We have- 2=2X2=6;

3 = 3X2=6
Year Win Losse
Last year
This
150 cm
Heena
75 cm
Amir
8.1 INTRODUCTION
n o!r "ai#y #i$e% there are many occasions &hen &e com'are t&o (!antities)
*!''ose &e are com'arin+ hei+hts o$ Heena an" Amir) We $in" that
1) Heena is t&o times ta##er than Amir)
,r
1
2) Amir-s hei+ht is 2 o$ Heena-s hei+ht)
.onsi"er another e/am'#e% &here 20 mar0#es are "ivi"e" 0et&een 1ita an"
Amit s!ch that 1ita has 12 mar0#es an"
Amit has 2 mar0#es) We say%
3
1) 1ita has 2 times the mar0#es that Amit has)
,r
2
2) Amit has 3 'art o$ &hat 1ita has)
Yet another e/am'#e is &here &e com'are
s'ee"s o$ a .heetah an" a 4an)
The s'ee" o$ a .heetah is 6 times the s'ee"
o$ a 4an)
154 MATHEMATICS
n the +iven cases% &e &rite the ratio o$ the hei+hts as 5
Heena-s hei+ht 5 Amir-s hei+ht is 150 5 75 or 2 5 1)
.an yo! no& &rite the ratios $or the other com'arisons6
150 3
Heena-s hei+ht 5 Amir-s hei+ht = 150 5 100 = = or 3 5 2)
100 2
This is same as the ratio $or 1ita-s to Amit-s share o$ mar0#es)
7XA48L7 1 9in" the ratio o$ 3 :m to 300 m)
*,L;T,< 9irst convert 0oth the "istances to the same !nit)
*o% 3 :m = 3 / 1000 m = 3000 m)
8.2 EQUIVALENT RATIOS
=i$$erent ratios can a#so 0e com'are" &ith each other to :no& &hether they are
e(!iva#ent or not) To "o this% &e nee" to &rite the ratios in the $orm o$ $ractions
an" then com'are them 0y convertin+ them to #i:e $ractions) $ these #i:e $ractions
are e(!a#% &e say the +iven ratios are e(!iva#ent)
7XA48L7 2 Are the ratios 152 an" 253 e(!iva#ent6
*,L;T,<
To chec: this% &e nee" to :no& &hether
1
2 2
1 > 1/ 3 > 3 2 2 / 2 ? 1 ? 12
We $in" that @ % &hich means that @ )
6 6 2 3
There$ore% the ratio 152 is not e(!iva#ent to the ratio 253)
;se o$ s!ch com'arisons can 0e seen 0y the $o##o&in+ e/am'#e)
7XA48L7 3 9o##o&in+ is the 'er$ormance o$ a cric:et team in the matches it
'#aye"5
n &hich year &as the recor" 0etter6
I
COMPARING QUANTITIES 155
Last year% Wins5 Losses = 2 5 2 = ? 5 1
This year% Wins5 Losses = ? 5 2 = 2 5 1
2 2
,0vio!s#y% ? 5 1 A 2 5 1 Bn $ractiona# $orm% y A y C
Hence% &e can say that the team 'er$orme" 0etter #ast year)
n .#ass D% &e have a#so seen the im'ortance o$ e(!iva#ent ratios) The ratios
&hich
are e(!iva#ent are sai" to 0e in 'ro'ortion) Let !s reca## the !se o$ 'ro'ortions)
Keeping things in prprtin !n" getting s#$tins
Arana ma"e a s:etch o$ the 0!i#"in+ she #ives in an" "re& s:etch o$ her
mother stan"in+ 0esi"e the 0!i#"in+)
4ona sai"% EThere seems to 0e somethin+ &ron+ &ith the "ra&in+F
.an yo! say &hat is &ron+6 Ho& can yo! say this6
n this case% the ratio o$ hei+hts in the "ra&in+ sho!#" 0e the same as the
ratio o$ act!a# hei+hts) That is
Act!a# hei+ht o$ 0!i#"in+ Hei+ht o$ 0!i#"in+ in "ra&in+
Act!a# hei+ht o$ mother Hei+ht o$ mother in the "ra&in+
,n#y then &o!#" these 0e in 'ro'ortion) ,$ten &hen 'ro'ortions are
maintaine"% the
"ra&in+ seems '#easin+ to the eye)
Another e/am'#e &here 'ro'ortions are !se" is in the ma:in+ o$ nationa# $#a+s)
