SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Report of a Research Project on

Social Impact Assessment of
R&R Policies and Packages in India
Council for Social Development
New Delhi August !"#"

#
Social Impact Assessment
GUIDELINES
Council for Social Development
New Deli! Au"ust #$%$
C$N%&N%S
Chapter I Introduction '
Chapter II Social Impacts and Social Impact Assessment (
Chapter III Steps in Conducting Social Impact Assessment #"
Chapter I) Principles for Social Impact Assessment #'
Chapter ) Social Impact Assessment* +ethods and %ools #,
Chapter )I -ormat of a Social Impact Assessment Report !#
References !'
Anne.es
# National R&R Polic/ !""0 1Chapter (2 !(
! Census -orm !,
' Socioeconomic Surve/ 3uestionnaire !0
( -ormat of a Social Impact Assessment Report !4
Chapter I
IN%R$D5C%I$N

# %he impacts of development projects occur in different forms6 7hile significant
8enefits result for the societ/ the project area people ma/ often 8ear the 8runt of
adverse impacts6 %his can happen for e.ample when the/ are forced to relocate to
make wa/ for such interventions6 %here is now a growing concern over the fate of the
displaced people6 %his has given rise to the need to understand 8eforehand the
implications of adverse project impacts so that mitigation plans could 8e put in place in
advance6
! %he National R&R Polic/ issued in !""0 recogni9es the need to carr/ out Social
Impact Assessment 1SIA2 as part of the resettlement planning and implementation
processes6 Section (6# in Chapter I) Social Impact Assessment 1SIA2 of the Polic/
reads as follows*
7herever it is desired to undertake a new project or e.pansion of an e.isting project
which involves involuntar/ displacement of ("" hundred or more families en masse in
plain areas or two hundred or more families en masse in tri8al or hill/ areas DDP 8locks
or areas mentioned in the Schedule ) or Schedule )I to the Constitution the appropriate
:overnment shall ensure that a Social Impact Assessment 1SIA2 stud/ is carried out in
the proposed affected areas in such manner as ma/ 8e prescri8ed6
' 7hile an assessment of social impacts prior to the commencement of a new
project or e.pansion of an e.isting is now o8ligator/ under the new national R&R polic/
the appropriate guidelines for the purpose do not /et e.ist6 %his ;and8ook on
Conducting Social Impact Assessments aims to fill this gap6 It e.plains the 8asic concept
of social impact assessment the step<8/<step process of conducting SIA and the SIA
methodolog/6 In short it aims to provide practical guidance on carr/ing out Social Impact
Assessment as envisaged in the national R&R polic/ !""06
( %here is going to 8e an increase in demand for a set of how<to<do guidelines on
conducting social impact assessments especiall/ from :overnment resettlement
planning and implementation agencies6 %his ;and8ook has 8een prepared to meet this
demand for project personnel 8oth planners and practitioners involved in conducting
R&R operations6
= In addition this ;and8ook will also 8e useful to consultants N:$s and the
others involved in conducting social impact assessments6 Applied social scientists
trainers N:$s others concerned with resettlement issues and the affected people will
also find in this ;and8ook much that is relevant to their interests6
, %his ;and8ook is organi9ed into si. chapters6 Chapter I is a 8rief introduction to
the ;and8ook6 Chapter II e.plains the meaning of social impact assessment and what
SIA can do to help design projects that genuinel/ respond to the needs of the affected
people6 Chapter III descri8es the methodolog/ of data collection for purposes of impact
assessment6 Chapter I) presents an overview of the principles for social impact
assessment6 Chapter ) outlines steps involved in carr/ing out social impact assessment6
-inall/ chapter )I provides guidance on preparing a SIA Report6
Chapter II
S$CIA> I+PAC%S AND S$CIA> I+PAC% ASS&SS+&N%
0 Planners and decision makers increasingl/ recogni9e the need for 8etter
understanding of the social conse?uences of policies plans programmes and projects
1PPPPs26 Social Impact Assessment 1short form for Socio<economic Impact
Assessment2 helps in understanding such impacts6
4 Social Impact Assessment alerts the planners as to the likel/ 8enefits and costs
of a proposed project which ma/ 8e social and@or economic6 %he knowledge of these
likel/ impacts in advance can help decision<makes in deciding whether the project
should proceed or proceed with some changes or dropped completel/6 %he most useful
outcome of a SIA is to develop mitigation plans to overcome the potential negative
impacts on individuals and communities6
A SIAs can assist advocac/ groups as well6 A Social Impact Assessment report
done painstakingl/ showing the real conse?uences of the project on affected people
and suggesting alternative approaches gives credi8ilit/ to their campaigns6
A ;istorical $verview
#" Social scientists have long 8een involved in doing impact assessment almost
since the dawn of their discipline6 A canal stud/ carried out 8/ Condorcet in the
nineteenth centur/ is 8elieved to 8e the first Social Impact Assessment6 1Prendergast
#A4A2 ;owever Social Impact Assessment as it is known toda/ emerged much later6
## %he 8eginnings of social impact assessment can 8e traced to developments as
recent as those during the#A0"Bs6 C/ this time Ddevelopment agencies 8egan to use
impact assessments E which were a8out predicting 8efore the start of a project its likel/
environmental social and economic conse?uences E in order to approve adjust or
reject it6F 1Roche #AAA* #42
#! -rom the earl/ #A4"s several new methods of en?uir/ emerged including Rapid
Rural Appraisal 1RRA2 Participator/ Action Research 1PRA2 Participator/ Rural
Appraisal 1PRA2 1Cham8ers #AA0G $ommen !""026 %hese sought to make people and
communities active participants rather than mere o8jects of assessment6
#' C/ the earl/ #AA"s social science professionals were also a8le to develop an
accepta8le set of SIA guidelines and principles6 1I$CP:SIA* #AA( and !""' and IAIA*
!""'2 Around this time the practice of SIA also got firml/ esta8lished among
development agencies as a wa/ to assess the impacts of development projects 8efore
the/ go ahead6 SIA is now part of the formal planning processes in most development
organi9ations6 In some countries SIA is a legal re?uirement6
#( Social impact assessments have 8een carried out for a variet/ of projects
including projects in such diverse sectors as water sanitation and health coal sector
ur8an transport s/stems pastoral development programmes and livelihood support
projects 1Cernea and Hudat #AA0G Roche #AAA26 Cut it is for resettlement projects that
SIAs have 8een found particularl/ useful6 +odak and Ciswas 1#AAA*!"A2 o8serve*
%he su8ject has evolved 8asicall/ to identif/ project<affected people and find measures to
mitigate negative impacts or compensate irreversi8le losses following a participator/
process
#= In recent /ears much has 8een written on applications and methodolog/ of
Social Impact Assessment6 %he su8ject is widel/ taught often in conjunction with other
professional and academic courses and training programmes6 Numerous consulting
firms have come up to offer SIA e.pertise in project preparation implementation
monitoring and evaluation6 %hese firms along with skilled practitioners and academics
are regularl/ hired 8/ projects to produce SIA reports that are re?uired in advance of
proposed new projects for their approval6

#, In the 8eginning SIA was carried out as part of &nvironmental Impact
Assessment 1&IA26 Increasingl/ SIA is now carried out as an e.ercise independentl/ of
&IA 8ecause these are two different kinds of assessments6
Current Scene in India
#0 In India SIA has 8een generall/ carried out as part of the &nvironment Impact
Assessment clearance process6 As part of the &IA process it has therefore not received
the attention it deserves6

#4 Social Impact Assessment has now 8ecome an important part of the project
preparation process especiall/ for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plans 1RAPs26
In this process SIA is carried out as socio<economic surve/ that identifies social and
economic impacts on people and communities facing project<induced displacement6 In
addition data thus generated is used in designing mitigation measures as well as in
monitoring mitigation implementation6
#A Resettlement policies have latel/ made social impact assessment a major part of
the resettlement planning process6 In !"", a provision was included for conducting SIA
in the $rissa R&R Polic/ !"",6 %he National R&R Polic/ !""0 has made a provision for
conducting SIA whenever a new project or e.pansion of an e.isting project is
undertaken6 1See Anne. I)2 Cut this provision is limited to onl/ those cases which
involve displacement of ("" hundred or more families en masse in plain areas or two
hundred or more families en masse in tri8al or hill/ areas DDP 8locks or areas
mentioned in the Schedule ) or Schedule )I to the Constitution6 5ndou8tedl/ these are
good 8eginnings 8ut as /et the guidelines to give effect to these polic/ provisions do not
e.ist6
!" %he 7orld Cank ADC I-C 5NDP as well as most multilateral and private
agencies including commercial 8anks re?uire some kind of prior social impact
assessment for all the projects that the/ finance6
!# %he issue is no longer whether SIA should 8e carried out or not 8ut how it
should 8e carried out so that the local people 8enefit from the project and not lose from
it certainl/ not those who are poor to 8egin with6
7hat are Social ImpactsI
!! Social Impacts are the changes that occur in communities or to individuals as a
result of an e.ternall/<induced change6 I$CP:SIA 1!""'* !'#2 defines social impacts as
Dthe conse?uences to human populations of an/ pu8ic or private actions that alter the
wa/s in which people live work pla/ relate to one another organi9e to meet their
needs and generall/ cope as mem8ers of societ/6 %he term also includes cultural
impacts involving changes to the norms values and 8eliefs that guide and rationali9e
their cognition of themselves and their societ/6F Social Impacts are 8oth positive and
negative6
!' Changes ma/ effect* emplo/ment income production wa/ of life culture
communit/ political s/stems environment health and well<8eing personal and propert/
rights and fears and aspirations6 %hese impacts can 8e positive or negative6 In short a
social impact is a significant improvement or deterioration in peopleBs well<8eing6
!( &.amples of projects with significant social impacts include* dams and reservoirs
1disruption due to relocation2 power and industrial plants 1influ. of work force pressure
on infrastructure2 roads and linear projects 1dislocation of activit/ networks2 and landfill
and ha9ardous waste disposal sites 1seen as health risks26
Differential Impacts

