AOP/NRRPM

SPECIAL EVENT PROGRAM PLAN PORTFOLIO

!
Table of Contents

Meet the Crew ....................................................................................................................2
Mission, Vision, and Values ..............................................................................................3
Needs Assessment ...............................................................................................................4
Goals and Objectives .........................................................................................................5
Logic Model ........................................................................................................................6
Program Description .........................................................................................................8
Facilitation Management .................................................................................................16
Operation Plan .................................................................................................................19
Diversity Plan ...................................................................................................................23
Marketing Plan .................................................................................................................26
Financial Plan ...................................................................................................................31
Risk Management ............................................................................................................36
Evaluation .........................................................................................................................43
Works Cited ......................................................................................................................62












#
Meet the Crew

$ %&'()*(
$ +*),
$ -./01'((1
!"#$"%&
$ %&1(('
$ +*/21&
$ 304'
$()"%&(*+ *"#,
$ 5.620(
$ %&'()*(
$ 7.81
$ 9&':1
,#%-"*(./ *"#,
$ 5/1;
$ 5/1;06
$ <&08
$ 3&062'
0(.#.1(#! *"#,
$ +=&0620'(
$ >.?*
$ -':8
$ -./01'((1
23"%#*(2.&40#1(!(*#*(2. *"#,
$ +='61
$ +*),
$ @/041&
$ A='((*(
%(&- ,#.#/",".* *"#,
B
Mission, Vision, and Values

Mission: It is the mission of SNOWJAM 2013 to benefit the children at the Capitol West
Boys & Girls Club. For at-risk youth, we will provide and teach winter outdoor
recreation, and through donations of winter gear provide the means to do so.

Vision: AOP/NRRPM will be the provider of outdoor recreation events and opportunities
that serve youth.

Values:
Social justice, sustainability, active living
Growth through experiential education
Respect for the outdoors (LNT)
Sense of community
Outdoor play and fun
Accessibility, equality, and equity










C
Needs Assessment

SNOWJAM is needed because it will provide winter recreation opportunities, education,
and the means for continued outdoor recreation for children who may otherwise not have
a chance for such an experience. Winter is a long season in Utah and without the means
to enjoy it, can be quite depressing. Participants of our event will learn a variety of fun
and safe ways of enjoying the winter season. This will help them to be engaged in their
community and to lead an active lifestyle without being discouraged by winter weather.

Specific needs are the venue, participants, instructors, equipment, donations, food, drink,
ski passes, liability waivers, evaluation questionnaires, banners, thank you cards, program
planning, understanding course content, having a successful program, having fun, making
connections, networking, and learning.















D
Goals and Objectives



Goals


Objectives
Provide winter activity
opportunities for youth

Teach 8 children to ski at Solitude Ski Resort
Go to the Boys & Girls Club to engage in winter sports
and activities with the children.
To educate people on
sustainability, active
lifestyles, and the
importance of natural
resources

Provide winter clothing to the Boys & Girls Club.
Show how reusing clothing is practical and sustainable at
both program locations
Show the benefits of active living and how to make it
possible for everyone at both program locations
Show how natural resources for winter sports are
threatened at both program locations
For everyone involved to
have a positive learning
experience

Provide everyone involved (students, children, Boys &
Girls Club faculty, donors, and partners) with an
evaluation
For everyone involved to write on the evaluation one
thing they learned and one thing they liked
To receive the evaluations from everyone they were
given to and write conclusions and recommendations





















E
Logic Model



Resources &
Inputs

Activities Outputs

Outcomes


Impacts

Solitude
Solitude Venue
Transportation
Lift tickets
Rentals
Instructors (lesson)
Staff
Donated winter
clothing for youth
Activities and
accompanying gear
Evaluations
1!-2 hour ski
lesson until
4:00pm
Alternative
games
Education of the
Boys & Girls
Club, Big 3,
LNT, and winter
recreation

8 youth are
taught to ski
8 youth
provided with
winter clothing
and food and
drink
Donations are
collected
People are
provided with
various
education

Partners
companies
are
promoted
Youth
recreate
outside this
winter
Youth use
their new
gear and
what they
have
learned

Youth
develop
winter
outdoor
recreation
habits
Youth learn
how to
provide
their own
means for
winter
outdoor
recreation

Boys &
Girls
Club

Boys & Girls Club
Venue
Staff
Boom-box
Donated winter
clothing and items
for youth
Activities and
accompanying gear
Evaluations

Outdoor party
from 1:30 to
5:00pm
Rotational
outdoor games
with lessons for
youth, age
appropriate
Gear giveaway
with outdoor
games
Hot chocolate,
snacks and
evaluation

Youth of the
Boys & Girls
Club attend an
outdoor party
Youth play
outdoor games
and receive
outdoor
education
Youth receive
clothing and
various gear for
participation


F
Logic Model Caveat:

The logic model that was set up needed to be adapted because the program plan changed
on the day of the program. The adaption that was made was the outdoor party that had
been planned. This change had to be made due to the weather. The weather outside was
too cold for the children in the clothing that they had brought. The temperature outside
was well below twenty degrees. When the team arrived at the Boys and Girls Club the
management at the club would not let the students play outside for fear of cold-related
ailments. The time frame also had to be adjusted. Because the outdoor programs were
adapted to be inside, the party only went until 4:00 instead of the planned 5:00 time. The
clothing donations were used and groups did try to teach outdoor winter ethics to the
children.

G
Program Description


SNOWJAM 2013 is an event designed to benefit the Boys & Girls Club, promoting play
through winter sports and activities. The program will also be collecting winter clothing
items, which will then be donated to the Boys & Girls Club. The program will take place
at the Boys & Girls Club and Solitude Mountain Resort.