=o yo! :no& that the $#a+s are a#&ays ma"e in a $i/e" ratio o$ #en+th to its
0rea"th6
These may 0e "i$$erent $or "i$$erent co!ntries 0!t are most#y aro!n" 1)5 5 1 or 1)7 5
1)
We can ta:e an a''ro/imate va#!e o$ this ratio as 3 5 2) 7ven the n"ian 'ost
car" is
aro!n" the same ratio)
<o&% can yo! say &hether a car" &ith #en+th ?)5 cm an" 0rea"th 3)0 cm
15% MATHEMATICS
*,L;T,<
Ar!n has so#ve" it 0y e(!atin+ ratios to ma:e 'ro'ortions an" then 0y so#vin+
the
e(!ation) 4eera has $irst $o!n" the "istance that corres'on"s to 1 cm an" then !se"
that to
$in" &hat 2)5 cm &o!#" corres'on" to) *he !se" the !nitary metho")
Let !s so#ve some more e/am'#es !sin+ the !nitary metho")
7XA48L7 5 6 0o&#s cost 1s G0) What &o!#" 0e the cost o$ 10 s!ch 0o&#s6
*,L;T,< .ost o$ 6 0o&#s is 1s G0)
G0
Ar!n "oes it #i:e this
Let "istance = / :m
then% 1000 5 / = 2 5 2)5
1000 > >2> x 2)5
2
> / 2)5 /
2)5
XA48L7 6 The car that o&n can +o 150 :m &ith 25 #itres o$ 'etro#) Ho& $ar can
it +o &ith 30 #itres o$ 'etro#6
With 25 #itres o$ 'etro#% the car +oes 150 :m)
With 1 #itre the car &i## +o :m)
Hence% &ith 3 0 #itres o$ 'etro# it &o!#" +o 3 / 30 :m = 120 :m
n this metho"% &e $irst $o!n" the va#!e $or one !nit or the !nit rate) This is
"one 0y the com'arison o$ t&o "i$$erent 'ro'erties) 9or e/am'#e% &hen yo!
com'are tota# cost to n!m0er o$ items% &e +et cost 'er item or i$ yo! ta:e "istance
trave##e" to time ta:en% &e +et "istance 'er !nit time)
Th!s% yo! can see that &e o$ten !se 'er to mean $or each)
9or e/am'#e% :m 'er ho!r% chi#"ren 'er teacher etc)% "enote !nit rates)
.o#o!
r
<!m0er
o$ Ti#es
1ate 'er
H!n"re"
Written as 1ea" as
Ye##o
&
1? 1? 1?
100
1?H 1? 'er
cent
Ireen 26 26 26H 26 'er
cent
1e" 35 35

J#!e 25

Tota# 100
Hei+ht <!m0er o$ n
110 22
120
25
122 cm 32
130 cm
21
Tota# 100
.o#o!r
<!m0er o$ Jea"s
9raction =enominator H!n"re" n 8ercenta+e
1e" ?0H
J#!e
12
60H
Tota#
<!m0
er
9ractio
n
=enominator
H!n"re"
72H <itro+en
21H ,/y+en
1H ,ther +as
3
2
3 8o#yster
?0H 8o#yster
COMPARING QUANTITIES 15&
T'INK( DISCUSS AND )RITE
An ant can carry 50 times its &ei+ht) $ a 'erson can "o the same% ho& m!ch
&o!#"
E*ERCISE 8.1
1) 9in" the ratio o$5
BaC 1s 5 to 50 'aise B0C 15 :+ to 210 +
BcC G m to 27 cm B"C 30 "ays to 36 ho!rs
n a com'!ter #a0% there are 3 com'!ters $or every 6 st!"ents) Ho&
many
com'!ters &i## 0e nee"e" $or 2? st!"ents6
8o'!#ation o$ 1aKasthan=570 #a:hs an" 'o'!#ation o$ ;8 = 1660
8.+ ,ERCENTA-E . ANOT'ER )A/ O0 CO1,ARIN-
QUANTITIES
Anita-s 1e'ort
Tota# 320L?00
8ercenta+e5 20
Tota# 300L360
Anita sai" that she has "one 0etter as she +ot 320 mar:s &hereas 1ita +ot on#y 300) =o yo! a+ree
&ith her6 Who "o yo! thin: has "one 0etter6
4ansi to#" them that they cannot "eci"e &ho has "one 0etter 0y K!st
com'arin+ the tota# mar:s o0taine" 0eca!se the ma/im!m mar:s o!t o$ &hich they
*he sai" &hy "on-t yo! see the 8ercenta+es +iven in yo!r re'ort car"s6
Anita-s 8ercenta+e &as 20 an" 1ita-s &as 23) *o% this sho&s 1ita has "one 0etter)
=o yo! a+ree6
2)3)1 4eanin+ o$ 8ercenta+e
