hardly discernable because its contamination with paronymic roots of similar meaning (such as 'ycljay,V '',
''alV 'burn', etc.) ^ It is worth paying attention to M 'ilcin 'warmth, heat' (> WrM ilci(n), HlM nnu(nn) id., cf. MED 4O3).
263O. 'ycljay,V 'to shine; light (lux)' > U 'yclla 'light; sun, day' > FU: pLp {Lr.} 'yclsIIss 'clear (weather), bright' >
Lp: L {LLO} |iclaIis, N {N} |laIas - |alaIas 'complete cloudlessness, clear weather', K {Gn.} |icl_' s 'clear weather'
Sm {Jn.} 'ycla - 'yala 'light (lux), sun, daytime' > Ne: T n , T O {Lh.} ya'lc, F {Lh.} ya'ca; Ng {Mik.} '|alI;
En {Cs.}: X '|clc, B '|crc; Slq: Tz cclI 'day, sun, light', Tm {KD} tcl 'day', d tclod_ 'sun'; Kms {KD} ala
- dala - cala - tala 'day', al+mna 'es tagt, es dmmert', Koyb {Sp.} ( nna 'day', ( nnoi6na 'I am lighting
(cnuy)' pY {IN} 'ycls- > Y K {IN} ycloc 'sun' (formally a prtc.), OY K {Bil.} yclonsha, {Merk} |clondscha id.;
??? Y K/T ycls- 'boil, be cooked' ( *'fire' 'light'??) Coll. 17, UEW 96-7, Lr #261, Lgc. #1618, Jn. 4O-1 (Sm 'yala),
Jn. p.c. (Sm 'ycla - 'yala), KKIH 1O3, KD 14, Pot. 38, 47, IN 224, 3O3, Rd. UJ 36 [#13] (Y A U) ll K 'jh,cl- v.
'lighten' ( N 'hAlV 'to shine; bright', q.v. ffd.) ll A: T '|alu- - '|il'u- > NaT '|asu- - '|is'u- v. 'flash, shine' > OT |asi-
id., XwT XIV |isi- v. 'shine', MQp XIV yisi- id. ('amaLa'), Shor cas- v. 'lighten', Kr G |as 'lightning' - T '|alin - '|'ilin
> NaT '|asin 'lightning' > OT, XwT XIV, Qmq, Tb {Rl.} |asin, Uz |asin, Nog |asin, VTt, Bsh |asin, Alt azin, Shor
{Rl.} cazin, Xk, Sg {Rl.} cazin || Chv /sisim/ [siz_im] id. pT '-a- of the first syll. is likely to result from ass. infl. of
the following 'a Cl. 977, 979, ET J 149-5O, TL 22-3, Md. 1O4, 16O [reconstructs pT '|alu- with -l- on the aleged ev. of
Chv. '-s-, but the latter may be explained by as ('s...l > s...s)] The pT back vw. 'a (- 'i) for the expected 'c (< N 'c)
may be due to vw. harmony Md. 1O4 equates the T with M 'nolc- 'fire, flame' and Tg 'nul- 'kindle', which is less
plausible semantically (albeit not ruled out as an alt. or additional source of the T root); cp. Pp. VG 38 and STM I 6O9 that
equate the M and Tg with T '|alin 'flame' M 'ilc 'clear, manifest; visible' hardly belongs here ( IS); it goes back to A
'ila- 'seen, visible' < N '?ilV 'eye' (q.v.) ll D 'cll- 'light (lux), sun' > Tm cl id., 'lustre, splendour', clli, cllai_ 'sun, daytime', Ml
clla 'light (lux), ilaIuIa v. 'shine, twinkle', Tl {Km.} clamu 'be shiny\splendid' D #829 ^ D '-l- and U '-l- point to a N '-l-;
hence T '-l- is secondary, probably from '-ly- < '-lVy-, the vw. 'V being suggested by the fact that in U and D '-l- is not
etymologically palatalized, i.e. it was not in direct contact with '-y- ^ IS MS 362-3, IS I 281-2.
2631. ? 'y'am'u 'to go, set out\off' > HS: S 'ymm > Ar ymm D 'aller prendre qch., diriger sa lance dessein contre
qn.' BK II 1634 ll U (att. in Ugr) 'yomV 'go, set out\off' > Vg: T yam- / yam-, LK/P yom-, Ss yom- 'go' | ? OHg XIV
indol- 'bewegen, rcken', Hg indul- 'start, begin to move, set out\off, depart', OHg XV indcit- 'abgehen lassen', Hg indit- 'start,
set off; set going' (-dul- and -dit- are derivational sxs.) UEW 1OO-1, MF 319-2O, EWU 613 ll ? A: M 'yabu- 'go, walk' >
MM [MA, IM, PP] yabu-, WrM yabu-, HlM na-x, Ord yavu-, Mnr H {SM} yu-, {T} yu-, Mnr M {T} yau-, Dx {T}
yavu-, Ba {T} yu-, Mgl {Rm.} yobu- id., WrO {Krg.} yabu- 'go', Kl non-x, {Rm.} yov-_+, Brt 6a-xa 'go, walk, travel'
Pp. MA 385, 45O, Pp. KP 159, MED 42O, SM 494, T 338, T DnJ 122, T BJ 14O, Krg. 7O1-2, KRS 279, Rm. RW 22O, Chr.
793-4.
2632. 'yamV 'body of water' ('sea, lake' 'pond') 'water' > HS: CS 'yamm- 'sea' > BHb Mi! yam (pl. Mim`5i@
yam'm-im) 'sea, large lake', Ph, Ug, OA ym, BA, JEA yam'm-a, Sr yam'm-a, Ar wYa yamm- 'sea', JA [Trg.] yam'm-a
'sea, lake'; Cn 1 Eg fXVIII ym, (EgSSc) {Hoch} ya-ma, ya-mu (= yamma/u) 'sea', Cpt: Sd ctem ciom, B tem iom, A/F tom
iam id. KB 395, HJ 458-9, OLS 527-8, EG I 78, Hoch #52, Lv. T I 336, Js. 579, Sl. 536. Reym. 163ff., RR 1181, Eg I 88, Fk.
18 ?? B '?amaHvy- 'water' (with the masc. article '?a- and the pl. ending '-an: '?a-?amaHvy-an > '?a-?am-an >
'am-an pl. 'water') > Ah, Gd am-an, Kb, Shl, Wrg, Mz, Izd, Si, Zng aman, Nf {Beg.} amcn, aman, Awj {Prd.} imin
'water', Gd {Lf.} aman id., amtn 'in water' || Gnc AHEMON, AEMON 'water' (going back to the eB form '?a-?am-an) The
second syll. 'maHvy- (with '-aHvy- reflected in the final a < 'a in the attested B lgs.) may be due to contamination with HS
'majy,v- 'water' (see N 'muhi 'water') Vc. UB 314, Vc. ADB 143, Fc. 1139, Lf. II #O951, Mrc. 91, Dl. 479, La. S 228, La.
MChB 196, Bs. NLB I 48, Wlf. 513, Nic. LBM 2O2, Beg. 215, 272, Prd. 139, Pr. M IV 146 (reconstructs pB 'Ha-maH-an
without taking into account the Gnc form suggesting a syll. between the px. and 'm) Ch 'jHV,yVm- 'water' > CCh: Tr {Nm.}
?yim, Gnd {ChL} ycma, Gbn ycmc | BM: Cb ytmi, BuP {Mch.} |imi | HgNk yicmi | Lmn imi | Suk {IL in ChC} yam |
Mtk {Sb.} iyam - yam, pMM {Ro.} 'yam id. > Gzg {Lk.}, Mf {BLB} yam, MfG {Brr.} yam, as well as {Ro.}: Mada,
Myn, Mlk, Zlg, Mofu yam, Mkt yav | Db {Lnh., ChL} ytm, Kola {Sb.} yim, Msy {Mch.} yim | Msg {Mch.} yim || WCh: Su
{J} am, Tal {J} ham, Ywm {J} yam | Fy/DfB/Bks {J} ham, Klr {J} ?a:m | Krkr {J} ?am, Tng am || ECh: Mgm {J} ammi |
Brg {J} ?ami, Mu {J} ?am, ?am , Jg ?am, Mjl {DB} am, Kjk {DB} amc (with the px. 'I-): Kwn {J} Iam, Kbl
{Cp.} Iams, Ll {Grgs.} Ia`ma` id. JI II 34O-1, ChL, ChC, Ro. 362-3, BLB 387, Brr. MG II 259 , Blz. LECh #94
Ap. ANH 23 (joins those suggesting to adduce S 'may- 'water', which is phonetically unacceptable) ll U: Sm {Jn.} 'yam {AD}
'large body of water (sea, large river)' > Ng {Prk.} ' (: xa 'ama, {Cs.} |am 'sea', Ne T xt 'sea, large river', {Cs.} |am 'sea',
{Lh.} ya':m? 'large river, the Ob', Ne F L {Lh.} yca':m 'large river', Kms {Cs.} nam ('large river'?) Jn. 4O, Ter. 841, Cs. 12,
52 ll D 'am 'water' > Tm am, am, Krx amm, Mlt amu id. D #187 IS (IS I 279-8O) adduced NED 'amm with a query ^
AD GD 5 (HS, U), IS I 279-8O (HS, U, D), S CNM 6.
2633. 'y'aomV 'good\fit, right' (> 'dexter') > HS: S 'ymn 'right (dexter)' > BHb ya'min 'right side', 'right hand', Ug
ymn, Ar yamim-, Gz yaman, Ak imnu (f. imittu) id., Eb a-mc-nun, a\i-mc-tum (= yaminum, f. yamittum - yimittum) 'right
(dexter), IA, Plm, Nbt ymn 'right side', Sr yammi'n-a 'right side', JPA Bz yam'min 'right side\hand', JEA {Sl.} yammi'na id.,
'right foot', JA [Trg.] yammi'n-a, Sb ymn 'right hand' A #1179, OLS 529, KB 396-7, KBR 415, HJ 461, Js. 58O, Sl. 536-7, Sl.
