447

PART IV.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
3. CenterofGravity .................................................................................. 452
4. BeamFormulas..................................................................................... 455
5. DesignofWelded Joints ....................................................................... 458
6. ExampleofCalculations ....................................................................... 461
7. BoltedConnections............................................................................... 463
448
S T A S F
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS s~ =Bendingstress, psi
A =Cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a , i n 2 . s ~ = Shearstress, psi
AR =RequiredcrosssectionalArea, in2 S~ =Allowabletensileor compressive
I =Moment of inertia, in4 stress, si
M =Moment, in-lb S~* t =AlIowale bendingstress, psi.
M* =Allowablemoment,in-lb s~~ =Allowableshear stress, psi.
P =F o r c e , lb
Y
= Distance from neutral axis to
PA = Allowable force. lb extreme fiber, in
s =Tensile or compressive stress, psi Z = Section modulus, in3
TYPE OF LOADING EXAMPLES
p-p ;:i;;;, The stress in a 2 x % in. bar made from
J
SA 285-Csteel due to 5,000 lb. tensional
A, = $:in21
load is:
TENSION Area, A = 2x V4= 0.5 in2;
. s = + (psi) S = $ = 5~~0 = 10,000p s
P
A+
PA = AS4 (lb)
p (in2)
AR = To support a load of 11,000Ibs. in
COMPRESSION s~
compression, the required area of steel
P
m
bar m a d e f r o m S 2 8 5 s t e i
p ( p s i )
s ~ . >
P
AR = = E = 0.5 inz
PA = AS~~ (lb)
s~ ,
.L. -
A p Single
AR =$~~n2)
The required area of bolt made from
Q
= ~A(psi)
SA-307 B steel to support a load of
>2~
J
s~
15,000lbs. in double shear:
~P
P/2+
P A = 2AS~~ (lb) AR =~ =
2s,4
.*~51~~o~=0.75in
Double A p (in2)
SHEAR
2ss~
M = P/ (in-lb)
The maximumbendingmomentat the
P[
MA = ZS~ (in-lb)
sup ort of a cantilever beam due to a
Q
J loa of 1,000Ibs. acting at a distance of
M (in3)
zjQ=sr--
60inchesfromthe support:
M =Pl = 1,000 X 60 = 60,000 in-lb.
s = ; (psi)
BENDING
S* =
~, (psi)
Section modulus
mm
If dimensionb =2 in. and d=4
d
-Y
axisof moment on the base. 1=42.67.
Z= I/y = 42.67/4 = 10.67 in3
u
z=~
y
axis of moment throu h center, 1= 10.67,
b
! Z=Ily = 10.67I2 = .335 in3
SECTION MODULUs
449
A STRESSES
FOR NONPRESSUREPARTSOF VESSELSANDOTHERSTRUCTURES
TYPEOF STRESS
&JOINT
ALLOWABLESTRESS
SOURCE
;TEEL
CODE
Bearing
1
1.60x The values of UCS-23
Shear
0.80x tables UCS-23 Notes
Compression 0.60x
rension (except pin eonneetion)
}
Specified
0.60x
American
Bending
0.66 x
minimum
Institute
~hear
0.40 x
yield stress of Steel
Bearing (on projected area of bolts
Min. tensile
C o n s t r u
1 . 5 x
i n s h e a r o n c o n n e c t i o n )
s t r e n g t h
W E L D E D J O I N T O F S T E E L
Full penetration groove weld
same as for the
tension, compression, shear
steel welded
Partial penetration groove weld American
1. tension transverse to axis of weld, Welding
shear on throat
13,600psi
Society
2. tension parallel to axis of weld or
same as for the
compression on throat
steel welded
Fdlet weld, shear on throat
13,600psi
(using throat dimension)
9,600 psi
(using leg dimension)
Plug or slot weld
same as fillet weld
i
1,
. - -
P R O S
D E F I N I T I O N O F S Y M B O I J j
r = Radius of gyration, ~~
A = A r e a , i n . z
Y
= D i s t a n c e a x i [ e x t r f i b i
1 = i n .
z = i n
1 y
1----1
a
L
a
, , , ,.. . , . , : . . :
, . .
:
\@a
2
K -
/
a
a
b
\
/ ~
\
Y
a :,,.:.
E!h

-
I - Q
f =
Z =
r = 0.289a
r = 0.S77a
A = az
y = a
I =
Z = 0.118 a~
r = 0.289a
A =
Z =~
r = 0.289
U2+b2
A =
y = 0.707a
I 12
Z =(0.118a
r = 0,289 +
A = bd
y = Y2d
I =
Z =
r = 0,289d
1
E&
..:,, ,::: ::, .,. ,,. :,:
..
d h ~~ . ~~
:
i Y
u
k
b
w
.. -
A = bd
I =
Z =
r = 0.577d
A =
y = Yzd
I
Z d
=
A = ~ bd
I =
Z =
r = d
I =
Z =
r = 0.408d
A =
Y = +
~ = +
( a b
~ - ( a +4 a +b
1 ( a 2
A =
Y =
I =
Z =
r =
451
P R O O S
D E F I N I T I O N O F S Y M B O L S r
.
A = z
c x { r e f i b i
1 = Moment of inertia, in.4 z = Section modulus, ,
A =
A =
w
,. :
F
~ = ~ +
y =
? ,,,.,,,.-- ,.,.:,. .
I =

[
.,., :,:,. .:::.:.
L
Y
i =
, ,
.
Z = 0.098(D4-d4 )/D
,.,, :,:.,.:,:,:.:.: ,., .;. :.:.:. .......,
-(a -
d
r
u
z = I /
r = f
S e c t i o n o f t h i n w a l l e d 4
A = bt)
IGi
c y l i n d e r w h e n R > 1 0 1
I i 5 ! 3
~ ~ ; , 7
~ . b ((l?d+a)+dz
R
A =
+
.:: :::: 1 =
Y
~
1 = R( r
[
z = R[ r
L
z =
r = O.
a
r
A =
E
A = bd - h (b t)
Y =
Y = d
Z =
d
s
r = 0.132 d 6
A =
Y =
I
Z
r
A =
y =
i = [bdh(bO] /12
Z
/4 = bs + h(
A =
? :
......... y =
.... + 2
:~,: -
i ~ fj ! =
1
.............................
Y
z =
r
452
C E G
h e center of gravity of an area or body is the point through which about any axis the
loment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogeneousmaterial at the center of
ravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions.
he center of gravityof symmetricalareas ass uare, rectangle,circle,etc. coincideswith
1 h e geometrical center of the area. For arqas w i c h . a r e n o t symmetricalor whichare
Ymmetrical about one axn only, the center of gravitymaybe determinedby calculation.
The center of gravity is located on the centerline of
symmetry. (Axis y y)
To determine the exact location of it:
Y
25
-+
..
I
c
I
C.g
Y ~-
b
x
x
Y
a
EXAMPLE #1
Y
h
c1
1 .
2.
3.
Divide the area into 3 rectangles and calculate the
area of each. (A, B, C)
Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles
and determine the distances a b and c to a
selected axis (x x) per endicular to axis y y.
r Calculate distance y to ocate the center of gravity
by the f o r m u l a :
-
y = Aa+ Bb +
A +B+ C
A s s u m i n g f o r a r e a s o f r e c t a n g l e s : A =16, B= 14
and C= 12 square inches and for the distances of
center of gravities: a = 1, b = 5 and c= 9 inches.
y = 16X 1+14X5+12X 9 = 4462in.
16+14+12
The area is not symmetrical about an axi:s. The
g center of gravity may be determined y calculating
the moments with reference to two selected axes. To
determine the distances of center of gravity to these
-
a x e s :
1 . Divide the area into 3 rectangles and calculate the
areas of each. (A, B, C)
2 . D e t e r m i n e t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t o t h r e c l
% a n d t h e d i s t a n c e s , a , b a n c t a x i x - a t e
,
(
4cj-
d i s t a n c e s al, bl, c, t o a x i s y y
... -
3. Calculatedistancesx andy bythe formulas:
- x
\
-+-
x = AuI +Bbl +Ccl
c A.
b
ccl+ A+B+C
- A
1
Y
x 1
t
x
a al
y = Aa+Bb +Cc

A+B+C
Y
A s s u m i n g f o r a r e a s o f r e c t a n g l e s A =1 6 B =14
E X A M P L E # 2
a n d C = 1 2 s q u a r e i n c h e s a n f o d i s t a n o
c e n t e r o f g r a v i t i e s : a=1 b = 5 c= 9: 4, b,=1
and c,=3
~ = 16x 4+ 14x 1+12x 3 = 2.71 in.
y = 16X1+ 14x5+12x8
= 4.62 in.
16+ 14+ 12 16+ 14+ 12
4
C E O G
r
A
A
T R I A N G L E
\ T h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y i s a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o l i n e AD a BE,
h
\ E
L
w h i c h b i s e c t the sides BC and A C . The p e r p e n d i c u l a d i s t
\ f r o m t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y t o any one of the sides is equal to
a
B
c
t h i r d t h e h e i g h t p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h a t side. Hence, a = h + 3
. I - D 7
T R A P E Z O I D
B
m
r
T h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y i s o n t h e l i n e j o i n i n g t h m i d d p o i o
r p a r a l l e l l i n e s AB DE.
h
e
1
= ~ (a + 2 b) ~ = h (2 a + b)
c
3 (a+ b) 3 (a+ b)
D
1---
IEd
a 2 +
e
=
f!J-- 3 ( a + b )
SECTOR OF CIRCLE
A
Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
2 rc = r2c = 38 ~g, r sin a
@
r
T
b
T E - o!
/<
i n w h i c h A = of sector, a i s e x p r e s s e d i d e g r e
a
4
For the area of a half-circle:
b = A r + 3 T = 0.4244r
For the area of a quarter circle:
b
b = 4 & X r + 3 T = o.6o02r
F o r t h e a r e a o f a s i x t h o f a c i r c l e :
b = 2 r + T = 0.6366r
1
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE
r The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the circle
l=$kl
C
is:
~3
b =
r3 s i n a
b
12A = 3 A
in which A ==area of segment.
&
R
PART OF CIRCULAR RING
r
b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
b = 38.197 $~$a
h
A n g l e a i s e x p r e s s e d i n degrees.
3
FRUSTUM OF CONE
}
For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula:
= h (R2 + 2 R r + 3 rz)
a
r
i- 4 (R2 -i- Rr r2)
I
T h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y o f t h c o n i c s u r f o a
o
h
frustum of a cone is determined by:
d
h ( R + 2 r )
* P
a 3 (R+ r)
4
C E O G
EXAMPLES
A 1 =
1 0 0 - o
I
I
2r-o-
80 Ibs
75000 Ibs
b
600 Ibs
x I
2-6
lb
lb
1800
lb
600 lb
78880 lb
75000 x 50 + 80 X 2 + 1800X iO + 800 X
102 + 600 X 2-6 + 600 X 97-6
x=
=
Ibs
4,017,760
= 50,935
= 50 I 1.1/4
= 78,880
B
108-0
t
9
6-0 42-0
2-0
564) 2
5-0
(24000 Ibs) ~
(17000 Ibs)
2400 I b s = 1900 lbs & I 1000 Ibk
t ,
+
A [
x
.
-
G
*
weight:
17000lb
1400lb
1 9 l
2400 x ~+ 24000x 27+ 100ox 49 + 1 7 0 0 0 x 7 8 + 1 4 ( J O X 1 0 7 + 1 9 0 0 1 1
x =
.
4 7 , 7 o O Ibs.
2200,900
==
46.14 = 46-1] 16
47.700
4
B F O
D E F I N I T I O N O F S Y M B O L S
W = load, lb.
E =
!
V =
r =
v =
I =
w = u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e l o
= M o m e n t o f f o r c e , i n . l b .
x = D i s t a n c e p a r a l l e l t a x i X i n
P= F o r c e o f c o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d , l b . A
= D e f l e c t i o n , i n
R = e
=
Cantilever fixed at one end Concentrated load at free end
~
R = V = P
K
R
A t s u p p o r t , = P 1
M X = P X
x
1 A t free end, Arnu = $&
Ax = ~
6EI 23
312X+ X3)
Cantilever fixed at one end - Concentrated load at any point
P R= V=P
b
-
a
A t support, = P b
Y
When x>a = a)
R
At free end, Amu =
Pb3
II
~ (31- b)
p , -j A -
Whenx<a
Whenx>a
= Pb2 (31 _ 3X b) AX = p ) (3b I + %
x
6 E I 3 E
Cantilever fixed at one end Uniform load over entire span
R = V = Wi
Vx = Wx
R W12
A t support, l14max = ~ Mx= +
W14
At freeend, =
A X =
- ! ! _ ( 4 1 + 3 1
8 E I 2 4 E
Cantilever fixed at one end
Load increasing uniformly from free end to support
R = V=w Vx=WA M x =
12
R w= -+-
WI
A t support, =
3
W13
At free end, A m a x = ~ 1
A x = &
& ) E r ( x 5 1 4
W12
free end, O = +
Z2EI
456
B F O
5 Supported at both ends Concentrated load at mid-span
P
B
12 1/2
R] = R2 = v = P/2
Pl
A t load, =
P
W h e n x < 1 1 M x ~
RI R2
4
x
P 1 3
l o a d , A m a x =
4 8 E I
A t e n d , e = ~ =
1 6 E
-
1
x ( 3 / 4 X W h e n x < 1 / 2 X ~ 1
6
S u p p o r t e d a t b o t h e n d s C o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d a t a n p o i n
Pb
Max w h e n a < b R~ = V/ = A l o a d =
1 1
P
Max when a >b R2 = V2 =
Pbx
m
a b
W h e x < MX =
1
&>
~ when a > b Arnti =
i 1 b~)s
RI
2
A l o a A .
3
x
W h e n x<a Ax =
~bx
1
3(1 b X2)
91=
(
& 2al + $ 3a
)
A t ends,
= +
-
7 S u p p o r t e d a t b o t h e n d s T w o u n e q u a l c o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d s , e q u a l l s p a c f r e
R = V=P
= W h e x<a MX= PX
P, P2
B
a a
A t center, Arnax = ~
(3f 4a2)
RI R I
W h e n x =
:1 31a
3a2 X2}
x
When X>u AX
but x <(1 Q)
= ~ (3h - 3X2 az)
1
At ends, 6 = Pa 2EI(1 a)
8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from ends
+ P2b ~2 = + P2(1- b)
PP
RI =V1 =
I 1
B
a b
Whenx when RIQ1 Ml = RI a
but X v
= PI
RI R1
Maxw h e M2 = R2 b
W h e n x<a M. = RI X
1
W h e n x > a
but x < (1 - b) MX = RI x (X a)
)
a both ends
Uniformload overentirespan
WI
R = V = - - j -
V
(
l
=W -
2
)
W P
~ t c e n t e r m a - - j -
M x =
~ ( - x)
1
center,Arnu=~ Ax

+
1
*
At ends, O=
24EI
m
457
B F O
o
ends Uniform load partially distributed over span
Max w h e n a < c = = ~ (2c + b)
,l~lR lvlaxwhena~:V =~(2.,~)
b
W h e n X > a b u t x < ( a + b) =
2
x Mmax = RI a +
2W
At x = a + ~
I
w
When x <a =RIX
When x>a but Mx =R I X ~ ( a)2
W h e n x > ( a + b) =
12 p 1/2
F i x e d a t b o t h e n d s C o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d a t m i d - s p a n
~
R = V = ;
$tte;e~;er and M... . ~
8
$ <,
W h e n x < 1 / 2
P
i x
$ . M. = ~ (4x 1)
\ \
/
A = &
A = - 4
~ Fixed at both ends Uni~ormload over entire span
\
R = V = 7
V x = w ( + - x )
/ II[i ;IIII1] \ /
R J A t e n d s , =
A
x
W A t center, M =
1
M . = W/2 (61x i2 6XZ)
At center,
W14
=
= 3
(1 - X)2
3
Both ends are overhanging Uniform load over entire beam
x
R = V{ + V2 = w(a + l\2) VXI = WXI V. = W(X 112)
u
For overhang, = ~ A t support, M = $
m
II ! !
