Davila 1 Marco Davila Gregory Falls Global connections 31 December 2013

The Democratic and Jewish State

Can Israel truly be a Jewish and Democratic State? The research in the coming paper is directly aimed at how discrimination is inevitable in a society that sees Non-Jews almost as invaders of the State. Now that belief is not help by every citizen of Israel. A Bedouin Diplomat, Ishmael Khaldi, acted as my outside advisor. David Brown is my inside advisor. Both have experience and knowledge about international affairs. My action is going to be bringing in Ishmael Khaldi or another member of the Jewish community to speak about the country. The action will take place in the schola after school.

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Introduction
Israel claims to be the only democratic government in the Middle East. What exactly makes Israel democratic? Democracy is defined in theory but how does it manifest itself as a government. The democracy of Israel is not equal to all of the people in the state. Israel is commonly praised but has some very strong racial tensions. Some of the laws can even be seen as extremely discriminatory towards non-Jews. Israel seems to be not a democracy, but an ethnocracy. This research is important because Israel needs to be seen as it really operates. This paper is not an attack on Israel; it is solely trying to paint a clear picture. This research will fill the gaps in peoples knowledge about how Israel operates. No longer will people see Israel has the little kid who always gets bullied. The state of Israel tries very hard to provide for its people, and succeeds but at what cost? There are not many research papers comparing the democracy of the United States with the democracy of Israel. There is no doubt that the United States is extremely influential in Israel but even so, Israel has molded the government to fit the state, not to be exactly like the US. Therefore, there will be distinct differences. Research will uncover these differences.

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Limitations
Naturally, the research is this paper is limited. Travelling to Israel to observe everyday life and how the people are governed is beyond capability. Although travel is out of the question, interviews are not. There are multiple contacts who can give insight from years of being involved in International politics and, more specifically, Israeli politics. There are also students who have visited here who can provide their view of what democracy is. So access is a constraint, but it will not keep the information from this paper. Time is also a major constraint. The time allotted to write this paper is very slim due to a change in interest. There is a deadline that must be met. Also, involvement in various school activities and a rigorous course load takes up a large portion of time. Due to this time constraint, the quickest most effective research techniques must be utilized. There are many resources available. College libraries are going to provide a lot of good information just as the internet is going to provide a lot of info. Transportation is a concern but there are ways around it so while a limitation, it is not a major drawback. Computer interviews are going to be used due to the conflicts a busy schedule will bring. Interviews over the computer are quick, easy, and effective. There is no wasted time. There will be biases. Growing up, experiencing different things has created biases. While they will not purposefully be put in this paper, inevitably, some will show up. Information will not be distorted intentionally. What is discovered in the research process will be put in this paper as accurately as possible.

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Methodology
Israel wants to be the Jewish and Democratic State. Such a state cannot exist. The core of Israels founding is that it is the home of the Jewish people. The minorities of Israel are set up to be discriminated against for not being Jewish. The research in this paper is going to focus on how the minorities of Israel, specifically the Bedouin, are discriminated against. Most research in this paper comes from online newspapers both American and International. Reliance on the research of other is a necessity seeing as travel to Israel or personal interviews were out of the question. There is however an interview with a Bedouin Israeli Diplomat that contributed a good deal of information to this research. It is not explicitly in the paper but it helped with the direction of the paper.

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Literature Review
Comparing the United States and Israel was no minute task. Firstly, Israel had to be researched in depth. When were the first Jewish people branded Jewish? What makes the Jewish faith so unique-in the eyes of the Jewish? These are just two of the many questions that drove the research for the main question of this entire paper. How democratic is Israel-and other democracies-really? In the research in this paper, there is an interview, multiple articles from online newspapers, and multiple websites concerning the political and social spheres in Israel. Ishmael Khaldi knows a lot about the inner workings of Israel, both social and political. Ishmael Khaldi was born in Khawaled, a village near Haifa. He is the third of eleven children. He lived in a Bedouin tent until the age of eight. He walked four miles (6 km) round trip to attend school and tended flocks of sheep. He said his familys ties with its Jewish neighbors go back to the days of the early Zionist pioneers from Eastern Europe who settled in the Galilee region in the 1920s. Ishmael Khaldi earned a bachelors degree in political science from the University of Haifa and a masters degree in political science and international relations from Tel Aviv University. He served in the Israeli Ministry of Defense, Israel Police, and in the Israel Defense Forces as a political analyst. He began working for the Israeli Foreign Ministry in 2004. In June 2006, he was appointed to serve in San Francisco, California, United States. In August 2009, Khaldi was appointed policy advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Avigdor Lieberman. He describes Lieberman as one of the most realistic, of course, but honest and direct politicians in

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Israel. His interview shone some light on some misrepresented facts and h ow crafty the media can really be.