P 242, Br. 3O3, BGMR 168, Krb. EG 2O, Frnz. EL 135-6, MiK I #1.292 Eg O imn 'right (dexter)', imn.t 'right side, west', Cpt:
Sd cmu: cmnt, B cmcu: cmcnt 'west, western', Sd/A/O omcu:, B omcu[ amcnti, A/L cmu:c cmntc 'les enfers, lEnfer' EG
I 86, Fk. 21, Vc. 11, 43 Tk. I 37 ll U: FU (in Ugr only) 'yoma 'good' > ObU: Vg: T yomas, LK/MK/UK yamos, P yomos,
NV yomos " yamos, SV/LL yamos, UL/Ss yomas 'good'; Os: V/Vy/Ty/Y/D/K ycm, Nz/Kz yam - yim, O yim 'good' | OHg
XII, Hg |o, gyao " gyo 'good, fit', Hg |ava 'the best' UEW 85O, Ht. #738, MF 339, EWU 645 ll A: NaT '|ama- 'make
good\fit' v. 'patch' > OT |ama- ({Cl.} yama-) 'to patch', Chg |ama- v. 'patch, repair' Cl. 934-5, Rs. W 184 ?? M
'nimbayi (< ''nam- < ''yam-) > WrM nimbai, HlM n x6an adj./adv. 'precise, accurate, careful; thorough' MED 584 ??
Tg 'nam qw. 'well, good, fit' > Neg, Orc, Ul, Nn nam id. STM I 58O ^ U 'o may be explained by the labializing infl. of 'm.
Hence it is preferable to reconstruct 'a in the first syll.
2634. 'yum'a 'daylight' ( 'heaven, god') > HS: S ''yavm- (or ''yavja,m-?) 'day, daylight' > Ak um-u, Eb {AD}
yavam-u (a-va-mu) pl. 'days' ({Krb., Frnz.} yavmu), BHb M&i 'yom 'day' (pl. Mim5i! ya'm-im), Ph, Pun ym, Ug ym,
(AkSc) {Hnr.} yomu, OA yvm, IA Mvi yvm = BA M&i yom, em. am1&i yo'm-a 'day', JA [Trg.], JEA am1&i yo'm-a
'day, sun', Sr W 'owa yav'm-a, Ar v0Ya yavm-, Sb mui - mi y(v)m, Qt mui yvm 'day', Gz yom 'today', Mh {Jo.}
hs-'yavm, Hrs {Jo.} hs-yom 'sun', Jb E/C {Jo.} yum 'sun', Jb E yum, Jb C yu(h)m 'day', Mh hs-yum pl. 'days', Hrs
hs-yomst (pl. hs-yim), Sq {L} yom 'day'; JA am1m1i^ yoma'm-a 'daytime, daylight'; BHb pl. ya'm-im and Eb a-va-mu
(yavamu) 'days' suggest the presence of 'a after 'v [lost in sg. and preserved in pl.: sg. ''yavam- > (posttonic syncope)
'yavm-, but pl. 'yava'm-u/i without syncope] KB 382-4, HJ 448-53, OLS 527, L G 627, Js. 569, 58O, Sl. 529-3O, Hnr. 133,
Krb. EG 29-3O, Frnz. EL 137 C: Bj {R} -ayim (1s p. a-'?ayim, prs. c-?c'yim - 'cyyim), Bj B {R} -yaym v. 'pass the day',
Bj {Rop.} ?ayim id., 'pass the noon-time' R WBd 37, Rop. 158 OS #2576 (err. genetic comparison of S 'yavm- with Jg
{J} yom, while in fact Jg yom is a loan from Ar ChCS yom [RL 541-2]) ll U: FU (att. in FV) 'yuma 'sky, heaven, god' > BF d
(with the derivational sx. '-la): F |umala, Vp |umal - yumal, Es |umal, |ummal 'god' | Mr XVIII {Strl.} Jumishias [{UEW}:
= |umi-s-as] 'Mordvinian gods', Er [n(on yondol, Mk [n(on yondol 'lightning' (lit. 'heaven fire' or 'gods fire', with Er/Mk tol
'fire') | Chr {Ber.} 'yum+ 'sky, weather, god' > H nixi y+m+, L xo yumo, Uf yumo 'god', {} yum+ndur, yum+n-tur
'horizon' ('edge of sky'), B {PsS} yumo 'sky, chief god' UEW 638, It. #173, SK 122, SSA I 247, Ber. 12, MRS 163, 782, Ep. 32,
Rm. BT 31, PsS 99, 311-2 ll IE: NaIE 'ycom-, name of a mythical being (deity) > Vd Ya'mah - name of a mythical being
ruling the spirits of the dead, Av Yima- - name of a legendary king of Iran, MPrs am(-sct), ClNPrs Ja am, dy4mJa
am-scd - names of kings (lit. 'rex splendidus', scd from a Phl word for 'lux') | Nrs proper names: Ash imra, Pra yumra (<
'yama-raa 'king Yama) || ON Ymir 'Urriese' M K III 8, Vl. I 528, Sd. 369-71, Vr. 678, Gnt. AWH 337.
2635. 'yanjh?,V (or '?anh?V??) 'to speak, say' > HS: Eg in 'speak, say' EG I 89, Tk. I 124-5 B {Pr.} 'ynH (or
'vnH) 'say' > Ah imv. onn (3s pf. inna, Pcj. I A 9 = Fcj. 11), Ty/ETwl {GhA} +nnu (3 pf.: Ty yonna, ETwl inna), BSn
{Ds.} ini (3s pf. inna), Gh {Nh.} on (3m pf. inna), Gd cn (3m aor. inna), Kb, Wrg, Mz ini (3s pf. yonna), Sll, Tmz, Rf, Izn, SrSn
ini (3m pf. inna) Fc. 1279, 2OOO, Pr. M VI-VII 119 (on Pcj. I A 9), Nh. 151, GhA 137, 246-7, Dl. 535-6, MT 457-8, Ds. 96, Ds.
B 1OO, Dlh. Ou 2O9, Dlh. M 13O, La. S 226-7, Rn. 391 C: Bj {R} -(?)an (1s p. a-'?an, 3m p. y-an, 1s prs. 'a-?ani - '?ani, 3m
prs. 'yi-ni) 'say' R WBd 19-2O, R BedS IV 3O6-7 WCh: Ngm {Nw.} ana 'say' || CCh: ZmB {Sa.} in id. || ECh: Mu {J}
?cq, Kw {J} anc` id., ? EDng {Fd.} ana - an (introduces indirect speech) 'I\they say that', 'he sais that', ? Mkl ?untc 'say,
declare' ChC, J DM 19, Fd. 1O OS #4O, Tk. I 124 ll U 'ann`c 'speak; voice' > FU 'anc 'voice, sound' > F aani id.
| pLp {Lr.} 'ycns 'voice' > Lp: L |ictna, N |icdna, Kld yinn id. || Hg cncI, cncI 'song' pY {IN} 'an- 'speak' > Y: K/T
anns- (an-ns-) 'speak', an-tsy- 'say, reply' UEW 25, Sm. 543 (FU, FP 'ani, Ugr 'ani 'voice'), Lr. #267, Lgc. #1737, IN
215, Ang. 17 ll D {GS} 'yan-, {tr.} 'cn_n_- - 'a'n_- 'say' > Tm cn id., Ml cnnuIa v. 'sound, say, think', Kt in-, -n-, Td in-,
Kdg p. cn-d-, ft. cm-b-, Prj cn-, Gdb in- 'say (so-and-so)', Kn cn, cnnu, an, Tu ani- - ini-, Tl anu 'say, speak', Nkr, Nk cn-,
Gnd in- " ind-, Knd, Png, Mnd, Kw in-, Kui inba 'say', Krx an- 'say, tell', Mlt {Drs.} anc 'think\say\do thus' According to Bur.,
the variation 'c- - 'a- in D suggests a ppD 'ya- D #868, Zv. 58, 129, GS 133-4 [#344], Bur. DS V 6O2 ^ The rec. of an initial
'y- is suggested by the B and D data (interpreted according to Bur.s theory and Pr.s pB reconstructions), while the Eg, C and
ECh data point to an initial '?- ^ The pB root-final 'H and the long vw. in FU point to the presence of a lr. in pN, while the
absence of any final lr. in Eg suggests that the lr. was a "weak" one: 'h or '? ^ IS I 28O-1 ('|Ann).
2636. 'yNTV 'to stretch, strain' > D (in McTm) 'cnt- v. 'stretch' > Tm cntu 'stretch out the hands', Ml cntuIa 'take
up, stretch arms\legs' D #894 ll ?? A: T '|act(a)- v. 'lead, pull' > OT {Cl.} yctd- 'lead (a horse)', {DTS} yct- id., 'pull (a
person by the hand, an animal by a bridle rein), Tk yct-, ycdc-, CrTt, Nog |ct-, Tkm it-, Tv cct-, SY |ct- " it-, Ggz |cdc-
'lead', Yk siat- 'lead by the hand\rein\rope', ?? Chv sav+t- 'lead by the hand, by a rein' Cl. 884, DTS 258-9, ET Gl 387-8, Jeg.
2O2, Pek. 2194-5 The long vw. is suggested by Yk and (according to IS) by the voiced -d- in Tk ycdc- The loss of 'n (with
complementary vowel lengthening?) is still to be explained ll ?? U 'yanta 'sinew, tendon' ( N 'yaoqjy,E, q.v. ffd.) ^ IS I
281 [#147] (D, A, U).