B e t w e e n s u p p o r t s , M. = ~ (lx X2 a)
A t ~ 4
x
a
a Whena = . x total lengthor A = .3541
R,
RI
WP
M = M C =
1 6
458
D W J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
GROOVE-AWELD
Groovew a u a c o o t b m F g W t s
s t i a a f t m t t j
FILLET WELD
S u e of w e l d
throat
b
/
The size of an equal-leg fillet weld is the leg
dimension of the largest 45 ri ht triangle inscribed
..
8
,. . in the cross section of the wel .
I-1---J%
The size of an unequal-legfilletweldis the
face
K
shortestdistancefromthe root to the faceof the
filletweld.
,,
Throat dimension= 0.707 x leg dimension
root
MinimumWeldsize*
\
Thicknessof the thickerplate, in.
over
1/2
3/4
/2 ZY4 6 6
Minimum fillet weld size, in.
3/16 /4 %6 % /2 5/8
* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined
Economyof filletwelding
1. Use the minimumsizeof filletweldrequiredfor the desiredstrength.
2.
3.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld in di~ect proportion, the volume (and costs) of it
will increase with the square of its size.
L o c a t e w e l d t o a v o i d e c c e n t r i c i t y , t o b e r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e , a n i d o w n - w e l d
p o s i t i o n .
A p p l y f i l l e t w e l d t r a n s v e r s e l y t o t h e f o r c e t o a c h i e v e g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h
/ ) , #
AllowableLoad
The strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electrode used.
For carbon steeI joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,600 (9.6 kips) lbs
er 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibson a %6 le x 1I f W
F % 4 o r e x a m p l e : t h e a l l o w a b l e l o a d o n a % x 1 l o n g f i l l e t w e l d 4 x 0 = 2 0 I b
C o m b i n e d L o a d s
S h e a r s t r e s s a n d b e n d i n g o r t o r s i o n a l s t r e s s e s d u e t o e c c e n t r i c l o a d i n g m a b c o m b
v e c t o r i a l l y . I t i s b a s e d o n t h e e l a s t i c t h e o r y a n d p r o v i d e s a s i m p l i f i e d a n c o n s e r v
m e t h o d .
-rd7
D W J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
~
subjectedto bendingmoment, in2
A W = Length of weld, in.
V = V e r t i c a l s h e a r , k i p
f = A l l o w $ b l e l o a d o n w e l d , 9 . 6 k i p s
= F i l l e t w e l d l e d i m e n s i o i
~ = L o a d o n f i l l e w e l d k i p
p e r m . l e g - a r e a
l i n e a l i n c h o w e l
= B e n d i n g m o m e n t , k i p s
s
= Avera e vertical shear on fillet
P = Allowable concentrated axial
E weld, ips per lin. inch of weld
w~ = Bending force on weld, kips per
?
w

COMPRESSION
VERTICAL SHE,AR BENDING
RESULTANT FORCE: W = ~W,2 + W22+ W32
EXAMPLE #1
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5
inches and the tensional load 20 kips.
20,000 Ibs.
$
~ . -P- . 20
= 2.35 kips per lin. in.
o
A,,, 8.5
w
w
= = 0.24; use X fillet weld
f .
EXAMPLE #2
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6 each
side) and the load 9 kips.
& 62
Section modulus, (from table) SW= ~= ~= 12 in
9,000 lbs
d
3
M 3x9
Bending Force, ~ = = 2.25 kips per lin. inch
w
12
v
Shear ForceW, = ~W= ~ = 0.75kipsper lin. inch
Resultantforce, W =<W~2 + WJ2=
~ 2 + 0 = kips per lin. inch.
W 2.37
Fillet weld size, w = = = .247; use K fillet weld
f 9.6
460
DESIG~ OF W J
PROPERTIES OF WELD OUTLINES
1 I
t
d2
x
x
s. = 6
. --
L

b
i - l
Y
r r
+
+ x
i x
I
I Y
- - b-
1- l
Y
x
v
d z
s ~
I
S W = b d
d ( 4 b + d )
S w ( t o p ) = ~
d 3 ( 4 b +d )
S W ( b o t t o m ) =
6 (2b+d)
(max.stress at bottom)
s W . b d + :
, I
b
1
A
Y
I
d ~ +
x
I
Y
b
t - l
1 +
d x - x
1 0
dx x
d ( 2 b + d )
S w ( t o p ) = ~
d 2 (2b+d)
;W
= ( b o t t o m ) ~ )
( m a x . f o r c e a t b o t t o m )
SW. hi
d 2
S w . ~
461
E X C A
E X C A
EXAMPLE #2
A vertical vessel is supported by two
I
beams.
The weight of the vessel is 20,000 lbs
._===------=--- _-.---= =---- .- .
1 = 120in Assume pin joint
The load on one beam:
Moment:
P l 10,000x 120
M
==
= 300,000in-lb
4 4
I
10-0 Required section modulus:
d
z=!!
S*
Assuming for allowable stress, SA: 20,000
psi,
I
Section modulus:
I
z=
300,000
:
= 15 in3
:
b
20,000
I The section modulus of a wide flange
8WF 20 is 17 in3
Moment of inertia: 69.2
Stress at the center of wide flange:
M
Sz
300,000
==
= 17,647psi
10,000 lbs 17
I
Deflection:
A A
A = ~ =
10,000x 1203
48EI 48 x 29,000,000 X 69.~=
.1794 in - %6 h.
463
B C
FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
REQUIRED LENGTH OF BOLTS
NOMINAL REQUIREDBOLTLENGTH=
BOLT GRIP+ D1MENS1ONS BELOW, i n c h e s
D I * y : T E R N O W A S H E R S 1 W A S H E R 2 W A S H E R S
1 A
I1 / , 6
7 / 8 I
% 7 / 8 1f 1 ~
1 1~ 1 5 / 1 6
7
1 i
1 1y16
1
1~
1%6 f ?46
1
1 E 1 I 1
1
1 1 l
1
l
1 2
1Y 2
1 7 / 8
2 ~ 1 6 z ~ 1 6
MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE AND SPACE
The minimumdistancefrom the center of bolt holeto any edge
BOLT MINIMUMEDGEDISTANCE
DIAMETER
A T S H E A R E D A T R O L L E D O R
m
o
7 2 7 / 8 3 / 4
m z

5
1 ~
7 / 8 m
3
g
3 / 4
1y 4
.
1
m
1/8
1y2 1~
. -
1
1 ~ 4
1? 4
1% 2
l y z
4 L
E D
1 ~ 2 y 4 1 5 / 8
D I S T
2 y 8 l - y B
BOLTHOLES shall be ~16 larger than bolt diameter.
ALLOWABLE LOADS in kips
SA 307 unfinished bolts and connected material: SA 283C, SA 285C, SA 36
Nominal Diameter
vi 3 / 4 7 / 8
o f B o l t
1
1y 11 / l y 1E
T e n s i l e S t r e s s
A r e a , i n
0 . 2 2 6 0 0 . 3 3 4 5 0 . 4 6 1 7 0 . 6 0 5 7 0 . 7 6 3 3 0 . 9 6 9 1 . 1 5 1 . 4
A l l o w a b l e L o a d s
4 , 5 2 6 . 6 9 9 . 2 3 1 2 . 1 1 1 5 . 2 7 1 9 . 3 2 3 . 2 8
i n T e n s i o n
A l l o w a b l e
S i n g l e 3 . 0 7 4 . 4 2 6 . 0 1 7 . 8 5 9 . 9 4 1 2 . 2 1 4 . 1 7
L o a d s i n
S h e a r
D o u b l e 6 . 1 4 8 . 8 4 1 2 . 0 3 1 5 . 7 1 1 9 . 8 8 2 4 , 5 2 9 . 3 5
PARTV.
.MISCELLANEOUS
1. Abbreviations ........................................................................................
466
2. Codes, Standards, Specifications.......................................................... 470
3. Boiler and PressureVesselLaws.......................................................... 474
4. List ofOrganizations Sponsoring or Publishing Codes,
Standards or Specifications Dealing with Pressure Vessels . . .. . . . . . 476
5. Literature............................................................................................... 479
6. Definitions ............................................................................................ 483
7. Index ti_~.___~~_~~~fi~ti.~. ti.~~~.~~~mu~~tiomofiu.ti.ti. m.o.ti.~. 494
466
A
COMPILED:From 1 . ASAZ32.13-1950ABBREVIATIONS FORUSE
ONDRAWINGS
2. ASAZIO.I-I941 ABBREVIATIONSFOR
SCIENTIFIC&ENGINEERINGTERMS
ADDED: ABBREVIATIONS GENERALLYUSEDON
VESSEL&PIPINGDRAWINGS
AB AnchorBolt
Ccw CounterClockwise
AISC AmericanInstitute
cfm CubicFoot per
of SteelConstruc-
Minute
tion CFW ContinuousFillet
ALLOW Allowance
Weld
Allowable CG CommercialGrade
ANSI AmericanNational CG Centerof Gravity
StandardsInstitute
cm Centimeter
ASA AmericanStandard
%
Centerline
Association
%to%
Centerlineto
API AmericanPetroleum
Centerline
Institute co Company
APPROX Approximately
CONC Concentric
ASB Asbestos
CPLG Coupling
ASME AmericanSocietyof
CORR
MechanicalEngin- ALLOW CorrosionAllowance
eers COUP Coupling
ASTM AmericanSociety
CRS ColdRolled
for TestingMatls.
Steel
AVG A v e r a g e
Cs Carbon Steel
bbl Barrel
c to c C e n t e t C e n t
B C B o l t C i r c l e
C T R C e n t e
B E V B e v e l
C u C u b i
B L D B l i n d
c u . f t . C u b i F o o
B O P B o t t o m o f P i p e
C w C l o c k w i s
B O T B o t t o m
C W T H u n d r e W e i g
B R K T B r a c k e t
D c D o w n c o m e
b t u
B r i t i s h T h e r m a l
D E H D o u b l E x t
U n i t
H e a v
B W B e v e l W e l d D E T D e t a i
B W G B i r m i n g h a m Wire DIA Diameter
Gauge
DIAM Diameter
c Degree Centigrade DIM Dimension
CA Corrosion Allowance DP DesignPressure
467
ABBREVIATIONS(cont.)
DTL Detail HLA HighLevelAlarm
DWG Drawing HLL HighLiquidLevel
EA Each HLSD High Level Shut
EH Extra Heavy Down
EL Elevation HR Hot Rolled
ELEV Elevation HT Heat Treatment
ELL Elbow ID Inside Diameter
ELLIP Ellipse, Elliptical, in inches
Ellipsoid INCL Including, Included
EQ Equal, Equally INS Inspection
ETC Et Cetera INT Internal
EXT External JE Joint Efficiency
F Fahrenheit kg Kilogram
F-F Face to Face 1 Liter
F&D Flanged & Dished lb Pound
FF Flat Face lbf Pound Force
FIG Figure lbs Pounds
FIN Finish LC Level Control
FLG Flange LCV Liquid Control Valve
FS Far Side, Forged LG Long
Steel LG Level Gage
ft Foot, Feet Lin. ft. Lineal Foot (Feet)
FT3
Cubic Foot LLA Low Level Alarm
FW Fillet Weld LLC Liquid Level Con-
13
Gram trol
GA Gage LLSD Low Level Shut
GALV Galvanized Down
gal Gallon LR Long Radius
GG Gage Glass Ls Low Stage
GOL Gage of Outstanding LWN Long WeldingNeck
Leg m Meter
gpd Gallon per Day MB Machine Bolt
gpm Gallon per Minute MK Mark
GR Grade MATL Material
HVY Heavy MAWP Maximum Allowable
HD Head WorkingPressure
HEMIS Hemispherical MAX Maximum
HEX Hexagonal MH Manhole
HH Handhole MIN Minimum
HL Hole MKD Marked
468
7
ABBREVIATIONS(cont.)
mm Millimeter RAD Radial
MMSCF MillionStandard REF Reference
CubicFeet REINF Reinforcing
MSCF ThousandStandard REPAD ReinforcingPad
CubicFeet REQD Required
MW Manway RF RaisedFace
N North RJ RingJoint
N&C New&Cold RTJ RingTypeJoint
NLL NormalLiquidLevel RV ReliefValve
NO Number s Schedule
NOM Nominal s/c ShopCoat
NPS
NationalPipeSize SCF StandardCubicFoot
AmericanNational SCH Schedule
Taper PipeThread SCR Screw
NS NearSide SCRD Screwed
NTS Not to Scale SDV ShutdownValve
OA Overall SERV
OD OutsideDiameter Sht. ServiceSheet
OR OutsideRadius SF StraightFlange
OSHA OccupationalSafety and SHT Sheet
HealthAdministration SM Seam
Oz Ounce SMLS Seamless
Ozs Ounces so SlipOn
P Pressure SPA Spacing
PBE PlainBoth Ends SPEC Specification
Pc PressureControl SPGR SpecificGravity
Pcs Pieces SQ Square
Pcv PressureControl SR Short Radius
Valve Ss StainlessSteel
PI PressureIndicator s-s
.
k
Plate s/s Seamto Seam
PROJ Projection STD Standard
PSE PlainSmallEnd STL Steel
psi Poundper Square STR Straddle
Inch SUPT Support
psia Poundper Square SYM Symmetrical
InchAbsolute T&B Top&Bottom
psig Poundper Square TC TemperatureControl
InchGage TBE ThreadedBoth Ends
-
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
Psv Pressure Safety Valve TYP Typical
R Radius USAS United States of Ameri-
TEMA Tubular Exchanger ca Standards Institute
Manufacturers VA Valve
Association VOL Volume
THD Threaded, Thread
v
With
THK Thick WG Water Gallon
TI Temperature WeldingNeck
Indicator ~ OUT Without
TLE Threaded Large End WP WorkingPressure
TOC Top of Concrete WT Weight
TOS Top of Steel XH Extra Heavy
TS Tube Sheet Double Extra
TSE Threaded Small End Heavy
T-T Tangent to Tangent XX STG Double Extra
TW Tack Weld Strong
TW Thermowell
470
C STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
PRESSURE VESSELS, BOILERS
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995
I
I
I
I v
v
V
V
V
I
x
X
P B
M S p
N P P C
H B
N o E
R e R f C a O o H
B
R e R f C o P B
P V D 1 D 2 A
R
W a B Q u
F i b P P V
R f I I o N P P
Components
British Standards Institution (BSI)
1500 Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,
Petroleum and Allied Industries
1515 Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,
Petroleum and Allied Industries (advanced design and con
struction)
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
B-51 -h41991 - Code for the Construction and Inspection of Boiler!
