BOOK II

PROPERTY, OWNERSHIP AND ITS

MODIFICATIONS
Property an economc concept! a ma"" o# t$n%" or
o&'ect" ("e#() to $(man act*ty an+ ,$c$ are
nece""ary to )#e, #or ,$c$ rea"on t$ey may n one
,ay or anot$er &e or%an-e+ an+ +"tr&(te+, &(t
a),ay" #or t$e ("e o# man! t$at ,$c$ may &e
approprate+.
Property a" a "(&'ect n /a, c)a""#e" an+ +e#ne"
t$e +##erent 0n+" o# appropra&)e o&'ect", pro*+e"
#or t$er ac1("ton an+ )o"", an+ n %enera) treat" o#
t$e nat(re an+ con"e1(ence" o# rea) r%$t".
R%$t to Property t$e '(r+ca) te &y *rt(e o#
,$c$ a per"on $a" t$e e2c)("*e po,er to rece*e or
o&tan a)) t$e &ene#t" #rom a t$n%, e2cept t$o"e
pro$&te+ or re"trcte+ &y )a, or &y t$e r%$t" o#
ot$er".
R%$t to Property O,ner"$p
Emp$a"-e" t$e vinculum
&et,een man an+ t$n%"
Re#er" to t$e ma"" o# r%$t"
o*er t$e t$n%"
Tt)e I
C/ASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY
PRE/IMINARY PRO3ISIONS
Art. 414. All things which are or may be the object of
appropriation are considered either:
(1)Immovable or real property or
(!)"ovable or personal property. (###)
T$n%" Property
4 Inc)(+e" &ot$
appropra&)e an+
non4appropra&)e
4 COSAS4 a))
o&'ect" t$at e2"t
an+ can &e o# ("e
to man.
4 T$o"e t$at can &e
po""e""e+.
BIENES a)) t$o"e t$at are
a)rea+y approprate+ or are
n t$e po""e""on o# man.
4 T$o"e t$at are
a)rea+y po""e""e+
an+ are #o(n+ n
man5" patrmony
C)a""#caton o# T$n%"
Re" N())(" t$n%" ,$c$ $a*e &een ntentona))y
a&an+one+ 6re" +ere)ctae7 &y t$er o,ner" ,$c$ are
"t)) con"+ere+ a" t$n%", e*en # #or t$e moment t$ey
$a*e no o,ner" &eca("e t$ey can "t)) &e t$e o&'ect o#
appropraton! &e)on%n% to no one ! t$ey $a*e not
&een approprate+
e.% #"$ "t)) ",mmn% n t$e ocean, ,)+ anma)",
pe&&)e" n t$e "$ore.
Re" Comm(ne"4 &e)on%n% to e*eryone! #or t$e ("e
an+ en'oyment o# a)) man0n+.
e.% ar ,e &reat$e, ,n+ 8 "(n)%$t
Re" A)'(c(" o&'ect" 6tan%&)e or ntan%&)e7 ,$c$
are o,ne+ pr*ate)y 6co))ect*e or n+*+(a) capacty
e.% &oo0, "$are" o# "toc0, parce) o# )an+
Re1("te" to &e con"+ere+ a" property
9. :t)ty or t$e capacty to "at"#y $(man ,ant"
;. In+*+(a)ty an+ S(&"tance 6t can e2"t &y t"e)#7
<. S("cept&)ty o# &en% approprate+
Common t$n%" not "("cept&)e o# appropraton a"
a ,$o)e ma"", &(t t$e )mte+ 1(antty o# t$e ,$o)e
ma"" may &e approprate+ an+ t$ere&y con*erte+ nto
property.
$ote:
H(man &o+y " not a t$n%. :pon +eat$, t$e corp"e
&ecome" a t$n%, a)t$o(%$ t " not "("cept&)e o#
appropraton an+ commerce &y rea"on o# p(&)c
mora)ty.
Contract" &y re)at*e" ,t$ re"pect to t$e corp"e o#
a +ecea"e+ per"on, ,$c$ +o not re#er to t$e #(nera),
a(top"y or re)ate+ matter", are *o+ a" contrary to
mora)".
Appropraton occ(paton! ,))#() appre$en"on o#
a corporea) o&'ect ,$c$ $a" no o,ner, ,t$ ntent to
ac1(re t" o,ner"$p.
T$n%" nc)(+e patrmona) r%$t".
Kn+" o# r%$t"
97 Rea) R%$t"
jus in re po,er &e)on%n% to a per"on o*er a
"pec#c t$n%, ,t$o(t a pa""*e "(&'ect n+*+(a))y
+etermne+ a%an"t ,$om "(c$ r%$t may &e
per"ona))y e2erc"e+.
4 %*e" to a per"on a +rect an+ mme+ate '(r+ca)
po,er o*er a t$n% ,$c$ " en#orcea&)e a%an"t t$e
,$o)e ,or)+.