8er cent is "erive" $rom Latin &or" M'er cent!m- meanin+ M'er h!n"re"-)
8er cent is re'resente" 0y the sym0o# H an" means h!n"re"ths too) That is 1 H means
1
158 MATHEMATICS
To !n"erstan" this% #et !s consi"er the $o##o&in+ e/am'#e)
1ina ma"e a ta0#e to' o$ 100 "i$$erent co#o!re" ti#es) *he co!nte" ye##o&% +reen%
R/ T'ESE
1) 9in" the 8ercenta+e o$ chi#"ren o$ "i$$erent hei+hts $or the $o##o&in+ "ata)
2) A sho' has the $o##o&in+ n!m0er o$ shoe 'airs o$
"i$$erent
siNes)
*iNe 2 5 20 *iNe 3 5 30 *iNe ? 5 22
,er2ent!ges 3hen tt!# is nt h$n"re"
n a## these e/am'#es% the tota# n!m0er o$ items a"" !' to 100) 9or e/am'#e% 1ina
ha" 100 ti#es in a##% there &ere 100 chi#"ren an" 100 shoe 'airs) Ho& "o &e
ca#c!#ate 8ercenta+e o$ an item i$ the tota# n!m0er o$ items "o not a"" !' to 1006
n s!ch cases% &e nee" to convert the $raction to an e(!iva#ent $raction &ith
I
COMPARING QUANTITIES 154
We see that these three metho"s can 0e !se" to $in" the 8ercenta+e &hen the
tota# "oes not a"" to +ive 100) n the metho" sho&n in the ta0#e% &e m!#ti'#y the
$raction 0y 100
100) This "oes not chan+e the va#!e o$ the $raction) *!0se(!ent#y% on#y 100 remains in the
"enominator)
5
An&ar has !se" the !nitary metho") Asha has m!#ti'#ie" 0y 5 to +et 100 in the
"enominator) Yo! can !se &hichever metho" yo! $in" s!ita0#e) 4ay 0e% yo! can ma:e yo!r o&n
metho" too)
Asha "oes it #i:e this
> 2 /5
20 > 20 / 5
100
An&ar $o!n" the 8ercenta+e o$ re" 0ea"s #i:e this
,!t o$ 20 0ea"s% the n!m0er o$ re" 0ea"s are 2) Hence% o!t o$ 100%
the n!m0er o$ re" 0ea"s are 2
/100 > ?0 Bo!t o$ h!n"re"C = ?0H
R/ T'ESE
1) A co##ection o$ 10 chi's &ith "i$$erent co#o!rs is +iven )
9i## the ta0#e an" $in" the 'ercenta+e o$ chi's o$ each co#o!r)
MATHEMATICS
2) 4a#a has a co##ection o$ 0an+#es) *he has 20 +o#" 0an+#es an" 10 si#ver
0an+#es) What is the 'ercenta+e o$ 0an+#es o$ each ty'e6 .an yo! '!t it in
the ta0!#ar $orm as "one in the a0ove e/am'#e6
T'INK( DISCUSS AND )RITE
1) Loo: at the e/am'#es 0e#o& an" in each o$ them% "isc!ss &hich is 0etter $or
com'arison)
2)3)2 .onvertin+ 9ractiona# <!m0ers to 8ercenta+e
9ractiona# n!m0ers can have "i$$erent "enominator) To com'are $ractiona# n!m0ers% &e nee" a
common "enominator an" &e have seen that it is more convenient to com'are i$ o!r
"enominator is 100) That is% &e are convertin+ the $ractions to 8ercenta+es) Let !s
try convertin+ "i$$erent $ractiona# n!m0ers to 8ercenta+es)
Write 3 as 'er cent)
1 1 100 1
We have% - _ - / 3 > - / 100H
= > 33OH
,L;T,< ,!t o$ 25 chi#"ren% there are 15 +ir#s)
15
There$ore% 'ercenta+e o$ +ir#s = 100 > 60) There are 60H +ir#s in the c#ass)
.onvert to 'er cent)
B"C 2
8er cent 1H10H 25H 50
H
G0
H
125
H
9ractio
n
O
o
10 > 1
100 >
=ecima
#
0)01 0)10
COMPARING QUANTITIES
9rom these e/am'#es% &e $in" that the 'ercenta+es re#ate" to 'ro'er $ractions
are #ess
than 100 &hereas 'ercenta+es re#ate" to im'ro'er $ractions are more than 100)
T'INK AND DISCUSS
BiC .an yo! eat 5 0H o$ a ca:e6 .an
yo! eat 100H o$ a ca:e6
.an yo! eat 150H o$ a ca:e6
