DIETARY

REFERENCE
INTAKES
(DRls)
Food and Nutrition Board,
lnstitute of Medicihr
NationalAcademies.

crcLos

Mmffiffimffim.ffiw

fl
Intakes(DRIs):Recommended
Intakesfor Individuals,Vitamins
DietaryReference
Food and Nutrition Eoand,Institute of Medicine,Fational,Academies

Infants
0-6 mo
7 -1 2 m o

400"
500"

40*
50"

5*

Children
1-3 y
4-8y

300
400

15
25

5*

51-70 y
> 7oy

600
900
900
900
900
900

45
75
90
90
90
90

Females
9-13y
14-18y
19-30 y
3 1 -5 0 y
51-70 y
> 70y

600
700
700
700
700
700

45
65
75
75
75
75

Pregnancy
14-18 y
19-30 y
31- 50y

750
770
770

80
85
85

Lactaton
' t4 -1 B y
19-30y
3 1 -5 0 y

1,2OO
1,300
1,300

115
120
120

Males
9-13y
14-18y
19-30y
?1 - { O v

125"
I 50"

4x
5*

2.0n
2.5*

0.2*
0.3"

0.3"
o.4*

4*

0. 1"
0.3"

65x
80n

0.4*
0.5*

1 .7 *
1 .8 "

6
7

30*
55"

0.5
0.6

0.5
0.6

6
8

0.5
0.6

150
200

0.9
1. 2

2x

Bx

3x

12x

200*
250*

11
15
15
15
15
15

60*
75x
'1 2 0 x

0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

12
16
16
16
16
16

1. 0
1. 3
1. 3
1. 3
1. 7
1. 7

300
400
400
400
400
400

1. 8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4i
2.4i

4x

120x
120x
120*

0.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2

20"
25"
30*
30*
30"
30"

375x
550"
550"
550*
550"
550"

11
15
15
15
15
15

60*
75"
90*
90"
90"
90"

o.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

0.9
1.O
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

12
14
14
14
14
14

1. 0
1. 2
1. 3
1. 3
1. 5
1. 5

300
400,
400r
400t
400
400

1. 8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4h
2.4h

375"
400t
425*
425*

5*

20x
25"
30"
30"
30"
30"

5*
5*
5*

15
15
15

75"
90*
90*

1.4
1.4
1.4

1.4
1.4
1.4

18
18
18

I.9
1 .9
1 .9

6OO/
60(y
60()/

2.6
2.6
2.6

6"
6"
6x

30*
30*
30*

450*
450*
450*

19
19
19

/ i^

90*
90*

1.4
1.4
1.4

1.6
1.6
1.6

17
17
17

2.O
2.O
2.O

500
500
500

2.8
2.8
2.8

7
7
7

?q

550*
550"
550n

f-

5x

5*
5*
10"
t5^

f
l'

10*
1(x

with(onfidence
thepe(entage
0findividuals
covered
bythisintake.
bAsch0lecalcifero.1
=40 lUvitamin
D.
Ugch0lecalciferol
.lntheabsence
0fadequate
exp0sure
t0sunlight.
(5RR-,55R-,5R5-,
stereois0meri(f0rms
0fo-t0c0pher0l
andS55{-t0c0pher0l),
ahofound
info*ifiedfoods
rnrlruplcnrrnls
eAs
= 60mg0ffyptophan;0,6
(n0tN[).
(N[).1mg0fniacin
preformed
niacin
nacin
equvalents
months
-

C0pyright
2004bytheNti0nal
A(demy
0fSciences.
Allrights
reserved.

2x

5x
5x
5*
5*

AX

5*
5*
5x

o-

35

+zJ^

425x

Intakesfor lndividuals,Elements
DietaryReferenceIntakes(DRls):Recommended
Fcr:dard lXutnitn**arcl, lr"rstituteof Medicine,l\lationalAcaden'lies

lnfants
0-6 mo
7- 12m o

210"
270x

0.2"

Lnilaren
1-3 y
4 -B y

500"
800*

11*

J.J'

t)^

0.4*
0.7*

0.12*
0.37*

3
5

3.0"
3.8"

1. 0"
1. 2"

40
55
55
55
55
55

8
11
11
11
11
11

4.5"

1,25O
1,25O
700
700
700
700

40
55
55
55
55
55

8
9
8
I
8
8

50
50
50

1,25O
700
700

60
60
60

50
50
50

1,25O
700
700

70
70
70

200" 0.01* 11 0 " 0.27"

11
220* 0.5" 130"

30"
75"

0.003"
0.6"