BOYS & GIRLS CLUB SCHEDULE
9:00am - 11:00am
Entire SNOWJAM personnel will meet at our Friday meeting spot to
organize all donated clothing items, and take care of any necessary
last minute items in preparation for the event.
11:00am - 12:00pm
SNOWJAM personnel will be given this hour to go get lunch and
take care of personal needs before meeting at the Boys & Girls Club.
12:00pm
Entire group arrives at Boys & Girls Club (excluding Erik, Oliver
and Trace, who will be at Solitude.)
12:00pm -12:15pm
Brandon, Cody and Julieanne will meet with the Boys & Girls Club
to go over itinerary for the day.
12:15pm - 1:00pm
Entire group gets everything prepped for the children to arrive.
Members of SNOWJAM will go over rotations for the day to ensure
everyone knows where they will be located throughout the event.
Beanies will be set up and available to the youth upon arrival. At
this time SNOWJAM will also give the donated items to the Boys &
Girls Club. Additional necessary preparation for the activities will
take place at this time.
1:00pm - 1:15pm Entire group will be ready to meet and greet the children.
1:15pm Children begin to arrive from elementary school.
1:15pm - 1:25pm Welcome to SNOWJAM 2013. Explain rotations.
H
1:25pm - 1:30pm
Get into rotations. At this time there probably will not be enough
youth to be in all six rotations, but the program will begin anyway,
as children will trickle in as they get out of school at different times.
1:30pm - 1:45pm 1
st
Rotation
1:45pm - 1:50pm Transition to next station.
1:50pm - 2:05pm 2
nd
Rotation
2:05pm - 2:10pm Transition to next station.
2:10pm - 2:25pm 3
rd
Rotation
2:25pm - 2:30pm Transition to next station.
2:30pm - 2:45pm 4
th
Rotation
2:45pm - 2:50pm Transition to next station.
2:50pm - 3:05pm 5
th
Rotation
3:05pm - 3:35pm
Hot chocolate and snacks in the kitchen. Evaluation of the children
will take place in the gym. Cody, Austin and Kiva will manage this
activity by separating the children into three separate lines and
having them evaluate our program by placing stickers on a poster.
Alexis, Brenna and Julieanne will pass out the stickers to the
children.
3:35pm - 3:40pm
Everyone involved in the program will be given this time for a drink
and bathroom break.
3:40pm - 3:50pm
The group participating in SNOWJAM will walk to a park located
two blocks away from the Boys & Girls Club. This will be the final
activity of the day, led by Brenna and Julieanne, and the assistance
of the rest of the group. The children will be divided into groups of
three and the game will be explained to them.
3:50pm - 4:05pm
Begin 6
th
and final rotation at the park. Big group activity #1 - Relay
Races
4:05pm - 4:10pm Explain new game.
4:10pm - 4:25pm Big Group Activity #2 - Freeze Tag
!I
4:25pm - 4:35pm Children will be debriefed.
4:35pm - 4:40pm Walk back to the Boys & Girls Club.
4:40pm - 5:00pm Clean up.


Activity Rotation Map




























Program Personnel Timeline






!!


SNOWJAM Schedule





































!#
Activity Descriptions

Station 1: Ninja - Cody/Hugo/Alexis: This game will involve having all of the
children and captains of the game get into a big circle. At the same time, everyone will
strike a ninja pose moving into the circle. The goal of this game is to not get touched by
someone elses ninja move. This game promotes creativity and being active with your
body.

Station 2: Snowman - Jack/Brandon: This game will involve dividing the children
into two groups. Each group will be given about 15 minutes to construct a snowman
using the snow and any other found decorations, such as rocks or sticks. Jack and
Brandon will be the captains of each team to help direct the children. At the end of the
rotation, they will vote on the best snowman. This aims to teach them about the fun that
can be had while playing in the snow. SNOWJAM would like them to learn the attitude
of winter simply being a new type of recreation and fun, rather than snow being an
inconvenience that comes every year. If there is not enough snow for this activity, then
we will use an alternative ball game. If the ball game fails, we will set up the slack-line
and teach the kids about balance and its benefits.

Station 3: Yee-Haw - Kiva/Chase/Austin: This is a fun and socially oriented game.
The children and captains of the game will gather in a circle to play a game full of
laughter and quick thinking. It gets people to open up and get out of their comfort zone in
!B
a safe environment. This game promotes that you do not have to have any props to play a
fun game; all you need is a few people.

Station 4: Re-Layer - Krista/Colter/Luke: This game involves getting the children
into two lines where they will then compete against each other to try and layer each
captain with different layers of clothing, such as hats, gloves, scarves, sweaters and coats.
There will be three points in the relay line. The captain will stand at the beginning of the
line with the other children. Each individual will run to the first cone, putting their hands
under their armpits while jumping up and down five times followed by slapping their
thighs five times. They will then proceed to skip to the second cone where they will
perform the Russian foot warming dance, after which they will shuffle to the final cone
where the clothing layers are waiting. The child will grab the layer and run back to put
the clothing on the captain before tagging the next child. Once all layers have been added
to the captains, they will then take off those extra layers. Whoever completes all these
steps first wins. The lesson behind this game is to teach children how to properly layer or
delayer in varying outdoor conditions.

Station 5: Eco-Freako - Shannon/Christian/Alex: This is a type of tag game, where
some children will be Polluters and the other children (the Cleaners) will tag them to get
rid of the pollution. Four rounds will be played, each with an emphasis on a specific
environmental issue that is relevant to the Salt Lake Valley. Depending on the age and
ability of the group, the game will be adapted to challenge the children. The four round
themes will be: Sasquatch (as a fun rules round), Water Clean Up, Wildfire Prevention,
!C
and Air Pollution/Inversion. Ways that the game can be adapted include requiring a
recitation of the ABCs in order to move on, introducing glob tag rules, and quizzing the
children on information after each round. The lesson of this game is to help bring
awareness of environmental issues to the children and ways they can help to manage the
problems found along the Wasatch Front.