C$aracter"tc"
697 a "(&'ect an+ an o&'ect connecte+ &y a
re)aton o# o,ner"$p o# t$e #ormer o*er t$e
)atter
6;7 a %enera) o&)%aton or +(ty to re"pect
"(c$ re)aton, t$ere &en% no partc()ar
pa""*e "(&'ect
6<7 e##ect*e acton" reco%n-e+ &y )a, to
protect "(c$ re)aton a%an"t anyone ,$o
may ,ant to +"t(r& t.
;7 Per"ona) R%$t"
4 jus ad rem po,er &e)on%n% to one per"on to
+eman+ o# anot$er, a" a +e#nte pa""*e "(&'ect, t$e
#()#))ment o# pre"taton to %*e, to +o or not to +o.
4 r%$t o# o&)%aton or o&)%aton
C$aracter"tc"
697 t$ere are ; "(&'ect" 6act*e an+ pa""*e7,
,$o are +etermne+ an+ "pec#e+.
6;7 %enera) o&)%aton on t$e part o# <
r+
per"on" to re"pect t$e re)aton &et,een t$e
act*e an+ pa""*e "(&'ect
6<7 e##ect*e acton" n #a*or o# t$e act*e
"(&'ect a%an"t t$e pa""*e "(&'ect #or t$e
per#ormance o# t$e pre"taton &y t$e )atter
or "o t$at t$e re)aton &et,een t$em may
pro+(ce t" nat(ra) an+ '(r+ca) e##ect".
C)a""#caton o# T$n%"
A. D*ne re%()ate+ &y canonca) )a,"
I. Sprt(a)
II. Corporea) or Ecc)e"a"tca)
Sacre+, re)%o(", $o)y, tempora)
B. H(man %o*erne+ &y )a," prom()%ate+ &y man
I. Matera), Corporea) or P$y"ca) or t$o"e
man#e"t to t$e "en"e"
a. by reason of ownership
9. Common
;. P(&)c
<. Corporate
=. N())("
>. Pr*ate
b. by reason of their immobility
9. Immo*a&)e" or rea)
;. Mo*a&)e"
<. Sem4mo*a&)e"
c. by reason of number
9. :n*er"a)
;. ?enerc
<. Spec#c
d. by reason of their e%istence
9. e2"tn% or pre"ent
;. F(t(re
DISTINCTIONS REA/ RI?HTS PERSONA/ RI?HTS
# of persons
involved
One +e#nte act*e
"(&'ect an+ t$e re"t
o# t$e ,or)+ a"
pa""*e "(&'ect"
,t$o(t
+etermnaton
De#nte act*e
"(&'ect an+ +e#nte
pa""*e "(&'ect
Object of the
juridical relation
Corporea) or
tan%&)e t$n%
Intan%&)e t$n%, t$e
pre"taton o# t$e
+e&tor
How the will of
the active subject
affects the thing
Drect)y a##ect" t$e
t$n%
In+rect)y a##ect" t$e
t$n% t$ro(%$ t$e
pre"taton o# t$e
+e&tor
Cause of
creating the
juridical relation
By mo+e an+ tt)e By tt)e a)one
Methods of
extinguishment
of the juridical
relation
/o"" or +e"tr(cton
o# t$e t$n%
/o"" or +e"tr(cton o#
t$e t$n% +oe" not
e2tn%("$ t$e re)aton
Nature of the
things arising
from them
?*e" r"e to rea)
acton" a%an"t <
r+
per"on"
Pro+(ce per"ona)
acton" a%an"t t$e
+e#nte +e&tor
e. by reason of their divisibility
9. D*"&)e
;. In+*"&)e
f. by reason of their importance
9. Prncpa)
;. Acce""ory
g. by reason of homogeneity of the
specie
9. F(n%&)e"
;.Non #(n%&)e"
h. by reason of their consumability
9. Con"(ma&)e"
;. Non4con"(ma&)e"
i. by reason of their alienability
9. Wt$n t$e commerce o# man
;. O(t"+e t$e commerce o# man
II. Intan%&)e, ncorporea) or @(r+ca)
T$e pre+omnant +"tncton o# property nto
rea) an+ per"ona) " t$e po""&)ty o# tran"#er o#
t$e )atter or o# t" mo*ement n "pace, ,$et$er
&y t"e)# or &y "ome e2terna) act".
T$e c)a""#caton o# property a""(me" t"
mportance #rom t$e +##erent pro*"on" o# t$e
)a, t$at %o*ern" t" ac1("ton, po""e""on,
+"po"ton, )o"" an+ re%"traton o# mmo*a&)e
an+ mo*a&)e".