BiiC .an a 'rice o$ an item +o !' 0y 50H6 .an a 'rice o$ an item +o !' 0y 100H6
.an a 'rice o$ an item +o !' 0y 150H6
.onvertin+ =ecima#s to 8ercenta+e
We have seen ho& $ractions can 0e converte" to 'er cents) Let !s no& $in" ho& "ecima#s
can 0e converte" to 're cents)
BaC 0)75 = 0)75 / 100 H 75
G
100
2
100H = 20 H
TR/ T'ESE
1) .onvert the $o##o&in+ to 'er cents5
12 ?G 2
,!t o$ 32 st!"ents% 2 are a0sent) What 'er cent o$ the st!"ents are a0sent6
BiiC There are 25 ra"ios% 16 o$ them are o!t o$ or"er) What 'er cent o$ ra"ios
are
o!t o$ or"er6
2)3)? .onvertin+ 8ercenta+es to 9ractions or =ecima#s
We have so $ar converte" $ractions an" "ecima#s to 'ercenta+es) We can a#so "o the reverse) That is%
+iven 'er cents% &e can convert them to "ecima#s or $ractions) Loo: at the
1%2 MATHEMATICS
ta0#e% o0serve an" com'#ete it5
Make some
more such
examples and
solve them. >>L
1. G is 25H o$ &hat 2. 75H o$ &hat n!m0er is 156
E*ERCISE 8.2
,!rts !#3!5s !"" t gi6e ! 3h#e
n the e/am'#es $or co#o!re" ti#es% $or the hei+hts
o$
chi#"ren an" $or +ases in the air% &e $in" that &hen
&e
a"" the 8ercenta+es &e +et 100) A## the 'arts that
$orm
the &ho#e &hen a""e" to+ether +ives the &ho#e or
100H)
*o% i$ &e are +iven one 'art% &e can a#&ays $in"
TR/ T'ESE
1) 35H P>>>>>>>>H = 100H% 6?H P 20H P>>>>>>>>H = 100H
2)
3)
?5H = 100H ->>>>>>>>>>>H% 70H =>>>>>>>H -
$ 65H o$ st!"ents in a c#ass have a 0icyc#e% &hat 'er
cent
30H
We have a 0as:et $!## o$ a''#es% oran+es an"
man+oes)
$ 50H are a''#es% 30H are oran+es% then &hat 'er
'INK( DISCUSS AND )RITE
.onsi"er the e/'en"it!re ma"e on a "ress
20H on em0roi"ery% 50H on c#oth% 30H on stitchin+)
COMPARING QUANTITIES 1%+
2)3)5 9!n &ith 7stimation
8ercenta+es he#' !s to estimate the 'arts o$ an area)
What 'er cent o$ the a"K oinin+ $i+!re is sha"e"6
We $irst $in" the $raction o$ the $i+!re that is sha"e") 9rom this $raction%
the 'ercenta+e o$ the sha"e" 'art can 0e $o!n")
TR/ T'ESE
What 'er cent o$ these $i+!res are sha"e"6
Yo! can ma:e some more $i+!res yo!rse#$ an" as: yo!r $rien"s to
estimate the sha"e" 'arts)
8.4 USE O0
,ERCENTA-ES
2)?)1 nter'retin+ 8ercenta+es
We sa& ho& 'ercenta+es &ere he#'$!# in com'arison) We have a#so #earnt to convert $ractiona#
n!m0ers an" "ecima#s to 'ercenta+es) <o&% &e sha## #earn ho& 'ercenta+es can 0e
!se" in rea# #i$e) 9 or this% &e start &ith inter'retin+ the $o##o&in+ statements5
3 5 H o$ the income is save" 0y 1avi) 3 20 H o$ 4eera-s "resses are 0#!e in
co#o!r)
3 1e:ha +ets 10 H on every 0oo: so#" 0y her)
What can yo! in$er $rom each o$ these statements6
5
Jy 5 H &e mean 5 'arts o!t o$ 100 or &e &rite it as ) t means 1avi is savin+
1s 5 o!t o$ every 1s 100 that he earns) n the same &ay% inter'ret the rest o$ the statements +iven
a0ove)
2)?)2 .onvertin+ 8ercenta+es to EHo& 4anyF
1%4 MATHEMATICS
Ar!n "oes it #i:e this
,!t o$ 100% 25 #i:e '#ayin+ $oot0a## *o o!t o$ ?0%
X ?0
4eena "oes it #i:e this
25 %A
25H o$ ?0 = 100X?0 =
10
R/ T'ESE
1) 9in"5
BaC 50H o$ 16? B0C 75H o$ 12 BcC 12-2H o$ 6?