Haaretz.com is the online edition of Haaretz Newspaper in Israel, and analysis from Israel and the Middle East. Haaretz.com provides extensive and in-depth coverage of Israel, the Jewish World and the Middle East, including defense, diplomacy, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the peace process, Israeli politics, Jerusalem affairs, international relations, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Israeli business world and Jewish life in Israel and the Diaspora. This is not the only online newspaper cited in this paper but a number of articles do come from this publisher. The information obtained from this publication was investigated by reporters who have access to the country. Since travel was a limitation I must utilize others research. Nevertheless, the media can operate as a spin doctor, only telling portions of the truth. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) was established in 1993 as a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization to strengthen the U.S.-Israel relationship by emphasizing the fundamentals of the alliance the values the two nations share. `Their website provided much need information on the country. Guardian News & Media (GNM) publishes the third largest English-language newspaper website in the world (comScore, June 2013) and was awarded the website of the year prize at the 2012 Online Media awards.

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The Israel Science and Technology website is the national database and directory of science and technology related sites in Israel. The site also includes sections on Jewish scientists and students in the Diaspora. It was established the first version of this site during my term as The Science Adviser to the Prime Minister Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu during 1996-1999. This site provided reliable info on the state of Israel. Thomas Hart Bentons imposing memoir-history of his years in the Senate, Thirty Years View, 2 vol. (185456), was eloquent with agrarian and Jacksonian Democratic faith, opposition to slavery extension, and concern for the imperiled Union. He produced a learned Examination of the Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision in 1858 (which reaffirmed that the status of slaves, as property, could not be affected by federal legislation), and his 16-volume Abridgement of the Debates of Congress through 1850 is still useful. His book provided the Andrew Jacksons Seventh Annual Message to Congress. A New Dawn in the Negev is an organization founded in 2009 with the goal of elevating educational standards in the Negev with a strong emphasis on the Bedouin community. Our work focuses on addressing the social and cultural isolation experienced by Bedouin youth and creating new opportunities for young people, from Jewish and Bedouin backgrounds, to expand their horizons. At the core, A New Dawn is a Bedouin-Jewish organization that seeks to promote equality, coexistence and peace among all residents of the Negev. This source is aimed at helping the Bedouin community so accurate statistics are provided to show the gaps in education between the Bedouins and Jewish population.

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The New Israel Fund (NIF) is the leading organization advancing democracy and equality for all Israelis. We believe that Israel can live up to its founders vision of a state that ensures complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants, without regard to religion, race, gender or national identity. The Los Angeles Times is the largest metropolitan daily newspaper in the country, with a daily readership of 1.5 million and 2.6 million on Sunday, more than 22 million unique latimes.com visitors monthly and a combined print and online local weekly audience of 4 million. The Pulitzer Prize-winning Times has been covering Southern California for more than 132 years. Gary D. Sandefur is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin- Madison and an affiliate of the Institute for Research on Poverty. His research on poverty was published in Focus. The purpose of Focus is to provide coverage of poverty-related research, events, and issues, and to acquaint a large audience with the work of the Institute for Research on Poverty by means of short essays on selected pieces of research. The Telegraph Media Group is a multi-media news publisher of the world-renowned content found in its titles: The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and Telegraph.co.uk. The publisher has provided a couple of articles used in this paper. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The company's mission is to accelerate the world's research. Elizabeth Ugwuja is an undergraduate student at the University of Lagos Akoka. Founded in 1962, the University of Lagos has, for over 5 decades, provided qualitative and research-oriented education to Nigerians and all those who have

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entered its domain in search of knowledge. At its inception, the University of Lagos was empowered to produce a professional workforce that would steer the political, social and economic development of a newly independent country. Over the last fifty years the University has pursued this mission with vigor, excellence and panache. The University has built a legacy of academic excellence and is now acclaimed publicly as the University of First Choice and the Nations Pride.