!= Projects affect different groups differentl/6 Some people tend to 8enefit others
lose6 $ften impacts are particularl/ severe for vulnera8le groups* tri8al people women<
headed households elderl/ persons landless persons and the poor6
%/pes of Impacts
!, Not all projects cause similar impacts6 -or e.ample impacts that are commonl/
e.perienced in ur8an projects are different from those in h/dropower projects6 %he
common h/dropower project impacts include the following*

Su8mergence of vast areas usuall/ in hill/ sparsel/ populated regions
inha8ited 8/ agriculture<dependent rural and tri8al communities
-orced displacement 1often resulting in impoverishment2
Coomtowns 1uncontrolled influ. of construction workers crime social evils2
Downstream adverse changes in agro<production s/stems
!0 $n the other hand there is no su8mergence in ur8an projects6 People are
affected 8/ loss of jo8s not 8/ loss of agricultural lands6
!4 %he following is an illustrative list of possi8le impacts*
Social/Cultural
Creak<up of communit/ cohesion
Disintegration of social support s/stems
Disruption of womenBs economic activities
>oss of time<honoured sacred places of worship
>oss of archeological sites and other cultural propert/
Economic
>oss of agricultural lands tress wells
>oss of dwellings and other farm 8uildings
>oss of access to common propert/ resources
>oss of shops commercial 8uildings
>oss of 8usinesses@jo8s
$verall reduction in income due to a8ove losses
Public Infrastructure and services
:overnment office 8uildings
School 8uildings
;ospitals
Roads
Street lighting
Identif/ing Impoverishment Risks
!A Identif/ing impoverishment risks which projects often create is part of the
e.ercise to identif/ adverse project impacts6 %he impoverishment risks anal/sis model
adds su8stantiall/ to the tools used for e.plaining diagnosing predicting and planning
for development6 17CD* !A02 %he eight most common impoverishment risks to the
project area people as descri8ed 8/ Cernea 1#AA,2 are as follows*
Landlessness* &.propriation of land removes the main foundation upon which
peoplesB productive s/stems commercial activities and livelihoods are
constructed6
Joblessness* >oss of emplo/ment and wages occurs more in ur8an areas 8ut it
also affects rural people depriving landless la8ourers service workers artisans
and small 8usiness owners of their sources of income6
Homelessness* >oss of housing and shelter is temporar/ for the majorit/ of
displacees 8ut threatens to 8ecome chronic for the most vulnera8le6 Considered
in a 8roader cultural sense homelessness is also placenessness loss of a
groupBs cultural space and identit/6
Marginalization* +arginali9ation occurs when families lose economic power and
spiral downwards6 It sets in when new investments in the area are prohi8ited
long 8efore the actual displacement6 +iddle<income farm households 8ecome
small landholdersG small shopkeepers and craftsmen are downsi9ed and slip
8elow povert/ thresholds6 &conomic marginali9ation is often accompanied 8/
social and ps/chological marginali9ation and manifests itself in a downward
mo8ilit/ in social status displaced personsB loss of confidence in societ/ and in
themselves a feeling of injustice and increased vulnera8ilit/6
Food Insecurity* -orced displacement increases the risk that people will undergo
chronic food insecurit/ defined as calorie<protein intake levels 8elow the
minimum necessar/ for normal growth and work6 Sudden drops in food crops
availa8ilit/ and income are endemic to ph/sical relocation and hunger lingers as
a long<term effect6
Increased Morbidity and Mortality* %he health of affected persons tends to
deteriorate rapidl/ due to malnutrition increased stress and ps/chological
traumas6 5nsafe water suppl/ and waste disposal tend to proliferate infectious
disease and mor8idit/ decreases capacit/ and incomes6 %he risk is highest for
the weakest population segments E infants children and the elderl/6
Loss of ccess to Common Pro!erty* >oss of access to commonl/ owned assets
1forestlands water 8odies gra9ing lands and so on2 is often overlooked and
uncompensated particularl/ for the assetless6
Social "isarticulation* Communit/ dispersal means dismantling of structures of
social organi9ation and loss of mutual help networks6 Although this loss of social
capital is harder to ?uantif/ it impoverishes and disempowers affected persons6
'" %hese adverse impacts must 8e identified 8/ a SIA stud/6 7CD 1!"""* !(#2 is
emphatic that the impact assessment studies must identif/ and delineate various
categories of adversel/ affected people in terms of the nature and e.tent of their rights
losses and risks6 %his signals a departure from the wa/ that social impacts were
assessed in the past and will empower the planners and stakeholders to incorporate the
full e.tent of social impacts and losses in the decision<making process6
7hat is Initial Social Impact Assessment 1ISIA2I
'# An Initial Social Impact Assessment 1ISIA2 is carried out if the project impacts are
likel/ to 8e minor or limited which can 8e easil/ predicted and evaluated and for which
mitigation measures can also 8e prescri8ed easil/6 :enerall/ information for ISIA is
o8tained during a field visit to areas that will 8e affected 8/ the project and through
discussions with people whom it ma/ affect positivel/ or otherwise6 %he ISIA is also
done to confirm whether this indeed re?uires a full<scale Social Impact Assessment
1SIA26 5suall/ a comprehensive SIA is re?uired for large projects which entails a more
detailed stud/ time and resources6
7hat is Social Impact AssessmentI
'! %here is no generall/ agreed definition of Social Impact Assessment 1SIA26 It ma/
8e defined as a process that seeks to assess in advance the social repercussions that
are likel/ to follow from projects undertaken to promote development such as dams
mines industries highwa/s ports airports ur8an development and power projects6 It is
a tool that can help decision<makers to foresee the likel/ negative impacts of their
actions so that steps necessar/ to prevent or at least to contain them could 8e taken in
time6 As an aid to the decision making process SIA provides information on social and
cultural factors that need to 8e taken into account in an/ decision that affects the lives of
project area people6
'' :oldman and Caum 1!"""*02 define Social Impact Assessment 1SIA2 as a
method of anal/9ing what impacts actions ma/ have on the social aspects of the
environment6 It involves characteri9ing the e.isting state of such aspects of the
environment forecasting how the/ ma/ change if a given action or alternative is
implemented and developing means of mitigating changes that are likel/ to 8e adverse
from the point of view of the affected population6
'( %he I$CP:SIA 1!""'* !'#2 defines SIA in terms of efforts to assess appraise or
estimate in advance the social conse?uences that are likel/ to follow from proposed
actions6 %hese include* specific government or private projects such as construction of
8uildings siting power generation facilities large transportation projectsJ
'= -inster8usch and -reuden8urg 1!""!* ("A2 define the three terms in KSocio#
economic Im!act ssessmentBK1socio<economic impact and assessment2 as follows*
Socio#economic* In essence the socio<half of the term socio#economic can 8e
seen as covering social and cultural impacts of development and as
incorporating the traditional su8ject matter of sociolog/ anthropolog/ and
ps/cholog/ in particular with input from other fields as well6 %he economic<half
of the term is generall/ seen as including not onl/ economics 8ut also
demograph/ and planning again with input from other fields as needed6 %hese
are emphases rather than rigid distinctions6
Im!acts* %he im!acts are the direct as well as indirect DeffectsF or
Dconse?uencesF of an action 1such as constructing a dam digging a coal mine or
8uilding a highwa/26 DIn short impacts include all of the significant changes that
take place 8ecause of what an agenc/ does and that would not have occurred
otherwiseF
ssessment* In the SIA conte.t assessment tends to have an unusual meaning*
%he DassessmentF of impacts is carried out 8efore the impacts actuall/ occur6 In
other words an SIA is often anticipator/ rather than empirical6 It attempts to
assist the planning process 8/ identif/ing the likel/ effects 8efore the/ take place6
%he estimates of likel/ future impacts are 8ased on the e.isting empirical
knowledge of the impacts of similar actions in the past6
Advantages of Doing Social Impact Assessment
', %he main advantages of doing a s/stematic Social Impact Assessment 1SIA2
include the following*
Identifying ffected $rou!s* SIA helps in identif/ing people and groups who
affect or are affected 8/ the project
llying Fears and %inning &rust* SIA can help alla/ fears of affected groups
and 8uild a 8asis of trust and cooperation which is so essential for successful
project implementation
voiding dverse Im!acts* SIA provides the 8asis for preparing mitigation
measures to avoid reduce or manage adverse impacts
En'ancing Positive Im!acts* SIA preparation also helps identif/ measures to
ma.imi9e@share project 8enefits
(educing Costs* Addressing social impacts at an earl/ stage helps to avoid
costl/ errors in future
$etting !!roval Faster* A well prepared SIA demonstrates that social
impacts are taken seriousl/ and helps in getting project clearance faster
'0 Social impact assessment is predicated on the notion that decision makers
should understand the conse?uences of their decisions 8efore the/ act and that the
people affected will not onl/ 8e appraised of the effects 8ut have the opportunit/ to
participate in designing their future6 1I$CP:SIA !""'*!(42
Chapter III
S%&PS IN C$ND5C%IN:
S$CIA> I+PAC% ASS&SS+&N%
'4 7hen planning to conduct a social impact assessment time spent in preparation
is rarel/ wasted6 It is important at the outset to 8e clear a8out the purpose of the
assessment the unit of assessment time availa8le the competence of the team for the
task and such other issues6
'A A social impact assessment process as 7CD 1!"""2 envisaged should 8e 8uilt
on three elements*
A detailed assessment of the socio<economic conditions of the people who ma/
8e negativel/ affected 1CerneaBs risk assessment model can 8e useful2G
A detailed stud/ of the impacts in terms of the e.tent of displacement the loss of
livelihoods the second<order impacts as a result of su8mergence construction
mitigation measures downstream impacts and host communitiesG and
A detailed plan to mitigate these impacts and an assessment of the costs of such
measures6
(" %his chapter outlines the steps involved in carr/ing out the Social Impact
Assessment process and includes suggestions on how to follow them6 1I$CP:SIA
#AA(2
Step #* Define the Impact Area
(# %he first step is to define the rea of Im!act6 %he si9e of the area varies
according to a project6 A dam su8merges a large contiguous geographic area affecting
several villages6 %he impact from a highwa/ and other linear projects occurs along the
corridor as small strips of land on either side of the road6 %he SIA team must get a map
showing clearl/ demarcated area that will 8e affected 8/ the project 18oth directl/ and
indirectl/26
(! In addition field visit to the area needs to 8e undertaken to have a 8etter
understanding of the geographic limits of the area and the people living there6
Step !* Identif/ Information@Data Re?uirements and their Sources
(' Review the e.isting data on impacts likel/ to follow from the project to see if that
could 8e used for assessment purposes6 %his ma/ provide disaggregated data
according to caste religion se. and other administrative categories such as persons
8elow povert/ line6 %he secondar/ should 8e checked as much for its ade?uac/ as for its
relia8ilit/6
(( %his review will also help identif/ the need for collection of additional primar/
data through surve/s and participator/ methods6