2637. 'yaoqjy,E 'sinew, tendon' ( 'bow [weapon]) > HS: Eg: [1] Eg fO ivn.t 'bow (weapon)' ('Art Bogen') EG I 55,
Fk. 13 [2] Eg MK iny 'Schnur; Seile des Schiffes', {Mks.} 'corde, lien', {Vc.} 'ficelle, corde (dun navire)' > Cpt Sd/A
ctuc 'entrave, lien pour les pieds' EG I 93, Mks. I #O322, Vc. 65 ll U: [1] U 'yoqsc - 'yoqIsc 'bow (weapon)' > F |ousi (gen.
|ouscn), |outsi 'bow' | pLp {Lr.} 'yoIss 'bow' > Lp: S {Hs.} |uoIsc, L {LLO} |uoIsa, Kld |ux:s | pMr {Ker.} 'yoqgoIs
'bow' > eMr XVIII {SJRN} ionic yoqIs, Er {Ker.} yoqIs id., {KC} ic( ccnic ' hand tools' ( ic( is 'hand'), Er SA {ERV}
ccnc 'hand-driven device for carding wool, wool-carding bow (pyuna) mcpcrouccania, nyuoi)', Mk {Ker.} -yoqIs 'bow' |
pChr {Ber.} 'yoqoz 'bow (weapon)' > Chr: H yaqcz, Uf yoqcz, M yoquz || ObU {Ht.} 'yoyoO 'bow' > pVg {Ht.}
'yaot > Vg: T yavt " yavt, LK/MK/UK/UL/Ss yovt, P/SV yat, NV yavt, LL yct; pOs {Ht.} 'yoyo > Os: V/Vy
yoyol, Ty yay"o, Y yavo, D/K yo_ot, Nz yu_ot, Kz yu_o, O yo_ol id. Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'Int+ 'bow, shooting bow' > Ne T
in, {Lh.} qIn, Ne F {Lh.} qIn, Ng {Ter.} dinto, En {Cs.} cddo id., Slq Tz {KKIH} IntI id., untI 'arc', qon untI
'rainbow', Slq Ch {Cs.} ync 'bow', Kms {KD} ino, i_ino id., Koyb {Sp.} nny, Mt {Hl.} 'mindi 'bow' [influenced by Sm
'vIn-, 'vIntV- v. 'bend, bend a bow'] (Mt: T/K {Mll.} mindi, K {Pl.} mindi 'Bogen', M {Sp.} xin(n 'shooting bow') [2]
U {UEW} 'yantc 'sinew, tendon' [ N 'yaNTV 'to stretch, strain' (q.v.)?] > F |annc (gen. |antccn) 'tendon, sinew, cord' |
Lp Nt {TI} yc'add_a_-cssa_ 'loaded gun' (cssa_ is 'gun') | Chr: H yooan, Uf/B y+oaq 'bow-string', L {MRS}
ni(an yo'oan 'string for lockering wool and fluffing it up' (mcpcro6onna) crpyna)' || ObU {Ht.} 'yE:ntoy 'bow-string' > Vg
'yanto > Vg: LK yantoq, MK/UK yontoq, P yanti - yantuv, NV yantu, SV/ML yantul, LL yantu, UL yantav, Ss
yantcv; pOs {Ht.} 'yontoy > Os: V/Vy yonto, Ty/Y yo'nto, D/K ycnto, Nz yinto, Kz yinti, O yinti | OHg idcg
'sinew, bow-string', Hg idcg 'nerve' Sm {Jn.} 'ycnt+ 'bow-string' > Ne T cn, T O {Lh.} ycn, Ne F {Cs.} |icn, Ng {Cs.}
ycnti, En X {Cs.} |cddi, Slq Tz {KKIH} cintI, Slq Tm {KD} s'nd, Kms {KD} ncns' id. Coll. 19, UEW 92, 1O1-2, It.
#9O, Sm. 537 (U '|InsI, FU, FP '|oqsi, Ug '|oIqOi, Sm '|Into 'bow'; FU, FP '|anti, Ugr '|anti 'bow string'), Lr. #29O,
Lgc. #1838, Hs. 8O4, TI 52, Ht. #195, MF 317, Ker. II 45, Fkt. RMS 136, Ber. 11, Jn. 25, 43, KKIH 1O5, 192, 196, Cs. 1O2, Hl.
M #678 ll A: T {Rs.} '|an 'bow' (> '|ay - '|a) > Bsh |an, Shor nan, OT |a, Tkm |ay, Tk yay, Az, Ggz, Kr, Nog |ay, Uz
|oy, Qzq, Qq zay, Qrg a, Alt a, Yk sa id., Chv L su in yiy uI-su 'mcpcro6nrnin nyi' ('a bow for lockering wool and
fluffing it up'), uI-su 'shooting bow' (Chv L uI- < T 'oI 'arrow') Rs. W 186, Cl. 869, ET J 74-5, Ash. III 2O3-4, Fed. II 129
? pJ {Vv.} 'ya > OJ {S} ya 'arrow' ^ U '-jI,sc and '- ta go back probably to sxs of derivation. The vw. 'a in the first syll.
of U 'yantc is due to as (vowel harmony). The labialization of the first vw. in U 'yoq(I)sc is obscure ^ AD NM #26, S
CNM 13 (equates T '|an 'bow' with Tg '|cyc-n 'sharp point' and has doubts about the N et. in question), Vv. AEN 8 ["The ev.
for reconstructing Turkic ' rather than 'y is more than meager"; in fact, in my system there is neither T '- nor 'y-, but a
palatal obstruent '|- (suggested by the BzGk transcription with o- and by the T phonological structure avoiding initial sonorants);
the remark on pJ 'ya < A 'dan or 'an with pJ 'y- < 'd- not from N 'y- is interesting, but needs a proof].
2638. 'yaqjg,E 'ice; to freeze' > U: FU 'yaqc 'ice' > F, Es |aa | pLp {Lr.} 'ycqs id. > Lp: S {Hs.} |icqc, L {LLO}
|icIqa, N {N} |icgqa, Kld n , K {Gn.} yiqq | pMr {Ker.} 'ya id. > Er yn cy, cn " cv - iy - i, Mk yn ay,
yay | pChr {Ber.} 'iy > Chr: L nn iy, B iy, Uf i, H n i | Prm 'yo' ({LG} 'yo') id. > Z nn |i, Z US yI, Yz 'yu', Vt noc ys ||
ObU {Ht.} 'ycqI 'ice' > pVg yaqIV id. > OVg S ChusO |anIa, OVg S Kg nia, ania, , OVg S SSs |ong, |ang, OVg N
SoG |anI, Vg: T laq, LK/MK/NV yoqI, P/SV/LL/ML yoqI, UL/Ss yaqI id.; pOs {Ht.} 'yoqI / 'ycqI, {Hl.}
'yoqI/'yiqI > Os: V/Vy yoqI, Ty/Y ya'qI", D/K/Nz/Kz ycqI, O yoqI 'ice' | OHg XV icg, XVI yccg " gycgh 'ice', Hg
|cg (acc. |cgct), gycg 'ice, hail' Coll. 84, UEW 93, Db. OS xxx, It. #244, Sm. 543 (FU, FP '|aqi, Ugr '|aqIi), Lr. #168,
Lgc. #1738, SaR 92, Gn. 484, Ker. II 37, Ber. 8, MRS 138, Ep. 2O, LG 111, Lt. J 123, Ht. #197, Hl. rHt 71-2, MF 338, EWU 642
ll A: NaT '|acj:,q ({Rs.} '|aq) 'pieces of ice on the surface of water\ground' > Tv uc` , Kc nnn niq 'myia (pieces of thin ice
on a river)', Qb Sl ncq id., 'drifting of ice', Xk nnn niq 'drifting of ice', Sg/Qb {Rl.} ncq 'ice on the ground, snow-crust' Rs.
W 197, TvR 527, Rl. III 677, BIG 117 ? Ko N {Rm.} i_oq crgi- - oq crgi- 'freeze, stiffen entirely in the cold' (unless A Chn
iq 'ice'), ?? Ko {Rm.} oqgii_-da 'congeal, stuffen, become solid', NKo {MLC} oqIi-ta 'curdles, congeals' Rm. SKE 55, MLC
1154 Rs. W 197, Rm. SKE 55 (Ko, Tg) It is tempting to adduce here OJ yuIi_i and J yuIi 'snow', but if OJ y- goes back to
pJ 'd-, such comparison is unt. ll ?? HS: Ch: Dr {J} cd ycn-dorali 'hail' (the second part related to Tng {J} dagltI 'hail')
ChC, J T 77 ^ AD GD 5 & IS MS 346 (IE, U, A; both do not distinguish this from N 'yaIa 'ice, cold'), Rs. UAW 31 & Rs.
W 197 (U, A; + err. Ewk iq- 'cold' (in fact from Tg 'xiqjV,) Gr. II #219 ('ycnIa 'ice') [IE, U, A, J + qu. CK].
