CARACTERISTICAS

1. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fund Buenos Aires). 2. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza. (Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza). 3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. 4. El complemento de la oracin activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. 5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomtica). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano.

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA

TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, ser visto you will be seen, sers visto he will be seen, ser visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seris vistos they will be seen, sern vistos

PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO: I had been seen, haba sido visto CONDICIONAL: I should be seen, sera visto FUTURO PERFECTO: I shall have been seen, habr sido visto CONDICIONAL PERFECTO: I should have been seen, habra sido visto

VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS.

1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado ms el participio del verbo principal. En ingls es mucho ms frecuente que en espaol y, normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una accin sino el hecho en s. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto que en espaol suena ms forzado. Slo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).

VOZ ACTIVA Tom writes a letter

VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Tom

Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom

is writing a letter was writing a letter wrote a letter has written a letter had written a letter will write a letter is going to write a letter can write a letter could write a letter must write a letter may write a letter might write a letter

A A A A A A A A A A A A

letter letter letter letter letter letter letter letter letter letter letter letter

is being written by Tom was being written by Tom was written by Tom has been written by Tom had been written by Tom will be written by Tom is going to be written by Tom can be written by Tom could be written by Tom must be written by Tom may be written... might be written...

2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayora de las ocasiones
se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quin exactamente ejecuta la accin. Si una oracin activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva: ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomtica) La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc. ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formacin de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be: get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost

3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy tpicas de la
pasiva y difciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construccin pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos: ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...) PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debera cumplir. You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!! b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente no se cumplieron: The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock) You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go) c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibicin de hacer algo: You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here) You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)

VOZ DIRECTA E INDIRECTA

1) Puedes relatar o comentar lo que alguien dice en forma directa:

"Women are safer because they're more cautious", said the inspector.
("Las mujeres son ms seguras porque son ms cuidadosas", dijo el inspector) 2) Puedes relatar o comentar lo que alguien dice en forma indirecta:

The inspector thinks that the sex of the driver was irrelevant.
(El inspector piensa que el sexo del conductor no tena importancia)

He believes that the load you carry in your car makes a difference.
(El cree que la carga que llevas en tu auto hace la diferencia) Esta dos oraciones son ejemplos de reported speech (voz o lenguaje indirecto). El verbo comunicador (thinks, believes) va seguido del pronombre relativo that (que)y una clsula. Cabe destacar aqu que el pronombre relativo that a veces puede omitirse, especialmente en lenguaje ms informal. Como regla muy general, salo cuando escribes y omtelo cuando hablas. Cuando transformas comentarios directos a indirectos, hay que realizar varios ajustes al comentario que uno hace. Analiza estos cambios:

CAMBIOS EN LA PUNTUACION
Las comillas (" ") se utilizan nicamente para marcar el comienzo y el final de los comentarios directos:

DIRECT STATEMENT inverted commas "They are slower", she added.

("Son ms lentos", agreg ella)

REPORTED STATEMENT no inverted commas This report shows that a risk of death at the wheel is high.
(Este informe demuestra que el riesgo de muerte al volante es elavado)

CAMBIOS EN LOS PRONOMBRES

El primer y segundo pronombre personal cambian a tercera persona:

DIRECT STATEMENT personal pronoun "I" "I drive a van and women are terrible", said Ian Lewis.
("Conduzco una camioneta y las mujeres son terribles", dijo Ian Lewis)

REPORTED STATEMENT personal pronoun "he" lan Lewis said that he drove a van and that women were terrible.
(Ian Lewis dijo que conduca una camioneta y que las mujeres eran terribles)

CAMBIOS EN LAS "PALABRAS PUNTERO"