and Pressure Vessels
TANKS
American Petroleum Institute (API)
Spec 12B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production
Liquids, 1990
Spec 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-
duction Liquids, 1982
CODES,S S
S 1 S p f Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-
duction Liquids, 1988
Std 620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of
Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 1990
Std 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988
U n L a I (
N 1 S A b T f F a C
t L
N 5 S U n T f F a C
t L
A W W A (
D AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water
Storage
N F P r A (
N 3 F l & C L C
N 5 L P G S a H
N 5 L P G a U G P
PIPING
A m N S I (
B 1 P P
B 1 F G P
B 1 C P a P R P
B 1989 L P T r P S
B 1 R e P w 1 A
B 1 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
HEAT EXCHANGERS
E x J M a A I
S t 5 E w 1 A a P G t E
s J
PIPES
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI B36.19-1976 Stainless Steel Pipe
ANSVASME B36.1OM-1985 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
CODES,STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS
F I FLANGES, ANDVALVES
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI B16.25-1992
ANSI B16. 10-1992
ANSI B16.9-1993
ANSI B16.14-1991
ANSI B16.11-1991
ANSI B16.5 1988
ANSI B16.20-1993
M A
B u E
F a a E D o
F V
F a W S B
F
F P P B a L
w P T
F S F S a
T
P F a F F S N
A a O S A
R G a G f S P
F
The American S f T a M (ASTM)
1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Iron and Steel
Products
Volume01.O1/SteelPiping, Tubingand Fittings, 131Standards
Volume01.03/Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Wire, 95 Standards
Volume01.04/Structural Steel, Concrete Reinforcing Steel,
Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings, Steel Rails,
Wheels, and Tires 135 S
M I
I n C o o B O (
U B C 1
S S t P C (
SteelStructures Painting Manual
Volume 1, Good Painting Practice
Volume 2, Systems and Specifications
U B a P V L S
S o B a P V L R a R
b S C C a P ( S a C

473
CODES,STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS
Environment P r
C o Federal Regulations, Protection of Environment, 198840- Parts 53
to 60
(Obtainable from any Government Printing Office)
A S o C E (ASCE)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASCE 7-88 (Formerly ANSI A58.1)
TABULATION OF THE
BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL LAWS
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
JURISDICTION I II XVVIII(1)VIII(2) XI
Alabama NNNN NN
Alaska YYYY YN
Arizona YNYN NN
Arkansas YYYY YY
California YYYY YY
Colorado YYYY YY
Connecticut YYYN NN KEY:ASMECode
Delaware YYYY YY
SEC
Florida YNYY NN
I P o w B o i
Georgia YYYY YY
1 1 ( 1 )
Hawaii YYYY Y
y VIII(l)- PressureVessels
Idaho YYYY Y N VIII(2)-PressureV e s
Illinois YNYY YY
XI-I n s e r v I n s p e
Indiana YYYY YN
N u c l e
I o w a Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kansas YYYNNY
N- Lawdoesnotcover
Kentucky YYYYNN
*-Onlyportionsof
Louisiana YNYN NN
Codeorcall
Maine YNYY YN
jurisdiction
Maryland YYYY Y Y SOl.JRCE:
Massachusetts YYYYN
y T h i c o n d e n s t a b u l o
Michigan Y Y Y Y* N Y ::;;:t$;n ;::5:::0;::5;;
Minnesota YNYY YY Law5RulesandRegu,ation~
Mississippi YNYY N
N CoP~right 1994 uniform
Missouri YYYY Y
y Boilerand PressureVessel
Montana YNYN N
N LawsSociety.
Nebraska YNYN N
N [t doesnotlistalltheexemp-
Nevada YNYY Y N tionandvari~ces inthem
NewHampshire YNYY N N laws and regulations. More
New Jersey YYYY YY
detailedinformation is avail-
New Mexico YNYN NN :::5u;::;:;:n:::;:;:n:;;
New York YNYY N
N beobtainedfromthejurisdic-
North Carolina YYYY Y Y tiomlauthority ortheSociety.
North Dakota YNYY YN
Ohio YYYY YY
Oklahoma YNYY YN
Oregon YYYY YY
Pemsylvania YYYY YY
Puerto Rico YYYY YY
Rhode Island YYYY YY
South Carolina NNNN NN
South Dakota YNYN NN
Tennessee YYYY YY
Texas YYYNNY
Utah YYYY YY
Vermont YNYY YN
Virginia YYYY YY
.
475
TABULATION OF THE
BOILER A P V L
OF T U S A C
(continued)
JURISDICTION 1 11 IV VIII(1) VIII(2) XI
Washington YYYY YY
West Virginia YNNY NN
Wisconsin YYYY YY
Wyoming YNNY NN
Alberta YYYY YY
British Columbia Y Y Y Y Y Y
Manitoba YYYY YY
New Brunswick YYYY YY
NewFoundland & Y N Y Y Y N
SEC
I P o w B o i l
Labrador
Northwest Territories Y N Y Y Y N IV-HeatingBoilers
Nova Scotia YNNY YN
VIII(l)- PressureVessels
Ontario YYYY YY
VIII(2)-PressureVessels
Prince Edward Island Y Y Y Y Y N
XI-1nservice Inspection,
Quebec
N u c l e
YYYY YN
Saskatchewan YYYY YY
Y-RequiredbyLaw
Yukon Territory Y Y Y Y N N
N- Lawdoesnotcover
*- Onlyportionsof
Albuquerque YNYN NN
Codeorcall
Buffalo YYYYNN
jurisdiction
Chicago YYYY YY
Denver YYYY YY
SOURCE:
Des Moines YNYN N
Thiscondensedtabulationof
N dataistakenfromSynopsis o
Detroit YYYY Y Y B o i l e a n P r e s s V e
Los Angeles YYYY YN
L a w s R u l e a n R e g u l a
Memphis Y Y Y Y Y Y :::::i;;: ;;e;:urJn;:;::
Miami YYYY Y
N
Milwaukee YYYY YN
NewOrleans Y Y Y Y Y Y ::O;O:::;;::;C:; ;::;;::;
New York City
Y N Y y N N lawsandregulations. Morede-
Omaha YNYY N N tai]~di n f o r m a t i i a v a i
St. Joseph YYYY Y
N u n d e t h S o c i e t S y n o
St. Louis Y N Y Y Y N Urthernformation.may be
Seattle
obtainedfromthejurlsdlc-
Y Y Y Y y y tlonalauthorl~orthe socie~
Spokane YNYY YN
Tacoma YYYY YN
Tucson YNYY YN
Tulsa YNYY YN
UniversityCity YNYY YN
DadeCounty YNYY YN
JeffersonParish YYYY YN
St. Louis County Y Y Y Y Y N
District of Columbia Y Y Y Y Y Y
476
L O
S P O P C A S O
S P D W P A P V
~AME&ADDRESS
4MERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING
15Eisenhower Drive
~mmm, NJ 07652 (201) 368-9100
ENGINEERING & SAFETY SERVICE
hMERICAN INSURANCE SERVICES GROUP, INC.
\5 John Street, New York, NY 10038
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE**
11West42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900
K*F U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e ( U S A S ) a n d
p r i o r t o 1 9 6 6 A m e r i c a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n ( A S A )
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
1220L Street, Northwest
Washington,D.C. 20005 (202) 682-8375
AMERICANSOCIETYOF MECHANICALENGINEERS
345East47thStreet
NewYork,N.Y. 10017 (212)705-7722
AMERICANSOCIETYFOR TESTINGANDMATERIALS
1916RaceStreet
l?hiladelphia, PA 19103 (215)299-5585
AMERICANWATERWORKSASSOCIATION
6666WestQuincyAvenue
Denver,CO80235 (303)794-7711
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
P.O. Box 351040
Miami, FL 33135 For Orders Only 800-334-9353
BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION*
389ChiswickHighRoad
LondonW44AL
*BfitishStmdwdPublications areavailable from
The American N a t i o n a l StandardsInstitute
CANADIANSTANDARDSASSOCIATION
178RexdaleBlvd.
Rexdale,ONCanadaM9W1R3
COMMERCIALUNIONINSURANCE COMPANY
OF AMERICA
1Beacon Street
Boston, MA 02108 (617) 725-7304
AISG, INC.
ANSI
API
ASME
ASTM
AWWA
AWS
BSI
CSA
L O
SPONSORINGOR PUBLISHING CODES ANDSTANDARDSOR
SPECIFICATIONS DEALINGWITH PIPING ANDPRESSURE VESSELS
N A M E & A D D R E S S
COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.
1725Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1004
Arlington, Va22202 (703) 412-0900
EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591
HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC.
1300 Summer Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115 (216) 241-7333
I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O F
B U I L D I N G O F F I C I A L S
5 3 6 0 S . Workman Mill Rd.
Whittier, CA 90601 (310) 699-0541
THE NATIONALBOARDOF BOILERAND
PRESSUREVESSELINSPECTORS
1055CrupperAve.,ColumbusOH43229 (614)888-8320
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
P.O. Box 9101, BatteryrnarchPark
@incy, MA 02269 (617) 770-3000 (800) 344-3555
O C C U P A T I O N A L S A F E T Y A N D
H E A L T H A D M I N I S T R A T I O N
2 0 0 ConstitutionAvenue,N.W.
Washington, D.C.20210 (800)344-3555
S T E E L T A N K I N S T I T U T E
5 7 0 OakwoodRd.,LakeZurich,IL60047 (708)438-TANK
STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL
40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Telephone: (412) 687-1113 Fax: (412) 687-1153
TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 332-0040
U N D E R W R I T E R S L A B O R A T O R I E S , I N C .
3 3 3 PfmgstenRoad,Northbrook,IL60062 (708)272-8800
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
2100 Second St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20593 (202) 267-2967
U N I F O R M B O I L E R A N D P R E S S U R E
V E S S E L L A W S S O C I E T Y
3 0 8 N . Evergreen Rd., Suite 240
Louisville,KY40243 (502)244-6029
A B B R E V I A T
CGA
EJMA
ICBO
NBBI
NGPA
O
SSPC
UL
UBPVLS
L O
S P O P C A S O
S P D W P A P V
NAME&ADDRESS ABBREVIATION
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY
401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 USEPA
WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL
345 East 47th St.
WRc
New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7956
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
345 E. 47th Street
ASCE
New York, NY 10017 (800) 548-2723
LITERATURE
1. S. Timoshenko, Strength of AZateria/s, 1955, D. Van Nostrand Co.,
New York.
2. S.P. Timoshenko, Theory of P[ates and Shells, 1959, A4cGraw-lYiii
Book Co., New York.
3. R.J. Roark and W Y F f S a S 5th Ed.
1975, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
4. K.K. Mahajan, Design of Process Equipment-2nd Ed. 1985, Pressure
Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
5. L.E. Brownell and R.H. Young, Process E D V
D 1 John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of Print)
.
6. M.B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure Vessel Design and Analysis, 1967,
Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
7. H.H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1986, Van
NostrandReinholdCo., New York
8. S.S. Gill, The Stress Anaiysis of Pressure Vesselsand Pressure Vessel
Components, 1970,
9. J.F. Harvey, Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels2nd Ed.
1974, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume I. Analysis, 1972, ASME.
11. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume II. Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME.
12. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume III. Materials and Fabrication, 1976, ASME.
13. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York.
14. W. Flfigge, Stresses in Shells, 2nd Ed. 1973, Springer - Verlag, New
York.
15. R. Szilard, Theory and Analysis ofPlates, 1974, P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c
E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N J .
16. M. Hetdnyi, BeamsonElasticFoundation,1974,TheUniversityof Michigan
Press, AnnArbor.
1 7 . Foundation Design Handbook (Collected 1968,Hydrocarbon
Processing,Houston,TX.
18. Design of Flarzgesfor Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No. 45, Taylor Forge&
Pipe Works, Chicago,IL.
19. M. L. Betterley,Sheet Metal Drafting, 1961,McGraw-HillBookCo., Inc.,
NewYork
20, B. F. Forman:PressureVessel ComputerPrograms, 1995,PressureVessel
HandbookPublishing,Inc., Tulsa, OK.
21. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of Process
Equipment, 1984, John Wiley& Sons,NewYork.
22. Kohan, AnthonyLawrence,Pressure VesselSystems, 1987,McGraw-Hill
Book Company,NewYork, NY.
23. M o s s , D e n n i s R . , Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 1987, Gulf Publishing
Co., Houston, TX.
481
S
COVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE
( T h e n u m b e r s r e f e r t o t h e w o r k ( s ) d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s u b j e c t .