2639. ?? 'yVPi 'to rise, up' > HS: S 'y > Ar yf G 'climb (a mountain), be grown up', yafa- 'hill', yafi-
'lev' BK II 1631, Hv. 9O3 ll IE: NaIE 'ci-/'oi-/'i- 'upon, thereupon' (direction) (loss of 'i_- by analogy with 'i- <
'''?i_jH,i-?) > Gk cti / cti 'upon' || OI 'ai- - i- px. {MW} 'near, over', OI 'ai 'also, and', Av ali, OPrs aiy 'bei, nach'
|| Arm cv (> NEArm ycv) 'and, also' || L ob 'auf - hin, nach - hin, auf - zu' 'in front of; in return for, to the purpose; because
of' || ? Gt iftuma adj. ( sprl.) in iftumin daga 'on the following day' || Pru c- pv. 'be-' ( *'over'), Ltv a prep. 'around', Ltv
a- pv. 'round', Lt aic 'about' | Sl 'ob prep. (+ acc.) 'against, against the surface of' (direction) > OCS, OR ec+ ob+, e o, R,
Uk o6(o), o, P o, ob, LLs vo - vc - ho, HLs vo, Slk, SCr o, Sln ob WP I 122-3, P 323-5, 11O5-7, MW 55, M K I 39, M E
I 86, F I 535, WH II 192-4, Fs. 29O, Frn. 12-3, En. 93, 169, Vs. III 96, ESSJ XXVI 71-4, ESlSJ-SGZ I 133-4, 14O-1, Slt. 397-8,
EI 391 ('hci - 'hoi 'near, upon') The absence of NaIE 'o- in the apophonic zero grade suggests the pIE lr. '?- or the glide
'i_-. The evolution N 'yV- > NaIE 'c- still needs investigation (shall we suppose an intermediate stage ''i_ci-/''i_i- [cp.
AD NVIE]?) ^ The alt. NaIE cognates 'uo/'u-/'cu_- 'up' and 'u-s- 'high' are ruled out because of the absence of the
expected 'o in the intercons. position in 'us-; on NaIE 'u(o), 'us- cf. s.v. N 'uE 'to take wing' ^ The rec. 'yVPi is
more plausible than the formally possible alt. 'yVPyi, because the obstruent cluster '-Py- is more likely to undergo as ('-Py-
> '-by-) than the cluster '-P- (obstruent + sonorant).
264O. 'yUP_V 'leopard' > HS: C: Ag 'y'i- 'leopard' > Bln {R} 'yiba, pl. yif, Dmb/Q {R} yiba 'leopard. panthere'
R WB 365, R QW 149 ll K 'vc_- 'leopard' > OG vc_i-, MG [VTq.] vc_vi, G vc_vi - vc_i id. Abul. 157, DCh. 5O6.
2641. 'yuEqi 'both, two (persons)' > A: T 'icII`i, {Md.} 'cI(I)i 'two' [ A '`EI`yc, {SDM} '`I`c 'follow, be
next' < N ''EKyV 'to follow (game) by the track)'] > OT cIIi, MQp XIV iIIi, Uz, ET, Qzl, Sg/Qb/Kc/Tb {Rl.} iIIi, Xlj
{DT} aIIi, Yk aIIi - iIIi, Tk iIi, Tkm, Az, Ggz, Kr G iIi, CrTt, Kr Cr, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Uz , Qrg, Alt {BT}, Tb {B}
cIi, Qzq cIi, VTt, Bsh nic iIi, Qmn {B} cIi - iIi, Alt/Tlt/QK {Rl.} aIIi (a = /c/, no opposition /c/ /a/), QK {B}
cIi - cIIi, Shor iygi, Xk i tIt, Ln iIc - iIIc - isIc, Tv iyi, Tf ih'i, ET {Jr.} isIi - isIi, {Ml.} isIc, Slr {Tn.}
iSIi [isIi] - iSIc [isIc] - isIi - isIi - imIi - imI`i, {Kk.} IsqI - sqi, SY {Tn.} isqi - isIi - sIi, Chv niicA
iIIi, nicAig_i; T 'iIIir 'twin(s)' (d at the pA or the pT level) > OT {Cl.} iI(I)iz, {DTS} iIIiz - cIiz, MQp XIII |iIiz, OTkm
XV iIIiz, Tkm cIio, Az cIiz id., Qzq cgiz, Qrl, Nog, Qrg, Uz cgiz, Chv yiIir 'double', |iIircs 'twinsCl. 1OO-1, 119, Cl. TN
2O (on the pT geminated '-II-), DTS 167-8, 2O6-7, ET Gl 337-9, Md. 9O, 163 [T 'cI(I)i], Rl. I 682, 1421, Nj. 174, BT 19O,
B DLT 32, B DChT 37, B DK 49, BIG 412, Ra. 2OO-1, Jr. 139, Ml. UN 113, Tn. SJ 121, Tn. SSJ 71, DT 1O9, Jeg. 67-8, Fed. I
162-3 The gemination of -I- may reflect a pA cluster '-I`y- M 'iIicrc 'twins' (unless A T) > MM [MA] iIir, WrM
iIcrc - iIirc, HlM nxyp id., WrO iIirc id., 'pairs', Kl nip iIr, Brt yxnp 'twin(s)' Pp. MA 195, MED 4O1, Krg. 1O1, KRS
267, KW 2O6, Chr. 779, DQA #1785 (M < A '`i_oI`c 'next, following') ll U: [1] Sm 'y+I+ 'twin' (< U 'yuIjI,V [or 'l-,
'z-]) > Ne T d xa' ya_a?, {Lh.} ya'_a, Ne F {Lh.} d |a'_allos, Ng {Cs.} '|aIa, En {Cs.} '|cho id., Slq Tm {KD}
aya ss'ta '2 twins' U {Coll.} '-Ia / '-Ia, dual ending of nouns: Vg N - (aa- '2 cradles', ut-I '2 kettles'), Os V
-yon / -on / -qon / -Ion (Iot-Ion '2 hands', vcli-on '2 reindeers), etc., Sm: Ne T nom. -ha? / -ga? / -Ia?, En -hI? /
-gI? / -II?, Ng nom. -gsy / -Isy, Slq Tz -qi, as well as in verbs: Kms {K.} -yiy / -gVy (3d ending) Jn. 34, Coll. CG 3O2-3,
Ht. ChrO 123-4O, Klmn ChrV 43-4, Ter. NJ 38O, Ter. EJ 442, Ter. NgJz 422, KHG 168-9, K. KJ 383 ll K '-qc > OG XI-
XIII -qc, G F -qc, G Ing -q, G Mt/Kx -qc - -Ic, sx. of plurality of the indirect object of the 2nd and 3rd persons (gcubncbi 'I
say to thee' gcubncbiqc 'I say to you [pl.]', unda 'he wants' undaqc 'they want') Dt. 6O-1, Chik. Q ll ? HS: the final
element 'y (< ppB 'I) in pB 'hana-y 'us, 'to us' (> Tw {Pr.} an+y " han+y id.), in the postnominal sx. '-nay 'our' (> Tw
-n+y, Kb, Shl -noy, Si, Wrg -nnoy, etc.), in the postverbal sx. '-Vy " '-(V)nVy 'us' (> Ah -n+y, Kb, Shl, Wrg -ay, Si -anay,
Zng -ong) Pr. M I-III 164, 17O-3, AiM 216-7 WCh: Ron {J}: Fy Ion 'we' du., Bks Iun, Sha gsn, Klr yigi:n id.,
proclitics: Fy, Bks Iu, Sha gi, Klr gi id. J R 371, 39O ^ In G (or already in pK?) the original meaning of dual shifted to
plural. If the N vw. of the first syll. was 'u (which is suggested by Sm), the T and M vw. may be explained by vowel harmony
and the infl. of 'y: N 'yuqi > 'yuIi > yiIi > T 'iI`i.
2642. 'yar'u 'to shine, light' > A 'yarV > NaT '|aru- 'be(come) bright, shine' > OT {Cl.} |aru- 'be/become bright,
shine', XwT XIV, Chg XV |aru-, MQp XIV, Qmn/Kr {Rl.} |ari- id., Uz [pn- |ori- v. 'be bright\light, dawn', ET |oru-, Qrg ari-,
Kr, SbTt |ari-, Alt ari-, Xk, Shor cari-, Tv ciri-, Tf ciri-, Ln |ayu- v. 'shine, light'; - T '|aruI 'light, clean; bright,
shining' > OT |aruq, MQp XIV |aruq, [CC] |ariq n. 'light', Tkm |ariq 'bright', Kr |ariI " |ari_, Slr |aru_, Uz [pyi |oruy,
ET |oruq, Qzq, Qq zariq, Qrg ariq, Alt ariq, Xk cari_, Tv cariq n. 'light', adj. 'bright' Cl. 956, 963-4, Rl. III 12O, ET J
134-5, Bu. II 327, Rs. W 189, Ra. 2OO M 'yarV- 'shine, gleam; burn (as fire)' > MM [MA] {Pp.} yarilduba v. (p.) 'burned'
(of fire), Kl {Rm.} yar-_+ 'blinken, schimmern (in der Ferne), leuchten', WrO {Krg.} yarala- v. 'gleam, glisten, sparkle', Kl
{KRS} pn:x yar+lz+-_+, HlM {Luv.} pan:a- 'glitter, gleam ( cncpiar , 6nccrcr )' Pp. MA 387, KW 216 (mentions
WrM yara-, which is not confirmed by the available dictionaries of WrM), Krg. 7O6, Luv. 695, KRS 711 ? Tg
'yaj:,r'u-, 'yaj:,ruIta- 'have a good look at, examine' > Ewk cruIta-, Lm art- " crt- " yart-, Neg cvtIta " cytIta-,
Orc aoItai- - yauItai-, Ud I {Krm.} ysuItssi-, Ud K/Sm {Krm.} yaItasi-, Ul yorost/t-, Ork croqto-, Nn: Nh yarsi-, B
yaraqta-, KU yaroqta- id. STM I 291, Krm. 243 Rm. EAS I 68, Rs. W 189 (T, M) ll D (in McTm) 'cr_- 'shine' > Tm
cri 'shine, litter', Ml criIIa 'shine (as sun)', criu 'sunshine' D #861 ll HS: Ch 'yr 'burn' > WCh: Bg {Sh.} yar, ? Tala Sh
{Sh.| ya vt. 'burn' || ?? CCh: Bdm {Lk Nc.} yirou_ - yirau - ycrau 'heat, day' Sh. SB 34, JI II 54-5, Lk. B 131 ? Eg G
ir.t 'flame'; but Eg G {Crn., Vc.} irr 'shed light' hardly belongs here, because Cpt Sd ctcaca ciclcl and Cpt B tcaca iclcl, caca
clcl 'shine, glitter' point to an Eg 'ill ( Hb lle hll) EG I 114, Vc. 62, Crn. 46 OS #2579 ^ IS MS 364 ('|arn ' cn) r ': A,
D).