2) 2 H chi#"ren o$ a c#ass o$ 25 #i:e +ettin+ &et in the rain) Ho& many chi#"ren
#i:e
+ettin+ &et in the rain)
7XA48L7 13 1ah!# 0o!+ht a s&eater an" save" 1s 20 &hen a "isco!nt o$ 25H
&as
+iven) What &as the 'rice o$ the s&eater 0e$ore the "isco!nt6
Th!s 0oth o0taine" the ori+ina# 'rice o$ s&eater as 1s
20)
4ohan-s so#!tion
25H o$ the ori+ina# 'rice = 1s 20 Let the 'rice Bin
1sC 0e P
25
= 20 or / P=20
100
A0"!#-s so#!tion
1s 25 is save" $or every 1s 100 Amo!nt $or
100
1) .onvert the +iven $ractiona# n!m0ers to 'er
cents)
2
2
10
3 30
10
3 1s 250 = 1s 125 1oy +ets 3 /100 H 50
COMPARING QUANTITIES 1%5
2.
.onvert the +iven "ecima# $ractions to 'er cents)
BaC 0)65 B0C 2)1 BcC 0)02 B"C 12)35
7stimate &hat 'art o$ the $i+!res is co#o!re" an" hence $in" the 'er cent
BiC BiiC
9in"5
BaC 15H o$ 250 B0C 1H o$ 1 ho!r BcC 20H o$ 1s 2500 B"C 75H o$ 1 :+
9in" the &ho#e (!antity i$
6) .onvert +iven 'er cents to "ecima# $ractions an" a#so to $ractions in sim'#est
$orms5
BaC 25H B0C 150H BcC 20H B"C 5H
7) n a city% 3 0H are $ema#es% ?0H are ma#es an" remainin+ are chi#"ren) What
'er cent are chi#"ren6
2) ,!t o$ 15%000 voters in a constit!ency% 60H vote") 9in" the 'ercenta+e o$
voters &ho "i" not vote) .an yo! no& $in" ho& many act!a##y "i" not vote6
G) 4eeta saves 1s ?00 $rom her sa#ary) $ this is 10H o$ her sa#ary) What is her
sa#ary6
10) A #oca# cric:et team '#aye" 20 matches in one season) t &on 25H o$ them)
Ho& many matches "i" they &in6
2)?)3 1atios to 8ercents
*ometimes% 'arts are +iven to !s in the $orm o$ ratios an" &e nee" to convert those
to
2 1
<o&% 2 P 1=3 is the tota# o$ a## 'arts) This means 3 'art is rice an" 3 'art is urad
dal.
2 200 2
urad dal &o!#" 0e 3 100 H 3
1%% MATHEMATICS
7XA48L7 15 $ 1s 250 is to 0e "ivi"e" amon+st 1avi% 1aK! an" 1oy% so that
1avi +ets t&o 'arts% 1aK! three 'arts an" 1oy $ive 'arts) Ho&
m!ch money &i## each +et6 What &i## it 0e in 'ercenta+es6
,L;T,< The 'arts &hich the three 0oys are +ettin+ can 0e &ritten in terms
o$
R/ T'ESE
1) =ivi"e 15 s&eets 0et&een 4an! an" *on! so that they +et 20 H
an" 20 H o$ them res'ective#y)
2) $ an+#es o$ a trian+#e are in the ratio 2 5 3 5 ?) 9in" the va#!e o$
each an+#e)
2)?)? ncrease or =ecrease as 8er .ent
There are times &hen &e nee" to :no& the increase or "ecrease in a certain
(!antity as 'ercenta+e) 9or e/am'#e% i$ the 'o'!#ation o$ a state increase" $rom
5%50%000 to 6%05%000) Then the increase in 'o'!#ation can 0e !n"erstoo" 0etter i$
&e say% the 'o'!#ation increase" 0y 10 H)
Ho& "o &e convert the increase or "ecrease in a (!antity as a 'ercenta+e o$
the initia# amo!nt6 .onsi"er the $o##o&in+ e/am'#e)
7XA48L7 16 A schoo# team &on 6 +ames this year a+ainst ? +ames &on #ast
year) What is the 'er cent increase6
,L;T,< The increase in the n!m0er o$ &ins Bor amo!nt o$ chan+eC = 6 - ?