B e n d i n g O f C y l i n d r i c a l S h e l l s , 1 4
B e n d s , A n a l y s i s o f Smooth,6
BoltedJoints, 9
BrittleFracture, LowStress, 6
Buckling, 6
ofFlatandCurvedPlates- Formulas, 3
BucklingofShells,6
CastIronPressureVessels, 9
CodesofVariousCountries,24
Collapse, FatigueandIncremental, 6
Composite Materials, 12
Computer Analysis ofPressureVessels,8
ConcreteforPressureVessels, 12
Cone,Conical SectionwhenHalfApex
AngleisGreater than30,7
ConicalHeadsandReducers, 6
Corrosion,6
CorrosionResistant Materials, 12
Cracks, Development of,6
CreepEffects, 8
Cylindrical Shells,Analysisof,6
DeadLoads, 7
Deformations inPressureVessels,3
DesignofFlanges,4
Rectangular Tanks,4
TallStacks, 4
TallTowers, 7
Discontinuity Stresses, 7, 9
Division2ofASMECodeComparison
toDivision1,4
DynamicStability, 11
DynamicandTemperature Stress,
Formulas, 3
Earthquake Loads, 7, 24
Economics ofDesignandConstruction,9
ElasticStability, 8
PlatesandShells- Formulas, 3
ElasticStressAnalysis, 6
ElevatedTemperature Effects,10
Elliptical Opening, StressConcentration, 9
ExpansionJoints,FlangedandFlued,4
PipeSegment, 4
External Loads,10,24
External Pressure; StressAnalysis, 8
Fatigue, 9, 10,12
Fatigueandincremental Collapse, 6
Filament-Wound PressureVessels,9
FlangeDesign, 4
FlangeDesign&Analysis,8
FlangedandFluedExpansionJoints,4
FlangesandClosures,11,24
FlangeswithFullFaceGasket21
FlatClosurePlate,6, 24
FlatPlates- Formulas, 3
Stressesin.,9
FloatingHeads,StressAnalysisof,4
Foundation Design, 20
Fracture, 6
FractureMechanics,10
FractureProperties ofMaterials,12
Heads, StressAnalysisof8, 11,24
HeatExchangers, ShellandTube,4, 24
HighTemperature Materials, 12
HubFlanges, Rotationof,4
HydrogenEmbrittlement,12
LegSupport forVertical Vessels, 4
Ligament Stresses, Analysisof,8
LimitAnalysisandPlasticity,10
LobedPressureVessels, 9
LocalLoading, StressAnalysiso~8, 11
LocalStressesinVessels,7,23
LowStressBrittleFracture,6
LowTemperature Materials, 12
LugSupport forVertical Vessels, 4
Materials forVessels, 6, 7,9,24
Membrane Stresses,7,9
MitredBends, Analysisof,6, 8
Modular Construction, 9
Non-BoltedClosures, 9
Nozzles,11,24
Nozzles, Intersection StressAnalysis, 8
Nozzles, StressesinVesselsExertedby,15,
16,17
NozzleThermal Sleeves, 9
ObliqueNozzles,6
PerforatedPlatesandShells, 11
PipeBends,StressAnalysiso~8
PipeSegment ExpansionJoints,4
PipeSupportsat Intervals- Formulas,3
PipeLoads, 7
PipingSystems, StressAnalysisof,6, 11
Plasticity, 10
PlasticCollapse,6
Plates,TheoryandAnalysisof,18
Prestressed ConcreteVessels,9
Rectangular Tanks,Designofi4
S U B J E C T S ( c a z f h u e d )
R e i n f o r c e m e n t o f O p e n i n g s , 7 , 2 4
R i n g S u p p o ~ 2 6
R o t a t i o n o f H u b F l a n g e s , 4
S a d d l e , D e s i g n o ~ 7 , 2 4
S e i s m i c A n a l y s i s , 11
SelectionofMaterials,6
ShallowShells, 14
SheetMetalDrafting, 22
ShellandTubeHeatExchangers,4
ShellsofRevolution, Analysisof,6, 24
SlidingSupportsforHorizontal and
Vertical Vessels, 7
Spherical Shells, Analysisof,6
StressandStrainDuetoPressureonor
BetweenElasticBodies- Formulas, 3
StressConcentration, 9
StressesinHorizontal Vessels
SupportedbyTwoSaddles(Zick),7
StressesinFlatPlates,9
StressesInVessels,8,14,24
Formul~3
Stacks, DesignsofTall,4
Structural Dynamics, 11
SupportofVesselsbyLegs,4, 7
S u p p o r t o f V e s s e l s b L u g s , 4 ,
S u p p o r t Lugs,StressesExerted
inVesselsby, 24
TallStacks, Designof,4, 24
TallTowers, Vibrationof,4
Tanks,DesignofRectangular,4
Temperature, EffectsofElevated,10
Temperature Stresses- Formulas, 3
Thermal Stresses, 7, 9
ThickCylinder,9
ThickShells, Anslysisof6
TubeSheetDesign, Fixed,4
Vertical VesselsSupportedbyLugs,4
Vibration,1 3
AnalysisofTallTowers,4
InducedbyFlow,11
WeldDesign, 7
WeldedJoints,Designof,6,9
Welding, 12
Wind-Induced DeflectionofTowers,7
Wind-Induced VibrationofTowers,7
WindLoads, 7, 24
DEFINITIONS
T h e r e m o v a l o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l
f r o m a n y s o l i d t h r o u g h t h e f r i c t i o n a l a c t i o n o f
a n o t h e r s o l i d , a l i q u i d , o r a g a s o r c o m b i n a t i o n
t h e r e o f .
Pressure The pressureabovethe
absolutezerovalueof pressurethat theoretical-
ly obtainsin emptyspaceor at the absolute
zeroof temperate, as distinguishedfromgage
pressure.
A n y o f a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s u b s t a n c e s
h a v i n g m e t a l l i c p r o p e r t i e s a n d c o n s i s t i n g o f
t w o o r m o r e e l e m e n t s ; w i t h f e w e x c e p t i o n s , t h e
c o m p o n e n t s a r e u s u a l l y m e t a l l i c e l e m e n t s .
A
i n i n t e r s e c t i n g p l a n e s b e t w e e n z e r o ( a
b u t t j o i n t ) a n d 9 0 d e g . ( a c o r n e r j o i n t ) . ( C o d e
U A - 6 0 )
A v a l v e , u s u a l l y o f t h e g l o b e
t y p e , i n w h i c h t h e i n l e t a n d o u t l e t a r e a t r i g h t
a n g l e s .

A g r o u p o f w e l d i n g p r o c e s s e s
w h e r e i n c o a l e s c e n c e i s p r o d u c e d b y h e a t i n g
w i t h a n e l e c t r i c a r c , w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e a n d w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e
u s e o f f i l l e r m e t a l .
W e l d i w i e q
m e n t w h i c h p e r f o r m s t h e n t i
T
e q u i p m e n t m a y o m a n o p e r f t
l o a d i n g a n d L I n l o a d i n g o t h w o r
Material backing up the joint
duringweldingto facilitate
obtaininga soundw e a
a
t h r o o t
B a c k i n S t r i a b a c
i a f o r o a s t r
T h t e n s i f a i w
n e g l i g i b l e p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o o a o r d
d u c t i l e m e t a l .
M a t e r i a l s a r s a t b b r
w h e n t h e y s h o w p r a c t i c a l n p e r m
d i s t o r t i o n b e f o r e f a i l u r e
B u s h i n g A p i p e f i t t i n f o c o n n e c a p
w i t h a f e m a l e f i t t i n l a r g s i I i a
h o l l o w p l u g w i t h i n t e r n a a n e x t e r t h r
A w e l j o i n i t w m e m
S?3
CD
m=
m
l y i n a p p r o x i m a i t
s a m p l a n B u w e
j o i n t i p r e s v e
c o n s t r u c t i s h h
c o m p l e t p e n e t r a
f u s i o n
T y p e o b u w e l j o
S i n g l o D o u B e
J o i n t S q u a B u J o
F u l P e n e t r a t P a
P e n e t r a t i B u J o i
B u t J o i n w i o w i
b a c k i n s t r i
T h a t p o i n t i n t h e p l a n e o f t h e a r e a
a b o u t a n y a x i s t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e m o m e n t o f
t h e a r e a i s z e r o ; i t c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e c e n t e r o f
g r a v i t y o f t h e a r e a m a t e r i a l i z e d a s a n i n f i n i t e l y
t h i n h o m o g e n e o u s a n d u n i f o r m p l a t e .
T w o l i n e s o f
i n t e r m i t t e n t f i l l e t w e l d i n g i n
m
a t e e o r l a p j o i n t , i n w h i c h
t h e i n c r e m e n t s o f w e l d i n g i n
o n e l i n e a r e
I dbI
opposite to
other line.
A
d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w a f l u i d t o
p a s s t h r o u g h i n o n e d i r e c - -
a p p r o x i m a t e l y
t h o s e i n t h e
I
1
1
tion o n l y . A c o m m o n t y p e
h a s a p l a t e s o s u s p e n d e d
t h a t t h e r e v e r s e f l o w a i d > m
gravity in forcing the plate
against a seat, shutting o f f
r e v e r s e f l o w .
O n e m e t h o d o f r e m o v i n g s u r f a c e
d e f e c t s s u c h a s s m a l l f i s s u r e s o r s e a m s f r o m
p a r t i a l l y w o r k e d m e t a l . I f n o t e l i m i n a t e d , t h e
d e f e c t s m i g h t c a r r y t h r o u g h t o t h e f i n i s h e d
m a t e r i a l . I f t h e d e f e c t s a r e r e m o v e d b y m e a n s
o f a g a s t o r c h t h e t e r m d e s e a m i n g o r s c a r f -
i n g i s u s e d .
A
a
a
h a s o c c u r -
r e d o v e r t h e e n t i r e b a s e - m e t a l s u r f a c e s e x -
p o s e s d f o r w e l d i n g .
Penetration w h i c h e x -
tended completely through the joint.
Corner A w e l d e d j o i n t a t t h e j u n c t i o n
o f t w o p a r t s l o c a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t r i g h t
a n g l e s t o e a c h o t h e r .
e r o s i o n b y m o t i o n l e s s
o r m o v i n g a g e n t s . G r a d u a l d e s t r u c t i o n o f a
m e t a l o r a l l o y d u e t o c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s s u c h
a s o x i d a t i o n o r t h e a c t i o n o f a c h e m i c a l a g e n t .
Damageto or failureof a
m e t a l d u e t o c o r r o s i o n c o m b i n w i f l
t u a t i n g f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s .
A threaded sleeve u s t c o n
t w o p i p e s . T h e y h a v e i n t e r n a t h r e a b o
e n d s t o f i t e x t e r n a l t h r e a d u r p i p
i d e f o r m
u n d e r c o n s t a n t o r d e c r e a s i n s t r e s T h t e i
u s u a l l y u s e d w i t h r e f e r e n c t t h b e h a o
m e t a l s u n d e r t e n s i o n a e l e v a t t e m p e r a
T h e s i m i l a r y i e l d i n g o a m a t e r i u n d c o
p r e s s i v e s t r e s s i s u s u a l l y c a l l e p l a s f l o
f l o w .
T h l e a s u n s t r e o a
g i v e n k i n d a n d f o r a g i v e m a t e r i a n c o
t i o n o f s e r v i c e , t h a t w i l r e n d e a m e m u n
f o r s e r v i c e b e f o r e t h e n o i t n o r m l i I
m a y d o t h i s b y p r o d u c i n g e x c e s s i s e o b
c a u s i n g c r e e p t o o c c u r a a e x c e s s r a o
b y c a u s i n g f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g e x c e s s s t
h a r d e n i n g , o r r u p t u r e .
C h a n g i t h f o o
i n t h e d i m e n s i o n o f a b o d p r o d u c b s t r
i s o f t e n u s e f o t e n s i s t r a c o
or f o c o m p r e s s s t r
a n d d e t r u s i o n
is s u c h d e f o r m a t i o n a d i s a p p o
r e m o v a l o f s t r e s s ; p e r m a n e n d e f o r m a i
s u c h d e f o r m a t i o n a r e m a i n o r e m o o
s t r e s s .
T h p r e s s u u s i d e
m i n i n g t h e m i n i m u m p e r m i s s i b t h i c k o
p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o t h d i f f e r p a o
t h e v e s s e l . ( C o d e U A - 6 0
T h m e m e
t e m p e r a t u r e ( t h r o u g h t h t h i c k n e e x p e
u n d e r o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o t h p a c o
s i d e r e d . ( C o d e U G - 2 0 )
A s o u o
s t r e s s o r s t r a i n i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n w h i a f f e a
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p o r t i o n o a s t r u c t u a n h a
s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h o v e r a l s t r e o s t r
p a t t e r n o r o n t h e s t r u c t u r e a a w h o l E x a m
o f g r o s s s t r u c t u r a l d i s c o n t i n u i t i e a r h e a d
s h e l l a n d f l a n g e - t o - s h e l l j u n c t i o n n o z z a
j u n c t i o n s b e t w e e n s h e l l o d i f f e r e d i a m e o
t h i c k n e s s e s .
A s o u r c e o f
s t r e s s o r s t r a i n i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n w h i c h a f f e c t s a
r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l v o l u m e o f m a t e r i a l a n d d o e s n o t
h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h e o v e r a l l s t r e s s o r
s t r a i n p a t t e r n o r o n t h e s t r u c t u r e a s a w h o l e .
E x a m p l e s a r e s m a l l f i l l e t r a d i i , s m a l l
a t t a c h m e n t s , a n d p a r t i a l p e n e t r a t i o n w e l d s .
A b u t t j o i n t
w e l d e d f r o m b o t h s i d e .
A
w h i c h t h e o v e r l a p p e d e d g e s
o f t h e m e m b e r s t o b e j o i n e d
?
A
a r e w e l d e d a l o n g t h e e d g e s
o f b o t h m e m b e r s .
T h e a b i l i t y o f a m e t a l t o s t r e t c h
a n d b e c o m e p e r m a n e n t l y d e f o r m e d w i t h o u t
b r e a k i n g o r c r a c k i n g . D u c t i l i t y i s m e a s u r e d b y
t h e p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n a r e a a n d p e r c e n -
t a g e e l o n g a t i o n o f t e s t b a r .
A l o a d o r c o m p o n e n t o f a l o a d
n o r m a l t o a g i v e n c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a m e m b e r i s
e c c e n t r i c w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h a t s e c t i o n i f i t d o e s
n o t a c t t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r o i d . T h e p e r p e n -
d i c u l a r d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e l i n e o f a c t i o n o f t h e
l o a d t o e i t h e r p r i n c i p a l c e n t r a l a x i s i s t h e e c c e n -
t r i c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h a t a x i s .
a WeldedJoint Theefficiency
of a weldedjoint is expressedas a numerical
quantityandi s u s e d i n t h e d e s i g n o f a j o i n t a s a
m u l t i p l i e r o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s
v a l u e . ( C o d e
C a p a b l e o f s u s t a i n i n g s t r e s s
u s e d
t o d e n o t e c o n f o r m i t y t o t h e l a w o f s t r e s s - s t r a i n
p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y . A n e l a s t i c s t r e s s o r e l a s t i c
s t r a i n i s a s t r e s s o r s t r a i n w i t h i n t h e e l a s t i c
l i m i t .
T h e l e a s t s t r e s s t h a t w i l l c a u s e
p e r m a n e n t s e t .
A w e l d i n g process in
w h i c h c o n s u m a b l e e l e c t r o d e s a r e f e d i n t o a
j o i n t c o n t a i n i n g f l u x ; t h e c u r r e n t m e l t s t h e
a n d t h e
m e t a l t o f o r m a c o n t i n u o u s l c a i n
t w e e n t h e j o i n t f a c e s U s e i p r e s s v e
c o n s t r u c t i o n w h e n b a c o t h w e l d i n
a c c e s s i b l e . A l l b u t t w e l d j o i n b e l e c t r
w e l d i n g s h a l l b e e x a m i n e d r a d i o g r a p h i f
t h e i r f u l l l e n g t h . ( C o d U W - 1 ( a (
B
e n d u r a n c e l i m i t o f a m a t e r i a i u s u a m e
t h e m a x i m u m s t r e s s w h i c c a b r e v e a
i n d e f i n i t e l y l a r g e n u m b e o t i m w i t h p
d u c i n g f r a c t u r e .
A t t a c o a m e s
f a c e r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h c o m b i n e f f o
e r o s i o n a n d c o r r o s i o n .
Aj o i n w h o p r i m p
p o s e i s n o t t o j o i n p i p b u t a b s t
l o n g i t u d i n a l e x p a n s i o n i t h p i l i d t
h e a t .