Step '* Involve All Affected Stakeholders
(= Share information and consult with all stakeholders6 Stakeholders are people
groups or institutions which are likel/ to 8e affected 8/ a proposed intervention 1either
negativel/ or positivel/2 or those which can affect the outcome of the intervention6
Develop and implement an effective pu8lic involvement plan to involve all interested and
affected stakeholders6 %he first step in developing plans for consultation and
participation is to identif/ stakeholders who will 8e involved in the consultative
processes6 %he 8asic ?uestions to consider in identif/ing stakeholders include*
7ho will 8e directl/ or indirectl/ and positivel/ and negativel/ affectedI
7ho are the most vulnera8le groupsI
7ho might have an interest or feel that the/ are affectedI
7ho supports or opposes the changes that the project will produceI
7hose opposition could 8e detrimental to the success of the projectI
7hose cooperation e.pertise or influence would 8e helpful to the success of
the projectI
Step (* Conduct Screening
(, Social Impact Assessment 1SIA2 process 8egins with screening6 Screening is
undertaken in the ver/ 8eginning stages of project development6 %he purpose of
screening is to screen out Dno significant impactsF from those with significant impacts
and get a 8road picture of the nature scale and magnitude of the issues6
(0 %his helps in determining the scope of detailed SIA that would 8e su8se?uentl/
carried out6
Step =* Carr/ $ut Scoping in the -ield
(4 %he ne.t step is scoping6 &ssentiall/ this involves visit to the project site and
consultation with all stakeholders6 It is important to confirm their understanding of ke/
issues6 $n<site appreciation of impacts is indispensa8le for projects that cause
displacement on a large scale6 %he local knowledge can 8e invalua8le in finding
alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severit/ of adverse
impacts6
(A %his is an initial assessment of likel/ impacts and not meant to determine the
level of impact6 It should onl/ identif/ all of the issues and affected groups to get Kall the
cards on the ta8leB
=" %he ne.t step is undertaking Social Impact Assessment and the following are the
major activities*
Step ,* Prepare a Socioeconomic Profile of Caseline Condition

=# %o assess the e.tent of social impacts it is necessar/ to assess the socio<
economic conditions of the affected people6 %his assessment generall/ involves
conducting a socioeconomic surve/ and a 8road 8ased consultation with all affected
groups6
=! %he socioeconomic profiling should not 8e restricted to adversel/ affected
population6 %he surve/ should include those who 8enefit from the emplo/ment and other
economic opportunities generated 8/ the project6
Step 0* Surve/ of ;ost Population
=' %his surve/ is carried out to see that in the host area enough land income
earning opportunities and other resources e.ist to sustain additional population from the
affected area and that this influ. does not put pressure on local resources that the host
population ma/ resent6 %he other important thing to see is that the people 8eing
relocated and the hosts are sociall/ from a similar socio<cultural 8ackground6 %he
similarit/ in 8ackground helps greatl/ reduce social@ethnic frictions6

Step 4* Identif/ and Assess the Impacts
=( $nce the range of impacts that are predicta8le has 8een identified the ne.t step
is to determine their significance 1that is whether the/ are accepta8le re?uire mitigation
or are unaccepta8le26 Since man/ impacts are not ?uantifia8le it is impossi8le to rank
them o8jectivel/6 %he communit/ perceptions of an impact and those of the SIA team
are not necessaril/ the same6 %he affected people should therefore 8e consulted in
ranking impacts6
== If impacts are found unaccepta8le the SIA must clearl/ state that giving reasons6
:enerall/ the Social Impact Assessment is e.pected to result in specific mitigation
plans to address relevant social@resettlement issues and potential impacts6
Step A* Develop a +itigation Plan
=, Develop a mitigation plan to firstl/ avoid displacement secondl/ to minimi9e it
and thirdl/ to compensate for adverse impacts6 %he major contri8ution of a SIA stud/ is
to help plan for manage and then mitigate an/ negative impacts 1or enhance an/
positive ones2 that ma/ arise due to a proposed project6
Chapter I)
PRINCIP>&S -$R
S$CIA> I+PAC% ASS&SS+&N%
=0 %he principles to guide the concepts process and methods of conducting social
impact assessment are 8/ now well esta8lished6 %hese are meant to ensure sound
scientific en?uir/6 %he principles are 8ased on e.pert judgment of the professionals from
relevant disciplines including sociolog/ anthropolog/ development studies economics
geograph/ polic/ planning and management and the 8est practices esta8lished in this
area over the past thirt/ /ears6
Principles of SIA :ood Practice
=4 %he principles for social impact assessment were first developed 8/ the Inter<
organi9ational Committee on Principles and :uidelines for Social Impact Assessment
1I$CP:SIA #AA(26 Casicall/ these principles are as follows*
1#2* Involve t'e "iverse Public
It is important to first identif/ all potentiall/ affected groups and individuals and
involve them throughout the SIA process6 %his involvement must reach out to groups
that are routinel/ e.cluded from decision making due to cultural linguistic and economic
8arriers 1lower caste and tri8al groups minorities and poor people26 %he involvement
should 8e trul/ interactive with communication flowing 8oth wa/s 8etween the agenc/
and affected groups6 %his engagement will ensure that stakeholder groups understand
what the project is a8out and the possi8le wa/s it might affect them 8oth positive and
negative6
1!2* nalyze Im!act E)uity
Projects affect different groups differentl/6 Impacts should therefore 8e specified
differentiall/ for affected groups not just measured in the aggregate6 Identification of all
groups likel/ to 8e affected is central to the concept of impact e?uit/6 %here will alwa/s
8e winners and losers as a result of the decision to 8uild a dam or undertake some other
development work6 SIA should identif/ who will win and who will lose 8ut no groups and
individuals that are considered vulnera8le due to race ethnicit/ caste gender
occupation age or other factors should have to 8ear the 8runt of adverse social impacts6
1'2* Focus t'e ssessment
$ften time and resources availa8le for doing social impact assessment are ver/
limited6 In such circumstances the 8est course is to focus on the most significant social
impacts giving high priorit/ to impacts identified 8/ the people themselves6 It is well
known that some groups low in power do not usuall/ participate in project preparation
stage 8ut SIA must ensure that their concerns are full/ addressed6 At the same time
the role of SIA practitioners in impact anal/sis and assessment remains important6 %he/
have the e.pertise to help prioriti9e issues and are a8le to identif/ impacts often missed
out 8/ the people themselves6
In addition to impacts on households an accurate assessment of loss to the
communit/ assets also needs to 8e carried out6 %his impact assessment should include
the following* 1a2 Common propert/ resources 182 Pu8lic structures 1c2 Cultural
propert/ and 1d2 Infrastructure
1(2* Identify Met'ods and ssum!tions and "efine Significance
SIA should use easil/ understood methods and assumptions that are transparent
and replica8le6 %he methods and assumptions used in the SIA should 8e made pu8licl/
availa8le6 A 8rief summar/ should clearl/ descri8e the methods used the assumptions
made and the significance of impacts determined6 %his will allow decision makers as
well as affected people to evaluate the assessment process6
1=2* Provide Feedbac* on Social Im!acts to Pro+ect Planners
%he SIA findings are inputs for designing a project to mitigate negative impacts
and enhance positive impacts6 %he project design process must ensure that all affected
and interested persons get an opportunit/ to comment on the draft 8efore it is given a
final shape6
1,2* ,se SI Practitioners
%rained social scientists using social science research methods alone will get the
8est results6 An e.perienced SIA practitioner will know what data to look for6 ;is
familiarit/ with impacts that have occurred elsewhere under similar settings will 8e an
asset6 It will 8e easier for him to identif/ the full range of impacts and then select
procedures appropriate for their measurement6 %he presence of a social scientist in the
interdisciplinar/ team will reduce the pro8a8ilit/ of an/ major social impact remaining
uncounted6

