PHYS1002 Module 3 Text
Physics 1
FUNDAMENTALS
OSCILLATIONS & WAVES Physics by Hecht Chapter 11 WAVES
Superposition - Interference Sections: 11.4 11.9
Examples: 11.11 CHECKLIST
Superposition of waves Superposition Principle resultant wave is the algebraic sum of the various contributions from each wave at each point: constructive and destructive interference
Fourier analysis: fundamental f1, harmonics
fn = nf1
n = 1, 2,
Beats, beat frequency, amplitude modulation fav = (f1 + f2)/ 2 fbeat = | f1 f2 |
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NOTES
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION (verlappin) ave! al)ebraically add to produce a re!ultant ave (verlappin) ave! *( +(, alter t-e .travel/ of eac- ot-er
0or ave! travellin) alon) a !trin), re!ultant ave y1(x,t) = y1(x,t) + y2(x,t)
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FOURIER ANALYSIS any ave pattern can be decompo!ed into a !uperpo!ition of appropriate !inu!oidal ave!2 FOURIER SYNTHESIS any ave pattern can be con!tructed a! a !uperpo!ition of appropriate !inu!oidal ave! y = An !in(2 f n )
n =1 &
An = A1 / n
fn = n f1
A1 = 10
T1 = 200
f1 = 1/200
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a02\p1\ ave!\waves110409.doc 1"#$$ %&/'&
&
SUPERPOSITION 333334 INTERFERENCE 5nterference of t o overlappin) travellin) ave! depend! on# relative p-a!e! of t-e t o ave! relative amplitude! of t-e t o ave! %t a point, if eac- ave reac-e! a ma6 at t-e !ame time (y1 = yma61, y2 = yma62) ave! are ! "#ase (p-a!e difference bet een ave! t o ave! = 0) )reate!t po!!ible amplitude ( yma61 + yma62) $%&&' co!st(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce %t a point, one ave reac-e! a ma6 and t-e ot-er a min at t-e !ame time (y1 = +yma61, y2 = 3yma62) ave! are o%t "#ase (p-a!e difference bet een t o ave! = rad) lo e!t po!!ible amplitude ( ym1 3 ym2) $%&&' dest(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce 0 7 p-a!e difference 7 rad or 7 p-a!e difference 7 2 intermediate interference A "#ase d $$e(e!ce o$ ) (ad co((es"o!ds to a s# $t o$ o!e wave&e!*t# +etwee! two waves. Fo( n = 0, 1, 2, $ $%&&' co!st(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce "#ase d $$e(e!ce , n $%&&' dest(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce "#ase d $$e(e!ce , -n . /0
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5n p-a!e
%udio o!cillator
s2 s1 (ut of p-a!e
'at- difference = |s2 3 s1| '-a!e difference = 2 ( / )
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Co!st(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce1 "#ase d $$e(e!ce
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2est(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce1 "#ase d $$e(e!ce ,
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I!te(3ed ate !te($e(e!ce1 "#ase d $$e(e!ce
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a02\p1\ ave!\waves110409.doc 1"#$$ %&/'&
a02\p1\ ave!\waves110409.doc 1"#$$ %&/'&
P(o+&e3 , o !mall loud!pea;er! emit pure !inu!oidal ave! t-at are in p-a!e2 (a) <-at frequencie! doe! a loud !ound occur at a point '= (b) <-at frequencie! ill t-e !ound be very !oft= (v!ound = $&& m2!31)2
).00 3 $280 m
P
).50 3
So&%t o! Setup s1 = 2202 + $282 = &20$ m Co!st(%ct o! !te($e(e!ce f =m v
1 2)
s2 = 2282 + $282 = &2$0 m = ! 2 3!1 = m = m v f
pat- difference = = m m = 0,1,2,222
2est(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce = ! 2 3!1 = (m + f = (m +
1 2)
= (m +
2)
v f
m = 0,1, 2,222
Action = ! 2 3!1 = &2$0 &20$ m = 0229 m Co!st(%ct o! !te($e(e!ce $&& f = m = 129& m 0229
1229 ;>?, 2288 ;>?, $2:2 ;>?, @ , 1A21 ;>?
2est(%ct ve !te($e(e!ce $&& 1 f = ( m + 2 ) = 129& ( m + 0229
02"$ ;>?, 12A1 ;>?, $21A ;>?,@ , 1A29 ;>?
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BEATS 6 !te($e(e!ce ! t 3e Bon!ider t o !ound !ource! producin) audible !inu!oidal ave! at !li)-tly different frequencie! f1 and f22 What will a person hear= How can a piano tuner use beats in tuning a piano= 5f t-e t o ave! at fir!t are in p-a!e t-ey ill interfere con!tructively and a lar)e amplitude re!ultant ave occur! -ic- ill )ive a loud !ound2 %! time pa!!e!, t-e t o ave! become pro)re!!ively out of p-a!e until t-ey interfere de!tructively and it ill be very quite2 ,-e ave! t-en )radually become in p-a!e a)ain and t-e pattern repeat! it!elf2 ,-e re!ultant aveform !-o ! rapid fluctuation! but it- an envelope t-at variou! !lo ly2 ,-e frequency of t-e rapid fluctuation! i! t-e avera)e frequencie! ,-e frequency of t-e !lo ly varyin) envelope i! f1 f 2 2 2 f1 + f 2 2 2
Cince t-e envelope -a! t o e6treme value! in a cycle, e -ear a loud !ound t ice in one cycle !ince t-e ear i! !en!itive to t-e square of t-e ave amplitude2 ,-e beat frequency i! f beat = f1 f 2 2 D6ample f1 = 100 >? f2 = 110 >? 0requency of rapid o!cillation = 108 >? 'eriod of rapid o!cillation! = A28 m! beat frequency fbeat = 10 >? beat period Tbeat = 021 ! a loud pul!ation ill be -ear every 021 !2
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a02\p1\ ave!\waves110409.doc 1"#$$ %&/'&
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f =100 f = 120 beats
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f =100 f = 104 beats
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a02\p1\ ave!\waves110409.doc 1"#$$ %&/'&
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a02\p1\ ave!\waves110409.doc 1"#$$ %&/'&
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