2643. ? 'ycrV 'misfortune', 'to curse, be angry' (< *'to cause misfortune') > U: FU 'ycrV v. 'curse, scold' > Prm {LG}
'yor- ({LG '|or-) v. 'curse' > Z [p- yor-, Z US yor-, Prmk yord-, Yz 'yur-, Vt pnc i- yurisI-, {Wc.} yu'r-, Vt B
ynr- id. || Vg {Kn.}: T/LK/P/Ss ycr- v. 'curse, scold' UEW 97-8, LG 1O1 ll A 'ycj:,r- > pJ {S} 'ira-t- or 'dirat- 'be annoyed'
( 'a?'orV 'to blame, scold, accuse, be angry, be annoyed / disgusted'??) > OJ ira-t-, J T iradat- S QJ #833, Mr. 698
NaT '|cj:,r- - '|cj:,ri- v. 'hate, blame, scold' ( M 'zcrV 'to hate, abhor, be annoyed', q.v. ffd. 'a?'orV '')
DQA #2598 [A ':cri 'be annoyed\disgusted'; incl. T, J] ll D (in McTm) 'ir_- 'grief, anger' > Tm iral 'grief (as of a broken
heart), deep-seated sorrow', Ml ira, iru 'anger, fury', iruIa, ircIIa 'be angry' D #553 ll ? HS: S: Ar yarr- 'evil, calamity'
(unless yrr 'be hard') BK II 1626, Hv. 9O2 ^ L ira 'anger' and OI iras'yati 'is angry' do not belong here (cf. M K I 91, P
335 and WH I 717-8).
2644. 'yaj?V,ru 'body of water' > HS: B: Zng {Bs.} t-icr-t 'river' NrOm: Anf {Bnd.} yuro 'river' CCh: Msg
{Mch.} crc?, {Trn.} arc, {GKrs.} crc " rc 'river', {Brt.} crc 'Tal', Mbara {TrnSL} rc 'river' ChC, Lk. DQM 93,
TrnSL 289 ?? Eg itrv 'river', itr 'the Nilus', [AkSc]
naru
ya-ru-?u-u 'the Great Riber' or 'the Nilus', DEg yr, yr 'Flu,
Kanal', Cpt: Sd cteep cioor, B tep ior, A twwpc ioorc 'canal, watercourse'; acc. to Vc., the history of the word is as follows:
'yatrav > 'yarrav > dis 'ya?rav EG I 146-7, Er. 49, 5O, Vc. 66 S: BHb r7ai^ - r&ai^ yo'?or 'the Nilus', 'big river'
(e.g. 'the Tigris') [Dn. 12.5-7], 'wasserfhrende Stollen eines Bergwerks'; Vc. 66 suggests the reading yor, which is ruled out by
the spelling var. rvai; unless the word is a loan from Eg, it may go back to S 'yV'?ar- or 'yV'?ur- KB 364-5 ll IE {EI}
'yuHr- > NaIE: Blt 'yur- 'sea' > Lt |ura, pl. |urc's, Ltv |ura, Pru iurin 'sea' || ? Thr iuras (mame of a river) Frnk. 198-9,
Kar. I 362-3, P 81, EI 636 ll U: FV {UEW} 'yarva 'lake' > F |arvi (gen. |arvcn), Es |arv id. | pLp {Lr.} 'yavrc id.
> Lp: S |aavric, L |au'rc, N |av'rc, Kld yav:rc | pMr {Ker.} 'yaro-Io > Er yp ic crIc, Mk yp xic avIo id., 'pond'
| Chr: L cp ycr, Uf/B ycr, H nacp yar 'lake' UEW 633, It. #242, SK 132, Lr. #258, Lgc. #1673, Ker. II 38, MRS 114, Ep. 28
ll A: ? T '|ir-maI 'river, waterstream' > Chg [LM] |irmaq 'large river, waterstream', Qmq |irmaq, Uz irmoq 'waterstream,
affluent', Tk irmaI 'river', VTt {Rl.} irmaq 'die Bucht', Chv sirma 'small river' Dubious because the meaning of '|ir- is not
clear Rs. W 2O2, ET Gl. 664-5, Rl. IV 124 ll D 'yar_ju,, {GS} 'yad_- 'river', 'water' > Tm yaru - aru 'river, brook',
Ml aru, Tl cru 'river', Kt cyv-cr id., tc:lvi-cr 'Pykara river', Tu ar+ 'river, stream', Prj cr-cd 'river' (cr- 'big'), Gdb
bcr bcrct 'big river' (bcr 'big'), Gnd ycr " cr, Knd cr_(u), Png cz, Mnd cy, Kui c:u " csu, Ku cyu " cyu 'water' D
#5159, GS 134 [#345] ^ D '-r_- suggests an intervocalic N '-r-. FV 'yarva may go back to 'ya?Vru + sx. '-A ^ Cf.
also Eg itrv 'river', itr 'the Nilus', BHb r7ai^ yo'?or id. (with puzzling -t- and Hb ?) IE 'H in 'yuHr- and BHb -?- in yo'?or
(unless it is a loan from Eg) suggests the presence of a lr. (N 'ya?Vru). The vw. 'u in IE and o in Hb. may be accounted for, if
the N second vw. 'V was 'u ('ya?uru) ^ Blz. LB #96 (suggested to add the T and Zng words), Blz. LNA #24 (suggested to
add B, Om, Ch, Blt and T). .
2644a. 'yVgVrV 'honeycomb' , {?} 'beehive' > HS: WS 'yayjVjr- (or 'vayjVjr-) > BHb ro2i@ 'yaar
'honeycomb', sngl. cs. tr2o9i@ ya",rat id., JA [Trg.] aS1b6uD tr@o6i@ ya,rat dub'sa id. (dubsa 'honey'), ? (d ?): Gz
maar - maar 'honey, honeycomb', Tgr, Tgy maar, Amh mar 'honey' KB 4O4, Lv. T I 34O, Di. 2O7, L G 326, Ap.
CAAL 29 ll D {Blz.} 'y'ar_- 'honeycomb, beehive' > Tm iravu, iral, irattu, Kdg tcn-cri, Tu cdi, Kui :cIa
'honeycomb', Kn irlc id., cri 'empty beehive', Gnd ycri 'the bees comb in which the eggs and grubs live' " acy 'part of hive
where bees and grubs live' ^ The S-D equation was suggested by Blaz ek (Blz. DA 163 [#111]).
2645. 'yoarV(-bV) 'firm, strong, hard' > HS: S 'yrr > Ar yrr G 'be hard' (of a stone), ?ayarr- (pl. yurr-) 'dur et uni
naturellement (comme une pierre)'; ?? ?rb TD (pf. ta?arraba) 'be hard towards so. in' BK II 1626, Hv. 6 ? EG :.t
'(so.s) force (Kraft)', {Fk.} 'striking-power (of god, etc.)' > Cpt O u:- ct- in u:q ct-f 'sa force' EG I 2, Fk. 1, Vc. 56 ? C:
Bj {R} c'rab 'strong [mchtig, stark]' (of people) R WBd 28 ll U: FU ' yorV > ObU {Ht.} 'yor 'force, power' > pVg 'yar
> Vg: ML {Mu.} yor, Ss {Kn.} yor 'Kraft, Macht; krftig, mchtig', {BV} [p rapa 'by force, with difficulty (nacnny,
ucpc: cnny)'; pOs {Ht.} 'yor - 'yor 'force, strength, power, violence' > Os: K/Nz/MO yur, Kz yur, O yor id. Ht. #2O3,
MK 175-6, BV 31, Stn. 4O3 ll A: T '|arb 'firm, solid' [ N 'dajy,RV 'dajy,RE 'to be(come) stiff\firm'] > OT |ar id. Cl.
957 ^ N 'bV is probably identical with the adjectival pc. 'bA forming compound (> derived) names of quality bearers [q.v.].
2646. 'yErV (= 'yEryV?) - 'yayrV 'young of a (ruminant) animal' > HS: WS ''yajV,r- 'kid' > BHb pl. t&ro1i^
yoar-ot 'kids', Ar yar- 'goat'; S 'yar- > Ar yar- 'calf', ? Tgr vvrc 'moutain-goat' KB 4O4, BK II 1626, LH 235 ll U:
FU 'yEra > Z nocpa ysra 'elk' LG 113 [adduces (with a query) Chr {} niAiap y+gar, which is a loan from T or M] ll
D 'ir- 'antelope, deer' [ N 'ir'i '(male, young) artiodactyl'] > Tm iralai_ 'stag', ' deer', Kn cralc - cralc ' antelope, deer',
Tu cralc 'antelope, deer', EpTl iri (pl. irilu) 'stag', irri 'antelope', Mlt ilaru 'mouse deer' D #476 ll ?? A: T ''|agur 'a
young of an animal'; possibly 1 Chr {} niAiap y+ar ' a beast' (unless a loan from T or M word that belong to N
'3EgErV 'antelope') ^ D '-r- is the reg. reflex of 'r-clusters (here'-r-).