It is e.tremel/ important that the SIA practitioner 8e an independent social
scientist not a part of the regulator/ authorit/ sponsoring the SIA stud/6
102* Establis' Monitoring and Mitigation Programmes
%he monitoring of important social impact varia8les and the mitigation
programmes is critical to the SIA process6 %he monitoring and mitigation should 8e a
joint responsi8ilit/ of the project and the affected communit/6
A social impact assessment not onl/ predicts the likel/ impacts it should also
identif/ means to mitigate those adverse impacts6 +itigation includes* avoiding the
impact 8/ not undertaking the projectG or undertaking it with a modified design that
reduce the impactG or 8/ compensating for unavoida8le and@or irreduci8le impacts6
142* Identify "ata Sources
:enerall/ SIAs draw on the following three sources of information* 1a2 Pu8lished
scientific literature 182 Secondar/ data sources including various government
documents and official reports and 1c2 Primar/ data from the affected area6 All these
three sources are important 8ut not all projects ma/ need them in e?ual measure6 Some
SIAs ma/ re?uire more primar/ data from the affected area than the pu8lished materials
from journals or 8ooks for e.ample6
%he SIA can usefull/ consult previousl/ pu8lished social science 8ooks journal
articles that document knowledge of impacts and case studies from similar projects6 %he
8est secondar/ data sources include census compendium of statistics land records
data and several government planning and development reports6 Surve/ research
informant interviews and participant o8servation are among the important primar/ data
sources that can 8e used to verif/ data collected from other sources6 $ften project area
people are ?uite knowledgea8le a8out the local socioeconomic situation and can provide
a 8etter understanding of the 8roader range of likel/ impacts6
1A2* Plan for $a!s in "ata
$ften data relevant and necessar/ to carr/ out an assessment is not availa8le
/et the SIA is to 8e carried out6 In circumstances when information is incomplete or
unavaila8le it should 8e made a8undantl/ clear that assessment has 8een made in the
a8sence of relevant and necessar/ data e.plaining wh/ this could not 8e o8tained6
Chapter )
S$CIA> I+PAC% ASS&SS+&N%
+&%;$DS AND %$$>S
=A Social Impact assessment stud/ should 8e carried out as earl/ in the project
planning stage as possi8le6 %he 8asic o8jectives of this stud/ are to provide*
Caseline information a8out the social and economic conditions in the project area
Information on potential impacts of the project and the characteristic of the
impacts magnitude distri8ution and their durationG
Information on who will 8e the affected group positivel/ or negativel/
Information on perceptions of the affected people a8out the project and its impact
Information on potential mitigation measures to minimi9e the impact
Information on institutional capacit/ to implement mitigation measures
&.amples of 3uestions to 8e Addressed in SIA
," Some ?uestions that are commonl/ addressed in social impact assessment
include the following*
7ho are the ke/ stakeholdersI 7hat do the/ alread/ know a8out the proposed
project its impact and the measures 8eing contemplated to mitigate its negative
impact
7hat are their interestsI Are the o8jectives of the project consistent with their
needs interests and capacitiesI
7hat is the impact of the project on various stakeholders and particularl/ on
women and vulnera8le groupsI
7hat social factors affect the a8ilit/ of stakeholders to participate or 8enefit from
the operations proposedI 1gender caste ethnicit/ or income level2
7hat institutional arrangements are needed for participation and project
deliver/I
7hat are the risks which might affect the success of the projectI 1lack of
commitment or capacit/ resource crunch incompati8ilit/ with e.isting conditions2
;ow does the project address needs of different stakeholdersI
Do an/ of these issues pose risks to overall project success and sustaina8ilit/I
Sources of Information
,# %he SIA relies on 8oth secondar/ and primar/ data6
1a2 Secondar/ Source* Such sources of data include*
:overnment census data
>and records including records of land transactions
District ga9etteers
$ther administrative records 1such as NSS2
Documents from non<governmental organi9tions
182 Primar/ Source* %he e.isting data from secondar/ sources cannot however
8e a su8stitute for project<specific surve/s6 In addition SIA derives much
more relevant information directl/ from surve/s of various kinds including
socioeconomic surve/ and meetings with the affected people6
+ethods and %ools
,! Conducting social impact assessment involves the use of a 8road arra/ of data
collection methods ?uantitative and ?ualitative common in social science research6
$ften a com8ination of tools ma/ 8e re?uired to do social assessment6 In addition to
su8stantive anal/tical tools SIA uses participator/ methods that contri8ute to a 8etter
understanding of the project6 %hese can also help increase the ownership of projects6
,' %he choice of tools and methods will depend on several factors such as the
project and the affected people6 %he methods that work for ur8an projects ma/ not prove
much useful for projects located in tri8al areas for e.ample6 $ther factors will include*
time and resources constraints for social assessment and the availa8ilit/ of e.perts6
,( Clarit/ on social assessment methodolog/ is important6 SIA often needs to use
multiple units of anal/sis such as households individuals within the households and
communities6 %he household unit is generall/ used for purposes of resettlement
planning6 1A household ma/ consist of a nuclear famil/ e.tended famil/ or a unit
including non<related mem8ers26

,= It is important to alwa/s consider the gendered nature of impacts6
Data Collection +ethods
,, %here are several methods of collecting socioeconomic data for purposes of
conducting social impact assessment6 %he methods generall/ in use include*
-uantitative Met'ods
>and Ac?uisition Surve/ 1persons with titles those without titles and others
including tenants sharecroppers should all 8e counted2
Census Surve/
Socioeconomic Surve/ 1%his should involve onl/ a percentage of total population
selected on a random 8asis2
$ther administrative records 1such as NSS2
-ualitative Met'ods
He/ Informant Interviews
-ocus :roup Discussions 1-:Ds2
Rapid and Appraisal
Pu8lic ;earing
3ualitative +ethods
,0 .a/ 0ey Informant Intervie1* A ?uestionnaire helps to esta8lish 8aseline
conditions prior to undertaking a project6 %he ?uestions should cover all aspects of
socioeconomic situation 1such as religion caste famil/ si9e education skills
occupation and income26
,4 %he design of the ?uestionnaire is rather important6 It should focus on ke/ issues
/et 8e simple and in the local language6 Persons selected to conduct the interviews
should 8e properl/ 8riefed and trained to get the ?uestionnaires completed6
,A %he team conducting the interviews should include female mem8ers as the/
alone are in a position to talk to women especiall/ in rural areas and among
communities where there are restrictions on their movements6
0" %he ?ualit/ of information generated through interviews is dependent on a
num8er of factors which include the following*
%he relationship that the interviewer is a8le to esta8lish with the respondent6
7illingness to adjust interviews to the time convenient to respondents
A8ilit/ to listen to answers patientl/ and to pro8e and cross<check them in a
thorough 8ut polite wa/
Recogni9ing that same ?uestions can 8e asked 1and answered2 in several
others wa/s
%aking notes in a wa/ that does not interrupt the flow of conversation and
appear threatening
0# .b/ Focused $rou! "iscussions .F$"s/* In -:Ds one or more researchers
guide a group discussion using pro8es 8ut letting group mem8ers discuss the topic
among themselves6 %he group has , to #" participants to discuss issues set out 8/ the
researcher6 %he researcher usuall/ uses an interview guide 8ut minimall/ structures the
discussion6
0! -ocused :roup Discussions 1-:Ds2 Disadvantages*
#6 %he/ do not give ?uantitative estimates of characteristics of a population
!6 %he/ are suscepti8le to interviewer 8aises
'6 %here are man/ things that participants will not real in group situations
0' -ocused :roup Discussions 1-:Ds2 Advantages
#6 :roup interviews canJprovide 8ackground information for designing
projects and programmes generate ideas and h/potheses for
intervention models provide feed8ack from 8eneficiaries and help in
assessing responses to recommended innovations6 %he/ are also useful
for o8taining data for monitoring and evaluation purposes and for
interpreting data that are alread/ availa8le6 1Humar #A40a v2
0( .c/ (a!id !!raisal* Sometimes the approach known as Krapid appraisalB 1known
8/ several different names2 ma/ 8e valua8le6 Partl/ this approach arose as a reaction
against time and 8udget consuming surve/s6 %his low<cost method is 8ased on in<depth
interviews with critical informants known to 8e knowledgea8le a8out the issues to 8e
e.plored6 In<depth interviewing is supplemented 8/ anal/sis of secondar/ data and
group interviews with representatives of relevant groups in the communit/6 %he ke/ to
rapid appraisal techni?ues is to compress the research process so that data are
collected anal/9ed and put together in a usea8le form in the shortest possi8le time
span6
0= .d/ Public Hearing* A pu8lic meeting is open to all affected and interested
persons6 %he team first descri8es the project and its likel/ impacts 8oth positive and
negative and then allows free discussion on all issues6 People often provide useful
feed8ack on the project and its impacts which can 8e a useful input to the process of
decision<making
3uantitative +ethods
0, .a/ Land c)uisition Survey* >and ac?uisition for projects leads to displacement
and loss of livelihoods for local people6 A land ac?uisition assessment surve/ provides
detailed information on who and how man/ will 8e adversel/ affected 8/ land loss6 %his
surve/ is largel/ 8ased on government land records land use maps statistical
information and e.isting legislation and administrative practice with respect to land
ac?uisition and project planning documents 8ut the data often re?uire on the spot
verification during a field visit6
00 %his is a rapid low<cost preliminar/ assessment done at the project identification
stage6 %he >and Ac?uisition Surve/ is e.pected to provide answers to ?uestions such as
the following*
7here is the land that is re?uired for the projectI
7ho is the landBs current ownerI
7hat is the tenure status of the present land usersI
7hat is the procedure for land ac?uisitionI