F a c t o r o f S a f e t y T h r a t i o t h l o t
w o u l d c a u s e f a i l u r e o a m e m b o s t r u c
t o t h e l o a d t h a t i s i m p o s e u p o i i s e r
T e n d e n c y o m a t e r i a t f r a
u n d e r m a n y r e p e t i t i o n s o a s t r e c o n s i d
l e s s t h a n t h e u l t i m a t e s t a t i s t r e n g
F i b e r S t r e s s A t e r m u s e f o c o n v e n i t
d e n o t e t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l t e n s i o c o m p r e
s t r e s s i n a b e a m o o t h e m e m b s u b t
b e n d i n g . I t i s s o m e t i m e s u s e t d e n t
s t r e s s a t t h e p o i n t o p o i n t m o s r e m f r
t h e n e u t r a l a x i s , b u t h t e r
p r e f e r a b l e f o t h i p u p o s A l f
c o n v e n i e n c e , t h e L o n g i t u d i n a e l e m o
f i l a m e n t s o f w h i c h a b e a m a y i m a g a
c o m p o s e d a r e c a l l e d f i b e r s
A w e l o a p p r o x i m a t
a n g u l a c r o s e c t j o
i n t w s u r f a a p p
m a t e l a r i g a n g t
t h r o a t
%
e a c o t h e
T h e f f e c t i s t r e s s - c a
area of a fillet weld is
a s s u m e t b t h p r o
l e g
o t h t h r o d i m e
a n t h l e n g o t w e
F i l l e w e l d a r s p e c
b t h e i l e d i m e n s
T h e t h r o a t d i m e n s i o n o f a n e q u a l l e g g e d f i l l e t
w e l d i s 0 . 7 0 7 t i m e s t h e l e g d i m e n s i o n ,
F i l l e t w e l d s m a y b e e m p l o y e d a s s t r e n g t h w e l d s
f o r p r e s s u r e p a r t s o f v e s s e l s w i t h i n t h e l i m i t a -
t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e U W - 1 2 o f t h e C o d e . T h e
a l l o w a b l e l o a d o n f i l l e t w e l d s s h a l l e q u a l t h e
p r o d u c t o f t h e w e l d a r e a ( b a s e d o n m i n i m u m
l e g d i m e n s i o n ) , t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s v a l u e i n
t e n s i o n o f t h e m a t e r i a l b e i n g w e l d e d , a n d a
j o i n t e f f i c i e n c y o f 5 5 0 7 0 . ( C o d e U W - 1 8 ) T h e
a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s v a l u e s f o r f i l l e t w e l d s a t t a c h i n g
n o z z l e s a n d t h e i r r e i n f o r c e m e n t s t o v e s s e l s a r e
( i n s h e a r ) 4 9 9 0 o f s t r e s s v a l u e f o r t h e v e s s e l
m a t e r i a l . ( C o d e ( U W - 1 5 )

a w e l d .
FullFillet A f i l l e t w e l d w h o s e s i z e i s
e q u a l t o t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e t h i n n e r m e m b e r
j o i n e d .
T h e a m o u n t b y w h i c h t h e
t o t a l a b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e e x c e e d s t h e a m b i e n t a t -
m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e .
G a l v a n i z i n g A p p l y i n g a c o a t i n g o f z i n c t o
f e r r o u s a r t i c l e s . A p p l i c a t i o n m a y b e b y h o t d i p
p r o c e s s o r e l e c t r o l y s i s .
G a s W e l d i n g A g r o u p o f w e l d i n g p r o c e s s e s
w h e r e i n c o a l e s c e n c e i s p r o d u c e d b y h e a t i n g
w i t h a g a s f l a m e w i t h o r w i t h o u t a p p l i c a t i o n o f
p r e s s u r e a n d w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f f i l l e r
m e t a l .
G a t e A
a
S u c h
v a l v e s h a v e l e s s
O n e w i t h a
s o m e w h a t g l o b e s h a p e d b o d y
w i t h a m a n u a l l y r a i s e d o r
l o w e r e d d i s c w h i c h w h e n c l o s e d
r e s t s o n a s e a t s o a s t o p r e v e n t
p a s s a g e o f a f l u i d .
t ,
II
( f ! ! b
&
P r e c i p i t a t i o n o f c a r b o n i n
t h e f o r m o f g r a p h i t e a t g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s , a s o c -
c u r s i f c a r b o n s t e e l i s i n s e r v i c e l o n g e n o u g h
a b o v e 7 7 5 F , a n d C - M Q s t e e l a b o v e 8 7 5 F .
i r o n c a r b i d e s ( c e m e n t i t e f r g r a
F i n e - g r a i n e d , a l u m i n u m - k i l l e d s t e e s e t
b e p a r t i c u l a r l y s u s c e p t i b l e t g r a p h i t i z a
A w e l m a d b d e p o s
f i l l e m e t a i a g r o b
j o i n e d
S t a n d a r d s h a p o g r o o
V U a n
S t r e s s v a l u e f o g r o
w e l d s i t e n s i 7 4 a i
s h e a r 6 0 0 7 o t h s t r
v a l u e o v e s s m a t e
j o i n e d b t h w e l ( C
UW-15)
T h e e n d ( e n c l o s u r e ) o a c y l i n d
s h e l l . T h e m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e t y p o h e
a r e h e m i s p h e r i c a l , e l l i p s o i d a l f l a n a
d i s h e d ( t o r i s p h e r i c a l ) , c o n i c a a n f l a
H e a t r e a t i o p e r a
p e r f o r m e d e i t h e r t p r o d u c c h a n i
m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o t h m a t e r o t
r e s t o r e i t s m a x i m u m c o r r o s i r e s i s t
T h e r e a r e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l t y p e o h e t r e
m e n t ; a n n e a l i n g , n o r m a l i z i n g , a n p o s t -
h e a t t r e a t m e n t .
S t e e c o n t a i n l a
p e r c e n t a g e s o f e l e m e n t s o t h e t h a c a r b
Low ductility o a
m e t a l d u e t o i t s a b s o r p t i o n o h y d r o g a
w h i c h m a y o c c u r d u r i n g a e l e c t r o l y p r o
o r d u r i n g c l e a n i n g . A l s k n o w a a c b r
t l e n e s s .
H y d r o s t a t i c T e s t T h c o m p l e t v e s f i l
w i t h w a t e r s h a l l b e s u b j e c t e d t a t e p r e s
w h i c h i s e q u a l t o 1 1 / t i m e t h m a x i
a l l o w a b l e w o r k i n g p r e s s u r t b m a r o
t h e v e s s e l o r 1 1 % t i m e s t h d e s i p r e s b
a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h u s e a n t h m a n u
t u r e r . ( C o d e U G - 9 9 )
F o r c e p e u n i a r e i m p o t
m a t e r i a l b y a s u d d e n l y a p p l i e f o r c
D e t e r m i n a t i o n o t h d e g o
r e s i s t a n c e o f a m a t e r i a l t o b r e a k i n g b y i m p a c t ,
u n d e r b e n d i n g , t e n s i l e a n d t o r s i o n l o a d s ; t h e
e n e r g y a b s o r b e d i s m e a s u r e d b y b r e a k i n g t h e
m a t e r i a l b y a s i n g l e b l o w .
A w e l d w h o s e c o n t i n u i t y
i s b r o k e n b y u n w e l d e d s p a c e s .

i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s .
A n u m e r i c a l v a l u e e x p r e s s -
e d a s t h e r a t i o o f t h e s t r e n g t h o f a r i v e t e d ,
w e l d e d , o r b r a z e d j o i n t t o t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e
p a r e n t m e t a l .
T h e m i n i m u m d e p t h a
g r o o v e w e l d e x t e n d s f r o m i t s f a c e i n t o a j o i n t ,
e x c l u s i v e o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t .
K i l l e d S t e e l T h o r o u g h l y d e o x i d i z e d s t e e l ,
( f o r e x a m p l e , b y a d d i t i o n o f a l u m i n u m o r
s i l i c o n ) , i n w h i c h t h e r e a c t i o n b e t w e e n c a r b o n
a n d o x y g e n d u r i n g s o l i d i f i c a t i o n i s s u p p r e s s e d .
T h i s t y p e o f s t e e l h a s m o r e u n i f o r m c h e m i c a l
c o m p o s i t i o n a n d p r o p e r t i e s a s c o m p a r e d t o
o t h e r t y p e s .
J o i n t A w e l d e d j o i n t i n w h i c h t w o
o v e r l a p p i n g m e t a l p a r t s a r e
j o i n e d b y m e a n s o f a f i l l e t ,
p l u g o r s l o t w e l d s .
L a m i n a t e d V e s s e l Av e s s e l h a v i n g a
s h e l l w h i c h i s m a d e u p o f t w o o r m o r e s e p a r a t e
l a y e r s . ( C o d e U A - 6 0 )
L e g S e e u n d e r F i l l e t W e l d .
L e t h a l S u b s t a n c e s P o i s o n o u s g a s e s o r l i -
q u i d s o f s u c h a n a t u r e t h a t a v e r y s m a l l a m o u n t
o f t h e g a s o r o f t h e v a p o r o f t h e l i q u i d i s
d a n g e r o u s t o l i f e w h e n i n h a l e d . I t i s t h e r e s p o n -
s i b i l i t y o f t h e u s e r o f t h e v e s s e l t o d e t e r m i n e
t h a t t h e g a s o r l i q u i d i s l e t h a l . ( C o d e U W - 2 )
L i g a m e n t T h e s e c t i o n o f s o l i d m a t e r i a l i n a
t u b e s h e e t o r s h e l l b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t h o l e s .
L i n e d V e s s e l A a
v e s s e l w a l l . ( C o d e U A - 6 0
A
p r o
f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o d i s c o n t i n u i t i o p t t
s u r f a c e i n f e r r o u s a n n o n f e r r m a t e
w h i c h a r e n o n p o r o u s . T y p i c d i s c o n t i
d e t e c t a b l e b y t h i s m e t h o a r c r a c s e
l a p s , c o l d s h u t s , a n l a m i n a t i o ( C
U A - 6 0 )
L o a d i n g s ( l o a d a r t h r e s o
v a r i o u s f o r c e s . T h e l o a d i n g t b c o n s i
i n d e s i g n i n g a v e s s e l i n t e r n o e x t
p r e s s u r e , i m p a c t l o a d s w e i g o t v e
s u p e r i m p o s e d l o a d s , w i n a n e a r t h q
l o c a l l o a d , e f f e c t o t e m p e r a t u g r a d
( C o d e U G - 2 2 )
A
1
o n e o m o r o t h f o l l
a l l o y e d c o m p o n e n t s : < ( l e t h
m a n g a n e s e , < 4 V 0 n i c k e l < 2 0 c h r o m
0 . 6 7 0 m o l y b d e n u m , a n < 0 . 2 v a n a d
A
m e t h o d o f d e t e c t i n g c r a c k a n s i m i d i s
t i n u i t i e s a t o r n e a r t h s u r f a i i r a t
m a g n e t i c a l l o y s o
M a l l e a b l e I r o n i r o h e a t - t r t
r e d u c e i t s b r i t t l e n e s s . T h p r o c e e n a t
m a t e r i a l s t r e t c h t s o m e x t e a n t s t
g r e a t e r s h o c k .
A d o c u m o w h
t h e m a t e r i a l m a n u f a c t u r e r r e c o t r e
o f t e s t s e x a m i n a t i o n s , r e p a i r o t r e a t m r
q u i r e d b y t h e b a s i c m a t e r i a s p e c i f i c t b
r e p o r t e d . ( C o d e U A - 6 0
T m
i m u m u n i t s t r e s s p e r m i s s i b l f o a n specified
materialthat m a y b u s e i t h d e s f
m u l a s g i v e n i n t h e C o d e ( U G - 2
T
m a x i m u m g a g e p r e s s u r p e r m i s s i a t t
o f a c o m p l e t e d v e s s e i i t o p e r a t p o s
f o r a d e s i g n a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e T h p r e s i
b a s e d o n t h e w e a k e s t e l e m e o t h v e s u
i n g n o r m i n a l t h i c k n e s s e s e x c l u s o a l
T h e c o m p o n e n t o f n o r m a l
s t r e s s w h i c h i s u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d a n d e q u a l
t o t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f s t r e s s a c r o s s t h e
t h i c k n e s s o f t h e s e c t i o n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

hhhshls M o d u l u s )
T h e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f u n i t t e n s i l e o r c o m -
p r e s s i v e s t r e s s w i t h r e s p e c t t o u n i t t e n s i l e o r
c o m p r e s s i v e s t r a i n f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n o f u n i a x i a l
s t r e s s w i t h i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l l i m i t . F o r m o s t ,
b u t n o t a l l m a t e r i a l s , t h e m o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y
i s t h e s a m e f o r t e n s i o n a n d c o m p r e s s i o n . F o r
n o n i s o t r o p i c m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s w o o d , i t i s
n e c e s s a r y t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e m o d u l i o f
e l a s t i c i t y i n d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s .
T h e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f u n i t s h e a r
s t r e s s w i t h r e s p e c t t o u n i t s h e a r s t r a i n , f o r t h e
c o n d i t i o n o f p u r e s h e a r w i t h i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l
l i m i t .
M o m e n t o f
Q
+

T h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f
a n a r e a w i t h r e s p e c t t o a n
axis is the sum of the
p r o d u c t s o b t a i n e d b y m u l t i -
p l y i n g e a c h e l e m e n t o f t h e
i
u
a r e a b y t h e square of its
r
distance from the axis.
The Moment of Inertia (I)
for thin walled cylinder
about its transverse axis; 1 = n rt
where r = mean radius of cylinder
t = wall thickness
N e e d l e V a l v e A a
d i s k . T h e t a p e r i n g p o i n t p e r m i t s f i n e g r a d u a -
t i o n o f t h e o p e n i n g .
T h e l i n e o f z e r o f i b e r s t r e s s i n
a n y g i v e n s e c t i o n o f a m e m b e r s u b j e c t t o b e n d -
i n g ; i t i s t h e l i n e f o r m e d b y t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f
t h e n e u t r a l s u r f a c e a n d t h e s e c t i o n .
T h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s u r f a c e o f
z e r o f i b e r s t r e s s i n a m e m b e r s u b j e c t t o b e n d -
A t u b u l a r p i p f i t t i n u s u a t h r
e d o n b o t h e n d s a n d u n d e 1 i n c h i l e n
P i p e o v e r 1 2 i n c h e s l o n i r e g a r d a c p i
A groupof welding
p r o c e s s e s i n w h i c h t h w e l i m a w i t
p r e s s u r e .
H e a t i n g t a b o 1 0 F
a b o v e t h e c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r a n c o o t
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i s t i l a i r P r o v i s i o f
m a d e i n n o r m a l i z i n g f o c o n t r o l l c o o l a a
s l o w e r r a t e , b u t w h e n t h c o o l i i p r o l o
t h e t e r m u s e d i s a n n e a l i n g .
A m e a s u o t h r e d
t i o n i n s t r e n g t h o a m e t a c a u s b t
p r e s e n c e o f a n o t c h .
T h r a t i o m a x i t e
s i o n a l l o a d r e q u i r e d t f r a c t u a n o t
s p e c i m e n t o , t h e o r i g i n a m i n i m c r
s e c t i o n a l a r e a .
A t e n s i l e o c r e e t e o a m e
t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c o a s u r f a n o t
T h p r e s s u a t t
o f a p r e s s u r e v e s s e l a w h i i n o r m
o p e r a t e s . I t s h a l l n o e x c e e t h m a x
a l l o w a b l e w o r k i n g p r e s s u r a n i i u s u
k e p t a t a s u i t a b l e l e v e b e l o t h s e t t o t
p r e s s u r e r e l i e v i n g d e v i c e t p r e v e t h f
q u e n t o p e n i n g . ( C o d e U A - 6 0
T
t e m p e r a t u r e t h a t w i l b m a i n t a i i t
m e t a l o f t h e p a r t o t h v e s s b e i c o n s i
f o r t h e s p e c i f i e d o p e r a t i o o t h v e s (
U G - 2 0 a n d U G - 2 3 ) . ( C o d U A - 6
or s c a l i n g o m e t a o c c a h
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d a c c e s o a i r S c a l o c
b o n s t e e l s f r o m a i r o s t e a i n e g l i g u t
1 0 0 0 F . C h r o m i u m i n c r e a s e s c a l r e s i s
o f c a r b o n s t e e l s . D e c r e a s i o x i d
r e s i s t a n c e m a k e s a u s t e n i t i s t a i n l s t e u
s u i t a b l e f o r o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u a b
1 5 0 0 F .