2647. 'yarV 'to draw\scratch a sign' > U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'yarV id. > Os: V/Vy ycri- v. 'draw (lines), scratch (on the
surface of sth.)' (' ucprnr , ucpiar , napanar '), Ty/Y ya'ri- id. ['einen Strich ziehen, kratzen (Nagel, Holzsplitter usw.)'] | ??
Hg ir-, ir- 'write', 'einen Muster zeichnen, malen' (unless A Blgh, cp. Chv sir- 'write', as supposed by Cl.) UEW 85O, MF
321-2, Trj. S 72 ll A: T '|ar- ({Md.} '|a'r-) [ N 'niRV 'to rub, scratch, draw\make a sign', q.v.] > OT, OOsm XIV, Chg XV |az-
'write', OTkm XIII -z'Y |az- (read by Cl. as |az- on the unsufficient ev. of the plene spelling), Tkm :- yao- (short a), Tk yaz-,
Ggz, Az, Kr, Qmq, Nog, VTt, ET, Ln |az-, Bsh |ao-, Uz [:- |oz-, QrB, Qrg az-, Qzq, Qq zaz-, Xlj |az- id.; the variant
'|'iR- (represented by Chv ip sir and by the M loanword iru- 'draw, paint') belongs to N 'niRV Cl. 984, Md. 1O4, 16O,
DT 221, TkR 8O7 (yao- with a short a), ET J 7O-1 DQA #147O ['nli_arc 'to draw' > T, M + unc. Tg 'niru- 'draw' (in
fact from N 'niRV) and MKo nirI- to read'] ll D (in SD) 'cr`ut- v. 'draw (lines, pictures)' > Tm crutu v. 'write, paint, draw', Ml
crutuIa v. 'paint, write, learn', Kt cld-, Kdg olid- v. 'write' D #853.
2648. ? 'yahjV,rV 'broad open place' > HS: S 'ya'har- or ''yahar- > Ar yahar- 'broad place' BK II 1637, Hv. 9O5 ll
A: T '|ari 'broad open place' > OT |azi id., Tkm :i |aoi 'steppe, vast space', Tk yazi 'plain, valley', Nog |azi, ET
yazi " |azi " yczi 'steppe', Alt/K {Rl.} |azi (= azi) 'vast plain', Qzq zazi, Qrg azi 'plain', Xk cazi 'field, steppe', Yk
sihi 'glade' Cl. 984, Rs. W 194, ET J 73, Rl. III 229, Jr. 155, Ml. UN 116, Mng. G 738, BIG 3O6.
2649. 'yAsV 'bone, () limb, joint (articulation)' > U: FU 'yasc 'limb, joint (articulation)' > F |ascn id., 'member', Es
|asc 'limb' | pMr {Ber.} 'yazono 'limb, joint' > Er y:nc cznc, Mk y:nc azna, Mk P {Ps.} yazna - yazna 'joint
(Gelenk)' | pChr {Ker.} 'yiz+q id. > StChr L nii` y+z+q, Chr E |+z+q, Chr H ci` ycz+q | Prm {LG} 'yo'z- 'joint,
articulation (in a limb, in a plant)' > Vt cc: yoz 'joint\node (in a palnt)', Z noc:nn ysz-vi, Z USs ysz-vIy, Vt cc:nn yoz-vi id.
(with vi 'force'?) || Hg iz 'limb, joint' UEW 95, Sm. 552 (FP '|asi 'joint'), MF 333, It. #243, 211, 291, Ber. 11, Ker. II 4O, LG
112 ll A: M 'yasun 'bone' > MM [MA, IM, LV] yasun, [IsV] yasun 'bone', WrM yasu(n), HlM c( an) id., 'corpse', Kl
cn yasn 'bone', Brt la( n) id., 'skeleton', Mnr H {T} yasc, {SM} yass, Mgl {Rm.} yosun, (ArSc) {Wr.}
yasun - yasu, Dgr {T} yasu, Dx {T} yasun, Ba yasoq 'bone' Acc. to Hattoris hyp. (Hatt. LV), Mgl long vowels go back
to long vowels in pM; but his hyp. has not yet been sufficiently proved to reconstruct here pM 'yasun, the more so that Mgl
{Rm.} yosun has a deviant o, while in Mgl (ArSc) yasu(n) (just as in IsM) the orthographic a reflects the Persian spelling of
[a]-sounds; in any case, the et. of pM long vowels (if any) is unknown MED 43O, KRS 711-2, Chr. 8O2, Pp. MA 388, 45O, Pp.
L III 77, Lg. VMI 73, SM 49O, T 337, T DgJ 197, T DnJ 122, T BJ 14O, Rm. M 3O, Wr. B 171 ll HS: Ch ( N
'yUcV 'bone'): WCh {Stl.} 'yvasV(-IV) 'bone' > pAG '?as > Su |iycs, Ang |is - yis, Cp '?cs | SBc: Zem, Brw, Wnd
{Sh.} ycs, cs, Sy yisIi, Gj {Sh.} ?isi, Dw ?is | BT: Tng {J} vos, Krkr oosu, Ngm {Kr.} ?voso, Krf {Gw.} voscni || ECh:
Kbl {Cp.} ?i`si, Ll {Grgs.} isi:; Skr {Sx.} s`si`qi; Mgm {J} ?assu, Mkl {J} ?ossc, Jg {J} ?aso, Brg {J} ?aso 'bone' Stl.
ZCh 231-2 [#795], JI II 36-7.
265O. 'yosV 'to go\run, go away' > HS: S 'yss'ss > Ar yss (pf. yassa, ip. ya-yiss-u) 'aller, partir, sloigner'
BK II 1627 ? Eg: fOK izy 'go!' ('gehe!'), MK {Fk.} is (< iz) id. EG I 126, Fk. 29, Tk. I 176 (considers i- to be prosthetic
and equates the Eg word with Mz zva 'go', Hs c 'go to' and related words of other B and Ch lgs.) ll IE: NaIE 'ci_s-/'is- v.
'move (go\run) in a hurry' ( NaIE 'ci_s-/'oi_s- 'move with impetus' < N 'i`V 'strong, healthy'?) > OI is'na-ti, isyati 'sets
in motion, swings', Av acs- '(sich) in eilige Bewegung setzen' || OSx ovast (< 'ob-aist-?) n. 'haste', AS
of-ost - of-cst - of-st 'haste, zeal (Eile, Eifer)', ON cisa 'vorwrtsstrzen', {EI} 'go dashing' P 299-3O1, EI 5O6 ('hci_s- 'set
in motion'), M K I 94, M E I 271-2, Ho. S 57, Ho. 24O, Vr. 98 ll U: FU 'y'osV 'to ski, to toboggan' > Z islav-nI, Z Lu/LV/Ud
Islav-nI, Prmk Islas-nI, Yz ns'las-nn id. || ObU 'y'oO- > Os D/K yut- v. 'ski' LG 11O, Stn. D 418 ll ? A: Tg ' os- v.
'retreat' > Ewk, Lm os- id., Neg os-, Ork osst- v. 'step aside, clear (a place), Ul ost-, Nn Nh/B ost-, ostgo- v. 'clear (a place),
tidy up' STM II 25-6.
2651. 'yuj,t'i 'with, beside' > HS: S '?ittV id. > OAk, Ak itti, ittum 'with, along with', 'by' (agens of ps. verbs),
Ak MB/NA itu 'with, beside', BHb ta4 ?ct 'with' (/ -Ta5 ?itt- before pronominal endings: iT5a5 ?it't-i 'with me', etc.), Ph,
Pun ?t id., 'near, beside', Tgr ?st 'by, with' (here also ?st 'on, in'?), Hrs hst 'with, at the home of, at' Ug ht, interpreted in A
#862 as 'with', actually means 'now' (OLS 169-7O) CAD VII 3O2, 312, KB 97-8, A 93, HJ 131-2, LH 349, Jo. H 53 ? C:
Bj {R} -t 'in, an, bei, von, aus, mittelst' R Bd 134b ll IE: Ht -it 'with' Rsk. 54, 56, Mer. SGA 275, 292 ll K: GZ {K}
'-it, ending of the instr. case > OG -it(a) - -yt(a), G -it / (after stem-final -o, -u) -t, Mg -it / (after stem-final vowels) -t, Lz
-t(cn) id. K 1O1, K S 99-1O4, Fn. GAS 55-61 ll U: FU 'yuttV > Ugr 'yuttV > ObU {Ht.} 'yot 'with' > pVg {Ht.}
'yot > Vg: LK/MK yat, Ss yot id.; pOs {Ht.} 'yot (= {Hl.} 'yut) id. > Os: V/Vy yot, Ty yot, Y yota | Hg
yat 'namesake' UEW 852 (pUgr 'yutV 'friend, comrade', Coll. 18, Ht. #21O ll A: Tg '-|i (< ''-di), ending of the instr.
case > Nn, Ul, Ork, Ud -i, {Krm.} -u, Sln -|i, Neg -|i - -di, Lm -t, -, (after a stem-final -n) -|i, (stem-final) -n + '|i >
Lm -n, ? WrMc -i (< '-|i artially due to metanalysis) Bz. 1O27, Ci. 257-8, Krm. 86 ll D '-tV, ending of the sociative case
> Tm -tu, Ml -ta id., Klm -at, Brh -at - endings of the instr. case, ? Brh to (postposition) 'together with' Shanm. DN
25O-386, An. SG 2O9-14 ^ Ht -it and K '-it suggest a front vw. ( 'i), while FU 'yuttV point to a labial u-like vw. The
solution may be 'u, that was palatalized into i by as to 'y- and to final '-'i. S, D and K point to a N plain 't, while U
'-tt- is a regulat reflex of '-t- or some cns. clusters. The solution may be '-?t- or another cluster ('-t-, where is a
symbol for an unspecified cns.).