= 2)
amo!nt o$ chan+e
8ercenta+e increase = 100
ori+ina# amo!nt or 0ase
increase in the n!m0er o$ &ins 2 Q R
= /100 = 100 = 50
ori+ina# n!m0er o$ &ins ?
7XA48L7 17 The n!m0er o$ i##iterate 'ersons in a co!ntry "ecrease" $rom 150
I
COMPARING QUANTITIES 1%&
Amo!nt o$ chan+e = "ecrease in the n!m0er o$ i##iterate 'ersons = 150 - 100 = 50
#a:hs There$ore% the 'ercenta+e o$ "ecrease
= amo!nt o$ chan+e 100 = / 100 = 33i
TR/ T'ESE
1) 9in" 8ercenta+e o$ increase or "ecrease5
- 8rice o$ shirt "ecrease" $rom 1s 20 to 1s 60)
- 4ar:s in a test increase" $rom 20 to 30)
8.5 ,RICES RELATED TO AN ITE1 OR 7U/IN- AND SELLIN-
0o!+ht it $or 1s
600
an" &i## se## it $or 1s 610
The 0!yin+ 'rice o$ any item is :no&n as its cost 'rice) t is &ritten in short as .8)
The 'rice at &hich yo! se## is :no&n as the se##in+ 'rice or in short *8)
What &o!#" yo! say is 0etter% to yo! se## the item at a #o&er 'rice% same 'rice
or hi+her
'rice than yo!r 0!yin+ 'rice6 Yo! can "eci"e &hether the sa#e &as 'ro$ita0#e or
not
"e'en"in+ on the .8 an" *8) $ .8 @ *8 then yo! ma"e a 'ro$it = *8 - .8)
$ .8 = *8 then yo! are in a no 'ro$it no #oss sit!ation)
$ .8 A *8 then yo! have a #oss = .8 - *8)
Let !s try to inter'ret the statements re#ate" to 'rices o$ items)
S A toy 0o!+ht $or 1s 72 is so#" at 1s 20)
2)5)1 8ro$it or Loss as a 8ercenta+e
The 'ro$it or #oss can 0e converte" to a 'ercenta+e) t is a#&ays ca#c!#ate" on the
.8) 9or the a0ove e/am'#es% &e can $in" the 'ro$it H or #oss H)
Let !s consi"er the e/am'#e re#ate" to the toy) We have .8 = 1s 72% *8 = 1s
1%8 MATHEMATICS
<eha "oes it this &ay
8ro$it 2
8ro$it 'er cent = / 100 = 100
.8 72
= 1 / 100 = 111
G G
Th!s% the 'ro$it is 1s 2
an" 'ro$it 8er cent is 11-G)
*he:har "oes it this &ay
,n 1s 72 the 'ro$it is 1s 2
2
,n 1s 100% 'ro$it = 3 1TT
= 111) Th!s% 'ro$it 'er cent = 11G
*imi#ar#y yo! can $in" the #oss 'er cent in the secon" sit!ation) Here% .8 = 1s
120% *8 = 1s 100)
Try the #ast case)
<o& &e see that +iven any t&o o!t o$ the three (!antities re#ate" to 'rices that
is% .8% *8% amo!nt o$ 8ro$it or Loss or their 'ercenta+e% &e can $in" the rest)
7XA48L7 12 The cost o$ a $#o&er vase is 1s 120) $ the sho':ee'er se##s it at a
#oss o$ 10H% $in" the 'rice at &hich it is so#")
*ohan "oes it #i:e this
Loss o$ 10H means i$ .8 is 1s 100% Loss is 1s 10
There$ore% *8 &o!#" 0e
1s B100 - 10C = 1s G0
When .8 is 1s 100% *8 is 1s G0) There$ore% i$ .8
&ere 1s 120 then
G0
I
Anan"i "oes it #i:e this
= 10H o$ 1s 120
100
Th!s% 0y 0oth metho"s &e +et the *8 as 1s 102)
COMPARING QUANTITIES 1%4
*e##in+ 'rice o$ a toy car is 1s 5?0) $ the 'ro$it ma"e 0y sho'
:ee'er is 20H% &hat is the cost 'rice o$ this toy6
Amina "oes it #i:e this
20H 'ro$it &i## mean i$ .8 is 1s 100%