T h e n u m b e r o f w e l d i n g p r o -
c e d u r e - g r o u p . T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l s
b a s e d o n h a r d e n a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d t h e
p u r p o s e o f g r o u p i n g i s t o r e d u c e t h e n u m b e r o f
w e l d p r o c e d u r e s . ( C o d e S e c t i o n I X )
A l l c a r b o n s t e e l m a t e r i a l l i s t e d i n t h e C o d e
( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f S A - 6 1 2 ) a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s
P - N o . 1 .
T h e w e l d m e t a l d e p o s i t e d b y o n e p r o -
g r e s s i o n a l o n g t h e a x i s o f a w e l d .
T h e p r o p e r t y o f s u s t a i n i n g a p -
p r e c i a b l e ( v i s i b l e t o t h e e y e ) p e r m a n e n t d e f o r -
m a t i o n w i t h o u t r u p t u r e . T h e t e r m i s a l s o u s e d
t o d e n o t e t h e p r o p e r t y o f y i e l d i n g o r f l o w i n g
u n d e r s t e a d y l o a d .
Plug Valve One with a short sectionof a
coneor taperedplugthroughwhicha holeis
cut so that fluidcan flowthroughwhenthe
holelinesu p w i t h t h e i n l e t a n d o u t l e t , b u t w h e n
t h e p l u g i s r o t a t e d 9 0 , f l o w i s b l o c k e d .
A w e l d m a d e i n a c i r c u l a r h o l e
i n o n e m e m b e r o f a l a p
j o i n t . T h e h o l e m a y o r m a y
I
n o t b e p a r t i a l l y o r c o m p -
E313m e t a l .
p l e t e l y f i l l e d w i t h w e l d
I
I F o r p r e s s u r e v e s s e l c o n -
=!==
s t r u c t i o n p l u g w e l d s m a y b e
u s e d i n l a p j o i n t s i n r e i n -
f o r c e m e n t s a r o u n d o p e n -
i n g s , i n n o n p r e s s u r e s t r u c -
t u r a l a t t a c h m e n t s ( C o d e U W - 1 7 ) a n d f o r a t -
t a c h m e n t o f h e a d s w i t h c e r t a i n r e s t r i c t i o n s .
( C o d e T a b l e U W - 1 2 )
T h e c o m p l e t e d v e s s e l m a y
b e t e s t e d b y a i r p r e s s u r e i n l i e u o f h y d r o s t a t i c
t e s t w h e n t h e v e s s e l c a n n o t s a f e l y b e f i l l e d w i t h
w a t e r o r t h e t r a c e s o f t e s t i n g l i q u i d c a n n o t b e
t o l e r a t e d ( i n c e r t a i n s e r v i c e s ) . T h e p n e u m a t i c
t e s t p r e s s u r e s h a l l b e 1 . 2 5 t i m e s t h e m a x i m u m
a l l o w a b l e w o r k i n g p r e s s u r e t o b e s t a m p e d o n
t h e v e s s e l . ( C o d e U G - 1 O O )
RatioTheratioof lateral unh
strainto longitudinal unitstrain,underthe
c o n d i t i o n o f u n i f o r m a n u n i a x i l o n g i t
s t r e s s w i t h i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l l i m i
G a s p o c k e t o v o i i m e
( C o d e U A - 6 0 )
H e a t a v e
t o a s u f f i c i e n t t e m p e r a t u r t r e l i t
r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s w h i c a r t h r e s o
m e c h a n i c a l t r e a t m e n t a n w e l d i n
P r e s s u r e v e s s e l s a n p a r t s h a b p o s t
h e a t t r e a t e d :
W h e n t h e v e s s e l s a r t c o n t l e
s u b s t a n c e s , ( C o d e U W - 2
U n f i r e d S t e a m B o i l e r s ( U W - 2
P r e s s u r e v e s s e l s a n d p a r t s u b j e t d i r f
i n g w h e n t h e t h i c k n e s s o w e l d j o i e x c
5 / 8 i n . ( U W - 2 )
W h e n t h e c a r b o n ( P - N o 1 s t e m a t
t h i c k n e s s e x c e e d s 1Mi n a w e l d c o n n e c
a n d a t t a c h m e n t s ( s e C o d T a b U C S f
e x c e p t i o n s ) .
H e a t a p p l i e t b a t n e p r
t o w e l d i n g o p e r a t i o n s .
A v a l w h i r e l
p r e s s u r e b e y o n d a s p e c i f i e l i m a n r e c
u p o n r e t u r n t o n o r m a l o p e r a t i c o n d i t
A m e t a c o n t a i g e n e
c y l i n d r i c a l o r s p h e r o i d , c a p a b o w i t h
d i n g v a r i o u s l o a d i n g s .
A o w e l d p
c e s s e s w h e r e i n t h e w e l i c o m p l e b u o
p r e s s u r e .
P r i m a r y s A n o r m a s t r e o a s h
s t r e s s
a
A a
p r i m a r y s t r e s s . P r i m a r y m e m b r a s t r i
d i v i d e d i n t o g e n e r a l a n l o c a c a t e g o A
g e n e r a l p r i m a r y m e m b r a n e s t r e i o n w h i
s o d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h e s t r u c t u r t h a n
r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l o a d o c c u r a a r e s o
y i e l d i n g . E x a m p l e s o p r i m a r s t r e a r g e n
a a
s h e l l d u e t o i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e o r t o
d i s t r i b u t e d l i v e l o a d s ; b e n d i n g s t r e s s i n t h e
c e n t r a l p o r t i o n o f a f l a t h e a d
A n n e a i i n g a n a u s t e n i t i c
f e r r o u s a l l o y b y h e a t i n g f o l l o w e d b y q u e n c h i n g
f r o m s o l u t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s . L i q u i d s u s e d f o r
q u e n c h i n g a r e o i i , f u s e d s a l t o r w a t e r , i n t o
w h i c h a m a t e r i a l i s p l u n g e d .
T h e p r o c e s s o f p a s s i n g e l e c -
t r o n i c r a d i a t i o n s t h r o u g h a n o b j e c t a n d o b t a i n -
i n g a r e c o r d o f i t s s o u n d n e s s u p o n a s e n s i t i z e d
f i l m . ( C o d e U A - 6 0 )
R a d i u s o f T h e r a d i u s o f g y r a t i o n
o f a n a r e a w i t h r e s p e c t t o a g i v e n a x i s i s t h e
s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e q u a n t i t y o b t a i n e d b y
d i v i d i n g t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f t h e a r e a w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h a t a x i s b y t h e a r e a .
L e n g t h s A t e r m i n d i c a t i n g n o
s p e c i f i e d m i n i m u m o r m a x i m u m l e n g t h w i t h
l e n g t h s f a i l i n g w i t h i n t h e r a n g e i n d i c a t e d .
R e f r a c t o r y A m a t e r i a l o f v e r y h i g h m e i t i n g
p o i n t w i t h p r o p e r t i e s t h a t m a k e i t s u i t a b i e f o r
s u c h u s e s a s h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e l i n i n g .
R e s i d u a l S t r e s s remaining in a struc-
ture or member as a result of thermal or
mechanicaltreatment, or both.
R e s i s t a n c e W e l d i n g A p r e s s u r e w e l d i n g p r o -
c e s s w h e r e i n t h e h e a t i s p r o d u c e d b y t h e
r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e f l o w o f a n e i e c t r i c c u r r e n t .
R o o t o f T h e b o t t o m o f t h e w e l d .
S A n i r o n o x i d e f o r m e d o n t h e s u r f a c e
o f h o t s t e e l , s o m e t i m e s i n t h e f o r m o f l a r g e
s h e e t s w h i c h f a l l o f f w h e n t h e s h e e t i s r o i l e d .
S c a r f E d g e p r e p a r a t i o n ; p r e p a r i n g t h e c o n -
t o u r o n t h e e d g e o f a m e m b e r f o r w e l d i n g .
S e a l W e i d S e a l w e i d u s e d p r i m a r i l y t o o b t a i n
t i g h t n e s s .
S e c o n d a r y S t r e s s A a
a
t e r i s t i c o f a s e c o n d a r y s t r e s i t h a i i s e l f - l i m
L o c a l y i e i d i n g a n d m i n o r d i s t o r t i o n c a s a t i t
c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h c a u s e t h s t r e t o c c a
f a i l u r e f r o m o n e a p p l i c a t i o n o t h s t r e i n t b
e x p e c t e d . E x a m p l e s o f s e c o n d a r s t r e a r g e n
t h e r m a l s t r e s s ; b e n d i n g s t r e s a a g r o s t r u c
d i s c o n t i n u i t y .
M o d u l u s T h t e r p e r t a t t
c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a b e a m . T h sectionmodulus
w i t h r e s p e c t t o e i t h e r p r i n c i p a c e n t a x i
t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a w i t r e s p e t t h a x
d i v i d e d b y t h e d i s t a n c e f r o t h a a x t t
m o s t r e m o t e p o i n t o t h s e c t i o T h s e c
m o d u l u s l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e t h f l e x
s t r e n g t h o f a b e a m o g i v e m a t e r i
S e c t i o n M o d u l ( Z o a
t h i n w a i l e c y l i n ( r ~ l
a b o u i t t r a n s v e a x
4-+4 z = Pnt
w
w h e r e r = m e a r a d o
t c y l i n d i
u
r
t = w a l t h i c k n
i n
S h e l l S t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n m a d t e n c
s o m e s p a c e . M o s t o f t h s h e l l a r g e n e r b
t h e r e v o l u t i o n o f a p l a n c u r v e
I n t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o t h i b o o s h e i t
c y l i n d r i c a l p a r t o f a v e s s e o a s p h e r i v e s
i s c a l l e d a l s o a s p h e r i c a l s h e l l
T h e c o m p o n e o s t r
t a n g e n t t o the p i a n e o r e f e r e n c
A a
w e l d i n g p r o c e s s w h e r e i n c o a l e s c e n i p r o
e d b y h e a t i n g w i t h a e l e c t r i a r b e t w a
c o v e r e d m e t a l e l e c t r o d e a n
f i l l e r metalis obtainedfromthe electrode.
S i n g l e - W e l d e d B u t t J o i n A b u j o i w e
e d f r o m o n e s i d e o n l y .
S i n g i e - W e i d e d L a p J o i n A l a j o i
w h i c h t h e o v e r l a p p e d e d g e o t h m e m b t
b e j o i n e d a r e w e i d e d a l o n t h e d o o
m e m b e r .
Size WeldGrooveWeld:Thedepthof
p e n e t r a t i o n .
E q u a l L e g F i l l e t W e l d : t h e
L
l e g l e n g t h o f t h e l a r g e s t
i s o s c e l e s r i g h t - t r i a n g l e
w h i c h c a n b e i n s c r i b e d
k
w i t h i n t h e f i l l e t w e l d c r o s s
\
\
s e c t i o n .
\
\ U n e q u a l L e g F i l l e t W e l d :
\
\
T h e l e g l e n g t h o f t h e l a r g e s t
r i g h t t r i a n g l e w h i c h c a n b e
i n s c r i b e d w i t h i n t h e f i l l e t w e l d c r o s s s e c t i o n .
A r e s u l t o f t h e a c t i o n o f a f l u x o n n o n -
m e t a l l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s o f a p r o c e s s e d o r e , o r o n
t h e o x i d i z e d m e t a l l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s t h a t a r e
u n d e s i r a b l e . U s u a l l y c o n s i s t o f c o m b i n a t i o n s
o f a c i d o x i d e s a n d b a s i c o x i d e s w i t h n e u t r a l o x -
i d e s a d d e d t o a i d f u s i b i l i t y .
Theratioof thelengthof
a uniformcolumnto the least radiusof gyra-
tionof thecrosssection.
A w e l d
a
m
1
4
b e r t o t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e
s u r f a c e o f t h e o t h e r m e m -
+
b e r w h i c h i s e x p o s e d
t h r o u g h t h e h o l e . T h e h o l e
m a y o r m a y n o t b e f i l l e d
c o m p l e t e l y w i t h w e l d m e t a l .
T h e r a t i o o f t h e d e n s i t y o f a
m a t e r i a l t o t h e d e n s i t y o f s o m e s t a n d a r d
m a t e r i a l , s u c h a s w a t e r a t a s p e c i f i e d
t e m p e r a t u r e , f o r e x a m p l e , 4 C o r 6 0 F . o r ( f o r
g a s e s ) a i r a t s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s o f p r e s s u r e
a n d t e m p e r a t u r e .
W e l d i n g E l e c t r i c - r e s i s t a n c e w e l d i n g i n
w h i c h f u s i o n i s l i m i t e d t o a s m a l l a r e a d i r e c t l y
b e t w e e n t h e e l e c t r o d e t i p s .
( E l a s t i c S t a b i l i t y ) T h e
s t r e n g t h o f a v e s s e l t o r e s i s t b u c k l i n g o r w r i n k l -
i n g d u e t o a x i a l c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s . T h e s t a b i l i -
t y o f a v e s s e l i s s e v e r e l y a f f e c t e d b y o u t o f
r o u n d n e s s .
T w o
l i n e s o f i n t e r m i t t e n t f i l l e t w e l d i n ~ i n a t e e
o r l a p j o i n t , i n w h i c h t h e i n c r e m e n t s o f
w e l d i n i o n l i a
s t a g g e r e w i t r e s p t
L 1
t h o s i t h o t h l i
T h e p r e s s u r o l i q u t h i
n o t m o v i n g , a g a i n s t t h v e s s e w a l i d s o
l y
T h i s p r e s s u r e s h a l l b t a k e i n t c o n s i d e r
i n d e s i g n i n g v e s s e l s .
S t r a i n A n y f o r c e d c h a n g e i t h d i m e n
o f a b o d y . A s t r e t c h i a a
s h o r t e n i n g i s a a a n g
d i s t o r t i o n i s a s t r a i n T h w o s t r i
c o m m o n l y u s e d t o c o n n o t
I n t e r n a l f o r c e e x e r t e b e i t o t
a d j a c e n t p a r t s o f a b o d u p o t h o t h a c r
a n i m a g i n e d p l a n e o s e p a r a t i o W h t
f o r c e s a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h p l a n e t h s t r i c a
e d s h e a r s t r e s s ; w h e n t h f o r c a r n o r t
t h e p l a n e t h e s t r e s s i c a l l e n o r m s t r
w h e n t h e n o r m a l s t r e s s i d i r e c t t o w t
p a r t o n w h i c h i t a c t s i i c a l l compressive
w h e n i t i s d i r e c t e d a w a f r t p a
o n w h i c h i t a c t s i t i c a l l e tensilestress.