2652. 'yaHtV (= 'ya?tV?) 'stranger, foreigner' > A: NaT '|at` 'foreign(er)' > OT |at 'stranger, foreigner; strange,
foreign', Chg |at - |ad 'strange, foreign', MQp [incl. CC] |at, OOsm |ad 'stranger, foreigner', Tkm |at, Qrg at 'strange, so.
elses (fremd); other', Kr, Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh, ET |at 'fremd', Az |ad, Uz [( |od, Qzq, Qq zat id., Tk yad, Alt at 'strange,
foreign'; Qp 1 Blgh > Chv yut 'fremd' Cl. 882, ET J 158-9, TL 564, DTS 247, Jeg. 352 ll D (in McTm) 'ct- 'stranger,
foreigner, enemy' > Tm ctalan 'foe, enemy', ctilan 'stranger, neutral', ctilar 'other, strangers, foes, enemies', ctinmai_
'strangeness, foreignness, enmity', Ml ctil 'neighbourhood', ctalar 'enemies' 'c- < 'yaj:,- reg. ; the irreg. reflex of N '-t-
(D '-t- for the expected '-t-) may be accounted for by the preceding lr. (assuming that N '-Ht- may yield D '-:t-) D #89O
ll ? HS: Eg i:d 'enemy' ('der Frevler, Feind') (unless Eg XIX/G i:d 'der Elende, der Arme') EG I 35.
2653. 'yuvV ' tree' > IE: NaIE 'ci_va / 'oi_va, 'ci_vo-s id. (SA from 'ycv-/'yov-) > Gk oi, o, oo 'service-
tree (Sorbus domestica)' || Arm ajgi aygi 'vineyard' || L uva 'bunch of grapes, vine' || Gl 'ivo-s 'yew' (1 VL 'ivu-s > Fr if, Fr
S licu id.), OIr co, W yvcn (coll. yv), OCrn [] hiuin ( "taxus"), Crn {ECCE} cvcn (coll. cv), Br ivin id. || ON yr, OHG
iva, NHG Eibc, MLG ivc, MDt i|f, AS iv, cov 'yew', NE ycv || Pru iuvis 'yew', Lt icva, |icva, Ltv icva 'bird-cherry tree'
| Sl '|iva 'willow' > OR uao iva, R, Uk, Blg 'nna, SCr iva, Slv iva, Cz |iva, Slk iva, P iva ?? Ht c(y)a(n)- ' evergreen
tree' P 297-8, EI 654 ('hci_vo-s 'yew'), EI 63 ('Hoi_vo/c_- 'berry, fruit'), F II 343, WH II 849, SB 46, Billy 9O, ML
#456O, Wb. IV 826, Dauz. 398, YGM-1 447, Hm. 4OO, ECCE 2OO, Vr. 679, Ho. 189, Kb. 519, OsS 46O, KM 154, Frn. 183,
En. 186, ESSJ VIII 248-9, Glh. 281, Pv. I-II 253-7 ll HS: Eg G ivy ' shrub or tree' EG I 49 ll U 'yuvV 'tree' > FU 'yuvV
'tree' > ObU {Hl.} 'yuvV id. > pVg 'yiv id. > OVg: S Tg , S Tr , S Chus , |u, E TM ||u, N SoG |iu, W P nyx, Vg:
T/LK/MK/UK/NV yiv, P yuv, SV/LL iv, ML/UL/Ss yiv id.; pOs {Ht.} 'yuy id. > Os: V/Vy/Ty yuy, Y yuv, D/K/O yu_,
Nz/Kz yu_ id. Sm {Jn.} 'ycsjv, 'pine-tree' > Ne: T {Ter.} c (= yc), T O {Lh.} yc`, F L {Lh.} |i_c id.; Slq: Tz {KKIH}
co id., Tm P{KD} to, B/Y {Cs.} to, NP {Cs.} tuc, Kar {Cs.} tu, MO, UO Iuc 'Fhre, Fichte'; Kms {KD}
du', d"s: (= |u', |"s:?) id., Koyb {Sp.} ([ 'pine-tree'; Mt {Hl.} 'ca id. (Mt: T/K {Mue.} dscha, K {Pls.} d|a, M
{Mue.} ts|a, {Sp.} ru ) pY {IN} 'yav 'birch-tree' > Y T ya id., OY NW {Lnd.} |ai|a`l id. Coll. 18, UEW 1O7, Sm.
537 (U '|oxI- 'tree' > FU '|uxi, Ugr '|ugi, Sm '|c), Ht. #175 (ObU 'yuyV), Hl. rHt 73, Sm. #31, Jn. 42, Jn. UK 26O (U
'yVHi), KKIH 1O6, Cs. 127, 154-5, KD 16, Pot. 48, Hl. M #194-5, IN 223.
2654. 'yov?V 'good, right, proper' > IE: [1] NaIE 'ycv-s - 'yov-s 'good, right, proper; goodness' > OI 'yoh (yos) ntr.
'welfare, happiness, prosperity', Av yaos 'Heil', yaos da- 'heilkrftig machen', yaoz-daOra- 'Heilkrftigkeit,
Vervollkommnung', yaoz-da- 'purification ritual', MPrs yoz-dahr 'holy' || OL ious > L ius (gen. iur-is) n. 'right, law', d
iustus 'just, equitable; lawful' || OIr (h)uissc 'just, gerecht' (< 'yus-tiyos) [2] NaIE 'ycva- v. 'ease, relax, benefit' > NPrs
rva'Y yovar 'helper', rva'Y yovari 'assistance' || Gk coe v. 'allow, let' WP I 2O3, P 512, EI 41O-1 ('ycv(c)s-
'order\normality requited by the rules of ritual'), Mn. 447, M K III 27-8, M E II 42O-1, Vl. II 15O9, Sg. 1527, WH I 733-4, Thr.
25, LP 2O, Ch. 3O8-9, F I 434 [coe < ??? NaIE 'scvo-, cp. OI savi- 'set in motion'] ll A: M 'yo-sun 'generally accepted
rule, custom, habit' > WrM yosun, HlM [c( on) , Brt [lo( n) id., MM [HI] yosun id., 'principle, norm', WrO {Krg.} yosun
'manner, custom, way', Kl nocn yos+n id., '(political) power', {Rm.} yosn 'Sitte, Gewohnheit, ererbte Praxis' MED 435-6, Ms.
H 111, Krg. 712, KRS 28O-1, KW 219 (supposes that M yosun is a loan from Chn yo, but it is not clear which Chn word was
meant), Chr. 228 ll HS: Eg NK iv: 'be glad (sich freuen)' EG I 49 Ch: Krkr {Kr.} ysvsv, {J} ?yavau_, {IL} yavo 'good'
ChC, ChL.
2655. ''yijyV, (enclitic pc.) 'that which, related to'
(individualization through relation) > IE: NaIE '-(i)yo- 'related to', suff. of adjectives, e.g. NaIE 'otr-iyo-s 'fatherly, paternal,
belonging to [the] father' > OI itr(i)yah, Gk totio), L atrius id.; Av asnya- 'day-, referring to [the] day' azan- 'day';
Sl '-i|-: OCS vaea1vi clovcci (pronominalized adj. vaea1vuu clovccii), R ucno) ncunn 'of a person, human'; Tc A -i,
sx. of possessive adjactives (man-i 'of the moon, lunaire', Tc B -i, sx. of acp. (yam-i 'doing, making') Ht -iy-, sx. of derived
adjectives (antur-iy-a 'staying within') Here also L -i (gen. sg. of the 'o-stems), OgIr -i id. in maqi (maII"i) 'sons', Gl -i in
SEGOMARI (gen. of a proper name) (Bks. on Itc-Clt 'i: "an adjectival sx."), as well as the glide in L -ac (gen. sg. of '-a-stems)
BD II/1 19O-1, Vnd.
1
I 4O3, Saf. GHJL 131-2, Bks. 192, KK 28, 86, Kron. EHS I 168-7O ll HS: S '-iy-, sx. of denom.
adjectives ("nisbah") and nomina gentilicia > BHb -i (f. -i'ya and -it, both from '-iy-at-), Amr -iy-, Ar -iy-, Gz -i, Ak -iy-, in
Aram within compound sxs. (of the same meaning) -a-y-; Hz. is probably right in adducing here the S genitive case ending '-i
(> Ar -i, Ak -i, Ug -i, Gz -); according to Hz., the gen. cs. and st. pron. form -i in Ak points to the original case ending '-i; an
alt. explanation of the Ak gen. cs., st. pron. form -i is generalization based on the lengthened ending gen. cs. and st pron. form i of
the oxytonic nouns (and pronouns), where the lengthening was due to prosody (as shown in AD PhSS) Br. G I 397 [ 22O], Hz.
ACCS 219-21, Siv. U 49, Hnr. 294-3O1 Eg -y, sx. of denom. adjectives: ncry 'divine' ( ncr 'god'), z:by 'belonging to a
jackal' ( z:b 'jackal'), also in denom. nouns: _tmy 'Siegelschneider' ( _tm 'seal') Ed. 246, 342 ? B '-i, sx. of
deverbal nouns > Zng {Bs.} cts-i 'food' Bs. MS I 156-8 C: Bj {RHd.} -i / gen. sg. -i- id. (preceding another grammatical
affix) (vi-?or-i baba 'pueri pater', ?i-baba vi-vi-?or-i-b 'patrem pueri' [-b, acc. marker of the nominal phrase],
vi-?or-i-t dc 'pueri mater' [-t is a fem. marker of the nominal phrase], {Rop.} -i (gen. sg. m.), -t-i (gen. sg. f.): 'taI-i 'Iam 'a
mans camel', ta'Iat-t-i 'Iam 'a womans camel'; Bj A {AD} -(y)i, ending of gen. sg. / -i- id. preceding another affix (-t of fem.
possessi, -b of accusative possessi) || EC: Sa {R} -(h)i, genitive ending (galay'to-hi laI 'camels leg'), Af {PH} -i, -i-h id.