Station 6: Relay Races/Freeze Tag - Brenna/Julieanne: These two games will
involve the entire group participating at SNOWJAM. First, the children will be divided
into three groups and put into three separate lines. The Over-Under relay race will
involve trying to be the first team to get a ball from the front of the line to the back of the
line, by going under the childrens legs and over the childrens heads. The child at the
back of the line with the ball will then run to the front and start over again, and the first
team to have all the children finish will win. The hula-hoop relay race will involve the
same three teams in the same lines, but they will be holding hands. They will be given a
hula-hoop at one end and have to wiggle their way down the line to get the hula-hoop to
the other end. The relay races promote teamwork. After finishing the relays, a game of
Freeze Tag will be played. This game involves having three children who are it try to
tag everyone else. If someone does get tagged, he or she has to freeze in place.
Whoever else has not been tagged can run under the frozen persons legs to un-freeze
them. The goal for the it children is to freeze everyone else. The lesson for this game
is to simply have fun, and to tie in the lessons from Re-Layer.




!D









SOLITUDE SCHEDULE
1:00pm Oliver, Trace and Erik arrive at Solitude Mountain Resort
1:00pm - 2:00pm
Organize donated clothes and SNOWJAM beanies. Meet with Solitude
staff. Any other preparations that are necessary before the arrival of the
children will need to take place at this time.
2:00pm The eight children from the Boys & Girls Club arrive at Solitude.
2:00pm - 2:30pm
Meet and greet with the children. Get outfitted with the donated
clothing and geared up with the Solitude rentals.
2:30pm - 4:00pm Ski lesson.
4:00pm - 4:30pm Return ski rentals to Solitude.
4:30pm - 5:00pm
The children leave Solitude and Oliver, Trace and Erik do whatever is
necessary to wrap up the event.










!E
Facilitation and Management

In the weeks leading up to the event, SNOWJAM members will be gathering clothing
donations in order to outfit the participants from the Boys & Girls Club. To gather the
clothing, we will place donation boxes in locations as listed in the Marketing section. We
will also gather donations from SNOWJAM personnel, along with donations from local
sponsors.

In preparation for the ski day, the program will gather the clothing donations that have
been received and take them to the Boys & Girls Club prior to the actual program. At this
time, the eight children who are going skiing will try on the clothes to ensure that they
will have everything they need for their ski day. The Boys & Girls Club will be the ones
to decide which eight children from the ages of 8-12 get to go. Once the clothes have
been organized for each child, the SNOWJAM group will separate them into bags to have
ready for them up at Solitude. If there are missing items at this time, the final two and a
half weeks will be set aside to acquire the needed gear. If these extra items are not
donated, reserved money from the budget will be used to purchase them.

On the day of the event, the Boys & Girls Club van will be arriving at Solitude at
2:00pm. Three members of SNOWJAM (Oliver, Erik and Trace) will arrive one hour
early to get everything set up. These three members will have the clothing organized so
that when the children arrive they will be able to get them outfitted quickly. They will
help get the children their rental equipment, and then head out with the Solitude ski
instructors, one of which is Oliver, for 1.5-2 hours of skiing until lifts close. If any
!F
children do not want to participate, or do not want to participate for the entire time, then
Erik and Trace will be available to facilitate other activities, such as building snowmen.
When the resort closes the Boys & Girls Club participants will depart and keep their
donated clothing with them. At this time, Oliver, Erik and Trace will pack up and head
home.

The other portion of the event will concurrently take place at the Boys & Girls Club
facility. The rest of the members of the program who are not at Solitude will be
participating in this part of our event of SNOWJAM. It will be at this time that remaining
donations will be given to the Boys & Girls Club. In addition to this, SNOWJAM will
have activities for the children to participate in.

The program will work with the elementary age children at the club and aim to teach
them about the importance and possibility of outdoor recreation, and playing in the snow
through six different activities. To do this, Sarah from the Boys & Girls Club will divide
the children into age groups and Julieanne will assign each group to a certain activity.
These will be both indoor and outdoor activities, which will be dependent upon weather
conditions and the discretion of Boys & Girls Club staff members. Each activity will last
for 15 minutes with a five-minute transition time in between. Julieanne and Brenna will
manage the clock and assist in transitioning the children from one station to the next. In
addition, the program will provide and serve hot chocolate to the children during one of
the rotations. Julieanne, Brenna and Shannon will assist Sarah of the Boys & Girls Club
in preparing and passing out the hot chocolate to the children.
!G

At the end of the six rotations, Cody, Kiva and Austin will give the children a brief
survey for evaluation, which will take place in the gym inside the Boys & Girls Club.
Brenna, Alexis and Julieanne will help facilitate the evaluation as needed by passing out
the stickers to the children. The evaluation will be done in the method of using three
different posters and stickers, which the Evaluation team will then be able to analyze
after the event is complete. Once the children have completed the evaluation, everyone
will be given the opportunity to take a 10-minute bathroom break before moving on to
the last part of SNOWJAM.

After the break, SNOWJAM members, participants and some of the Boys & Girls Club
staff will walk two blocks away to a nearby park. This will be the location of the big
group activities. Upon arrival at the park, Brenna and Julieanne will divide the children
into three groups to play a relay race. After that activity is complete, the final activity of
Freeze Tag will take place.