L o n g i t u
( m e r i d i o n a l S s t r
C i r c u m f e r e n t i a ( h o S
R
s t r e s
S a n S c a l l m e m b
( d i a p h r a g m s t r e f v
S
+
s e l h a v i n a f i g o
r e v o l u t i o
u
B e n d i n s t r e
S h e a s t r e s
D i s c o n t i n u i t s t r e s a a
a b r u p c h a n i t h i c
o s h a p o thevessel.
A t h r e a d e d f a s t e n e w i t h a h e
w i t h t h r e a d s o n o n e n o b o e n o
t h r e a d e d f u l l l e n g t h . ( C o d U A - 6
A a r w e l
p r o c e s s w h e r e i n c o a l e s c e n c e i p r o d u b
h e a t i n g w i t h a n a r o a r c b e t w a b a
m e t a l e l e c t r o d e o r e l e c t r o d e a n t h w o T
w e l d i n g i s s h i e l d e d b a b l a n k o g r a n
f u s i b l e m a t e r i a l o n t h w o r k P r e s s i n
u s e d a n d f i l l e r m e t a l i o b t a i n f r t e l
t r o d e a n d s o m e t i m e s f r o a s u p p l e m e
A w e l d m a d e t o h o l d p a r t s o f a
w e l d m e n t i n p r o p e r a l i g n m e n t u n t i l t h e f i n a l
w e l d s a r e m a d e .
A w e l d e d j o i n t a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f
t w o partslocatedapproximatelyat rightangles
to eachotherin the formof a T.
T h e m a x i m u m s t r e s s a
m a t e r i a l s u b j e c t e d t o a s t r e t c h i n g l o a d c a n
w i t h s t a n d w i t h o u t t e a r i n g .
d e v e l o p e d b y a m a t e r i a l
b e a r i n g t e n s i l e l o a d .
T r i a l t o p r o v e t h a t t h e v e s s e l i s s u i t a b l e
f o r t h e d e s i g n p r e s s u r e .
S e e H y d r o s t a t i c t e s t , P n e u m a t i c t e s t .
T h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r d e t e r -
m i n i n g t h e t e s t p r e s s u r e b a s e d o n c a l c u l a t i o n s
a r e o u t l i n e d i n U G - 9 9 ( C ) f o r t h e h y d r o s t a t i c
t e s t a n d i n U G - 1 0 0 ( b ) f o r t h e p n e u m a t i c t e s t .
T h e b a s i s f o r c a l c u l a t e d t e s t p r e s s u r e i n e i t h e r
o f t h e s e p a r a g r a p h s i s t h e h i g h e s t p e r m i s s i b l e
i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e a s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e d e s i g n
f o r m u l a s , f o r e a c h e l e m e n t o f t h e v e s s e l u s i n g
n o m i n a l t h i c k n e s s e s w i t h c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e s
i n c l u d e d a n d u s i n g t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s v a l u e s
f o r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e t e s t . ( C o d e U A - 6 0 )
T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c y c l i c
t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t s p r o d u c i n g h i g h c y c l i c t h e r -
m a l s t r e s s e s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l o c a l c r a c k i n g o f
m a t e r i a l .
A s e l f - b a l a n c i n g s t r e s s p r o -
d u c e d b y a n o n u n i f o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
t e m p e r a t u r e o r b y d i f f e r i n g t h e r m a l c o e f f i -
c i e n t s o f e x p a n s i o n . T h e r m a l s t r e s s i s
d e v e l o p e d i n a s o l i d b o d y w h e n e v e r a v o l u m e
o f m a t e r i a l i s p r e v e n t e d f r o m a s s u m i n g t h e s i z e
a n d s h a p e t h a t i t n o r m a l l y s h o u l d u n d e r a
c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e .
1 . T h e r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s i s t h a t c o m -
p u t e d b y t h e f o r m u l a s i n t h i s D i v i s i o n , b e f o r e
c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e i s a d d e d ( s e e U G - 2 2 ) .
2 . T h e d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s i s t h e s u m o f t h e
r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s a n d t h e c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e
( S C C U G - 2 5 ) .
3 . T h e n o m i n a l t h i c k n e s s i t h t h i c
s e l e c t e d a s c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l b l a n a s u
p l i e d t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ; i m a e x c t
d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s . ( C o d
u n d e r F i l l e W e l
F o r p l a t e t h m a x i p
m i s s i b l e u n d e r t o l e r a n c e i t h s m a l v a o
0 . 0 1 i n . o r t h d e s i g t h i c k n ( C
U G - 1 6 )
T h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g u n d e r t o l e r a n o w
t h i c k n e s s o f h e a d s , p i p e a n p i p e f i t t s h
b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t a n t h n e h e a
c o m m e r c i a l w a l l t h i c k n e s s m a t h b u s
U n i v e r s a l M i l P l a o p l
r o l l e d t o w i d t h b y v e r t i c a r o l a w e a t
t h i c k n e s s b y h o r i z o n t a l r o l l s
(UT)a nondestruc-
tivemeansfor locatingandidentifyinginternal
discontinuitis by detectingthe reflectionsthey
produceof a beamof ultrasonicvibrations
(CodeUA-60)
A g r o o v e m e l t e i n t b a
m e t a l a d j a c e n t t o t h t o o a w e a n l e u
f i l l e d b y w e l d m e t a l .
U n i t t e n s i l s t r a i t h e l o
t i o n p e r u n i t l e n g t h ; u n i c o m p r e s s s t r i
t h e s h o r t e n i n g p e r u n i l e n g t h u n s h e s t
i s t h e c h a n g e i n a n g l ( r a d i a n b e t w t
l i n e s o r i g i n a l l y a t r i g h a n g l e t e a o t h
T h e a m o u n o s t r e p u n o
a r e a .
Vessel A
A t e c h n i q u e o d e p o s i w
m e t a l i n w h i c h t h e e l e c t r o d i o s c i l l f r
s i d e t o s i d e .
A l o c a l i z e d c o a l e s c e n c o m e p
d u c e d b y f u s i o n w i t o w i t h o u s o f i
m e t a l , a n d w i t h o
T h e m e t a l r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e f u -
s i o n o f t h e b a s e m e t a l a n d t h e f i l l e r m e t a l .
T h e m e t a l j o i n i n g p r o c e s s u s e d i n
m a k i n g w e l d s .
I n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f v e s s e l s t h e w e l d i n g p r o -
c e s s e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d b y t h e C o d e ( U W - 2 7 ) a s
f o l l o w s :
1 . S h i e l d e d m e t a l a r c , s u b m e r g e d a r c , g a s
m e t a l a r c , g a s t u n g s t e n a r c , p l a s m a a r c , a t o m i c
h y d r o g e n m e t a l a r c , o x y f u e l g a s w e l d i n g , e l e c -
t r o s l a g , a n d e l e c t r o n b e a m .
2 . P r e s s u r e w e l d i n g p r o c e s s e s : f l a s h , i n d u c -
t i o n , r e s i s t a n c e , p r e s s u r e t h e r m i t , a n d p r e s s u r e
g a s .
T h e m a t e r i a l s , d e t a i l e d
m e t h o d s a n d p r a c t i c e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o d u c -
t i o n o f a w e l d e d j o i n t .
R o d F i l l e r m e t a l , i n w i r e o r r o d
f o r m , u s e d i n t h e g a s w e l d i n
t h o s e a r c w e l d i n g p r o c e s s e s w h e r e t h e l
t r o d e d o e s n o t f u r n i s h t h d e p o s i t m e t
W r o u g h t I r o n I r o n r e f i n e t a p l a s s t
i n a p u d d l i n g f u r n a c e . I i c h a r a c t e r i b t
p r e s e n c e o f a b o u t 3 p e c e n o s l i r r e g u
m i x e d w i t h p u r e i r o n a n a b o u 0 . p c e
c a r b o n .
T h e l o w e s s t r e s a w h i s t r
i n c r e a s e s w i t h o u t i n c r e a s e i s t r e s F o s o
p u r p o s e s i t i s i m p o r t a n t t d i s t i n g u b e t
t h e upper y i e l d p o i n t , w h i c i t h s t r a
w h i c h t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n d i a g r a f i r b e c
h o r i z o n t a l , a n d t h e l o w e y i e l p o i n w h i
t h e s o m e w h a t l o w e r a n a l m o s c o n s t s t r
u n d e r w h i c h t h e m e t a l c o n t i n u t d e f
O n l y a f e w m a t e r i a l s e x h i b i a t r u y i e p o
f o r s o m e m a t e r i a l s t h t e r i s o m e t i u s
a s s y n o n y m o u s w i t h y i e l s t r e n g t
IN:
Abbreviations ...........................:. ........466
Abrasion .............................................483
Absolute pressure ..............................483
Accessopening, tickness of.....,........, 140
Allowable loadonsaddle..................110
Allowable pressure ........................ 18-25
Allowable pressure, flanges................28
Allowable stressesfor
non-pressureparts ........................ 4 4 9
A l l o w a n c e s o f p l a t e b e n d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 6
A l l o y .................................................. 4 8 3
A n c h o r b o l t d e s i g n ........................ 7 7 - 8 4
Anglejoint ......................................... 483
Anglevalves ......................................366
definition...................................... 483
Annealing........................................... 483
API 650 tanks .................................... 204
API 12Ftanks.................................... 203
Appurtenances,
Preferredlocations....................... 241
Arc welding....................................... 483
Areaof circles.................................... 300
Planes............................................ 258
Areaof surface,
Cylindricalshell head...................425
ASMEflangedand dished
head, allowablepressure.......... 20-24
Dimensionof m....., ......................... 335
Externalpressure............................ 34
Internalpressure....................... 20-24
Automaticwelding...........,.,...........,..483
Backing.............................................. 483
Baseringdesign ............................ 79-83
Beamformulas................................... 455
Bendallowances
of Steelphltc................................. 236
Bendingof pipeandtube ..................234
Ilcnt pipe ............................................ 280
B o i l e r a n d p r e s s u r e
v e s s e l l a w s .................................... 4 7 4
Boltedconnections ............................ 463
Bolts,weightof .................................4 1 2
B r i t t l e f r a c t u r e ................................... 4 8 3
B r i t t l e n e s s .......................................... 4 8 3
B u s h i n g ............................................ . . 4 8 3
B u t t Weld........................................... 483
Capacitiesof fabrication.................... 232
Carbonsteel, propertiesof ................186
Centerof gravity................................ 452
Centigrade,conversion
to Fahrenheit .................................. 444
Ccntroidof an area ............................ 484
Chainintermittent
IiIlcl Weld ...................................... 484
E
Checklist for inspectors...................255
Checkvalves..................................... 367
Definition..................................... 484
Chemicalplant piping.......................
Chemicalresistance
of gaskets..................................... 224
Metals........................................... 224
paints........................................... 253
Chipping............................................ 484
Circles,circumferences
andareasof, ................................ 300
C i r c l e s , divisionof.. ..........................
Segments of ................................ 290
Circularplate, weightof... ................ 404
Circumferencesandareas
of c i r c l e s ...................................... 300
Circumferentialstress ......................... 14
Cladvessel ........................................ 484
Coderules relatedto
Services......................................, 181
Thicknesses.................................
Codes ................................................. 470
Combinationof stresses...................... 69
Combustibleliquids.......................... 184
Commonerrors
Detailingvessels..........................
Completefusion................................ 484
Cone, allowablepressure,
Internal .................................... 20,24
Externalpressure........................... 36
Frustrumof...,.......................,......276
To cylinderreinforcement........... 159
Wallthicknessfor
internalpressure.................20,
Conicalsection,
Allowablepressure..................20, 2
E x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e ........................... 3
W a l l t h i c k n e s s ......................... 2 0 2
C o n s t r u c t i o n o f V C S S C I S ,
3 , p a c i f i c a t i o n ................................ 1 9
C o n t r a c t i o n o f
H o r i z o n t a l v e s s e l s ......................... 9
C o n v e r s i o n , d e c i m a l s
o f a degree................................... 443
Degreesto radains....................... 441
Factors......................................... 446
Gallonsto liters........................... 439
Inchesto millimeters...................431
Kilogramsto pounds...................438
Litersto gallons........................... 439
Millimetersto inches...................433
Poundsper sq. in, to kilo-
gramsper sq. centimeter......,. 440
Poundsto kilograms.................... 438
Radiansto degrees ...................... 442
Sq. feet tosq. meters ..1................437
Sq. meterstosq. feet ..............,....437
Cornerjoint ....................................... 484
Corrosion...................................215,484
Fatigue......................................... 484
Corrosionresistantmatcrinls........,....2 2 2
Creep.................................................. 484
Couplings.......................................... 468
Definition..;.................................. 484
Lengthof............................,,138, 139
Weightof ..................................... 413
Wchling........................................ 361
Cylinders,.
partial volumeof..............,...418,421
Cylindricalshell allowable
Pressure.................................... 18,22
Areaof surface............................. 425
Externalpressure........................... 32
Thicknessfor internal
pressure............................... 18,22
W e i g h t .......................................... 3 7 5
D a m a g i n g s t r e s s ................................ 4 8 4
Davit .................................................. 312
D e c i m a l s o f a degree,
conversion.................................... 443
Decimalsof an inch........................... 426
Decimalsof a foot ............................. 426
Definitions......................................... 483
Deflection............................................ 68
Deformation,strain ........................... 484
Degreesto radians,conversion.........441
Descriptionof materials.................... 192
Designpressure,definition...............484
internal........................................... 15
external .......................................... 31
Designspecification.......................... 195
steel structures............................. 447
tcmpcraturc.................................. 484
tall towers ....................................... 52
weldedjoints ........................ 1 7 4 , 448
D e t a i l i n g ofpressurevessels............. 240
Dimensions ofheads......................... 335
pipe............................................... 330
Discontinuity............................. 484,485
Divisionof circles ............................. 289
Doubleweldedbuttjoint ...................485
lapjoint ........................................ 485
Dropat intersectionof nozzle
andshell ....................................... 291
Ductility.............................................485
Earthquake........................................... 61
map, of seismiczones.................... 64
Eccentric ......................
Eccentricload...................................... 66
Eccentricity........................................ 485
Efficiencyof weldedjoint .................485
Elastic ................................................ 485
Elasticlimit........................................ 485
Elasticstability.................................... 67
Illcctroslagwelding...........................485
Ellipsoidalheadallowable
pressure.................................... 18, 22
areaof surface.............................. 425
dimensionsof ...............................335
externalpressure............................ 34
locatingpoint on .......................... 293
partialvolumeof... .......................
wall thicknesstor
internalpressure..................18$22
Endurancelimit ................................. 485
,.
Engagementof pipe........................... 235
Erosion...............................................485
Examinationof weldedjoints ............177
Expansionjoint .................................. 485
of horizontalvessels ...................... 99
of metals....................................... 191
Extensionof openings....................... 128
Externalpressure................................. 31
charts........................................ 42-47
stiffeningring................................. 40
Fabricatingcapacities........................ 232
Fabricationtolerances........................ 200
Factors,conversion............................ 446
Factorof safety.................................. 485
Fahrenheit,conversionto
centigrade..................................... 444
Fatigue............................................... 485
Fiber stress......................................... 485
Filler metal......................................... 486
Fillet weld.......................................... 486
Fittings....................................... 126-127
welding......................................... 361
dimensions................................... 361
weight...........................................390
Flammable liquids............................. 184
Flangedand dishedhead,
allowablepressure....................20, 24
areaof surface.............................. 425
dimensionsof ............................... 335
externalpressure............................ 34
thicknessfor internal
pressure...............................