Art. =9= ++ not menton t$e Am2e+B or t$e
"em4mmo*a&)e"
CHAPTER 9
IMMO3AB/E PROPERTY
Art. 41&. 'he following are immovable property:
(1) (and) buildings) roads and constructions of all
*inds adhered to the soil
(!) 'rees) plants and growing fruits) while they are
attached to the land or form an integral part of an
immovable.
(#) +verything attached to an immovable in a fi%ed
manner) in such a way that it cannot be separated
therefrom without brea*ing the material or
deterioration of the object
(4),tatues) reliefs) paintings or other objects for use
or ornamentation) placed in buildings or on lands
by the owner of the immovable in such a manner
that it reveals the intention to attach them
permanently to the tenements
(&) "achinery) receptacles) instruments or
implements intended by the owner of the tenement
for an industry or wor*s which may be carried on in
a building or on a piece of land) and which tend
directly to meet the needs of the said industry or
wor*s
(-) Animal houses) pigeon.houses) beehives) fish
ponds or breeding places of similar nature) in case
their owner has placed them or preserves them with
the intention to have them permanently attached to
the land) and forming a permanent part of it the
animals in these places are included
(/)0ertili1er actually used on a piece of land
(2) "ines) 3uarries and slag dumps) while the
matter thereof forms part of the bed) and waters
either running or stagnant
(4)5oc*s and structures which) though floating) are
intended by their nature and object to remain at a
fi%ed place on a river) la*e or coast
(16) 7ontracts for public wor*s and servitudes and
other real rights over immovable property (##4a)
T$e )a, +oe" not +e#ne ,$at properte" are
mmo*a&)e, t$ey are mere)y en(merate+.
C)a""e" o# mmo*a&)e"C
&y Nat(re cannot &e mo*e+ #rom p)ace to
p)ace 6par 1 8 2 of Art. 41&, lands) mines 8
slag dumps)
&y Incorporaton e""enta))y mo*a&)e, &(t are
attac$e+ to an mmo*a&)e n "(c$ a manner a"
to &e an nte%ra) part t$ereo# 6 pars. !)#)4 8 -
of Art. 41&)
&y De"tnaton e""enta))y mo*a&)e" &(t &y
t$e p(rpo"e #or ,$c$ t$ey $a*e &een p)ace+ n
an mmo*a&)e, parta0e o# t$e nat(re o# t$e )atter
&eca("e o# t$e a++e+ (t)ty +er*e+ t$ere#rom
6pars. 4)&)-)/ 8 4 of Art. 41&)
&y na)o%y or &y )a, menton n par. 16 of
Art. 41&
!aragraph No" # $ co*er" property ,$c$ are
immovable b% nature 6/an+, &()+n%", roa+"
an+ con"tr(cton o# a)) 0n+" a+$ere+ to t$e "o)7
DB()+n%" are a),ay" mmo*a&)e (n+er t$e
Co+e.
Separate treatment &y t$e parte" o# a
&()+n% #rom t$e )an+ on ,$c$ t "tan+", +oe"
not c$an%e t$e mmo*a&)e c$aracter o# t$e
&()+n%, ,$c$ &y t"e)# can &e t$e "(&'ect o#
rea) e"tate mort%a%e.
7ases:
9un1alan vs (acsamana (1!1 ,7:A ##1)
(eung ;ee vs ,trong "achinery 7o.) (#/ 9<I(
-44)
,tandard =il 7ompany vs >aranillo (44 9<I(
-#1)
9rudential ?an* vs 9anis (1&# ,7:A #46)
,antos +vangelista vs Alto ,urety (16# 9<I(
461)
'umalad vs @icencio
B()+n%" 6on rente+ )an+7 &en% mmo*a&)e
&y nat(re, t$e o,ner"$p o# t$e )an+ on ,$c$
t$ey ,ere erecte+ cannot c$an%e t$er nat(re a"
mmo*a&)e property.
Con"tr(cton" n &()+n%" &ecome
mmo*a&)e &y ncorporaton. T$ey are &en%
attac$e+ to t$e )an+ permanent)y anne2 t$e
"ame.
AT$e parte" to a contract may, &y a%reement,
treat a" per"ona) property t$at ,$c$ &y nat(re
rea) property. It " a #am)ar p$enomenon to "ee
t$n%" c)a""e+ a" rea) property #or p(rpo"e" o#
ta2aton, ,$c$ on %enera) p(rpo"e may &e
con"+ere+ a+ per"ona) property.B 6Stan+ar+ O)
*" @aran))o "(pra7
AIn "(c$ a ca"e a" a &()+n% " ma+e t$e "(&'ect
o# a c$atte) mort%a%e, an+ t$e mort%a%e "
re%"tere+ n t$e c$atte) mort%a%e re%"try, t$e
mort%a%e ,o()+ "t)) &e *o+ n "o #ar a" <
r+
per"on" are concerne+.B 6E*an%e)"ta *" A)to
S(rety 8 In". Co.7