Immediately after the final activity, Julieanne will debrief the children. Questions such
as, What did you learn today? and Did you have fun? Why? will be asked. After the
children are debriefed, the entire group will walk back to the Boys & Girls Club. The
children will then get ready for dinner that is served at the Boys & Girls Club at 5:30pm.
All SNOWJAM members will give a huge thank you to the leaders and all staff
associated with the Boys & Girls Club. SNOWJAM members will then clean up and the
program will be complete.
!H
Operation Plan

Group Roles and Responsibilities

Diversity Plan Group: It is this groups task to ensure the fundament of our mission
statement is met. That is to expose youth of varying racial and ethnic backgrounds to the
importance of and means to winter outdoor recreation. These youth are also from a
diverse socioeconomic background, with many of them not having access to these
activities. The Diversity Plan Group will ensure that our event caters to all participants by
taking into account ability levels, socioeconomic status, age, and any other elements that
may be relevant.

Marketing Plan and Evaluation Group: It is this groups first task to spread awareness
of our event to the community and any potential donors. This is done via posters put up
throughout the community and around the campus, as well as donation boxes. The
purpose of the posters and the boxes is to collect donations of useable winter clothing and
gear which will be given to The Boys & Girls Club of Greater Salt Lake to distribute to
children in need of these items. This groups second task will be to create an evaluation
of the event to determine whether it accomplished what it was supposed to as laid out in
the program plan. To do this, they will need to create a system, which is simple enough
for the participants to give accurate and useable feedback.

Financial Plan Group: It is this groups task to plan, oversee, and evaluate every
financial aspect of our event. Every dollar spent and every dollar donated has to be
#I
accounted for and recorded. Since SNOWJAM staff will not be taking cash donations,
the majority of this groups job is to plan a budget for the event to ensure that the
program is able to put on a good and worthwhile event for these children without going
over the budget. Expenditures, which the Financial Plan Group will need to manage,
include: supplies for the event (like tables and toys), refreshments for the children (hot
chocolate, napkins and cups), and beanies with a SNOWJAM logo on them. If the
program does not collect enough winter clothing and gear to outfit all the participants
with, there will be a need to go to thrift stores and use the budget to purchase winter
clothing and gear so all participants are outfitted.

Operations and Facilitation Group: It is this groups task to plan and oversee the event
itself and all activities therein. This group acts as managers overseeing the entire event,
which includes but is not limited to: creating a schedule of events and activities and
making sure that schedule is kept, overseeing personnel and participants, and planning
and facilitating activities.

Risk Management Group: It is this groups task to identify and manage potential
liability issues. It is imperative for the group skiing at Solitude because skiing is an
inherently dangerous sport with a great deal of liability attached to it. It is also important
for the group at The Boys & Girls Club because SNOWJAM will be holding activities
outside in the middle of December, which presents all the risks involved in spending time
outdoors in colder temperatures. Risk management policies will be essential because
many of the programs activities will require the children to run and play, which may also
#!
present some issues such as risk of injury. All of these liabilities must be accounted for
and minimized by the Risk Management Group before the event takes place. During and
after the event it will be their job to manage issues that may arise.

Leaders: Aside from the five groups listed above, there are three leaders who manage
and oversee the entire event and the SNOWJAM group as the event takes place. The
leaders are Julieanne, Cody, and Brandon. These three conduct all event planning
meetings, create drafts of our program plan, and manage group members to make sure
every member carries out their assigned tasks.

Operations
Program Policies: Because the activity we will be providing to the participants has high
risks and consequences, liability will need to be addressed. Parents will need to sign
liability and photo release forms provided by both the Boys & Girls Club and Solitude
Mountain Resort.

Registration: Registration will be completed by the Boys & Girls Club. It has chosen to
bring as many as eight children to the resort to participate in the program, and it will take
care of the actual registration process with the parents while we will reserve two ski
instructors at the resort.

Staff Preparation: SNOWJAM members will have a global meeting (including the Boys
& Girls Club staff, SNOWJAM 2013 staff and Solitudes ski instructors) to go over the
schedule for the day to make sure everyone is on the same page from the start. This will
##
also help us determine exactly who is taking care of the hot chocolate stand, welcoming
the participants, taking care of the children clothing, etc.

Program Pricing: SNOWJAM 2013 is a free event for the participating youth. The plan
will utilize as little of the budget as possible. One of SNOWJAMs goals for the event is
to try to operate with a no budget policy by trying to work exclusively with donations.
The plan is to donate any profit back to the Boys & Girls Club, so that the smaller the
expenses are, the higher the profit will be.
#B
Diversity Plan

SNOWJAM will accommodate elementary aged children of all lifestyles, and is
especially focused on accommodating children from differing racial and ethnic
backgrounds. There are current trends of outdoor activities being participated in by a
predominantly white, middle-class population, and, while it is possible that these trends
are due to contrasting racial and ethnic cultures, it is likely that socioeconomic factors
also play a role in excluding individuals from outdoor activities (Franzini et al., 2010).

For these reasons, SNOWJAM is aimed towards giving racially diverse, at-risk youth the
opportunity to enjoy outdoor winter activities. SNOWJAM is partnering with the Boys &
Girls Club (Capitol West location) to find and work with these diverse youth. 96% of the
children at the Capitol West Club come from low-income families and 85% from
minority populations (Boys and Girls Club, 2012). The diversity of the Capitol West
Club membership makes them the perfect participants for this program.

SNOWJAMs participants were limited to elementary-aged children. This limitation will
ensure that the participants are responsible enough to behave safely both on the mountain
and during the activities, while also being young enough to have these experiences be
new and exciting.

SNOWJAM will follow all ADA regulations. The program has two locations; the first is
Solitude Mountain Resort. Solitude is accessible to people of varying ability levels.
#C
There are an adequate number of accessible parking spaces and clearly accessible routes.
There are no curbs or ramps, and everything is at ground level. Solitude lodges are also
accessible, and follow all ADA regulations, including statutes for doors, bathrooms,
drinking fountains, elevators, and signage.