04 %/picall/ the land ac?uisition surve/ includes onl/ persons with legal title to land6
%he non<titled persons 1sharecroppers tenants informal dwellers2 are not included6 %his
is often referred to as the DofficialF list of affected persons6
0A .b/ Census Survey* %his is the most important surve/ as it helps to determine
the e.act num8er of people who will 8ear the 8runt of adverse project impacts and the
total propert/ affected6 Since the purpose of the census surve/ is to prepare an
inventor/ of all affected persons and properties it should cover the following*
All affected persons living in the project area
All affected propert/
%he level and sources of all incomes and the projectBs impact on them
4" %/picall/ the census uses the household as the 8asic unit for data collection6
Data should 8e disaggregated 8/ gender caste tri8e and other social categories6
4# In addition a comprehensive list of common propert/ to 8e affected 8/ a project
should also 8e prepared6 %his will include*
Common propert/ resources* %hese include pastures fishing ponds and forests
including sources of 8uilding and craft materials 8iomass for domestic energ/6
Pu8lic structures* %hese include schools clinics places for worship 8athing and
washing places communit/ centres lampposts pla/grounds wells and 8us
stops
Cultural propert/* Cultural propert/ includes archeological sites monuments
8urial grounds places of historical or religious importance6
Infrastructure* %his includes all infrastructure destro/ed or disrupted 8/ project
construction activities including roads 8ridges power lines and water and
sewage lines6

4! .c/ Socioeconomic Survey* %his stud/ generates information on impacts on
critical socioeconomic aspects of the affected population6 %hese include* demographic
details 1famil/ si9e se. ratio literac/@education levels population 8/ caste tri8e
religion gender age groups and vulnera8le groups2 socioeconomic production
s/stems sources of income patterns of social organi9ation and leadership womenBs
economic activities and income ancestral propert/ provisions and custom levels of
health and nutrition etc6
4' In projects that do not involve a large population socioeconomic surve/ and
census are usuall/ com8ined6 In projects that cause large scale displacement the
socioeconomic surve/ is a separate sampled surve/ of roughl/ #"<!" percent of the total
affected population selected on a random 8asis6 It is however important that the surve/
covers a statisticall/ valid representative sample of all strata of the affected population
1including women and other vulnera8le groups26
4( %he socioeconomic profiling should not 8e restricted to adversel/ affected
population6 %he surve/ should include those who 8enefit from the emplo/ment and other
economic opportunities generated 8/ the project6
%he >imitations of 3uantitative +ethods
4= 3uantitative data collection methodolog/ also has its limitations6 -actors such as
the ade?uac/ of sample the cooperation of respondents the e.perience of the surve/
team and the ade?uac/ of supervision over the team in the field can 8ias not onl/
sampling 8ut data collection as well6
4, SIA practitioners usuall/ 8alance ?uantitative and ?ualitative methods of
collecting data to ensure as complete an understanding of the projectBs impacts on the
affected people as possi8le6
Chapter )I
-$R+A% $- A S$CIA> I+PAC%
ASS&SS+&N% R&P$R%
40 $nce a Social Impact Assessment has 8een completed a formal Report with a
8rief &.ecutive Summar/ should 8e prepared for su8mission to the authorit/ which
sponsored it6
Contents of a SIA Report
44 %his Report should 8e divided into several distinct sections each section dealing
with different aspects of the SIA process6 A format for a Social Impact Assessment
Report is attached as Anne. (6
Introduction2 %his section includes the purpose of the report6 It descri8es its
scope and how it is organi9ed 1provide 8rief outline of the contents of the report26
"escri!tion of t'e Pro+ect2 Provide in this section 8rief details of the project the
o8jectives of the project need for the project the project location the proposed
schedule for implementation6 -urnish a drawing showing the project la/out and its
location6
Met'ods in Identifying Pro+ect Im!acts2 Descri8e the methods used in conducting
the assessment 8oth ?uantitative and ?ualitative6
ntici!ated Pro+ect Im!acts2 Descri8e project impacts on different groups 8oth
positive and negative as identified 8/ the SIA6
ffected Po!ulation2 %his section contains details a8out the total affected
population such as male and female ratio age profile marital status occupational
structure etc6
ffected 3ulnerable $rou!s2 Provide details regarding all vulnera8le affected
households including scheduled castes@scheduled tri8es@other 8ackward classes
7omen<headed households s?uatters and encroachers disa8led and those una8le to
work elderl/ and children without support and the ver/ poor
Inventory of Losses to House'olds2 %his section contains full information on
losses to 8oth assets immova8le as well immova8le6 %hese include land houses other
structures income and livelihood and social networks
Losses to t'e Community2 Provide a complete list of communit/ propert/ affected
8/ the project6 %his will include all pu8lic 8uildings common propert/ resource 1such as
pastures and rivers2 cultural propert/ 1includes archeological sites2 and infrastructure
1roads 8ridges and canals2
Public Consultation and "isclosure2 %his section will descri8e the process
followed to involve the affected people and other stakeholders6 It summari9es their
comments and descri8es how these were addressed6 Descri8e activities undertaken to
share information
Findings and (ecommendations2 %his section will provide an overall assessment
of impacts and make recommendations for further action on the 8asis of the impact
assessment including a8andonment of the project if in relation to the 8enefits the
impacts are too severe to manage6
Mitigation Plan2 If the recommendation is to mitigate the project impacts provide
details of an action plan for mitigation including relocation and income and livelihood
restoration plans6
Recommendations
4A $n the 8asis of its findings the Report should finall/ make its recommendation to
the sponsoring authorit/6 It should clearl/ state whether the project could proceed as it
is or proceed with some changes or dropped completel/6
Sharing SIA Report with Stakeholders
A" %he SIA sponsors should ensure that the Report is pu8licl/ made availa8le once
it has 8een formall/ su8mitted to them6

&E'E&ENCES
Cernea +ichael + #AA, Eig't Main (is*s2 Im!overis'ment and Social Justice in
(esettlement6 7ashington DC* %he 7orld Cank 1&nvironment Department2 Paper
Cernea +ichael + and A/se Hudat #AA0 Social ssessment for 4etter "evelo!ment
7ashington DC* %he 7orld Cank
Cham8ers Ro8ert #AA0 %'ose (eality Counts5 Putting t'e Last First >ondon* I%
Pu8lications
-inster8usch Hurt and 7illiam R -reuden8urg !""! DSocial Impact Assessment and
%echnolog/ AssessmentF in Rile/ & Dunlop and 7illiam +ichelson 1eds2 !""!
Handboo* of Environment Sociology 7estport C%* :reenwood Press 1pp ("0<((02
:oldman >aurence and Scott Caum !""" DIntroductionF in >aurence R :oldman 1ed2
!""" Social Im!act nalysis2 n !!lied nt'ro!ology Manual $.ford@New Lork* Cerg
1pp #<'#2

