Ngi son: TS.

H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.1 p.1
Chng 2: VT LIU CHU LA
2.1 Gii thiu v VLCL Phn loi
2.2 Cc tnh cht c bn ca VLCL
2.3 c tnh mt s loi VLCL thng gp
2.1 Gii thiu v VLCL Phn loi
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.2 p.2
VLCL l vt liu dng xy dng cc l cng nghip,
cc ghi t, cc thit b lm vic nhit cao (>1000
o
C)
trong thi gian di.
Cng nghip luyn kim,
nhit in, snh s, thy
tinh, sn xut xi mng, vv
ng dng
V d: Nh my nhit in
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.3 p.3
Bung t ca l hi l ni phi chu nhit cao nht VLCL
Minh ha l hi ng nc
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.4 p.4
VLCL
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.5 p.5
Phn loi VLCL
1. Theo bn
cht ha l
8 nhm
chnh
1/ Nhm silic: Gm 2 nhm nh l dinat v
thch anh
2/ Nhm Alumsilicat: Gm 3 nhm nh: Bn
axit, samt, cao alumin
3/ Nhm Manhdi: Gm 4 nhm nh: lmit,
Forsterit, Spinen, manhdi
4/ Nhm crmit: Gm 2 nhm nh: Crmit,
crm manhdi
5/ Nhm Zircn: Gm 2 nhm nh: Silicat
Zircn (ZrSiO
4
) v Zircn (ZrO
2
)
6/ Nhm ccbon: Gm 2 nhm nh: Cc v Grafit
7/ Nhm Cacbua Nitrua: Gm 2 nhm nh:
Cacborun v cc loi khc.
8/ Nhm oxyt: Cc oxyt tinh khit
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.6 p.6
2. Theo
chu la
3 loi - Loi cao la: chu la t
1770-2000
0
C
- Loi rt cao la: chu la
>2000
0
C
- Loi chu la thng: chu la t
1580-1770
0
C
3. Theo hnh
dng v kch
thc
4 loi
- Gch tiu chun thng: Gch hnh
ch nht v gch hnh chm
- Gch d hnh n gin
- Loi phc tp
- Loi rt phc tp v khi ln
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.7 p.7
4. Theo c
tnh gia cng
nhit
3 loi
- Loi khng nung
- Loi nung
- Loi c t cht nng chy
5. Theo
phng php
sn xut
3 loi
- Sn phm nn do, nn bn kh
hoc nn dp t phi liu dng bt
khng do
- Sn phm c t h v cht nng
chy
- Sn phm ca t qung
6. Theo
xp
3 loi
- Loi c : c xp < 1 %
- Loi thng: c xp t 10-30 %
- Loi nh: c xp > 50 %
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.8 p.8
2.2 Cc tnh cht c bn ca VLCL
1. chu la
2. bn c hc nhit cao
3. bn nhit
4. Tnh n nh th tch nhit cao
5. bn x
6. dn n nhit
7. dn nhit
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.9 p.9
1. chu la
L kh nng chng li tc dng ca nhit cao khng b
nng chy
xc nh chu la ca vt liu ngi ta dng cn o
- Cn ny l 1 khi chp
ct, 2 y l 2 tam gic u
c cnh l 8 mm v 2mm,
cao 30mm.
t trong l nung.
Nhit m ti u cn gc xung chm n mt c
gi l nhit chu la ca vt liu.
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.10 p.10
Nhit chu la ca mt s VLCL
Nhn xt: Nu ht vt liu cng ln, nhit gc ca cn cng cao.
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.11 p.11
2. bn c hc nhit cao
L kh nng chng li ng thi tc dng ca nhit v ti
trng c hc.
xc nh nhit bin dng: t nng dn mu di ti
trng tnh 2kg/cm
2
theo tiu chun Lin X (GOST 4070-48)
2 kg/cm
2
Mu c dng hnh tr
c ng knh 36mm,
cao 50mm.
Ghi li nhit ti mu b ln 4% v 40%
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.12 p.12
Bng nhit bin bin dng di ti trng 2kg./cm
2
ca VLCL:
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.13 p.13
3. bn nhit (bn xung nhit)
L kh nng chng li s dao ng nhit m khng b ph hy
Phng php xc nh bn nhit: Theo tiu chun Lin X
(GOST 7875-56)
+ t nng 1 u mu trong l in c nhit 850
0
C hay 1300
0
C
+ Nhng u t nng vo nc lnh 20
0
C.
+ Mu th c chn l vin gch c kch thc tiu chun:
230x113x65 mm
+ Lp i lp li cho n khi mu th rn nt v hao ht n 20 % khi
lng ban u. S ln lp li ny c gi l BN NHIT.
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.14 p.14
bn nhit ca vi loi VLCL
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.15 p.15
4. Tnh n nh th tch nhit cao
Khi chu tc dng lu
di ca nhit cao
Co ph
N ph
- Bin i thnh phn pha
- Ti kt tinh
- Kt khi ph
Co ph Vt nt gia va v gch; ln vm l, vv
xc nh sc co ph (n ph) nung sn phm mt
nhit xc nh (VD int : 1450
o
C) xc nh V
o
o
V
V V
V