2x
3*

100"
275*

15*
20x

2x

340
440

o.7x
'I*

90
90

7
10

80
130

1.2"
,| .5"

17
22

460
500

20
30

z'

120
150
150
150
150
150

8
11
8
8
8
8

240
410
400
420
420
420

1.9x
2.2x
2.3x
2.3"
2.3"
2.3*

34
43
45
45
45
45

1,25O
1,25O
700
700
700
700

120
150
150
150
I50
150

I
15
18
18
8
8

240
360
310
320
320
320

1.6*
1.6"
1.8"
1.8"
1.8"
'l .8*

34
43
45
45
45
45

27
27
27

400
3s0
360

2.0"
2.Ox
2.0x

10
9
9

360
310
320

2.6
2.6
2.6

0 .1 8 *
0.57*

, |. 5*
1. 9*

tvateS

9-13y
14-18y
19-30y
3 1 -s 0 y
s 1 -7 0y
>7oy

1 ,3 0 0 "
1 ,3 0 0 *
1 ,0 0 0 "
I,000*
1,200x
't,200x

zJ^

35"
35"
30*
30"

700
890
900
900
900
900

Females
9-13y
14-18y
19-30y
3 1 -5 0 y
51-70y
>7oy

1 ,3 0 0 *
1 ,3 0 0 "
1,000"
1,000*
1 ,2 0 0 n
1 ,2 0 0 *

21"
24"
25"
25"
20"
20"

700
890
900
900
900
900

Pregnancy
14-18 y
1 ,3 0 0 "
19- 3O y
1,000"
31- s 0 y
1,000"

29*
30"
30"

1,000
1,000
1,000

3x
3x

220
220
220

Lactation
14-18 y
19-30 y
31- 50 y

44*
45"
45"

1,300
1,300
1,300

3*
3*
3*

290
290
290

,300*
,000"
,000"

55^

3x
4*
4*
4x
4x

2x

3*
3*
3*
3x
3x

3x

covered
bythDintke.

viahttp://www.nap.edu.
rep0rts
mybea((essed
{2004).These
(opyright
Allrights
reserved.
2004
bytheNati0nl
A(ademy
ofSciences.

2.3"
2.3"
2.3"
2.3x
2.0"
1. 8"

Aa*
A1X
Aax

4.7*
Aax

Aax

.2x

2. 3"
2.3"
2.3"
2.3"
2.0"
1. 9*

12
11
11

Aax

1 .5 "
1 .5 "
1 .5 "

2.3+
2.3x
2.3"

13
12
12

5. 1"
5. 1"
5. 1*

1. 5*
1. 5*
1. 5x

2.3"

/(x

-)-

Aax

.f^

Aax

..1

Aax

.f

4.7*

Aax
Aax

2*

2.3*
2. 3*

DietaryReferencelntakes(DRls):TolerableUpperIntakeLevels{ULa},Vitamins
National
Academies
Insttute
of Medicine,
FoodandNutritionBoard,

lnfants
0-6 mo
7 -' l 2 mo

600
600

NDf
ND

25
25

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

Children
1 -3y
4 -8 y

600
900

400
650

50
50

200
300

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

10
15

30
40

300
400

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

1. 0
1. 0

ND
ND

Moles,
Females
9-13y
14-18y
19-70y
> 7oy

1 ,7 0 0
2,800
3,000
3,000

1,200 50
1,800
2,000 50
2,OOO 50

600
800
1,000
i ,000

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

30
35
35

60
80
100
100

600
800
1, 000
't,000

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

2.0
3.0
3.5
3.5

ND
ND
ND
ND

1,800
2,000

50
50

800 N D
1,000 N D

ND
ND

ND
ND

30
35

80
100

800
1,000

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

3.0
3. 5

ND
ND

1,800
2,000

50
50

800
1,000

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

30
35

80
100

800
1, 000

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

3.0
3.5

ND
ND

Pregnancy
"14-1By
2,800
19-50 y
3,000
Lactation
1 4 -^ t8 y
1Q- ( O r r

2,800
3,000

(ar0tenoids.
(autlon
pantothenlcacd,
in(onsuming
levekabove
re(0mmended
intakes,
Intheabsen(e0fu[s,
extra
maybewaanted
812,
biotin,
bAsoreformed
vitamin
Aonltr
o-to@pher0l.
cAsq tocopherol;
apples
toanyf0rm0fsupplementl
fortified
f0ods,0I
a combination
0fth0two.
t0syntheti(
f0rms
obtained
fromsupplements,
dlheULs
forvitamn
E,niacin,
andfolate
apply
Adefi(iency.
Asource
forindvidak
atrisk0fvitamin
eB-Car0tene
supplements
areadvised
0nlyt05erve
asaprovitamin