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The Democratic State of the Jewish People

Democracy can be thought of as a system of government with four key elements: A political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections, the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life, protection of the human rights of all citizens, and a rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens (Ugwuja). Israel, if proclaiming itself as the State of the Jewish People, cannot be a democratic state for multiple ethnicities. A more fitting term for Israel would be Ethnocracy. An Ethnocracy is a system of ruling where one ethnicity, the majority, reigns supreme over the other ethnicities, the minorities (Yiftachel). When it comes to the Bedouin of Israel discrimination has followed them in forms such as forced removal from ancestral lands due to the perception of them as a blemish on the ethnic unity of the state (Qandil). When the essence of the Jewish state tries to battle the character of the democratic government, its essence will prevail (White). In the case of the Bedouin, not only have they been displaced as an unwanted ethnic group, they have also been perceived as a security threat to cultural and ethnic unity. The United States of America: the land of the free and the home of the brave. Israel: the only Democracy in the Middle East. When President Obama described the similar histories of the two countries, he said, Share a common story -- patriots determined to be a free people in our land, pioneers who forged a nation, heroes who sacrificed to preserve our freedom, and immigrants from every corner of the world who renew constantly our diverse societies (McGough). While the two countries do have similar pasts their current situations are slightly different. The Jewish people trace their roots to Abraham who established the belief in a single god or monotheism. Abraham is revered as one of the patriarchs of Israel. In 70 C.E., the Jewish people were

Davila 11 exiled by the romans from the land of Canaan, which is modern day Israel, and settled in North Africa and Europe. Even in the diaspora, the Jewish people flourished. Nevertheless they wanted to return to their homeland. In the first half of the 20th century there were major waves of immigration of Jews back to Israel from Arab countries and from Europe. Some of the causes were atrocities being committed towards the Jewish people. Arabs were carrying out massacres while in Germany the holocaust was being hosted. In 1948, Israel claimed itself as an independent, sovereign nation. Barely a day after they declared their independence, Israel was invaded by five neighboring Arab states: Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq. Ultimately, Israel has had to defend itself from three full scale wars not including the War of Independence. The four wars were the 1948 War of Independence, the 1956 Sinai War, the 1967 Six Day War, and the 1973 Yom Kippur War (Hanukoglu). For centuries, the Jewish people have been oppressed, exiled, and scattered but still managed to keep their faith. It would be hardly a stretch to say that Israel would have some hard feelings towards Non-Jews. While Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East, it is far from perfect, but such is the nature of anything overseen by man. Israel is very discriminatory to its minorities and claims Israel is the state of the Jewish people. This belief is held up in nearly every facet of the state, especially in the political sphere. The government of Israel is slightly different from the United States. Whereas the United States is a two party constitutional republic, Israel is based on a multi-party parliamentary system. The President of the State of Israel fulfills mainly ceremonial duties and is not a part of the three branches of government. The rest of the governmental system is rather similar to that of the United States. They have three branches of government; executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch, instead of

Davila 12 being headed by the president is headed by the Prime Minister who is elected for a period of four years (AICE). As was mentioned before, Israel is a multi-party system. The electoral system of the government of Israel has the most difference with that of the United States. In the US, candidates run for office for the Senate and House of Representatives and can do so regardless of party affiliation. In Israel, citizens vote for a party rather than candidates. Each party that provides their list of candidates, the most supported at the top and least supported towards the bottom. The number candidates of each party that are elected to the Knesset are directly proportional to the number of votes that the party received (AICE). In order to be on the ballot, each party must register. A party can be denied registration if in one of its objectives or actions, explicitly or suggested, is one of the rejection of Israel's right to exist as a Jewish and democratic state (Dror). The congress of Israel is the Knesset. It adheres to The Basic Law: The Knesset. Even though the first assembly of the Knesset was supposed to draft a constitution in 1948, it never manifested itself as the official document. Instead, it was decided to come up with a series of basic laws, which in the future would together form the constitution. There are several articles in the existing basic laws which, much like the Constitution of the United States, can only be changed by amending it (AICE). If Israel is the state of the Jewish people how are Non- Jews supposed to be viewed in a land that at the core is not for them? While it can be agreed that the Jewish population must take certain measures for their survival, Israel foundationally discriminates against their minorities, most notably the Bedouin-Arabs that make up roughly 20% of the population (Tait). Even though they make up 1/5 of the population, they are severely underrepresented. Israels flags, emblems, and national anthem represent Jewish values. As of 2010 only six of the 439 Knesset workers are Arabs, according to a report on minority employees at government institutions submitted by United Arab List-Taal MK Ahmed Tibi