(avI-i miga 'the boys name', Iay danan-ih gcra 'his donkeys tail') AD KJ 34, 1O9, Rop. 14-5, RHd. B 1O9, PH 226-7
NrOm: Shn {PB} -i (gen. ending: foII-i gaso-ni 'river-of bank-on', i.e. 'on the bank of the river') [but Rtl. does not mention this
ending], Kf {C} -c (gen. ending: tat-c buso 'kings son'), -i, Bdt -i (gen. ending) Zab. CO 619-2O, PB SMS 68, C SE IV 294-
7, Fl. KL 373, Rtl. SM ll U '-i - '-yV, sx. of denom. adjectives > F -i (at the end of the initial component of a tatpurusha):
silm-i-vctc- 'water for the eyes and the face' (silm- 'eye'), lchm-i-Iar|a 'herd of cows' (lchma 'cow') || Vg {Sz.} '-i (tali-
'winter-' tal 'winter'; xo`li 'morning-' xol 'morning', i_oli 'der untere' i_ol 'bottom'), Os {Sz.} _od_i 'house-,
belonging to the house' _ot 'house', to'vi 'pond-, of a pond' tov 'pond' | Hg -i, sx. of denom. adjectives (istcn-i
'divine' istcn 'god', tcgnai 'of yestersay' tcgna 'yesterday') Sm: Ne T nyn, Ne T O {Lh.} ui, Ne F ui " uy
'sutuated behind' (cp. Ne F Ks u 'buttocks, hind part'), Ne T F rcn, Ne T O tci 'gestrig, of yesterday' (cp. ti_cq 'yesterday'),
Ne T raA i, Ne T O taqI 'sommerlich' (cp. Ne T rat taq, Ne F taq 'summer'), Ng {Cs.} Iufuya 'leathern' 'Iufu 'leather',
En X {Cs.} tiyo, En B {Cs.} tci_yo 'gestrig' (cp. tc? 'yesterday') Sz. 86-8, 1OO, Coll. CG 264, Lh. PUAS 55-6O ^ N
''yijyV, may be connected with N 'ya 'which?' [q.v.] ^ IS I 14, 282-4 (besides denom. sxs. in HS, IE and U, IS adduces here
the sx. '-i of deverbal nouns and prtcs. in A and the D sx. '-i of converbs, which is less concincing).
2655. ''yiyo 'which' (rel.), (enclitic pc.) 'that which, related to' (individualization through relation): [I] as
a prn. ( N 'ya 'which?'?): IE: NaIE: '`yo-, rel. (and interr.?) pronominal ('which' or sim.) (m. '`yo-s, f. '`y-a, ntr. '`yo-d) >
OI m. ya-s, f. ya, ntr. ya-d id., Av yo 'which' rel. || Gk o) m., f., o ntr. id. || Clt: Gl DUGIIONTI-IO 'who serve' || ? Phr
io) (vi) 'whoever' || Sl m. '|i-zc (> OCS uc izc), f. '|a-zc (> OCS mc |azc), ntr. '|c-zc (> OCS ac |czc) 'which'
(rel.) | Ltv |a 'if' (< ntr. 'yad), Lt |ci - |ci 'if' Wtk. OIV 16 and IS I 278: + unc. Ht -ya pc. 'and, also' P 383 (does not
distinguish this from the NaIE dem. 'ci_-/'c-), EI 457 (''yo-s / ''ych_ / ''yo-d 'who, what, that' rel.), M K III 14, M E II
39O (IE 'Hyo-), F I 434, Frn. 182, En. LG 825, ESSJ VIII 171, StSS 793-7, Vs. IV 552-3, Glh. 286 ll U: FU (att. in FV) 'yo-
'which' (rel.) ( 'whatsoever') > F |o-Ia (gen. |on-Ia) id., 'every', Krl yoIa 'which' (rel.), F, Es |os 'if' (< loc. of 'yo-?) | Lp:
N |uoga 'something, something or other', L {LLO} |uoIa 'some', Klf yuIIc every' | Chr: H yuz, L o yuzo, Uf/B
yuzo 'some (irgendeiner, ncioropin)' UEW 637, It. #87, SK 116-7, Ep. 31, MRS 782 lll [II] As a postnominal pc.: IE: NaIE
'-(i)yo- 'related to', suff. of adjectives, e.g. NaIE 'otr-iyo-s 'fatherly, paternal, belonging to [the] father' > OI itr(i)yah, Gk
totio), L atrius id.; Av asnya- 'day-, referring to [the] day' azan- 'day'; Sl '-i|-: OCS vaea1vi clovcci
(pronominalized adj. vaea1vuu clovccii), R ucno) ncunn 'of a person, human'; Tc A -i, sx. of possessive adjactives (man-i
'of the moon, lunaire', Tc B -i, sx. of acp. (yam-i 'doing, making') Ht -iy-, sx. of derived adjectives (antur-iy-a 'staying
within') Here also L -i (gen. sg. of the 'o-stems), OgIr -i id. in maqi (maII"i) 'sons', Gl -i in SEGOMARI (gen. of a proper
name) (Bks. on Itc-Clt 'i: "an adjectival sx."), as well as the glide in L -ac (gen. sg. of '-a-stems) BD II/1 19O-1, Vnd.
1
I
4O3, Saf. GHJL 131-2, Bks. 192, KK 28, 86, Kron. EHS I 168-7O ll HS: S '-iy-, sx. of denom. adjectives ("nisbah") and nomina
gentilicia > BHb -i (f. -i'ya and -it, both from '-iy-at-), Amr -iy-, Ar -iy-, Gz -i, Ak -iy-, in Aram within compound sxs. (of the
same meaning) -a-y-; Hz. is probably right in adducing here the S genitive case ending '-i (> Ar -i, Ak -i, Ug -i, Gz -);
according to Hz., the gen. cs. and st. pron. form -i in Ak points to the original case ending '-i; an alt. explanation of the Ak gen.
cs., st. pron. form -i is generalization based on the lengthened ending gen. cs. and st pron. form i of the oxytonic nouns (and
pronouns), where the lengthening was due to prosody (as shown in AD PhSS) Br. G I 397 [ 22O], Hz. ACCS 219-21, Siv. U
49, Hnr. 294-3O1 Eg -y, sx. of denom. adjectives: ncry 'divine' ( ncr 'god'), z:by 'belonging to a jackal' ( z:b 'jackal'),
also in denom. nouns: _tmy 'Siegelschneider' ( _tm 'seal') Ed. 246, 342 ? B '-i, sx. of deverbal nouns > Zng {Bs.}
cts-i 'food' Bs. MS I 156-8 C: Bj {RHd.} -i / gen. sg. -i- id. (preceding another grammatical affix) (vi-?or-i baba 'pueri
pater', ?i-baba vi-vi-?or-i-b 'patrem pueri' [-b, acc. marker of the nominal phrase], vi-?or-i-t dc 'pueri mater' [-t is a fem.
marker of the nominal phrase], {Rop.} -i (gen. sg. m.), -t-i (gen. sg. f.): 'taI-i 'Iam 'a mans camel', ta'Iat-t-i 'Iam 'a
womans camel'; Bj A {AD} -(y)i, ending of gen. sg. / -i- id. preceding another affix (-t of fem. possessi, -b of accusative
possessi) || EC: Sa {R} -(h)i, genitive ending (galay'to-hi laI 'camels leg'), Af {PH} -i, -i-h id. (avI-i miga 'the boys name',
Iay danan-ih gcra 'his donkeys tail') AD KJ 34, 1O9, Rop. 14-5, RHd. B 1O9, PH 226-7 NrOm: Shn {PB} -i (gen.
ending: foII-i gaso-ni 'river-of bank-on', i.e. 'on the bank of the river') [but Rtl. does not mention this ending], Kf {C} -c (gen.
ending: tat-c buso 'kings son'), -i, Bdt -i (gen. ending) Zab. CO 619-2O, PB SMS 68, C SE IV 294-7, Fl. KL 373, Rtl. SM ll
U '-i - '-yV, sx. of denom. adjectives > F -i (at the end of the initial component of a tatpurusha): silm-i-vctc- 'water for the
eyes and the face' (silm- 'eye'), lchm-i-Iar|a 'herd of cows' (lchma 'cow') || Vg {Sz.} '-i (tali- 'winter-' tal 'winter';
xo`li 'morning-' xol 'morning', i_oli 'der untere' i_ol 'bottom'), Os {Sz.} _od_i 'house-, belonging to the house'
_ot 'house', to'vi 'pond-, of a pond' tov 'pond' | Hg -i, sx. of denom. adjectives (istcn-i 'divine' istcn 'god', tcgnai
'of yestersay' tcgna 'yesterday') Sm: Ne T nyn, Ne T O {Lh.} ui, Ne F ui " uy 'sutuated behind' (cp. Ne F Ks u
'buttocks, hind part'), Ne T F rcn, Ne T O tci 'gestrig, of yesterday' (cp. ti_cq 'yesterday'), Ne T raA i, Ne T O taqI
'sommerlich' (cp. Ne T rat taq, Ne F taq 'summer'), Ng {Cs.} Iufuya 'leathern' 'Iufu 'leather', En X {Cs.} tiyo, En B
{Cs.} tci_yo 'gestrig' (cp. tc? 'yesterday') Sz. 86-8, 1OO, Coll. CG 264, Lh. PUAS 55-6O ^ IS I 14, 282-4 (besides denom.
sxs. in HS, IE and U, IS adduces here the sx. '-i of deverbal nouns and prtcs. in A and the D sx. '-i of converbs, which is less
concincing).