=
1
(m
3
)
Gin n ph
Vm l b phng ln
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.16 p.16
5. bn x
l kh nng chng li s n mn v ph hu bi mi
trng nhit cao ca VLCL.
- Sn phm chy, kh CO trong l cao, vv(mi trng kh)
- Bi qung, bi ph liu vv(mi trng rn)
Phn loi cch khc: 3 loi: x baz, x axit v x trung tnh.
2 tc hi chnh: N MN & XM THC
i vi x axit: dng gch axit tt hn dng gch baz
vv(mi trng lng)
VD: - X nng chy l luyn kim, kim loi nng chy, thu tinh lng,
Cch xc nh bn x
- Vin gch c l hnh tr: d = 25-50 mm, cao t 20-40 mm
a x nghin mn vo nung 1400-1500
o
C trong
2-3h xem tn tht trng lng.
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.17 p.17
6. dn n nhit
Cc VLCL khi t nng thng b dn n, sau khi lm ngui
s tr v trng thi ban u.
- H s dn n nhit ca vt liu c trng bng cc ch tiu sau:
a) H s dn n nhit trung bnh:
( )
0
t t L
L L
to
to t
tb

=
(1/K)
b) H s dn n nhit thc:
dt
dL
L
t
1
=
(1/K)
c) H s dn n nhit tng i:
to
t
L
L L
0

=
(1/K)
Trong :
L
to
: chiu di mu 0
o
C hay nhit phng
L
t
: chiu di mu nhit o
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.18 p.18
gin n nhit trung bnh trong khong nhit t 0
0
C n nhit
t c th tnh t h s dn n nhit trung bnh bng:
V d: Gch Samt c
tb
= 4,5 x 10
-6
dn n nhit 800
0
C l:
4,5 x 10
-6
x 800 x 100% = 0,36%
% 100 . .t
tb

tb
H s dn n nhit trung bnh ca mt s VLCL 20-1000
0
C
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.19 p.19
7. dn nhit
Dng nhit truyn qua vt (trong 1s) theo phng x c tnh theo L Fourier:
Tit din F
x
Q
x
x
T
F Q
x

=
(W)
x
T
F
Q
q
x
x

= = (W/m
2
)
- Q
x
l dng nhit truyn theo phng x trong thi gian 1s (W)
- q
x
l mt dng nhit truyn theo phng x trong thi gian 1s (W/m
2
)
- T l nhit tuyt i ca vt (K)
- F l din tch tit din vung gc vi phng x (m
2
)
- l h s dn nhit ca vt (W/m.K)
i: v
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.20 p.20
H
H
s dn nhit
s dn nhit


ca vt liu
ca vt liu
Trong thc t c
th xem l hng
s ng vi nhit
trung bnh ca
vt t
tb
T t
tb
ca vt tra
bng suy ra
ph thuc vo nhit
) 1 ( bt
o
+ =
2.3 c tnh mt s loi VLCL thng gp
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.21 p.21
1/ Nhm silic: Gm 2 nhm nh l dinat v
thch anh
2/ Nhm Alumsilicat: Gm 3 nhm nh: Bn
axit, samt, cao alumin
3/ Nhm Manhdi: Gm 4 nhm nh: lmit,
Forsterit, Spinen, manhdi
4/ Nhm crmit: Gm 2 nhm nh: Crmit,
crm manhdi
5/ Nhm Zircn: Gm 2 nhm nh: Silicat
Zircn (ZrSiO
4
) v Zircn (ZrO
2
)
6/ Nhm ccbon: Gm 2 nhm nh: Cc v Grafit
7/ Nhm Cacbua Nitrua: Gm 2 nhm nh:
Cacborun v cc loi khc.
8/ Nhm oxyt: Cc oxyt tinh khit
8 nhm
chnh
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.22 p.22
2.3.1 Nhm Silic: DINAT
C hm lng SiO
2
93%