Solitude does not offer adaptive ski sports, but they are willing and able to bring in
certified and capable adaptive trainers if there is a need. Solitude management is aware
of ADA regulations and adaptive needs, and is prepared to help people of all ability
levels enjoy their time at Solitude Mountain Resort.

The second location is the Capitol West Boys & Girls Club and the outdoor area
surrounding the club. The Club adheres to most ADA regulations. The parking lot has
an accessible space and a ramp built at an acceptable gradient, and inside the club most
routes are accessible and are adequately wide. However, the upper level of the club is
only accessible by stairs. Because SNOWJAM is a private program and understands the
participants are able-bodied and accustomed to this location, the lack of elevator should
not present a problem.

SNOWJAM will also take place in the grassy space around the Club. The parking lot has
a ramp that leads to this space, and the area is on the same level as the club so no ramps
or lifts are needed. All benches are detectable and are at least 27 inches high and there
are no overhanging signs that would present a problem to people with visual
impairments. This area is entirely accessible and complies with ADA regulations.
#D

Both Solitude Mountain Resort and the Boys & Girls Club will be entirely accessible to
the participants. Staff will be on hand at both locations if an accessibility issue arises;
however, this precaution should not be needed.





#E
Marketing Plan

The goal of SNOWJAMs marketing plan is to collect donations. Individual public
donations are being collected as well as donations from commercial businesses. Most of
the donation drive will be by display of donation boxes with SNOWJAM flyers (see
Marketing Files for a sample of the promotional materials) in high traffic areas. This will
target a well-rounded audience for public donations. These donations have been
requested starting November 1st, and the donation drive will end on December 1st.
Another way the donation drive is being advertised is through social media, e-mail blasts,
and word of mouth. The social media and email blasts contain basic information to public
and inform individual donors of how they can help accomplish the goal of providing
winter gear for the Boys & Girls Club of Greater Salt Lake. In conjunction with these
social media updates, all SNOWJAM members are utilizing word of mouth to get people
interested, excited, and donating.

The second part of the donation process is striving to get commercial business donations.
These are items that will be used to benefit the Boys & Girls club, as well as giving the
businesses that donate solid advertising, rooted in values and contributions to the local
community. This has been accomplished through personal networking, emails, calls, and
visiting businesses to see if they would be willing to donate to SNOWJAM.

#F
Public Donations
Winter clothing donation boxes-Locations of Boxes:
The Union Building, Main Lobby, University of Utah
Peterson Heritage Center, Main Lobby, University of Utah
Marriott Honors Community, Main Lobby, University of Utah
Marriott Library, By Entrance, University of Utah
Holladay Lions Fitness and Recreation Center, Main Entryway, Holladay, UT
Security National Life Insurance, Main Break Room, Salt Lake City, UT
9
th
and 9
th
Smiths, Main Entrance, Salt Lake City, UT
Flyers
Flyers include information on: Items Needed, Sponsors, Logo, Explanation of Event,
Blank Space for any potential notes that may need to be placed or approval stamps.
Flyers were posted on and/or around donation boxes in plain sight.
Social media posts
Using the entire AOP/NRRPM group to use their Social Media Networking group to
get the information out to a broader audience through social media mediums.
Efforts have been made to have local snow sports clubs post about this donation
drive on their social media, and other websites.
Email blasts
These are a case-by-case basis. Along with doing social media updates in reference
to SNOWJAM 2013 we will have our AOP/NRRPM group send emails out to
#G
anyone and everyone they can in order to maximize the amount of visibility of the
drive, the sponsors, programs, and people involved.
Commercial Donations
Utilizing phone calls and emails to various goods and services businesses of Salt
Lake City inquiring about potential donations, and telling them the benefits for us
and the benefits for them.
After setting up an appointment, or doing a drop by; personally meeting with
businesses to acquire commercial donations, and being a face with the program and
for the program.
Keeping a list of those people who were to contact local businesses and attempt
contact and donation, and following up frequently to ensure maximum individual
efforts within the program personnel.
The goal is to contact 19 or more businesses and get donations or other materials to
help accomplish this event. This number was established by the approximate amount
of people who were willing to contact businesses they knew, and try to get donations
from.
#H
Marketing Flyer



















BI
Flyers for the Boys & Girls Club




B!
Financial Plan


Budget Goals
Our goal is to not exceed our budget of $776.00 for SNOWJAM 2013 by seeking out
donations, keeping each group on track financially and by using our available funds as
efficiently as possible.

Fundraising Plan
Our fundraising plan for SNOWJAM 2013 is to engage the local community and shops
by asking for clothing donations that a child can wear while partaking in winter
recreation activities. The SNOWJAM marketing team posted flyers on campus and in
local shops explaining the program and asking for donations. Individual members of the
SNOWJAM team approached local companies asking for donations such as winter coats
and hats. Many individuals also searched their personal homes or asked friends and
neighbors to help with clothing donations. The fundraising goal for SNOWJAM is based
on being able to outfit the eight participants going skiing with a coat, hat, gloves, and t-
shirt. SNOWJAM also hopes to provide a variety of cold weather gear to as many of the
children from the Boys & Girls Club as possible.

Money Handling Plan
SNOWJAM members are not taking any monetary donations. The only money handling
will be on behalf of the individual responsible for purchasing items such as the beanies,
hot chocolate, paper, stickers, and any excess clothing that is not met by donation needs.
B#
This individual will be responsible for tracking expenditures and keeping receipts so as to
get reimbursed from the budget provided by student funds.















BB


BC

The estimated monetary value of items was determined in the following fashion. The
items were first categorized into groups: winter coats, sweaters, hats, gloves, boots, T-
shirts, winter pants, pants, gift cards/donations, and miscellaneous. Then, prices of each
category were estimated by finding an item that accurately represents the less valuable
end of the group on Walmart.com (a store of higher quality than a thrift store but lower
BD
quality than a non-discount retail store) and using that price for each item in the group.
Donated gift cards were demarcated by their monetary worth and the retailer at which
they can be used; donations such as zoo and museum passes were given the value
entrance would be normally priced at. Given the method of value estimation, the
monetized donations given to the Boys & Girls Club is conservative.