(0pper,
reports
maybt accesed
vlhttp://wwwnap,edu.
i\4olybdenum,
Nickel,
Silc0n,Vanadum,
andZinc(2001
Chr0mium,
I0dne,
lron,Manganese,
).These
Allrights
reserved.
Copyright
2004bytheNational
Academy
ofSciences.

ffi
DietaryReferenceIntakes(DRls):TolerableUpperIntakeLevels{ULa},Elements
Food and hlutritlon Board,Institute of Medicine,National Aeadernes

Infants
0-6 mo
7- 1 2 m o

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

Children
1-3 y
4-8 v

ND
ND

2.5
2.5

ND
ND

Males,
Females
9-13y
14-18y
19-70y
> 70y

ND
ND
ND
ND

11
17
20
20

2.5
2.5
2.5

2.s

ND
ND
ND
ND

rregnancy
14 -1 8 y
19-50 y

ND
ND

17
20

2.5
2.5

Lactation
14-18y
19-sOy

ND
ND

17
20

2.5
2.5

ND
ND

40
40

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

45
60

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

4
5

1,000 1.3
3,000 2.2

200
300

40
40

65
' r10

300
600

0.2
0.3

3
3

ND
ND

90
150

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

7
t2

1. 5 2.3
1. 9 2 . 9

5,000
8,000
10,000
10,000

10
600 40
10
900 45
10 1,100 45
10 1,100 45

350
350

3s0

6
9
11
1'l

' t,100 0.6

't,700 1.0
2,000 1.0
2,000 1.0

4
4
4
3

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
280
400 ND
. ND
400
400
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
1. 8
1. 8

23
34
40
40

2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3

3.4
3.6
3.6
3. 6

ND
ND

8,000
10,000

10
900 45
10 1,100 45

350
350

9
1l

1,700
2,000

1.0
1.0

3.5
3.5

ND
ND

400
400

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

34
40

2.3
2.3

3.6
3. 6

ND
ND

8,000
10,000

10
900 45
10 1,100 45

350
350

9
11

1,700
2,000

1.0
1.0

4
4

ND
ND

400
400

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

34
40

2.3
2.3

3.6
3.6

?qn

inconsuming
levels
above
recommended
intkes.
andsulfate.
Intheabsence
0fULs.
extra
cation
maybewarranted
f0radding
anenic
t0f00d0rtupplements.
theULwas
n0tdetermined
f0rarsenc,
thereisn0justfi(ati0n
bAlth0ugh
intakefrom
f00dandwte[
repreJent
intakefrom
apharma(ol0gl(al
gentonly
andd0notinclude
cThe
U[sformagnesum
f0radding
sil(0n
t0supplomonts.
hasnotbeen
t0cauiedverse
effects
inhumantthereisn0justfication
dAlthough
slicon
5h0wn
uLforadults
butnotchildren
andad0lescents.

reports
maybed((e55ed
vihttp://www.np.edu.
{2004).These
Acdemy
of5ciences.
Allrlghts
reserved.
C0pyright
2004
bytheNational

ND
ND

ND
ND

0.7
0.9

ND
ND

ffi
ffinmrgyffimqnnIrmmmet**
ffistirssmtd}{$
ffi*e?*rgrffief*rerye*$ffia$c*s
iffiffiffi]
{}ffi*s}:
$cpr&qwffimer#\Sfm*"-n*m
SffiVearn ei{ &gmffi
Fcodand F,utrto"r
Board"Insttuteof Medicine,NationalAeadernies

(se)
1.so

Sedentary
Low active
Actve
Very actve

41.6(e2)

1,848
2,009
2,215
2,554

2,080
2,267
2,506
2,898

1,625
1, 803
2,02s
2,291

1, 762
't,956
2,198
2,489

1.6s(6s)

Sedentary
Low active
Active
actve

s0.4(1

2,068
2,254
2,490
2,BBO

2,349
2,566
2,842
3,296

1, 816
2,016
2,267
2,567

1, 982
2,202
2,477
2,807

r.8 0(7 1 )

Sedentary
Low active
Active
active

59.9(132)

2,30'l
2,513
2,782
3,225

2,635
2,884
3,200
720

2, 015
2,239
2, 519

2,211.
2,459
2,769
141

81.0(178)

