BUILDING CODE

A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that

specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed
objects such as buildings and non building structures. The main
purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety
and general welfare as they relate to the construction and
occupancy of buildings and structures. The practice of
developing, approving, and enforcing building codes varies
considerably among nations. In some countries building codes
are developed by the government agencies or quasi-
governmental standards organizations and then enforced across
the country by the central government. uch codes are !nown as
the national building codes.
Scope:
"uilding codes generally include#
$ules regarding par!ing and traffic impact
%ire code rules to ensure safe evacuation in the event of a fire
$equirements for earthqua!e, hurricane, tornado, flood,
and tsunami resistance, especially in disaster prone areas or
for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic
$equirements for specific building uses &for e'ample, storage
of flammable substances, or housing a large number of
people(
)nergy provisions and consumption
*randfathering provisions# +nless the building is being
renovated, the building code usually does not apply to
e'isting buildings.
pecifications on components
Allowable installation methodologies
,inimum and ma'imum room and e'it sizes and location
-ualification of individuals or corporations doing the wor!
%or high structures, anti-collision mar!ers for the benefit of
aircraft
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005
The .ational "uilding /ode of India &."/(, a
comprehensive building /ode, is a national instrument
providing guidelines for regulating the building construction
activities across the country. It serves as a ,odel /ode for
adoption by all agencies involved in building construction
wor!s be they 0ublic 1or!s 2epartments, other government
construction departments, local bodies or private construction
agencies. The /ode mainly contains administrative regulations,
development control rules and general building requirements3
fire safety requirements3 stipulations regarding materials,
structural design and construction &including safety(3 and
building and plumbing services.
The comprehensive ."/ 4556 contains 77 0arts some of
which are further divided into ections totaling 48 chapters. The
salient features of the revised ."/ &see Anne' 4( include, apart
from other changes made, the changes specially in regard to
further enhancing our response to meet the challenges posed by
natural calamities and reflecting the state-of-the-art and
contemporary applicable international practices.
CONTENTS OF NBC 2005
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6A 0lain and $einforced /oncrete
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ection 7 ;ighting and =entilation
ection 4 )lectrical and Allied Installations
ection > Air conditioning, :eating and ,echanical =entilation
ection ? Acoustics, ound Insulation and .oise /ontrol
ection 6 Installation of ;ifts and )scalators
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ection 7 1ater upply, 2rainage and anitation &including
olid 1aste ,anagement(
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SALIENT FEATURES OF NBC 2005
7( Inclusion of a complete philosophy and direction for
successfully accomplishing the building projects through
Integrated ,ultidisciplinary Approach right through conceptual
stage to planning, designing, construction, operation and
maintenance stages
4( A series of reforms in building permit process
>( 0rovisions to ensure and certification of safety of buildings
against natural disaster by engineer and structural engineer
?( 0rovision for two stage permit for high rise and special
buildings
6( 0rovision for periodic renewal certificate of occupied
buildings from structural, fire and electrical safety point of view
8( 0rovision for empowering engineers and architects for
sanctioning plans of residential buildings up to 655 m4
@( Inclusion of detailed town planning norms for various
amenities such as educational facilities, medical facilities,
distribution services, police, civil defence and home guards and
fire services
B( $evision of par!ing requirements for metro and mega cities
C( +p-dation of special requirements for low income housing
for urban areas
75( Inclusion of special requirements for low income housing
rural habitat planning
77( $evision of the provisions for buildings and facilities for
physically challenged
74( %ire safety norms completely revamped through detailed
provisions on %ire 0revention, ;ife afety and %ire 0rotection
7>( Inclusion of new categories of starred hotels, heritage
structures and archeological monuments for fire safety
provisions
7?( ubstitution of halon based fireAe'tinguishers fire fighting
system
76( 0romotion to newAinnovative building
materialsAtechnologies
78( Inclusion of latest provisions for earthqua!e resistant design
and construction
7@( Inclusion of details on mult-disaster prone districts
7B( Inclusion of new chapter on design and construction using
bamboo
7C( /hapter on prefabricated and composite construction for
speedier construction
45( +pdation of provision of safety in construction
47( /omplete revision of provision on building and plumbing
services in line with applicable international practices
44( 0rovisions on rain water harvesting
4>( Inclusion of new chapter to cover landscaping needs
AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON BUILDINGS
A structure immersed in a given flow field is subjected
to aerodynamic forces.
%or typical tall buildings, aerodynamic forces includes
are drag &along-wind( forces, lift &across-wind( forces
and torsional moments. The along wind forces act in the
direction of the mean flow.
The along wind motion primarily result from pressure
fluctuations on windward and leeward faces and
generally follows fluctuations in the approaching flow.
The crosswind forces act perpendicular to the direction
of mean wind flow.
The common source of crosswind motion is associated
with Dvorte' sheddingE.
Tall buildings are bluff as opposed to streamlined bodies
that cause the flow to separate from the surface of
structure, rather than follow the body contours. %or a
particular building, the shed vortices have a dominant
periodicity defined by the trouhal number.
:ence, the building is subjected to periodic cross
pressure loading which results in an alternating
crosswind forces.
The torsional motion is developed due to imbalance in
the instantaneous pressure distribution on each face of
the building.
In other words, if the distance between elastic center of
the structure and aerodynamic center is large, the
structure is subjected to torsional moments that may
significantly affect the structural design.
It has been recognized that for many high-rise buildings,
the crosswind and torsional responses may e'ceed the
along wind response in terms of both limit state and
serviceability designs
WIND EXCITATION
The motion of tall buildings occurs primarily in three
modes of action along wind, across wind, and torsional
modes.
%or a rectangular building with one face nearly
perpendicular to the mean flow, the motion is measured in
the along wind and across wind directions as well as in the
torsional mode.
ALONG WIND MOTION
Along wind or simply wind is the term used to refer to
drag forces.
+nder the action of the wind flow, structures e'perience
aerodynamic forces including also the drag &along wind(
force acting in the direction of the mean wind
The structural response induced by the wind drag is
commonly referred to as the along wind response. The
along wind motion primarily results from pressure
fluctuations on windward &buildingEs frontal face that wind
hits( and leeward face &bac! face of the building(.
ACROSS WIND MOTION
The term across wind is used to refer to transverse wind.
The across wind response, is a motion in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of wind. In the design of
most modern tall buildings, the across wind response often
dominates over the along wind $esponse.
%or instance, the wind tunnel test "uilding showed that its
ma'imum acceleration in across wind direction at its design
wind speed is about 7.4 times of that of the in along wind
direction
"uildings are very sensitive to across wind motion, and this
sensitivity may be particularly apparent as the wind speed
increases.
1ind induced instabilities of modern tower-li!e
structures with e'cess slenderness, fle'ibility and
lightly-damped &insufficient mechanical preventions
against sides way such as use of tuned mass dampers(
features could cause considerably larger across wind
responses.
"esides, while the ma'imum lateral wind loading and
deflection are usually observed in the along wind
direction, the ma'imum acceleration of a building
loading to possible human perception of motion or even
discomfort may occur in across wind direction.