BE
Risk Management
Risk Management Plan
The risk management plan of SNOWJAM will identify all foreseeable risks. It will then
evaluate those risks through the frequency and severity of which they may occur.
Following will be the treatment of risks by the steps retain, reduce, transfer, and
avoid/close. The final step is the implementation of the risk management through
policies, procedures, and timeliness.

Goal
The aim is to achieve best practice in controlling all the risks to which SNOWJAM 2013
is exposed. We will achieve this by identifying our priority exposures, addressing these
by incorporating appropriate risk management strategies, risk improvements and
contingency planning into our program, monitoring and reviewing ongoing risk to
account for changes in our operations and to enable us to make well-informed decisions
on risk controls.

Objectives
Be conscientious of all risks that could occur prior to and during the day of the
event.
Be familiar with the Boys & Girls Club protocols and procedures in case of an
emergency.
Ensure that all children involved fill out the necessary forms and releases.
BF
The Venues

Boys & Girls Club
The Boys & Girls Club is located in downtown Salt Lake City on 567 West 300 North.
The Boys & Girls Club is dedicated to successful youth development by providing
positive guidance of their members to make choices in which will lead them to be caring
and responsible adults. The immediate surrounding area of the Boys & Girls Club
provides the opportunity for outdoor play.

Solitude
Solitude Mountain Resort is located at 12000 Big Cottonwood Canyon Rd, Solitude,
Utah. Solitude is a popular ski resort for many people in the greater Salt Lake area. As a
ski resort they provide an array of jobs for the area along with an abundance of outdoor
recreation opportunities for those that can afford it.

Supervision
Each SNOWJAM activity leader will be responsible for managing risk within their span
of control. While skiing at Solitude the children will be supervised by their instructor
who is trained to manage risks associated with skiing while teaching a younger audience.



BG
Rules and Regulations
SNOWJAM will follow the basic rules set in place by the Boys & Girls Club: Respect
others, respect yourself, and respect the club. Violations of the rules will be deal with by
the Boys & Girls Club staff. Safety expectations will be delivered to the children before
beginning activities.

Response to Incidents or Injuries
All incidents will be reported to the appropriate Boys & Girls Club staff member.
Appropriate forms will be filled out in the event of an incident.

First Responders
Members of the Boys & Girls club staff are certified in basic first aid and CPR in the
event of an emergency. Some members of SNOWJAM staff are certified wilderness first
responders or emergency medical technicians and will be able to provide first aid if
necessary. In the event of a serious injury further medical aid will be requested by calling
9-1-1 for advanced life support. In the event of an injury while skiing at Solitude
members of the ski patrol on staff at the mountain will handle injuries.

Emergency Exits
All emergency exits are clearly marked with a sign above the door that is visible with and
without adequate lighting. There are maps located next to each door designating other
exits from the building in the event that a particular exit is blocked.

BH
Handling Donations
All clothes received by means of donation will be washed before donating to the Boys &
Girls Club.

Photography
A disclaimer will be provided before the event to the Boys & Girls Club staff members to
distribute to the children participating. All participants have the option to not have their
photo taken and published. But if their photo is taken the photographer has received
permission to use their photo.

Food
Only group members who currently hold a Utah Food Handlers Certificate will distribute
any food or beverages provided during SNOWJAM. Any participants who consume food
or drink will be expected to wash their hands before returning to group activities. Group
members serving food will be required to wash their hands before beginning service.

Facility
In the event of losing electricity during our event it will not change much in regards to
the program. Our activities are taking place outdoors and will not require power.
In the event of a fire during our event we will follow the appropriate protocols and
considerations put in place by the Boys & Girls Club. They are: accessibility and
condition of the sidewalk and walking area. Removal of snow and/or application of salt
to provide a better surface friction may be used if deemed necessary.
CI
Contingency Plan
If weather prohibits Boys & Girls Club to drive up the canyon on event date, a new event
date will be scheduled in January, according to availability of Boys & Girls Club and
Solitude Mountain Resort.

Solitude Mountain Resort Venue
Solitude Mountain Resort performs regular maintenance and safety checks on all lifts and
runs. Ski boundary lines are maintained and set up daily by ski patrol for the safety of
guests and staff. Parking lots and walkways are shoveled and salted though ice may still
be present and therefore poses the risk of slipping. Resort staff will address any hazards
upon notification.

Potential Risks
There are inherent and other risks involved with the sport of skiing/boarding. The
following are potential risks we may face while skiing.
Injuries associated with skiing or snowboarding
o Fractures
o Contusions
o Avulsions
o Abrasions
o Concussions
o Ligament and tendon sprains,
strains, and tears
Cold Weather related injuries
o Frostbite/Frost nip o Hypothermia
Other potential risks
o Visibility
o Terrain quality
o Loading/Unloading, and riding lifts
o Separation from the group
Weather
Weather will only prohibit youth from skiing in the case of transportation up the
canyon. Based upon temperatures, breaks can be taken inside ski school lodge to
rest/warm-up.

Supervision
All instruction and lessons will be performed by qualified and trained employees from
Solitude Snowsports Academy. Supervision of youth will be under the responsibility of
Solitude Instructors while on the ski hill, though liability of the resort, staff and
equipment will be released to parents/guardians. Staff from the Boys & Girls Club are
welcome to view lessons and walk the hill.