2,8s5

dFor
formen
yearbelow
7 k(al/day
forwomen
and10kcal/day
forwomen
and10kcal/dayformen.[0rea(hyear
above
30,subtract
each
30,add7 kcal/day
bPAL
= physical
adivitylevel.
bodymass
index.
'Bl\.,11:
dDerived
labeled
waterdata:
fromthefollowing
regression
equatons
based
0ndoubly
PAx y( 15.91
Adultm n:EER=662- 9.53xFage(
) x w tl k gl+539.6x htl m l )
x wt lkgl+ 726x ht[m])
EER:3546.91
x age(y)+ PAx (9.36
Adultwomn:
PAL
Where
PArefe6t0coeffi(ientf0r
* basal
energy
expenditure
PA[= t0talenergy
expenditure
PA= 1.0ifPAt> 1.0< 1.4Gedentary)
PA= 1.12
if PAL
> 1.4< 1.6(lowactive)
PA= 1.27
ifPAL
> 1.6< 1.9hctive)
PA= 1.45
ifPAL
> 1.9< 2.5(veryactive)

utffimmgem
n*trtemtffi$str**nst$w
ilntmkqs
ffietmryl{efenencm
{#ffits}r&ce*ptmh$wSflemrmst
ieir'e.f{ationa I Academies
Foori and Nutrition Board,Insttute of 1ed

Fat
n-6 polyunsaturatedfatty acids,(linoleicacid)
(6r-linolenic
acid)
n-3 polyunsaturatedfatty 6d5a
Carbohydrate
Protein

-io Ao

?q

5 - 10
0.6 - 1.2
45-65
5 -20

0.6
45
10

dApproximatelyl0%0f
cancomfrom
l0nger(hain,
30rn6fttya(ids.
thetotl
(h0lesterol,
and/\mirx)
A(i(l\(/00,))
fortnergy,
Crbohydrte,
Fibr,
Fat,FattyAdds,
Protein
Dietary
Reference
Intakes
50uRC[:
I lr r lllillil. i ut .

35
10
1. 2
65
30

fl}i*tmny${eferemce
ft,*e*ssrxxeq'*dee*
}*tnke* {or Nnclividuml*.
l14m*r*me*tr}e$}&*
{ffiffi&x}r
'lmts$q*s
Food and htutritiernBoard,nsttuteof Medicine,National Academies

lnfants
0-6 mo
7 -1 2mo

0.7*
0.8*

Children
1- 3 y

ND
ND

30"

1 .3 "
1 .7 "

130
130

19"
25"

ND
ND

a^*

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

1:1v____
*
Males
9-13y
14-18y
19-30y
3 1 -5 0 y
51-70
>7oy

3.3"
3.7*
3 .7 x
3.7"
3.7*

130
130
130
130
130
130

3l *
3B*
3B*
38"
30"
30"

Females
9 -1 3 y
14-18y
19-30 y
31-50 y
5 1-7 0
> 7oy

2 .1 *
2.3"
2.7"
2.7x
2.7"
2.7*

130
130
130
130
130
130

26"
26*
25*

9. 1"
11. 0c

4.6"

0.5"

7x

10*

o.7x
0.9*

13
19

12"
16"
17"
't 7 *

1.2"
1.6*
't.6*
1.6*

14"
14*

't.6"

34
52
56
56
56
56

25x

t-o^

1.1*
1.1"
1.1"

46
46

::;::::m:j::xx::::x::x::;::::..inb0|dtypeandAdeqUate|ntakes(A|$inordinarytypefo||owedbyan

14-18y
19-30
3 1-5 0

3.0"
3.0"
3.0x

175
175
175

28*
28"
28"

ND
ND
ND

, Lactation
' 14- 18y

3. 8"

I r o-:o
*:1-sj v

3.8"
:'8"

210
210
210

29"
29"
29"

ND
ND
ND

13"
13"
13*

^1.4*
1.4"
"t.4x

71
71
71

12*

1.3*
1.3*
1.3*

71
71
71

individual
intake.
iltersk
andAkmaybothbeused
asgoalsfor
{*).RDAS
individuals
RDAs
aresett0 meetthe
needs
ofalmolall(97t098percent)
rnagr0up.
Forhealthy
infantsfedhumanmilk,theAl isthemeanintake.
TheAlfor
groups
is believed
t0 cover
theneds
of all
0therlifestagendgender
indivduals
inthegr0up,
butlack0f data0r un(ertainty
nthedataprepercentge
ventbeingablet0 spedtwithconfidence
the
0f indivduals
covered
bythisintake.
dT0tal
(0ntained
waterin(ludes
allwater
nf00d,beverages,
anddrinkngwter
DBased
on0.8q/kgbodyweightforthe
reference
bodyweight.
from13.5inprepublication
c0py
duet0calculation
er0[
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'