Davila 13 published in Haaretz Daily Newspaper (Lis).The Chairman of the Knesset at the time, Likud MK Yariv Levin, expressed opposition to the validity of the report. The report by the committee headed by MK Tibi is delusional and ignores the fundamental fact that a significant portion of Israels Arabs are disloyal to the state, Levin said. These are people who do not contribute to the state, and even try to undermine it (Lis). This attitude is not his only, there are many more who would agree with him. Arabs are plagued by discrimination in their communities and the five mixed cities where they coexist with the Jewish population. Even though the 1.37 million Arabs in Israel are citizens who vote, pay taxes and speak Hebrew, suffer discrimination, unequal allocation of resources and violation of their legal rights (NIF). Many facets of life for the Arabs of Israel trail far behind that of the Jewish community. Only 3 percent of the land in Israel proper is owned by Arabs and permits are rarely granted to Arab families to expand their housing. Furthermore most housing districts deny Arabs from moving in (NIF). Compared to most other Arab communities though, the Bedouin of the Negev are doing the worst. While almost half of the families of the Negev live below the poverty line, 66% of the entire population of the Negev lives below the poverty line (NIF). The sliver of hope lies in the education sector. While education is mandatory in Israel, there are still major gaps between the Bedouins of the Negev and the rest of the population these gaps are slowly getting less critical but it is not enough to disregard the need for change in this sector. The current dropout rate is 35%, and less than 5% will qualify for university (Bedouin Jewish Center in the Negev). Illiteracy is slowly reducing due to the fact that most of the illiterate are the elderly who never went to school. When Israel was established in 1948 the Green Line was established shortly thereafter. The Green Line was a resolution established in 1949 after Israel had fought its War of Independence. The war resulted in Israel having sovereignty in what was historically Palestine, which is now frequently

Davila 14 called Israel inside the Green Line (Green Line). Israel obtained authority over the West Bank controlled by Jordan and the Gaza Strip controlled by Egypt in the 1967 Six-Day War. Even though Israel claims authority over these areas, the international community does not recognize them as part of Israel. Negotiations with Israel ultimately circle back to the territories they claim beyond the Green Line. Israel refuses to retreat to pre-1967 borders because, due to the geography, Israel could not defend itself (Green Line). When discussing Israels democratic character, there are attempts to separate what happens within the Green Line boundary and what happens outside of it. The justifications are that it is just a temporary state of rule beyond the boundary, also because it is not technically within state borders. Aeyal Gross uses two instances to exemplify the indiscretions within the Green Line; Susya and Umm alHiran. Gross says that Umm al-Hiran and Susya are parallels in their histories; State agencies and Jewish settlement organizations working together to evict and destroy entire villages via discriminatory planning policies, for the sake of ensuring contiguous Jewish settlement. One of these villages is located within the Green Line, and its residents are citizens of the state. The other is located in the territories, and its residents are Palestinians living under occupation (Gross). Its the same movie with different characters. Most citizens of the United States are well aware of what happened between the Native Americans and the Whites of America in the 1800s. America was centered on the supremacy of Whites. Andrew Jackson used the idea of the Manifest Destiny to conclude that it was his obligation to continue westward expansion even at the cost of displacing and leading to the death of countless Native Americans. The Indian Removal Act was the legislative tool used to dislocate the Native Americans and send them on the Trail of Tears. He justified the Act by regarding it as the moral duty of the

Davila 15 Government of the United States to protect and if possible to preserve and perpetuate the scattered remnants of this race which is left within *the United States+ borders (Benton). Israel has its own Indian Removal Act to deal with the natives of their land and have justified it much as Andrew Jackson had. As mentioned in various parts of this paper, the Jewish population is the foremost concern of the Israeli government. America has traditionally been called a melting pot of cultures but Israel is not a melting pot society, but rather more of a mosaic made up of different population groups coexisting in the framework of a single democratic state (AICE). The main piece of this mosaic is the Jewish population. The Non-Jewish population is at times cast aside for the greater good.