Risk Reduction
Solitude Snowsports Academy focuses on safety, learning, and fun. Instructors educate
youth on mountain and lift safety. Solitude abides by the National Ski Area Association
Responsibility Code, and educates students and visitors on this code as well as added
safety tips. In addition, lift safety and procedures are taught to students to ensure that
safety is the resorts top priority.

Accident/Incident Procedures
In the case of an emergency, instructors will contact Solitude Mountain Resort
dispatchers who will immediately contact Ski Patrol and the Solitude Snowsports
Academy. Instructors will also contact a direct supervisor who will then contact and
C#
work with legal guardians or persons responsible for child. An additional instructor will
meet with the class on the hill and take over the remaining students and lesson time. The
initial instructor will remain with the injured student to meet with ski patrol who will
address if any further action will need to be taken.

CB
Evaluation


The subjects of the evaluation are: donors (businesses), participants (Boys & Girls Club
youth), venues contacts (Boys & Girls Club and Solitude Mountain Resort), and
program personnel (AOP/NRRPM students).

The items needed for evaluation are:
Outputs
Solitude:
8 youth are taught to ski
8 youth provided with winter clothing and food and drink
Donations are collected

Boys & Girls Club:
Youth of the Boys & Girls Club attend an outdoor party
Youth play outdoor games and receive outdoor education
Youth receive clothing and various gear for participation
256789:;J
Solitude:
Partners companies are promoted
Youth recreate outside this winter
Youth use their new gear and what they have learned
Boys & Girls Club:
Partner companies are promoted
Youth recreate outside this winter
Youth use their new gear and what they have learned
CC
Impacts:
Solitude
Youth develop winter outdoor recreation habits
Youth learn how to provide their own means for winter outdoor recreation
Boys & Girls Club
Youth develop winter outdoor recreation habits
Youth learn how to provide their own means for winter outdoor recreation

Our instruments of evaluation will be:
Interactive evaluations for the children at the event
Questionnaires, thank-you letters with photos sent to the donors and venue contacts via
email or personal visits, within three days of the event
Hard copy evaluation questionnaires for the program personnel after the event
CD
Evaluation Questionnaire for Maren and Sarah of the Boys & Girls
Club, Capitol West location
The evaluation questionnaire for the staff of the Boys & Girls Club will produce a
combination of quantitative and qualitative data. The data includes chosen options as
well as personal comments and answers. These questionnaires were emailed to Maren
and Sarah the evening of the program. Sarah printed her copy out, wrote then scanned
her answers, and emailed that back. Maren typed here answers on the emailed file and
emailed it back. The original questionnaire is as follows:

Thank you for being such an important part of SNOWJAM 2013. We are very glad we
could work with you in order for our program to help benefit the children at the Boys &
Girls Club. We hope they were provided and taught outdoor winter recreation activities
and given the means to do so through the donations we raised. The following evaluation
questionnaire will give us valuable information that we will use to judge the quality of
our event and to give us feedback. Your honest and thoughtful answers would be greatly
appreciated.

1. Did SNOWJAM provide an above average day at the Boys & Girls Club for the
children?
O yes O no
Comments:________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. The event was focused on the elementary school age children, so on a scale from
1 to 5 how much did they seem to enjoy it?
O 5 Most fun experience ever
O 4 They had lots of fun
CE
O 3 Just another day at the BGC
O 2 Not quite as fun as a normal day
O 1 Terrible experience
Should we have included the older children?
O yes O no

3. What did the children learn at SNOWJAM? Check all that apply.
O How to play outside activities
O How to dress for any weather
O Environmental ethics
O Nothing, they just played
O Other: ___________________

4. Were the activities well managed, appropriate?
O yes O no
Comments:________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. Was the programs risk properly managed?
O yes O no If no, what risk was poorly managed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

6. How effective was our clothing donation?
Comments:________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

7. Did the personnel appropriately pick/adapt to the available facilities?
O yes O no
Comments:________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

8. On a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being terrible organization and 5 being exceptionally
smooth and organized, how organized was SNOWJAM?
CF
O 5 exceptionally smooth and organized
O 4 the program flowed and went well
O 3 adequate, the program worked, nothing more
O 2 below average, the program was very choppy and poorly planned
O 1 terrible organization, dysfunctional, the program failed to work

9. Were the goods and services of SNOWJAM, the donated clothes, activities, and
lessons, provided equally and with equity to the BGC children?
O yes O no
Comments:________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

10. In which categories were the personnel of SNOWJAM not prepared or
professional?
O Initial contact and meetings
O Set up
O Facilitation
O Clean up
O None

11. Any additional feedback or comments:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

CG
Conclusions and Recommendations for Boys & Girls Club Staff


With very little variance Maren and Sarah had similar evaluations of SNOWJAM. The
differences lay in a Likert scale and personal comments and feedback.

Summary
The enjoyment of the kids at SNOWJAM was described as an above average day, a high
sense of excitement, creating and holding interest, and rated 4/5 by both evaluators. The
elementary school age was a very appropriate focus. It was felt as if the kids learned
something about activities to play outside, dressing for any weather, and environmental
ethics. SNOWJAM personnel impressed both evaluators with the planning of the
program, the management, how prepared they were, the level of professionalism, risk
management, interactions with the children, and the organization and flow was rated an
average of 4.5/5. The donations benefitted all members of the Boys & Girls Club and
were Beyond anything we could have imagined! Many, many kids will be warm this
winter. Another comment was Thank You, Thank You, Thank You for allowing a few
of the kids the opportunity to ski they had the time of their lives!