'ro$it is 1s 20
There$ore% *8 = 100 P 20 = 120
<o&% &hen *8 is 1s 120%
then .8 is 1s 100)
Ar!n "oes it #i:e this
8ro$it = 20H o$ .8 an" *8 = .8 P 8ro$it
*o% 5?0 = .8 P 20H o$ .8
100
1P1
5
6 5
= .8) There$ore% 5?0 / - = .8 56 or 1s ?50 = .8
Th!s% 0y 0oth metho"s% the cost 'rice is 1s ?50)
TR/ T'ESE
A sho':ee'er 0o!+ht a chair $or 1s 375 an" so#" it $or 1s ?00) 9in" the +ain
8ercenta+e)
.ost o$ an item is 1s 50) t &as so#" &ith a 'ro$it o$ 12H) 9in" the se##in+
'rice)
8.% C'AR-E -IVEN ON 7ORRO)ED 1ONE/ OR SI1,LE
INTEREST
*ohini sai" that they &ere +oin+ to 0!y a ne& scooter) 4ohan as:e"
her
&hether they ha" the money to 0!y it) *ohini sai" her $ather &as
+oin+
to ta:e a #oan $rom a 0an:) The money yo! 0orro& is :no&n as s!m
0orro&e" or 'rinci'a#)
This money &o!#" 0e !se" 0y the 0orro&er $or some time
0e$ore it is
ret!rne") 9or :ee'in+ this money $or some time the 0orro&er has to
'ay
some e/tra money to the 0an:) This is :no&n as nterest)
Yo! can $in" the amo!nt yo! have to 'ay at the en" o$ the year 0y a""in+ the
s!m
0orro&e" an" the interest) That is% Amo!nt = 8rinci'a# P nterest)
1&8 MATHEMATICS
*,L;T,< The s!m 0orro&e" = 1s 5%000% 1ate o$ interest = 15H 'er year)
This means i$ 1s 100 is 0orro&e"% she has to 'ay 1s 15 as interest $or one year) $
she has 0orro&e" 1s 5%000% then the interest she has to 'ay $or one year
= 1s 3 / 5000 = 1s 750
100
*o% at the en" o$ the year she has to +ive an amo!nt o$ 1s 5%000 P 1s 750 = 1s
5%750)
We can &rite a +enera# re#ation to $in" interest $or one year) Ta:e P as the
'rinci'a# or s!m an" R H as 1ate 'er cent 'er ann!m)
<o& on every 1s 100 0orro&e"% the interest 'ai" is 1s R
R x P P x R
There$ore% on 1s P 0orro&e"% the interest 'ai" $or one year &o!#" 0e )
2)6)1 nterest $or 4!#ti'#e Years
$ the amo!nt is 0orro&e" $or more than one year the interest is ca#c!#ate" $or the
'erio" the money is :e't $or) 9or e/am'#e% i$ Anita ret!rns the money at the en" o$
t&o years an" the rate o$ interest is the same then she &o!#" have to 'ay t&ice the
interest i)e)% 1s 750 $or the $irst year an" 1s 750 $or the secon") This &ay o$
An" amo!nt yo! have to 'ay at the en" o$ T years is A = P P I
TR/ T'ESE
1) 1s 10%000 is investe" at 5H interest rate ')a) 9in" the interest at the en" o$ one
year)
2) 1s 3%500 is +iven at 7H ')a) rate o$ interest) 9in" the interest &hich &i## 0e
receive"
at the en" o$ t&o years)
3) 1s 6%050 is 0orro&e" at 6)5H rate o$ interest ')a)) 9in" the interest an" the
amo!nt
to 0e 'ai" at the en" o$ 3 years)
?) 1s 7%000 is 0orro&e" at 3)5H rate o$ interest ')a) 0orro&e" $or 2 years) 9in"
I
COMPARING QUANTITIES
7XA48L7 21 $ 4anohar 'ays an interest o$ 1s 750 $or 2 years on a s!m
o$ 1s ?%500% $in" the rate o$ interest)