The title of Israels Indian Removal Act is the Prawer plan or Prawer-Begin Plan. The plan calls for the forced removal of the Arab Bedouins currently living in the Negev Desert and the south of Israel. Dr. Thabet Abu-Ras who is a Bedouin rights advocate and Lecturer at Ben- Gurion University explains the historical land disputes with the Bedouin of the Negev as a result of denial of recognition. Most of the land in the Naqab [Negev] was held by Bedouins who had inherited it, with no written record of any sort. In 1858, the Turks enacted a law requiring that the names of landowners be officially recorded as a means of regulating land-related matters in the Ottoman Empire. There were five categories of land in the Ottoman Empire: Mulk (land under private ownership), Miri (state-owned land that could be cultivated for a one-time fee), Mauqufa (land in a religious trust or Islamic endowment), Metruka (uncultivated land), and Mawat (wasteland unsuitable for cultivation), Says Dr. Abu-Ras. The land in the Negev, for the most part, was of the lowest quality, Mawat. Refusing to be ruled by a foreign power, the Bedouins refused to create the written record of their lands as required by the Ottoman Empire. If they

Davila 16 had buckled under the foreign rule they would have been forced to pay taxes and serve in the army (Abu-Ras). Then in 1921, there was another government requesting that the Bedouins of the Naqab register their lands. Even with an extra two months to register, the Bedouin did not register their lands; As a result, their land remained unregistered. The Land Ordinance that was dismissed by the Bedouins stated that a Bedouin who cultivated revitalized and improved Mawat land *would be given+ given a certificate of ownership for that land, which was then re-categorized as Miri (Ben-David, 1996). About 27 years later a new power, Israel, ruled that if a Bedouin had refused that chance to register their lands, and did not receive a certificate of ownership, they would not have the chance to do so again. The main architect of the Prawer-Begin Plan which bears his name, Benny Begin, had announced that his recommendation the halt the bill had been approved by Prime Minister Netanyahu. Even though this was announced at a press conference, the official responsible for the implementation of the plan reported that he had no orders from anyone to shelve the bill. This bill has seen widespread opposition internationally and domestically and has even been called ethnic cleansing (Sherwood). According to Sherwood, a reporter for Haaretz, more than 50 public figures in Britain, including highprofile artists, musicians and writers, have put their names to a letter opposing an Israeli plan to forcibly remove up to 70,000 Palestinian Bedouins from their historic desert land. Those who actually support the plan argue that it will provide the Bedouin better facilities such as a water and electricity. That argument didnt seem to hold up because the European Parliament condemned the plan. They are not alone in their opposition. The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the UN Office for Human Rights, and Human Rights Watch has also demanded the withdrawal of the bill (Weiss)

Davila 17 Reports have surfaced that reveal The Prawer Plan may not be shelved after all. Just a short 4 days after Begin had announced that the plan was being halted, the former IDF General in charge of the unit who is to carry out the bill had reported he was still continuing plans towards its implementation. Haaretz had reported that the Major general Doron Almog said Begin can claim whatever he wants, but that bill is still in the legislative process (Lis, Khoury, Seidler). In theory, The Prawer Plan is a great and noble goal to want to provide the impoverished minority with infrastructure but a bill that was truly aimed at helping would not have received the amount of opposition it did. In practice, thousands of Bedouins would have to walk their own "trail of tears where their way of life would be destroyed. Many of the Bedouins are not educated. They will be moved with virtually no chance of advancement of any kind. Well thats not entirely true; they will have running water and electricity. Although the United States and Israel are allies who are bound to share some similarities, there are key differences. While early Americans may have felt they were a part of an Anglo-Saxon protestant nation the United States is not defined by either. The de facto perceptions are an entirely different issue to tackle, but the Federal Government has not specified a national religion, religion, race, or ethnicity. Christians make up roughly 78% of the population in America but that isnt a parallel with Israels dominant religion (McGough). It is common knowledge that America is a melting pot society that has restrictions and regulations on immigration but doesnt have one to reconstitute a dispersed people in their ancestral home. Israelis, on the other hand, prefer that immigrants be the sons of Abraham (McGough). The history of the United States is far from perfect or blameless, but other countries need to learn from those mistakes. Eventually Israel is going to have to choose whether it is Democratic or Jewish, that is, if they havent already.