"Palabras puntero" (pointer words, en ingls) son palabras que se refieren a momentos y lugares especficos, por ejemplo, this (esto/a), now (ahora), here(aqu), tomorrow (maana), etc. El

sentido de las palabras puntero depende de cundo y dnde est hablando el orador. Es importante que tengas en cuenta estos cinco puntos (que suelen confundir a ms de un hispano-parlante aprendiendo ingls): 1) Si las palabras del orador son comentadas ms o menos en el mismo momento y lugar, y pueden interpretarse correctamente, entonces no necesitas cambiar las palabras puntero. Pero, cuando el comentario se hace en otro momento y/o lugar ser necesario hacer algunos ajustes. 2) Las expresiones idiomticas orales como Wow!, Never!, etc. deben ser expresadas a travs del verbo: He exclaimed (El exclam), She denied (Ella neg),etc. 3) Si lo que se comenta es todava vlido o real a la hora del comentario, las palabras puntero -incluso los tiempos verbales- pueden mantenerse sin modificaciones. No obstante, para quienes se encuentran preparando el FCE, es mejor ignorar (hasta que se afiancen gramaticalmente) esta "franquicia" que nos otorga el idioma ingls. 4) Despus del verbo tell (comentar, contar, relatar), debes indicar a quien se comenta o relata. Por ejemplo: Manuela told him she would be late. (Manuela le dijo que llegara tarde) 5) Despus de los verbos explain (explicar), say (decir) y suggest (sugerir), no es necesario mencionar a quien se est hablando, pero si deseas mencionarlo deber utilizar la preposicin to (a) a continuacin del verbo. Observa estos ejemplos: The tour guide explained to the tourists that they needed a visa. (El gua de turismo explic a los turistas que ellos necesitaban una visa) I said to my wife that I was surprised at the result. (Le dije a mi esposa que yo estaba sorprendido por el resultado) He suggested to Monica that the driver should be paid. (El le sugiri a Mnica que haba que pagar al conductor) Observa ahora los cambios o ajustes que sufren las siguientes palabras puntero cuando comentas (Voz Indirecta) lo que otra persona ha dicho (Voz Directa):

DIRECT STATEMENT now (ahora) this morning (esta maana) today (hoy) yesterday (ayer) tomorrow (maana) next week (la semana prxima) last year (el ao pasado) here (aqu) come (venir)

REPORTED STATEMENT at that time / then (en ese momento) that morning (esa maana) that day (ese da) the day before (el da anterior) the day after (el da siguiente) the following week (la siguiente semana) the year before (el ao anterior) there (all) go (ir)

CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES

Cuando el verbo comunicador (reporting verb, en ingls) se encuentra en pasado (said [dijo], added [agreg], explained [explic], etc), generalmente deben ajustarse los verbos que contenga la clusula relativa that (que):

Ian Lewis said that he drove a van and that women were terrible.

(Ian Lewis dijo que conduca una camioneta y que las mujeres eran terribles)

DIRECT STATEMENT am/is, are, have/has present simple present progressive present perfect past simple past progressive can may must will

REPORTED STATEMENT was, were, had past simple past progressive past perfect past perfect past perfect progressive could might had to would

REPORTING VERBS (Verbos Comunicadores)

Estos son algunos de los verbos comunicadores o reporting verbs ms utilizados (seguidos por una clusula relativa con that):

add
(agregar)

complain
(quejarse)

feel
(sentir)

repeat
(repetir)

say
(decir)

tell
(comentar)

agree
(acordar)

deny
(negar)

inform
(informar)

reply
(responder)

show suggest
(sugerir)

threaten warn
(advertir)

(demostrar) (amenazar)

answer
(contestar)

explain
(explicar)

promise
(prometer)

report
(comunicar)

DOS ASPECTOS A TENER EN CUENTA

1) Los verbos que se encuentran en Pasado Perfecto en la voz directa no cambian al cuando pasan a la voz indirecta. "I had driven a van before this", said Ian Lewis. ("Yo haba conducido una camioneta antes", dijo Ian Lewis) Ian Lewis said that he had driven a van before that. (Ian Lewis dijo que el haba conducido una camioneta antes) 2) Otros verbos modales -could, might, ought to, should, would- normalmente no cambian. En determinadas situaciones, incluso must puede permanecer sin cambios. "I might drive a van if I wanted to do it", said Ian Lewis. ("Yo podra conducir una camioneta si quisiera hacerlo", dijo Ian Lewis) Ian Lewis said that he might drive a van if he wanted to do it. (Ian Lewis dijo que l podra conducir una camioneta si quisiera hacerlo) "Young people ought to drive more carefully", said the policeman. (Los jvenes deberan conducir con ms cuidado", dijo el agente de polica) The policeman said that young people ought to drive more carefully. (El agente de polica dijo que los jvenes deberan conducir con ms cuidado)

Pasar de la voz activa a la voz pasiva

Vuelve a escribir las frases en la voz pasiva sin utilizar la primera palabra de la frase. Tienes un ejemplo.