Loi gch chu la AXT

Nguyn liu sx: t cc qung QUC
Ct quc
Sa thch
Quaczit
(Bn Thi, Lng Sn: quaczit cha 98,4% SiO
2
v 0,97% Al
2
O
3
n Vng, Ph Th: quaczit cha 97-98% SiO
2
v 1,56-1,74%
Al
2
O
3
, vv)
K thut sx DINAT:
Quaczit
+
Vi + Ph gia st + Keo kt dnh
KHUN SY NUNG n 1460
o
C
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.23 p.23
Tnh cht DINAT:
+ Dinat l loi VLCL mang tnh axit, cha SiO
2
>= 93%
+ Khi t nng n ra (khc vi SAMT) nhng n khng ln lm
c tc dng lm cht cc mch xy lm gim thm kh.
Rt bn vi
x axit
+ dn nhit: cao hn SAMT
+ bn nhit: km hn SAMT
+ n nh th tch: Km
Phm vi s dng:
+ Dng trong l CC HA, l LUYN KIM v l THY TINH
+ S dng rng ri lm VM L v khng b co khi dng. nhit > 600
0
C
dn n nh lm vm l bn vng.
2.3.2 Nhm Aluminosilicat: SAMT
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.24 p.24
L loi VLCL ph bin nht, chim n 70% tng s VLCL
Ty theo hm lng Al
2
O
3
trong sn phm m h Aluminosilicat c
chia lm 3 loi nh sau:
+ Bn axit: Al
2
O
3
30% (15-30%)
+ SAMT: Al
2
O
3
= 30-45%
+ Cao Alumin: Al
2
O
3
> 45%
Nguyn liu sx: t t st v cao lanh chu la cng vi ph gia
K thut sx SAMT:
t st + Ph gia TO HNH
SY
NUNG n 1350-1380
o
C
Loi gch chu la
trung tnh, kim yu
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.25 p.25
Tnh cht SAMT:
+ VLCL Samt l gch chu la trung tnh v kim yu
+ Nhit chu la : 1610-1770
0
C . Da vo chu la chia lm 4 loi
Loi O : nhit chu la 1750
0
C
Loi A : nhit chu la 1730
0
C
Loi B : nhit chu la 1670
0
C
Loi C : nhit chu la 1610
0
C
+ bn nhit: Cao, dao ng trong 1 khong ln, ph thuc vo thnh
phn ca phi liu, phng php nn, cu trc sn phm:
- To hnh bng phng php do : 6-12
- To hnh bng phng php bn kh: 7-50
- Cu trc ht nh st c: 5-8
- Loi ht va: 10-15
- Loi ht th: 25-100
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.26 p.26
n nh th tch: C co ph khi nung nhit cao. Nu nhit
nung qu cao, tng gch Samt b bin dng
bn x: CAO. Mc ph thuc vo cu trc ht v sit c ca sn
phm.
+ Sn phm c cu trc ht ln, xp bn x thp, b n mn nhanh
+ Ngc li loi c cu trc ht nh, st c bn x cao.
Phm vi s dng: Rt rng ri do nguyn liu sx d kim
- Trong sx gang: xy l cao, l gi nng, thng gang
- Trong luyn thp: xy tng l
- Trong cng nghip silicat: xy l nung gm, snh, s, nu
thy tinh, l nung xi mng, vv
- Trong cc l luyn cc, luyn kim, ni hi
2.3.3 Nhm Aluminosilicat: CAO ALUMIN
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.27 p.27
L loi VLCL cha hn 45% Al
2
O
3
c cht lng cao, c s dng trong tt c nhng iu kin lm vic
rt nng n m Samt khng th chu ng ni.
Nguyn liu sx: t 4 loi khong khc nhau v thnh phn Al
2
O
3
- Loi silimanit: 45-70% Al
2
O
3
- Loi mullit: 70-78% Al
2
O
3
- Loi mullit corun: 78-95% Al2O3
- Loi corun: > 95% Al
2
O
3
Hm lng Al
2
O
3
khng ch l du hiu chia loi sn phm m n
cn qu yt nh nhng tnh cht c bn ca sn phm CAO ALUMIN
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.28 p.28
CORUN l sn phm c nhng tnh cht c bit cao nht trong nhm
sn phm alumosilicat
+ Nhit bin dng: 1840-1850
0
C
+ bn nhit ln: c ph gia > 60 ; khng c ph gia < 15 ln
+ bn rt cao i vi kim loi , x , thu tinh , mui nng chy ,
kim , axit
+ Nhit chu la: 2000
0
C
ng dng:
+ C cng ln nn lm vt liu mi rt tt
+ Lm chn nung, chn nu thu tinh
+ Lm dao tin i vi kim loi cng.
+ C tnh cht in mi rt cao nn c s dng
rng ri trong cng nghip in v v tuyn in.
2.3.4
2.3.4
Nhm Manhdi
Nhm Manhdi
:
:
VLCL
VLCL
MANHDI
MANHDI
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.29 p.29
L loi VLCL cha t 80 - 85% MgO
VLCL kim tnh
in hnh
Nguyn liu sx: ch yu t qung Manhdi (MgCO
3
)
K thut sx gch MANHDI:
Qung Manhdi +
Ph gia Fe
2
O
3
,
Titan, Al
2
O
3
TO HNH SY
Manhdi kt khi
nung
1550-1600
o
C
NUNG 1500 1600
o
C
Ngi son: TS. H anh Tng
HBK tp HCM
2/2010
p.30 p.30
Tnh cht MANHDI:
+ chu la > 2000
o
C
+ Nhit bin dng di ti trng khng cao lm: 1500-1550
0
C, ph
thuc vo loi khong lin kt.
+ bn nhit 850
o
C: - Lm ngui bng khng kh: 4-9 ln
- Lm ngui bng nc: 1-2 ln
+ H s dn nhit ca MANHDI gim khi nhit tng
Phm vi ng dng:
- Ch yu dng trong l in, l nu thp, cc l luyn kim mu theo
qu trnh baz.