IAIA !""' International Princi!les for Social Im!act ssessment -argo ND 5SA*
International Association for Impact Assessment 1Special Pu8lication Series No ! +a/
!""' 1pp #<42 www6iaia6org
I$CP:SIA 1Interorgani9ational Committee on Principles and :uidelines for Social
Impact Assessment2 !""' DPrinciples and :uidelines for Social Impact Assessment in
the 5SAF Im!act ssessment and Pro+ect !!raisal volume !# num8er ' Septem8er
!""' 1pages !'#<!="2
I$CP:SIA 1Interorgani9ational Committee on :uidelines and Principles for Social
Impact Assessment2 #AA( D:uidelines and Principles for Social Impact AssessmentF
Im!act ssessment volume #! num8er ! #AA( 1pages #"0<#=!2
+odak Prasad and Asit H Ciswas #AAA Conducting Environmental Im!act ssessment
in "evelo!ing Countries New Lork* $.ford 5niversit/ Press@ %ok/o* 5nited Nations
5niversit/ Press 1also pu8lished in India 8/ $.ford for sale onl/ in South Asia2
$ommen % H !""0 0no1ledge and Society2 Situating Sociology and Social
nt'ro!ology New Delhi* $.ford 5niversit/ Press
Prendergast C6 #A4A6 DCondorcetBs Canal Stud/* %he Ceginnings of Social Impact
AssessmentF Im!act ssessment 4ulletin 01(2*!=<'4
Roche Chris #AAA Im!act ssessment for "evelo!ment gencies2 Learning to 3alue
C'ange $.ford* $.fam 1reprinted !""! !""( !""= and !""A2
7CD !""" %orld Commission on "ams >ondon* &arthscan
Anne. #
National &(& Polic) #$$*
C+APTE&,I-
(6 Social Impact Assessment .SIA/ of Pro0ects
(6# 7henever it is desired to undertake a new project or e.pansion of an Me.isting
project which involves involuntar/ displacement of four hundred or more families en
masse in plain areas or two hundred or more families en masse in tri8al or hill/ areas
DDP 8locks or areas mentioned in the Schedule ) or Schedule )I to the Constitution
the appropriate :overnment shall ensure that a Social Impact Assessment 1SIA2 stud/
is carried out inN the proposed affected areas in such manner as ma/ 8e prescri8ed6
(6!6# %he a8ove SIA report shall 8e prepared in such proforma as ma/ 8e
prescri8ed considering various alternatives and using agencies accredited in the
manner prescri8ed6
(6!6! 7hile 5ndertaking a social impact assessment the appropriate :overnment
shall inter alia6 take into consideration the impact that the project will have on pu8lic and
communit/ properties assets and infrastructureG particularl/ roads pu8lic transport
drainage sanitation sources of safe drinking water sources of drinking water for
cattle communit/ ponds gra9ing land plantationsG pu8lic utilities such as post offices
fair price shops etc6G food storage godowns electricit/ suppl/ health care facilities
schools and educational@training facilities places of worship land for traditional tri8alN
institutions 8urial and cremation grounds etc6
(6!6' %he appropriate :overnment ma/ specif/ that the ameliorative measures which
will need to 8e undertaken for addressing the said impact for a component ma/ not 8e
less than what is provided in a scheme or programme if an/ of the Central
:overnment or a State :overnment in operation in that area6
(6'6# 7here it is re?uired as per the provisions of an/ law rules regulations or
guidelines to undertake environmental impact assessment also the SIA stud/ shall 8e
carried out simultaneousl/ with the &nvironmental Impact Assessment 1&IA2 stud/6
(6'6! In cases where 8oth &IA and SIA are re?uired the pu8lic hearing done in the
project affected area for &IA shall also cover issues related to SIA6 Such pu8lic
hearing shall 8e organised 8/ the appropriate :overnment6
(6'6' 7here there is6 no re?uirement for &IA the SIA report shall 8e made availa8le to
the pu8lic through pu8lic hearing to 8e organised 8/ the appropriate :overnment in the
affected area6
(6(6# %he SIA report shall 8e e.amined 8/ an independent multi<disciplinar/ e.pert
group constituted for the purpose 8/ the appropriate :overnment6 %wo non<official
social science and reha8ilitation e.perts the Secretar/@Secretaries of the
department1s2 concerned with the welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled %ri8es
of the appropriate :overnment or his 1their2 representative1s2 and a representative of
the re?uiring 8od/ shall 8e nominated 8/ the appropriate :overnment to serve on this
e.pert group6
(6(6! 7here 8oth &IA and SIA are re?uired a cop/ of the SIA report shall 8e made
availa8le to the agenc/ prescri8ed in respect of environmental impact assessment 8/
the +inistr/ of &nvironment and -orests and a cop/ of the &IA report shall 8e shared
with the e.pert group mentioned in paragraph (6(6#6
(6= %he SIA clearance shall 8e accorded as per the procedure and within the time
limits as ma/ 8e prescri8ed6
(6, %he SIA clearance shall 8e mandator/ for all projects involving involuntar/
displacement of four hundred or more families en masse in plain areas or two hundred or
more families en masse in tri8al or hill/ areas DDP 8locks or areas mentioned in the
Schedule ) or Schedule )I to the ConstitutionG and the conditions laid down in the SIA
clearance shall 8e dul/ followed 8/ all concerned6
(60 %he +inistr/ of Defence in respect of projects involving emergenc/ ac?uisition of
minimum area of land in connection with national securit/ ma/ 8e e.empted from the
provisions of this Chapter with due institutional safeguards as ma/ 8e prescri8ed for
protecting the interests of the affected families and achieving the 8road o8jectives of this
polic/6
Anne. II
A T)pical 'ormat for Con1uctin" Census
Name of )illage
;ousehold *
Date
Name
Se.
Age
Relation to ;ousehold
;ead 1;;2
Primar/ $ccupation
Secondar/ $ccupation
Num8er of ;; +em8ers Disaggregated 8/ Se.
Propert/ $wnership with &stimated )alue
Structures
>and and %/pe
$ther* 7ells %rees >ivestock
;ighest >evel of &ducation
Income
-arm<8ased
$ff<farm la8our
Informal Sector Activities
$ther* Remittances
Name and Signature of Surve/or Name and Signature of Informant
Anne. '
Draft Outline of a Socioeconomic Profile
A >ocation and Ph/sical Characteristics
+ap 1showing roads land use rivers 8ridges major settlement areas2
Description of location
C &conomic
$wnership of assets
>and 1amount t/pe distri8ution securit/ of tenure2
Nonland 1livestock e?uipment 8uildings2
%/pe of livelihood 1su8sistence commercial or 8oth2
;ousehold income@e.penditure
Skills
5se and access to credit
5se and access to marketing services
5se and access to commercial inputs
C Social Infrastructure
Access to health services
&ducation 1primar/ secondar/ informal2
7ater and sanitation
;ousing
Roads and communication
&nerg/
D Demographic
Age@Se.@-amil/ si9e
Cirth@Death rates
;ealth and nutrition 1children and adults2
+igration 1in and out2
Num8er of single parent households
:ender differentiation of households
& Social $rgani9ation
-amil/ structures
Social structures in the communit/
Information a8out how collective decisions are made
>ocal institutional structure
N:$s in the communit/
>evel of social respect and initiative
Anne. I)
Content an1 'ormat2 Social Impact Assessment
$utline of a Social Impact Assessment Report
&.ecutive Summar/
Introduction
Description of the Project
+ethods in Identif/ing Project Impacts
# >and ac?uisition surve/
! Census
' Socioeconomic surve/ and studies
( Consultation with project area people
Anticipated Project Impacts
a6 Positive Impacts
86 Adverse Impacts
Affected Population
Affected )ulnera8le :roups
Scheduled castes@scheduled tri8es@other 8ackward classes
7omen<headed households
S?uatters and encroachers
Disa8led and those una8le to work
&lderl/ and children without support
%he ver/ poor
Inventor/ of >osses to ;ouseholds
>and
;ouses
$ther structures
Income and livelihood
Social networks
>osses to the Communit/
Pu8lic 8uildings
Common propert/ resource
Cultural propert/
Infrastructure
Pu8lic Consultation and Disclosure
-indings and Recommendations
+itigation Plan
Relocation
Income and livelihood restoration
'
Social Impact Assessment
T&AINING MODUULES AND MATE&IALS
Council for Social Development
New Deli! Au"ust #$%$
I
T&AINING MODULES
A Gui1e to Social Impact Assessment Trainin"
CONTENTS
I Cackground (
II %raining $8jectives =
III Structure of the %raining Course =
I) 5serBs :uide ,
) +odules@Sessions $utlines 0
)I Ci8liograph/ #4
A Gui1e to Social Impact Assessment Trainin"
I Cackground
5nder the National Reha8ilitation & Resettlement Polic/ !""0 an assessment of
social impacts prior to the commencement of a new project or e.pansion of an e.isting
project involving displacement is mandator/6 %his %raining :uide is intended to support
capacit/ 8uilding in Social Impact Assessment 1SIA26 It is meant for the trainers of
officers and staff who will henceforth 8e involved in conducting social impact
assessments of all upcoming projects that involve involuntar/ resettlement6
%o date SIA has 8een given much less attention in comparison to environmental
impact assessment 1&IA26 &ven in countries where SIA with@without &IA is a legal
re?uirement institutions engaged in providing SIA training lack a training manual and
instead rel/ on social science literature journal articles and project reports6
International development institutions including the 7orld Cank International
-inance Corporation 1I-C2 and Asian Development Cank 1ADC2 have latel/ produced
guide8ooks on conducting census socioeconomic surve/s and other studies for
identif/ing and assessing project impacts 8ut these still fall far short of a s/stematic
training manual6 %he/ are meant to guide their staff and consultants in identif/ing project
impacts and in preparing resettlement plans in accordance with their policies and
procedures6
It is then no surprise that a training manual e.clusivel/ for social impact
assessment does not e.ist as /et6 All that presentl/ e.ists is a 8rief discussion of this
topic in environmental impact assessment 1&IA2 training manuals which indeed have
8een developed ver/ s/stematicall/6 %he 5nited Nations &nvironment Programme &IA
%raining Resource +anual 1Second &dition !""!2 is one such resource6 %his includes
SIA %raining as one its several training modules entitled K%opic#'* Social Impact
AssessmentB6
%his :uide is a small step in developing a training hand8ook for use in
conducting training workshops on social impact assessments6 %his will also 8e useful for
trainers of resettlement training programes@workshop6
II %raining $8jectives
%his training guide is designed to support the implementation of social impact
assessment 1SIA2 provision of the National R&R Polic/ !""06
Croadl/ the o8jectives of the SIA training programme as this ;and8ook
envisages are to provide understanding of social impact assessment and to develop the
skills re?uired to conduct SIA6 %he modules cover the following*
An overview of social impact assessment
He/ elements in the SIA process
Involving affected communities in SIA
Sources of SIA information
Social research methodolog/ and data collection
Identif/ing and Assessing Impacts
Approaches to mitigate adverse impacts
%he format of a SIA report
%raining in social impact assessment for personnel dealing with resettlement is
e.pected to improve overall the capacit/ to manage projects that cause displacement6
III Structure of the %raining 7orkshop
%he training course consists of nine modules6
Mo1ule % Introduction to Social Impact Assessment
%his module seeks to provide a 8rief introduction to the su8ject descri8ing it as a
process that anal/ses how development project proposals affect peopleBs lives and
identifies measures to mitigate their adverse impacts6
Mo1ule # Causes and %/pes of Social Impacts
%he module e.plains the term Ksocial impactsB which can 8e 8oth positive and
negative intended and unintended affects different groups differentl/ and provides an
illustrative list of common impacts of various kinds* social@cultural@ economic@pu8lic
infrastructure and services6

Mo1ule 3 Steps in Conducting SIA
A series of steps that constitute the SIA process are presented in this module6
Ceginning with the screening which determines whether SIA is re?uired the module
dwells on the process of preparing a socioeconomic profile of the population likel/ to 8e
affected identif/ing and assessing the ke/ impacts and the measures devised to deal
with adverse impacts6