Example: They are collecting the furniture tomorrow. The furniture is being collected tomorrow. 1. They have arrested the suspect. . 2. Someone stole my bike last night. . 3. We'll take a decision this week. . 4. They deliver the newspaper every morning. . 5. The board has appointed Jane managing director. . 6. They were making the film when the director died. . 7. They produce a lot of cheese in this region.

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

Tommy will know Machu Picchu ruins in Peru. My boss sent me detailed instructions. Sams friend solved the problem. The workers will complete the new road in the next year. Paul is going to repair the car. My brother forgot his wallet at the bank. My sister will send a letter to my mother. The little girl is drawing her pet. She dropped her bag in the train. My brother takes his medicine every day. John and Fred will climb the Aconcagua Mountain. My wife crashed the new car. I opened the windows. I drink a glass of water. You did not send the parcel. They did not catch the thieves. Jane has taken some photographs.

1. 1. 1.

The passengers are going to visit the museum. The teacher made a big mistake. Mary was preparing a lot of food.

SA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES A ESTILO INDIRECTO (Turn the following sentences into reported speech) 1. "The boss must sign the letter", Jean said.

2."Our teacher will go to Madrid tomorrow", Emily said. 3. "I was writing a letter yesterday", Helen told me. 4. "Tim went to the Stadium yesterday", Peter said. 5. "My mother will celebrate her birthday next week", Pablo told me. 6. "John had already gone at six", David said. 7. "Are the boys reading a book?" Mandy asked me. 8. "Where are you playing football today?", Jennifer asked. 9. "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?", Paul asked. 10. Where are my glasses? My grandmother asked me. 11. "Clean the blue bike", Andrew told me. 12. "Write a text message", Jessica told me. 13. "Don't play football in the garden!", Karen told me. 14. "Don't forget to do your work!", the teacher told me.
ASA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES A ESTILO INDIRECTO 1. "The boss must sign the letter", Jean said.

JEAN SAID (THAT) THE BOSS HAD TO SIGN THE LETTER (Los "that" entre parntesis indica que se puede omitir la palabra) 2."Our teacher will go to Madrid tomorrow", Emily said. EMILY SAID (THAT) THEIR TEACHER WOULD GO TO MADRID THE FOLLOWING DAY. 3. "I was writing a letter yesterday", Helen told me. HELEN TOLD ME (THAT) SHE HAD BEEN WRITING A LETTER THE DAY BEFORE. 4. "Tim went to the Stadium yesterday", Peter said. PETER SAID (THAT) TIM HAD GONE TO THE STADIUM THE DAY BEFORE. 5. "My mother will celebrate her birthday next week", Pablo told me. PABLO TOLD ME (THAT) HIS MOTHER WOULD CELEBRATE HER BIRHTDAY THE FOLLOWING WEEK. 6. "John had already gone at six", David said. DAVID SAID (THAT) JOHN HAD ALREADY GONE AT SIX" 7. "Are the boys reading a book?" Mandy asked me. MANDY ASKED ME IF THE BOYS WERE READING A BOOK.

8. "Where are you playing football today?", Jennifer asked. JENNIFER ASKED WHERE I WAS PLAYING FOOTBALL THAT DAY. 9. "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?", Paul asked. PAUL ASKED IF MAX HAD FLOWN TO LONDON TWO WEEKS BEFORE. 10. Where are my glasses? My grandmother asked me. MY GRANDMOTHER ASKED ME WHERE HER GLASSES WERE. 11. "Clean the blue bike", Andrew told me. ANDREW TOLD ME TO CLEAN THE BLUE BIKE. 12. "Write a text message", Jessica told me. JESSICA TOLD ME TO WRITE A TEXT MESSAGE. 13. "Don't play football in the garden!", Karen told me. KAREN TOLD ME NOT TO PLAY FOOTBALL IN THE GARDEN. 14. "Don't forget to do your work!", the teacher told me. THE TEACHER TOLD ME NOT TO FORGET TO DO MY WORK.