9or 2 years% interest 'ai" is 1s 750 There$ore% $or 1
,n 1s ?%500% interest 'ai" is 1s 375 There$ore% on 1s
100% rate o$ interest 'ai"
TR/ T'ESE
1) Yo! have 1s 2%?00 in yo!r acco!nt an" the interest rate is 5H) A$ter ho&
many years &o!#" yo! earn 1s 2?0 as interest)
2) ,n a certain s!m the interest 'ai" a$ter 3 years is 1s ?50 at 5H rate o$ interest
E*ERCISE 8.+
1) Te## &hat is the 'ro$it or #oss in the $o##o&in+ transactions) A#so $in" 'ro$it
'er cent or #oss 'er cent in each case)
BaC Iar"enin+ shears 0o!+ht $or 1s 250 an" so#" $or 1s 325)
B0C A re$ri+erater 0o!+ht $or 1s 12%000 an" so#" at 1s 13%500)
BcC A c!'0oar" 0o!+ht $or 1s 2%500 an" so#" at 1s 3%000)
B"C A s:irt 0o!+ht $or 1s 250 an" so#" at 1s 150)
2) .onvert each 'art o$ the ratio to 'ercenta+e5
BaC 351 B0C 25355 BcC 15? B"C 15255
3) The 'o'!#ation o$ a city "ecrease" $rom 25%000 to 2?%500) 9in" the
6) U!hi se##s a &ashin+ machine $or 1s 13%500) *he #oses 20H in the 0ar+ain)
What &as the 'rice at &hich she 0o!+ht it6
7) BiC .ha#: contains ca#ci!m% car0on an" o/y+en in the ratio 1053512) 9in" the
BiiC $ in a stic: o$ cha#:% car0on is 3+% &hat is the &ei+ht o$ the cha#: stic:6
1&2 MATHEMATICS
2) Amina 0!ys a 0oo: $or 1s 275 an" se##s it at a #oss o$ 15H) Ho& m!ch "oes
she se## it $or6
G) 9in" the amo!nt to 0e 'ai" at the en" o$ 3 years in each case5
BaC 8rinci'a# = 1s 1%200 at 12H ')a) B0C 8rinci'a# = 1s 7%500 at 5H ')a)
10) What rate +ives 1s 220 as interest on a s!m o$ 1s 56%000 in 2 years6
11) $ 4eena +ives an interest o$ 1s ?5 $or one year at GH rate ')a)) What is the
s!m she has 0orro&e"6
)'AT 'AVE )E DISCUSSED9
1) We are o$ten re(!ire" to com'are t&o (!antities in o!r "ai#y #i$e) They may 0e
hei+hts% &ei+hts% sa#aries% mar:s etc)
2) Whi#e com'arin+ hei+hts o$ t&o 'ersons &ith hei+hts150 cm an" 75 cm% &e
&rite it as the ratio 150 5 75 or 2 5 1)
3) T&o ratios can 0e com'are" 0y convertin+ them to #i:e $ractions) $ the t&o
$ractions are e(!a#% &e say the t&o +iven ratios are e(!iva#ent)
?) $ t&o ratios are e(!iva#ent then the $o!r (!antities are sai" to 0e in 'ro'ortion)
9or e/am'#e% the ratios 2 5 2 an" 16 5 ? are e(!iva#ent there$ore 2% 2% 16 an" ?
are in 'ro'ortion)
5) A &ay o$ com'arin+ (!antities is 'ercenta+e) 8ercenta+es are n!merators o$
$ractions &ith "enominator 100) 8er cent means 'er h!n"re")
9or e/am'#e 22H mar:s means 22 mar:s o!t o$ h!n"re")
6) 9ractions can 0e converte" to 'ercenta+es an" vice-versa)
11 75 3
9 or e/am'#e% 100 H &hereas% 75H =
?? 100 ?
7) =ecima#s too can 0e converte" to 'ercenta+es an" vice-versa)
9or e/am'#e% 0)25 = 0)25 / 100H = = 25H
2) 8ercenta+es are &i"e#y !se" in o!r "ai#y #i$e%
BaC We have #earnt to $in" e/act n!m0er &hen a certain 'er cent o$ the tota#