Mo1ule 4 Principles of :ood Practice in SIA
%he principles to guide the process and methods of conducting social impact
assessment are meant to ensure that SIA is done in a sound scientific wa/6 %his module
discusses these generall/ accepta8le principles of good practice6
Mo1ule 5 Sources of SIA Information and +ethods of Data Collection
SIA relies on 8oth secondar/ and primar/ sources of data6 It involves the use of a
8road arra/ of ?uantitative as well as ?ualitative data collection methods common in
social science research6 %he sources of SIA information and the methodolog/ of data
collection are the focus of this module6
Mo1ule 6 Identification and Assessment of Social Impacts
%he identification of ke/ impacts and an assessment of their significance is an
important step in the SIA process in which the significance of each impact is assessed6
If impacts appear to 8e adverse SIA must clearl/ suggest a course of action to 8e
followed including their mitigation or even outright rejection of a project proposal6
Mo1ule * Communit/ Involvement in SIA
$ften the affected people are in a 8etter position to predict the likel/ outcome of
a project proposal6 %he/ can foresee adverse impacts that are likel/ to 8e triggered 8/
the project6 Communit/ involvement is therefore 8asic to the SIA process6 %his module
discusses the wa/s to involve the affected people in identif/ing adverse impacts and
identif/ing wa/s to mitigate them
Mo1ule 7 Impact +itigation
%he usual outcome of a SIA is a plan to mitigate possi8le adverse project
impacts6 %his module discusses the approaches to impact mitigation and the procedures
to develop a mitigation plan6
Mo1ule 8 -ormat of a SIA Report
%his module e.plains how a formal report should 8e prepared once the social
impact assessment has 8een completed6 It descri8es the several distinct sections into
which a report is divided with a short e.ecutive summar/6 %he most important section of
a SIA report is the last section which contains the recommendations for action6
I) 5serBs :uide
5sing the modules presented in this %raining :uide trainers should design their
presentations with the needs and 8ackground of participants in mind and concentrate
on those modules that are most relevant to the participants6
Ideall/ a short ?uestionnaire designed to ascertain training needs should 8e
completed 8/ participants well 8efore the workshop commencement6 %his will give
trainers a 8etter understanding of the training needs6 $nce that is done it will 8e easier
to develop a workshop responsive to e.act needs of the audience6
%he modules can 8e presented either in the se?uence presented in this :uide or
rearranged in a different se?uence in light of the participantsB needs6
%rainers can design a short programme for senior officials using the material
presented in this :uide6 Alternativel/ a longer programme can 8e organi9ed for
practitioners in the field who will need a more detailed understanding of all the stages
involved in conducting SIA6
It should 8e possi8le to cover most raining sessions in one hour fifteen minutes
%raining methodolog/ should 8e a mi. of1a2 >ecture 182 :roup discussion and 1c2 -iled
visit
%rainers will re?uire the following e?uipment to make their presentationsG 1a2
>aptop for powerpoint presentation 182 Pocket si9ed microphone and 1c2 -lipchart with
pens
Re?uired Reading* SIA :uidelines 1prepared for this project2
) Session $utlines
%he session outlines@modules included in this :uide are meant to help trainers
organi9e their presentations6 %he/ are focused on su8stantive issues in SIA6 %he trainer
can add or delete materials from the session outlines to suit the identified needs of the
participants6
%he material included in session outlines is usa8le for preparing a powerpoint
presentation6

Mo1ule %
Intro1uction to Social Impact Assessment
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9at is SIA:
SIA is te Process of Assessin"! in A1vance! te Social Impacts
Li;el) to 'ollow from a Pro0ect Proposal
It is an Attempt to <uantif) Tose Impacts
It alerts te Planners to Un1erstan1 te Potential Conse=uences of a
Propose1 Pro0ect
It is a Powerful Tool Allowin" Decision Ma;ers to Initiate Steps
Necessar) to Prevent>Contain +armful Potential Impacts
9) 1o SIA:
I1entif)in" Potential Impacts 'irst Step in Plannin" Process
+elps in I1entif)in" Potential Impacts Essential for Plannin"
Purposes
+elps in I1entif)in" Groups Li;el) to ?e A1versel) Affecte1
+elps in Desi"nin" Pro0ects tat Neutrali@e>Soften A1verse Impacts
+elps in Desi"nin" Pro0ects tat Enance Positive Impacts
9) 1o SIA: .cont1/
Provi1es Opportunit) to EAplain Pro0ectBs O?0ectives to Affecte1
Groups
Provi1es Affecte1 People an Avenue to EApress teir -iews
+elps in Alla)in" 'ears an1 9innin" Trust of Affecte1 People
+elps People I1entif) Development Opportunities from te Pro0ect
Lowers Pro0ects Costs ?) Timel) Actions
&e1uces Dela)s in Pro0ects Clearance
Mo1ule #
Causes an1 T)pes of Social Impacts
9at are Social Impacts:
Social Impacts are Conse=uences to +uman Populations of an)
Pu?lic>Private Actions
Tese Inclu1e Can"es in 9a)s Te) Live! 9or;! Pla)! Or"ani@e to
Meet Teir Nee1s
Can"es M) Effect2 Emplo)ment! Pro1uction! 9a) of Life! Culture!
Communit)! Political S)stems! Propert)! Norms! -alues! Celiefs!
'ears! Aspirations
Tese Impacts Can Ce Positive or Ne"ative
In Sort! Social Impact is a Si"nificant Improvement or Deterioration
in 9ell?ein"
9at are Social Impacts: .cont1/
Different Groups EAperience Impacts Differentl)
Some 9in! Some Lose
Impacts Severe for -ulnera?le Groups .Tri?al People! 9omen/
Impacts Differ from Pro0ect to Pro0ect .Dams! Ur?an Pro0ects! Place
to Place/
Illustrative list of Impacts
Social/Cultural
Crea;,up of communit) coesion
Disinte"ration of social support s)stems
Disruption of womenBs economic activities
Loss of time,onoure1 sacre1 places of worsip
Loss of arceolo"ical sites an1 oter cultural propert)
Illustrative list of Impacts .cont1/
Economic
Loss of a"ricultural lan1s! tress! wells
Loss of 1wellin"s an1 oter farm ?uil1in"s
Loss of access to common propert) resources
Loss of sops! commercial ?uil1in"s
Loss of ?usinesses>0o?s
Overall re1uction in income 1ue to a?ove losses
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Illustrative list of Impacts .cont1/
Public Infrastructure and services
Government office ?uil1in"s
Scool ?uil1in"s
+ospitals
&oa1s
Street li"tin"
Mo1ule 3
Steps in Con1uctin" SIA
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Te SIA Process
Screenin"2 Deci1e If an1 9at Level SIA is &e=uire1
Scopin"2 I1entif) te De) Social Issues
Impact Anal)sis2 Pre1ict te Impacts of a Proposal an1 Evaluate teir
Si"nificance
Miti"ation2 Plan Action to Prevent! &e1uce or Compensate for
A1verse impacts
Te SIA Process .Cont1/
&eportin"2 Provi1e te Information for Use in Decision,Ma;in"
&eview2 Cec; te <ualit) of te SIA &eport
Decision,Ma;in"2 Approve! &e0ect te Proposal or Approve
Con1ionall)
'ollow Up2 Monitor! Mana"e Impacts
Pu?lic Involvement2 Inform an1 Consult wit Sta;eol1ers
Steps in Con1uctin" te SIA process
Define te Impact Area
I1entif) Information>Data &e=uirements an1 Teir Sources
Involve all Affecte1 Sta;eol1ers
Con1uct Screenin"
Steps in Con1uctin" te SIA process .cont1/
Carr) Out Scopin" in te 'iel1
Prepare a Socioeconomic Profile of Caseline Con1ition
Surve) of +ost Population
I1entif) an1 Assess te Impacts
Develop a Miti"ation Plan
Mo1ule 4
Principles of Goo1 Practice in SIA
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Principles of Goo1 Practice
Involve te Diverse Pu?lic
Anal)@e Impact E=uit)
'ocus te Assessment
I1entif) Meto1s an1 Assumptions an1 Define Si"nificance
Principles of Goo1 Practice .cont1/
Provi1e 'ee1?ac; on Social Impacts to Pro0ect Planner
Use SIA Practitioners
Esta?lis Monitorin" an1 Miti"ation Pro"rammes
I1entif) Data Sources
Plan for Gaps in Data
Mo1ule 5
Sources of SIA Information an1
Meto1s of Data Collection
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Sources of SIA Information
SIA Uses Cot Secon1ar) an1 Primar) Data
Secon1ar) Sources Inclu1e2 Data on te Proposal! Census an1 -ital
Statistics! Oter 1ocuments
Primar) Sources Inclu1e2 Pro0ect,specific Surve) an1 'iel1 &esearc
SIA Uses Cot <uantitative an1 <ualitative Meto1s
Secon1ar) Sources2
Pro0ect &eport an1 &elate1 Documents
Government Census Data
Lan1 &ecor1s
Pu?lise1 Literature on te Pro0ect Area an1 its People
Secon1ar) Sources .cont1/
Secon1ar) Data No Su?stitute for Pro0ect,Specific Surve)s
Use Primar) Data2 <uantitative an1 <ualitative
Inclu1es &elevant Data Gatere1 1irectl) from te 'iel1
-arious oter Surve)s! Stu1ies
Meto1s an1 Tools
<uantitative Meto1s
Lan1 Ac=uisition Surve)
Census Surve)
Socioeconomic Surve)
<ualitative Meto1s
De) Informant Interviews
&api1 &ural Appraisals
'ocus Group Discussions .'GDs/
Pu?lic +earin"
Mo1ule 6
I1entification an1 Assessment of Social Impacts
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I1entif)in" an1 Assessin" Social Impacts
Te 'irst Tas; in &esettlement Plannin" is to I1entif) Pro0ectBs
A1verse Impacts
I1entif) All People Affecte1 ?) Pro0ect
Un1erstan1 Impacts on Livelioo1s of tose Affecte1
Descri?e Pro0ect Impacts on Different Groups
<uantif) Impacts As 'ar As Possi?le .Some Are Not <uantifia?le/
Involve Affecte1 Groups in &an;in" Impacts Accor1in" to Teir
Severit)
Mo1ule *
Communit) Involvement in SIA
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Purpose an1 O?0ective of Pu?lic Involvement
Informin" Sta;eol1ers
O?tainin" Information on Local Socio,Economic Con1itions
Gainin" teir -iews! Concerns
9innin" Pu?lic Trust
Incorporatin" PeopleBs Perspective in Decision,Ma;in"
Ma;in" Decision,Ma;in" Transparent an1 Accounta?le
&e1ucin" Conflict
Pu?lic Involvement
Levels of Pu?lic Involvement
De) Sta;eol1ers
Principles of Pu?lic Involvement
Pu?lic Involvement in De) Sta"es of te EIA Process
Principles of Pu?lic Involvement
Inclusive2 Involves all Sta;eol1ers
Open an1 Transparent2 Proposal is easil) Un1erstoo1
&elevant2 'ocuse1 on Issues tat Matter
'air2 Con1ucte1 witout Cias towar1s an) Group
&esponsive2 To Sta;eol1er Concerns an1 Nee1s
Cuil1s Confi1ence an1 Trust
Developin" a Pu?lic Involvement Pro"ramme
Determinin" te Scope of Involvement
I1entif)in" Affecte1 Groups an1 oter Sta;eol1ers
Selectin" Tecni=ues &elevant to Local Situation
Provi1in" 'ee1?ac; to Sta;eol1ers
Mo1ule 7
Impact Miti"ation
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Miti"atin" Impacts
Give Priorit) to Avoi1 Social Impacts
Minimi@e Tem as far as Practica?le
I1entif) Miti"ation Measures for Eac Impact
Customi@e Tem to te Different Affecte1 Groups
Ensure Impacts are Not Corne Disproportionatel) ?) An) Group
Miti"atin" Impacts .Cont1/
No One Soul1 ?e 9orse Off tan Cefore
Treat &elocation>&esettlement as a Special Case
Livelioo1s of tose Displace1 soul1 ?e Improve1
Enance Cenefits for Local People trou" Eo? Trainin" an1
Development Pac;a"es
Mo1ule 8
'ormat of a SIA &eport
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Preparin" a SIA &eport
A &eport on SIA &e=uire1 for Decision,Ma;in" ?) Pro0ect Proponent
Prepare a 'ormal &eport for Su?mission to te Sponsorin" Autorit)
after completion of te Social Impact Assessment
Provi1e a Crief EAecutive Summar)
Divi1e te &eport into Distinct Sections
Intro1uction! Meto1olo") Use1! Li;el) Impacts! &ecommen1ations!
Miti"ation Measures
Provi1e &ecommen1ations wit 'ull Eustification
Sare te &eport 9i1el)
)I Ci8liograph/
%his Ci8liograph/ is meant for trainers who would wish to further pursue Social
Impact Assessment studies to enhance their understanding of this su8ject of growing
importance6
ADC !""0 Handboo* on Social nalysis2 %or*ing "ocument +anila* Asian
Development Cank
ADC #AA4 Handboo* on (esettlement2 $uide to $ood Practice +anila* Asian
Development Cank
ADC #AA( Handboo* for t'e Incor!oration of Social "imension in Pro+ects +anila* Asian
Development Cank 1Social Development 5nit2
ADC #AA' $uidelines for Incor!oration of Social "imensions in 4an* 7!erations +anila*
Asian Development Cank
Cernea +ichael + #AA= ,nderstanding and Preventing Im!overis'ment from
"is!lacement2 (eflections on t'e State of 0no1ledge8 He/note Address presented at the
International Conference on Development<induced Displacement and Impoverishment
held at the 5niversit/ of $.ford '<0 Panuar/ #AA= 1pp #<'!2
Cernea +ichael + and A/se Hudat #AA0 Social ssessment for 4etter "evelo!ment
7ashington DC* %he 7orld Cank
Cham8ers Ro8ert #AA0 %'ose (eality Counts5 Putting t'e Last First >ondon* I%
Pu8lications
Cham8ers Ro8ert #AA# DShortcut and Participator/ +ethods for :aining Social
Information for ProjectsF in +ichael + Cernea 1ed2 #AA# Putting Peo!le First2
Sociological 3ariables in (ural "evelo!ment 1Second &dition2 New Lork* $.ford
5niversit/ Press@Pu8lished for the 7orld Cank 1pp =#=<='02
-inster8usch Hurt and 7illiam R -reuden8urg !""! DSocial Impact Assessment and
%echnolog/ AssessmentF in Rile/ & Dunlop and 7illiam +ichelson 1eds2 !""!
Handboo* of Environment Sociology 7estport C%* :reenwood Press 1pp ("0<((02
:oldman R >aurence 1ed2 !""" Social Im!act nalysis2 n !!lied nt'ro!ology
Manual $.ford@New Lork* Cerg