Flangedfittings,prcssure-
temperaturerating.......................... 28
Flrmgc
dimensions,...................,..,......,....341
pressure-temperaturerating ...........28
weightof ...................................... 395
F l a t h e a d w a l l t h i c k n e s s ...................... 2 6
F r u s t r u m o f c o n c e n t r i c c o n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 6
e c c e n t r i c c o n e .............................. 2 7 9
F u e l g a s p i p i n g .................................. 2 0 8
F u l l f i l l e t w e l d ................................... 4 ! 3 6
Gage .....................................
Gallonsto
........................................
....................
welding....................................... 486
Gaskets,chemicalresistanceof... ......
Gatevalve.......................................... 486
dimensions
...................................365
Generalspecifications....................... 243
Geometricalconstructions.................268
f o r m u l a s ....................................... 2 5 8
p r o b l e m s ....................................... 2 6 8
G i r t h s e a m f o r m u l a .............................. 1 6
G l o b e v a l v e ........................................ 4 8 6
d i m e n s i o n s
................................... 366
G r a p h i t i z a t i o n .................................... 4 s 6
G r o o v e w e l d ....................................... 4 s 6
Ileads
................................................. 334
definition....................................., 486
volumeof
..................................... 416
weightof ...................................... 375
Heat treatment.................................... 486
1Hemispherical head, allowable
pressure.................................... 18,22
area of surface.............................. 425
dimensionsof ............................... 335
externalpressure............................ 34
wall thicknessf o r
i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 , 2 2
I { i g h - a l l o y s t e e l .................................. 4 8 6
1Iingc,......+........,..........,.......,.....,....4 ,..314
flydrogenbrittleness.......................... 486
I[ydroslatictest .................................. 486
Hydrostatictest presssure.................... 1S
1hydrostatictest pressure
for flanges ...................................... 28
Impact stress ...................................... 486
test ................................................ 486
Inchesto millimeters,
conversion.................................... 4 3 1
I n s p e c t i o n o p e n i n g ............................ 1 2 3
l n s p c c t o r s c h e c k l i s t ........................... 2 5 5
I n s u l a t i o n , w e i g h t o f . . . ....................... 4 1 4
I n t e r m i t t e n t w e l d ................................ 4 8 7
I n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e ............................ 1 5 , 1 8
I n t e r s e c t i o n o f c o n e
and cylindcr .................................. 28S
...........................
o f cylinderand plane................... 2S1
of cylinderand sphere................. 2S6
of nozzleand shell, drop............. 291
Isotropic..................................,.......4. 487
Joint efllciencies....................... 172, 174
definition..................................... 487
Joint penetration............................... 487
Junctionof coneto cylinder............. 159
Killedsteel
........................................ 487
Kilogramto pounds,conversion...... 438
Ladder
.............................................. 315
Laminatedvessel............................... 487
Lapjoint ............................................ 487
Laws,boilerand pressurevessel ...... 474
Layeror laminatedvessel ................. 4S7
Legsupport ....................................... 102
dimensions................................... 108
Lengthof arcs ................................... 297
Lengthof pipeand coupling
for openings......................... 13S, 139
of stud bolts................................. 237
Lethalsubstances.............................. 487
Liflingattachments........................... 119
Liflinglug ......................................... 118
Ligament........................................... 487
Linedvessel ...................................... 487
Liquidpenetrantexamination........... 487
Liquidpetroleumpiping...................210
Literature
........................................... 479
Liters to gallons, conversion ............ 439
Loadings ...................................... 1 3 , 4 8 7
L o c a t i n g pointson
ellipsoidalheads.......................... 293
Locationsof vesselcomponents....... 241
Longweldingneck............................ 34I
Longitudinalstress.............................. 14
[,OW-dk)y S(CC] .................................. 487
properties of ................................ 187
L o w temperature operations ............. 185
Lug,lifting...,,,.,,.,..,,,.,...................,,, 118
Lugsuppport..................................... 109
Magneticparticleexamination......... 487
Malleableiron................................... 487
Materials,descriptionof..................,.192
propertiesof ................................ 186
test report..................................... 487
of foreigncountries..................... 194
Maximumallowablepressure,
flanges........................................... 28
for pipes....................................... 142
stress .............................................. 13
stressvalues........... 16, 189$190,487
workingpressure................... Is, 487
Measures ............................................ 321
Measurement, metric system of... ...... 427
Membrane stress................................ 488
Metal arc welding .............................. 488
Metals, chemical resistance of... ....... 224
Metric System of measurement .........427
Mist extractor .................................... 316
Mitered pipe ...................................... 2 8 0
M i l l i m e t e r s t o i n c h e s ,
c o n v e r s i o n .................................. . . 4 3 3
M i n i m u m t h i c k n s s o f
s h e l l s a n d h e a d s ........................... 1 8 2
M o d u l i o f e l a s t i c i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 8 , 4 7 8
M o d u l u s o f r i g i d i t y ........................... 4 8 8
M o m e n t o f i n e r t i a .............................. 4 8 8
Nameplate......................................... 317
Needlevalve...................................... 488
Neutral axis........................................ 488
Surface......................................... 488
Nipple ................................................ 488
Non-pressurewelding....................... 488
Normalizing....................................... 488
strength........................................ 488
test ................................................ 488
Nozzledetails.................................... 244
Nozzleloadings................................. 153
Nozzleneckthickness...............122, 140
Nozzleweightof ............................... 413
Openings............................................ 122
detailingof ................................... 244
extensionof.................................. 128
reinforcementof..,................. 129-137
weightof ...................................... 413
weldingof .................................... 244
Operatingpressure....................... 15,488
temperature.................................. 488
optimumvesselsize.......................... 272
Organizations..................................... 476
Oxidation........................................... 488
P-number........................................... 489
Packing,weightof ............................. 414
Paintingof steel structures................247
Partial v o l u m e o f c y l i n d e r s , . . . . . . 4 1 8 , 4 2 1
h e a d s ............................................ 4 2 2
s p h e r e ........................................... 4 2 2
P a s s .................................................... 4 8 9
P e t r o l e u m refinerypiping .................208
P i p e b e n d i n g .............................. 2 3 4 , 2 8 0
d i m e n s i o n s o f ............................... 3 3 0
e n g a g e m e n t .................................. 2 3 5
l e n g t h o f f o r o p e n i n g s , . . . . . . . . , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9
m i t e r e d ,....0..,.,.............................. 2 8 0
p r o p e r t i e s o f ................................. 3 2 2
wall t h i c k n e s s f o r
i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e ...................... 1 4
w e i g h t o f ...................................... 3 9
P i p e f i t t i n g s y m b o l s ........................... 3 6
P i p i n g c o d e s ....................................... 2 0
P l a s t i c i t y ............................................ 4 8
P l a t e b e n d i n g a l l o w a n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 7
P l a t e o f u n e q u a l t h i c k n e s s ,
w e l d i n g o f .................................... 1 7
P l a t e t h i c k n e s s , r e l a t i o n t o
r a d i o g r a p h i c e x a m i n a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
P l a t e s , w e i g h t o f ................................ 4 0
P l a t f o r m ............................................. 3 1
P l u g v a l v e .......................................... 4 8
Plugweld .........................:................. 489
Pneumatictest ................................... 489
P o i s s o n s r a t i o .................................... 4 8
P o r o s i t y .............................................. 4 8
P o s t w e l d h e a t t r e a t m e n t .................... 4 8
P o u n d s per sq. inchto
kilogramp e r s q .
c e n t i m e t e r , c o n v e r s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 0
P o u n d s t o k i l o g r a m , c o n v e r s i o n . . . . . . , . 4
P o w e r p i p i n g c o d e ............................. 2 0
P r e f e r r e d l o c a t i o n s o f v e s s e l
c o m p o n e n t s .................................. 2 4
P o w e r p i p i n g c o d e ............................. 2 0
P r e f e r r e d l o c a t i o n s o f v e s s e l
c o m p o n e n t s .................................. 2 4
P r e h e a t i n g .......................................... 4 8
P r e s s u r e o f f l u i d ................................... 2
P r e s s u r e - T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
P r e s s u r e v e s s e l ................................... 4 8
d e t a i l i n g ........................................ 2 3
l a w s ............................................... 4 7
P r e s s u r e r e l i e f v a l v e .......................... 4 8
P r e s s u r e welding................................ 489
Primarystress.........................,,.!,...,,,.489
Propertiesof pipe............................... 3 2
o f s e c t i o n s .................................... 4 5
s t a i n l e s s s t e l ...................... , , . . , . , 1 9
o f s t e e l ................................... . . . . . 1 9
o f t u b e s ......................................... 332
Q u e n c h a n n e a l i n g .............................. 4 9
R a d i a n s to degrees,conversion.........442
Radiographing................................... 490
Radiusof gyration............................. 490
Radiographicexamination.................174
relationto platethickness..............30
Randomlength................................... 490
Reactionof ............................. 1 5
R e c t a n g u l a r t a n k s .............................. 2 1
R e f r a c t o r y .......................................... 4 9
R e f r i g e r a t i o n p i p i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . 2 I (
R c i n f o r c c m c n t , C o n e t o c y l i n d e r ...... 1 S $
R e i n f o r c i n g o f o p e n i n g s ........... 1 2 9 , 1 3 7
R e q u i r e d w a l l t h i c k n e s s
for internalpressure................. 18-2;
Residualstress ................................... 49(
Resistance welding ............................ 49Q
Right triangles, solution of... ............. 27(!
Ringjoint flanges............................... 356
Ringsmadeof sectors........................ 274
Root of weld ...................................... 490
Saddledesign....................................... 98
dimension..................................... I
Scale................................................... 49a
Scarf ................................................... 49(I
Scheduleof openings........................ 245
Screwedcouplings............................. 368
Seal weld............................................ 49o
Seamlessheadjoint efficiency..........176
vesselsection ............................... 176
Secondarystress ................................ @O
Section modulus ................................ 49o
Sections, properties of ....................... 450
Segments of circles ............................ 290
Seismicload
......................................... 61
map of seismiczones..................... 64
Services,Coderules .......................... 181
Shapeof openings............................. 122
Shearstress ........................................ 49o
Sheet steel, weight.,...........................399
Shell, definition................................. 49o
volumeof ..................................... 416
weightsof ..................................... 375
Shieldedmetal arc welding...............49o
Single-weldedbuttjoint .................... 49o
lapjoint ........................................ 490
Sizeof openings................................ 122
vessel............................................ 272
weld .............................................. 49o
Shopweldedtanks............................. 203
Skirt design..................,.,,.,,...,.,..,,,..,,,. 76
openings....................................... 319
Slag .................................................... 491
Slendernessratio................................ 491
Slot weld............................................ 491
Solutionof right triangles.................270
Specificgravities............................... 415
Specificgravitydefinition.................491
Specificationfor design
of vessels...................................... 195
Specifications..................................... 470
Sphere,allowablepressure............18, 22
externri! pressure
............................ 34
partial volIImc of .......................... 412
w a l l thicknessfor internal
pressure.............................. 18,22
Spot welding..................................... 491
Squarefeet to squaremeters,
conversion................................... 437
Squaremetersto squarefeet,
conversion................................... 437
Stabilityof vessels............................ 491
Staggeredintermittent
fillet weld..................................... 491
Stainlesssteel, propertiesof...., ....... 190
Stair ................................................... 313
Standards........................................... 47o
Statichead
........................................... 29
definition..................................... 491
Steel structures,designof... .............. 447
Stiffeningring, externalpressure.......40
construction................................... 48
Strain................................................. 491
Stressand strainformula;................. 448
Stress, definition............................... 491
Stressvaluesof materials.................. 189
Stresses,combinationof... .................. 69
in cylindricalshell......................... 14
in largehorizontalvessels
supportedby saddles................86
in pressurevessels................. 13,491
Structures,designof ......................... 447
Structuralmembers,weldingof...,.... 458
Stud
................................................... 491
Studbolts, lengthof.......................... 237
Studdingoutlets
................................ 357
Subjectscoveredby literature.......... 481
Submergedarc welding.................... 49]
Supportof vessels,leg...................... 102
................................................ 109
.............................................
checkwdvcs........................... 367
~ymbolsfor pipe fittings.................. 369
Iackweld.......................................... 492
rail towers,design.............................. 52
ranks, rectangular............................. 212
ranks, shopwelded........................... 2 0
for oil storage.............................. 204
reejoint ............................................ 492
temperature,conversion
centigradeto Fahrenheit.............. 444
rensile strength................................. 492
stress ............................................ 492
rest .................................................... 492
rest pressure..................................... 492
rest pressure,external........................ 31
rhermalexpansionof metals............ 191
[hcrnml fa[iguc................................. 492
rhermalstress ........,.............. +.... ....... 492
Thicknessof VCSSCI wall,
definition...................................... 492
coderules relatedt o ..................... 1 8 2
for full vacuum............................... 49
charts.,.,,,..,,,...,,,,,..................... 49-51
for internalpressure................. 18-27
for nozzleneck............................. 140
of pipewall .................................. 148
Threadedandweldedfittings............126
Throat................................................. 492
Tolerances,definition........................ 492
Tolcranccsof fabrication...................200
Topicscoveredby literature..............481
Transitionpieces........................ 287-288
Transportationof vessels...................246
Tube, bendingof..,.............,............... 234
propertiesof ................................. 332
Typesof w e l d e d .......................
U. M. plate......................................... 492
Ultrasonicexamination...................... 492
Undercut............................................ 492
Unequalplatethickness
weldingof .................................... 178
Unit strain.......................................... 492
stress.............................................492
V~]VCS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JtjS
Vessel,definition............................... 492
Vessel, components,
preferredlocations....................... 241
Vibration..............................................60
Volumeof cylinders,
partial ....,..........,...................418, 421
of shellsand heads....................... 416
of solids........................................ 264
Vortexbreaker................................... 320
Wall thicknessfor internal
pressure.................................... 18-27
for pipes ....................................... 148
Weaving............... .............................. 482
Weights..................................... 321,374
bolts.............................................. 412
c i r c u l a r p l a t e s ............................... 4
couplings...................................... 413
flanges.......................................... 395
galvanizedsheet ........................... 399
insulation...................................... 414
nozzles..........................................413
openings....................................... 413
packing......................................... 414
pipesand fittings
plates ............................................ 400
sheet steel ..................................... 399
shellsand heads ........................... 375
vessels ............................................ 59
Weld,definition................................. 492
metal.............................................493
sizes f o r o p e n i n g s ................ 1 2 4 1 2
W e l d e d j o i n t c a t e g o r i e s ..................... 1 7
designof ....................................... 174
examination.................................. 177
locations....................................... 174
Weldedsteel tanks.............................204
Welding,definition............................ 493
fittings.......................................... 361
of nozzles..................................... 244
procedure...;..................................493
of pressurevessels ...................... 170
rod ................................................ 493
symbols........................................ 179
Windload ............................................ 52
Windspeedmap ............................54,57
Workingtcmpc.mturc......................... 488
Wroughtiron...................................... 493
Yield ........................................ 493