Davila 18 Works Cited Abu-Ras, Thabet. "Land Disputes in Israel: The Case of the Bedouin of the Naqab." Adalah's Newsletter 24 (Apr. 2006): n. pag. www.adalah.org/eng/. Adalah - The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, Apr. 2006. Web. AICE. "Arab Israelis." Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/arabs2.html>. AICE. "Israel Elections: Overview & Explanation." Overview & Explanation of Israeli Elections. AmericanIsraeli Cooperative Enterprise, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Politics/elections.html>. Bedouin Jewish Center in the Negev. "The Bedouins of the Negev." A New Dawn in the Negev. A New Dawn: Bedouin Jewish Center in the Negev For Equality and Accessability in Education, Research, Peace and Welfare, n.d. Web. 01 Jan. 2014. <http://www.anewdawninthenegev.org/>. Benton, Thomas Hart. "CXXIX." Thirty Years' View;. New York: D. Appleton and, 1854. 573-74. Print. "Green Line - Haaretz | Israel News." Green Line - Haaretz | Israel News. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013. Dror, Ronit K. "Summary of Laws Associated with Elections." Summary of Laws Associated with Elections. The State of Israel, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. <http://www.knesset.gov.il/elections16/eng/laws/summary_eng.htm>. Gross, Aeyal. "Democratic, as Long as You're Jewish." Haaretz.com. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd., 27 Nov. 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.

Davila 19 Hanukoglu, Israel. "Information about Israel : Government." System of Government in Israel. Israel Science and Technology Directory, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. Lis, Jonathan, Jack Khoury, and Shirly Seidler. "Netanyahu's Point Man on Bedouin Relocation Says Plan Still on Track." Haaretz.com. Haaretz Daily Newspaper, 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 01 Jan. 2014. <http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.563930>. McGough, Michael. "Obama Overdoes the U.S.-Israel Comparison." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2013. <http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/20/news/la-ol-obamaisrael-us-20130320>. NIF. "The Paradox of Ethnicity and Citizenship." New Israel Fund. New Israel Fund, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nif.org/issue-areas/israeli-arabs>. Qandil, Kamil. "State Control Policies and the Path Towards Ethnic Cleansing: The Case of the Palestinian Arab Bedouin in Israel." The Interdisciplinary Journal of International Studies 8.1 (2012): 43-46. ProQuest. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. Sandefur, Gary D. "American Indian Reservations: The First Underclass Areas?" Focus Spring Ansd Summer 12.1 (1989): 41. Print. Sherwood, Harriet. "Britons Protest over Israel Plan to Remove 70,000 Palestinian Bedouins." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 30 Nov. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. Tait, Robert. "Israel to Define Itself as 'national State of Jewish People' - despite Arab Population." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 23 Dec. 2013. Ugwuja, Elizabeth. "Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Public Opinion Formation." Academia. Academia, n.d. Web. 01 Jan. 2014.

Davila 20 <http://www.academia.edu/3837839/POLITICAL_PARTIES_AND_PRESSURE_GROUPS_IN_PUBLIC_OPINI ON_FORMATION>. Weiss, Suzanne. "Global Research." Global Research. Centre for Research on Globalization, 4 Dec. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. White, Ben. Palestinians in Israel: Segregation, Discrimination and Democracy. London: Pluto, 2012. Proquest. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. Yiftachel, Oren. Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2006. ProQuest. Web. 31 Jan. 2014.