13"
13*

,i\lln*cr*nmtri*r'lf*
**e*ary RefsRemsw
$rE{*$e*s
ffis**r'r.*r*qsrcs$et$$$x$
{6}&*s}.r,&dditimnn[
Foodand Alutriton$oard,nsttuteof Medicine,NationalAcadernies

Dietarycholesterol
Transfatty acids
Saturated
fattyacids
Addedsugars

e hi l econsumi ng
A sl owaspossi blw
a nutri ti onaladequat
ly
diet
e
e hi l econsumi ng
A sl owaspossi blw
a nutri tonaladequat
ly
diet
e
Aslow aspossible
whileconsumng
a nutritionally
adequate
diet
Limitto no morethan25olo
of totalenergy

I
I
i
f

50UR(E:
Dietary
Referen(e
Intakes
f0rEnergy,
Carbohydrate,
Fiber,
Fal
(h0lester0l,
(2002).
Fatty
Acds,
Protein
andAmin0
A(ids

DietaryRefer*n*Intakes{DRls}:frstfrrmnted
AveragaRmquirenrents
for Groups
Food and NutnitionEoarci,!nstitute of Medicine,NatonalAeae*e"ries

lnfants
7-'1 2m o

9*

Children
1- 3y
4- Bv

100
100

11
15

2 ^ t0
275

Males
9-13y
14-18y
19-30 y
31- s 0 y
s 1- 7 0y
> 7o y

100
100
100
100
100
100

27
44
46
46
46
46

445
630
625
625
625
625

100
100
100
'100
100
100

28
3B
3B
3B
3B
3B

Pregnancy
'14-18y
19-30 y
31 -50v

135
135
135

Lactaton
14-18y
19-30y
31- 5 0 y

160
160
160

Females
9- 13 y
14-18y
19-30 y
31- 5 0 y
51-70 y
> 70 v

2.5

6.9

5
6

0.4
0.5

't20
160

0.7
1.0

260
340

65
65

3. 0
4.'l

65
110

13
't 7

380
405

17
23

2.5
4.O

0.8
1.1
1.1
1.l
1.4
1.4

250
330
320
320
320
320

1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

540
685
700
700
700
700

73
95
95
95
95
95

5. 9
7. 7

200
340
330
350
350
JfU

26
33
34
34
34
34

1, 055
1, 055
580
580
580
580

35
45
45
45
45
45

7.0
8.5
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4

9
11
11
11
11
11

.B
.0
.1
.1

250
330
320
320
320
320

1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

540

6Bs
700
700
700
700

73
95

5 .7
7.9
8 .1
8 .1

200
300
255
26s
26s
26s

26
33
34
34
34
34

1,05s
1,05s
580
sB0
sB0
sB0

45
45
45
45
45

7.0
7.3
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8

1.2
1.2
1.2

14
14
14

1.6
1.6
1.6

520
520
520

2.2
2.2
2.2

785
800
800

1.3
1.3
1.3

13
13
13

1.7
1.7
1.7

450
450
450

2.4
2.4

13
22

5
6

0.4
0.5

0.4
0.5

39
75
75
75
75

9
12
12
12
12
12

0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
. 1.0
1.0

0.8
1.1
1.1
1.',I
1.1
1.1

12

420
48s
500
s00
500
s00

39
56
60
60
60
60

12
12
12
12
12

0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

0.8
0.9
0.9
no
0.9
0.9

50
50
50

530
550
550

66
70
70

12
12
12

1.2
1.2
1.2

60
60
60

885
900
900

96
100
100

' t6
^t6
16

" t.2
1.2
1.2

o5

12
12
12
tz

1A

Y)

95
95
95

o
6
6
6

160
160
160

23
22
22

335
290
300

40
40
40

1, 055
580
580

49
49
49

10. 5
9.5
9.5

9Bs 209
1,000 209
t,000 209

7
6.5
6.5

300
25s
26s

35
36

r,055
sB0
sB0

59
59
59

1 0 .9
10.4
10.4

D,vtaminK,pantothenicacid,bi0tin,choline,(lcum,chromium,fluoride,manganese,0r0thernutrientsnotyetevaluatedviathe0Rlproces,
*indicates
4F0r
(hnge
(Table
individual
atreference
weight
1-1).
fr0mprepubli(tion
copy
duet0calculti0n
er0r.

Asniadnequivalents
= 60mg0ffyptophan.
(NE).
I mg0fniacin

(h0lester0l,
Pfotein,
ndAmrn0
Acid5
{20021.
lhe'ereportr
maybearre$ed
viwww.np.pdu.
(opyright
Academy
2002
by{heNdtronal
ofscienrer.
Allnqht\reserved.

50