:oldman >aurence and Scott Caum !""" DIntroductionF in >aurence R :oldman 1ed2
!""" Social Im!act nalysis2 n !!lied nt'ro!ology Manual $.ford@New Lork* Cerg
1pp #<'#2
:overnment of India !""0 &'e 9ational (e'abilitation and (esettlement Policy :;;<
New Delhi* +inistr/ of Rural Development
:overnment of $rissa !"", 7rissa (esettlement and (e'abilitation Policy :;;=
Chu8aneswar* Revenue Department
IAIA !""' International Princi!les for Social Im!act ssessment -argo ND 5SA*
International Association for Impact Assessment 1Special Pu8lication Series No ! +a/
!""' 1pp #<42
I-C !""! Handboo* for Pre!aring a (esettlement ction Plan 7ashington DC*
International -inance Corporation
I$CP: 1Interorgani9ational Committee on Principles and :uidelines for Social Impact
Assessment2 !""' DPrinciples and :uidelines for Social Impact Assessment in the 5SAF
Im!act ssessment and Pro+ect !!raisal volume !# num8er ' Septem8er !""'
1pages !'#<!="2
I$C:P 1Interorgani9ational Committee on :uidelines and Principles for Social Impact
Assessment2 #AA( D:uidelines and Principles for Social Impact AssessmentF Im!act
ssessment volume #! num8er ! #AA( 1pages #"0<#=!2
I/er Ramaswam/ R !"## DConverting Resettlement Polic/ into Resettlement >aw* A
7elcome Step 8ut No $ccasion for Cele8ration LetF in ;ari +ohan +athur 1ed2
-orthcoming !"#" (esettling "is!laced Peo!le2 Policy and Practice in India8 New
Delhi@>ondon* Routledge
Paco8s Susan #AA4 %orld 4an* E>!erience 1it' Social ssessment2 Practice at a
&urning Point Paper presented at the April meeting of the International Association for
Impact Assessment 1IAIA2
Han8ur Ravi !""# -ualitative and -uantitative Poverty !!raisal8 &'e State of Play and
Some -uestions Paper presented at 3ualitative and 3uantitative Povert/ Appraisal*
Complementaries %ensions and the 7a/ -orward workshop held at -ualitative and
-uantitative Poverty !!raisal Cornell 5niversit/ +arch #=<#,
Humar Hrishna #A40 Conducting $rou! Intervie1s in "evelo!ing Countries 7ashington
DC* 56S6 Agenc/ for International Development 1Program Design and &valuation
+ethodolog/ Report No 42
+athur ;ari +ohan !""4 1ed2 India Social "evelo!ment (e!ort :;;?2 "evelo!ment
and "is!lacement New Delhi* $.ford 5niversit/ Press@Council for Social Development

+athur ;ari +ohan6 !"",6 D+aking Resettlement 7ork* Issues in Planning and
+anagementF &'e Eastern nt'ro!ologist )ol =A No ! April<Pune !"", 1pp#=0<#002
+athur ;ari +ohan !""' (evie1 of t'e 9HI (esettlement E>!erience .%estern
&rans!ort Corridor Pro+ect/6 Prepared for the Asian Development Cank 1processed2

+odak Prasad and Asit H Ciswas #AAA Conducting Environmental Im!act ssessment
in "evelo!ing Countries New Lork* $.ford 5niversit/ Press@ %ok/o* 5nited Nations
5niversit/ Press 1also pu8lished in India 8/ $.ford for sale onl/ in South Asia2
+orse Cradford and %homas Cerger #AA! Sardar Sarovar2 &'e (e!ort of t'e
Inde!endent (evie18 $ttawa* Resource -utures International 1R-I2 Inc6
Roche Chris !""A Im!act ssessment for "evelo!ment gencies2 Learning to 3alue
C'ange $.ford* $.fam 1reprinted !""! !""( !""= and !""A2
Schrecken8erg Hate et al !"#" Social ssessment of Conservation Initiative2 (evie1
of (a!id Met'odologies >ondon* II&D
Scudder %ha/er !"",&'e Future of Large "ams2 "ealing 1it' Social6 Environmental6
Institutional and Political Costs >ondon@Sterling )A* &arthscan
Scudder %ha/er6#AA0 DSocial Impacts of >arge DamsF in Dorce/ %on/ 1ed26 #AA06
Large "ams2 Learning from t'e Past Loo*ing at t'e Future6 17orkshop Proceedings
:land Swit9erland ##<#! April #AA02 :land Swit9erland and Cam8ridge 5H*
I5CN@7ashington DC* %he 7orld Cank :roup 1pp (#<,42
)ancla/ -rank !"", DConceptual and +ethodological Advances in Social Impact
AssessmentF in Cecker ;ank A and -rank )ancla/ 1eds2 !"", &'e International
Handboo* of Social Im!act ssessment2 Conce!tual and Met'odological dvances6
>ondon* &dward &lgar Pu8lishing
)ancla/ -rank !""" Social Im!act ssessment Contri8uting Paper Prepared for the
7orld Commission on Dams 1for the %hematic Review )6!* &nvironment and Social
Assessment for >arge Dams2

)ancla/ -rank #AAA DSocial Impact AssessmentF in P Petts 1ed2 #AAA International
Handboo* of Environmental Im!act ssessment 1)ol I2 $.ford* Clackwell science
7orld Cank !""( Involuntary (esettlement Source 4oo*2 Planning and Im!lementation
in "evelo!ment Pro+ects 7ashington DC* %he 7orld Cank
7orld Cank !""' Social nalysis Sourceboo*2 Incor!orating Social "imensions into
4an*#Su!!orted Pro+ects 7ashington DC* %he 7orld Cank@Social Development
Department
7CD !""" "ams and "is!lacement2 9e1 Frame1or* for "ecision#Ma*ing 1%he
Report of the 7orld Commission on Dams2 >ondon@Sterling )A* &arthscan Pu8lishing
>td6