Conclusions
1. The children had an enjoyable experience at SNOWJAM but there was some
room for improvement.
2. The children appeared to learn what we tried to teach, activities to play outside,
dressing for any weather, and environmental ethics.
3. The SNOWJAM personnel were prepared, and professional, and planned,
managed, managed risk, interacted with the children very well.
CH
4. The donations were an amazing success and had a very large impact on all
members of the Boys & Girls Club.
5. There seemed to be room to be a little more organized and create a better flow
throughout the program.
Recommendations
1. In preparation for a similar event do research to find out what type of activities
the children like the most at the club and implement the lessons into similar
activities.
2. Test the childrens knowledge and see if they can apply what they learn.
3. For similar events make sure a similar sense of enthusiasm and passion is present
in order to perform at the same or even higher level.
4. Communicate to the donors and sponsors what a huge success and impact they
were a part of to encourage future donations.
5. Create flexible plans with backup plans when facilitating events like this in the
future.
DI
Evaluation Questionnaire for Solitude Mountain Resort Representative

We are conducting this survey to establish the success of the event held at Solitude
Resort, as well as determining future networking and events.

1. Do you feel as if the facilitators of this event communicated efficiently with Solitude in
coordinating SNOWJAM?
Why or why not?
Yes, Oliver was great in giving us time to get the go ahead to provide passes and
rentals and coordinating your event.

2. If you were asked to do a similar event to SNOWJAM in the future, would you request
more time beforehand to establish the event?
Why or why not?
We had plenty of time, just need enough time to speak with the right people to get
permission for passes and rentals.

3. Would you be willing to hold an event in the future such as this one?
Most definitely

4. On a scale of 1 - 10 (1 being Strongly Disagree, 10 being Strongly Agree) Do you feel
that this
event (SNOWJAM) was worth the resorts time and resources?
Explain: 10 Solitude Mountain Resort is happy to provide experiences such as this
to youth in our community.

5. What are some improvements that you could suggest for similar events in the future?
If there were to be more kids, we could provide more instructors.

D!
Conclusions and Recommendations for Solitude Mountain Resort

Conclusions
1. There was a sufficient timeframe for Solitude to prepare for the event, considering
the items needed for the success of the event.
2. Solitude enjoyed helping us accomplish this event, and exuberantly expressed
interest in helping in the future with similar events.
3. We were able to facilitate a successful ski event for children from the Boys &
Girls Club.
Recommendations
1. When getting information for who will be attending the event, be sure to get the
size of shoes they wear, to ensure quick boot fitting and ski placement.
2. Solitude was willing to get more instructors for the event in the future; so
establishing a bigger event is possible, and they are willing to help.
3. Make sure there is sufficient time in between permission slips, and other required
information for the participants, to ensure a smooth transitional event.
D#
Evaluation Questionnaire for SNOWJAM Personnel
The evaluation questionnaire for SNOWJAM personnel will produce qualitative and
quantitative data. The data includes chosen answers as well as personal comments and
answers. The Friday after the program all personnel were given the questionnaire and a
hard copy of the anonymous answers was collected from everyone. The original
questionnaire is as follows.

1. Which planning group are you in? What was your workload compared to other
groups?______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Was our program successful? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How much fun did the children seem to have? Which activity appeared the most fun?
1 2 3 4 5
A miserable day An average BCG day The most fun day I have ever had
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What did you learn from this event?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. What was the hardest part of this event for you?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

6. How organized was this event?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. What was one positive part of the event? What was one negative?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

8. Which is the most important part of the event? Did we focus on this?
DB
Safety Having fun Learning Organization
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Did all students participate and contribute equally to the program? Please explain?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What could have been done better? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Please provide feedback for the program leadership:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

11. Did we use the knowledge we learned in class? Please provide one example.
Yes No
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12. What things you think we should improve in future?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

DC
SNOWJAM Personnel Conclusions and Recommendations

The feedback from the SNOWJAM's own personnel was mostly positive, but
admitted that there was room for change. The first area of analysis was the shared
workload. It should be noted that this data may be skewed as individuals were unable to
accurately compare their team's workload with others. The amount of work between
individuals and groups needed to be evaluated to determine if the shares were fair. Of the
class individuals, 35% was determined to have a slightly easier load, 35% was
determined to have an average load, and 30% was determined to have a slightly heavier
load (fig.01) The financial team and the marketing & evaluation team tied for the
heaviest perceived workload, while the diversity team had the lightest perceived load.
(fig.02) 24% of the class thought that a single person in their group did more than their
fair-share of work.
Fig.01 Fig.02

The participants definitely had fun in this program. 56% of the class perceived the
kids to have an experience rated 4/5. The other 44% perceived the kids to have an
experience rated at 5/5. No one gave a low score. Some of the main ideas the class

DD
learned during the process of planning an event included: 'kids are fun/pleasant to work
with' (2 students), 'kids are difficult to work with' (2), 'programs need a back-up plan' (2),
'programs need flexibility' (3), 'patience' (1), 'how to plan/run a program' (5). There was a
variety of other topics stated as well.
Some of the main areas the class felt a struggle in included: 'collecting/managing
donations' (2), 'planning and organization' (7), 'handling kids' (7), 'dealing with the cold'
(2). These challenges attracted the most attention out of the myriad of other challenges.
While the class included planning and organization as one of the biggest obstacles, 55%
gave organization a 5/5 score. 22% gave it a 4/5 score. 22% gave organization a 3/5
score. No one gave a lower score.
The personnel unanimously agreed that the program was successful (with one
outlier who questioned the amount of success because of our deviation of purpose, but
agreed nonetheless). 52% of the class stated that the reason for success was that the
participants were happy, had fun, or basically had a good time. 36% of the class stated
that the reason the program was successful was that the goals of donated clothing were
met. 8% thought it was successful because the participants learned new things. The
remaining 4% stated safety to be the most successful part of the program (fig.03).
Initially there was some concern that the program's vision would lose focus, but in
this final evaluation, there was a consensus that our focus was maintained. The dispute
came in what the vision, or main drive for the program, actually was. 63% of the class
saw the focus to be 'fun', 17% found it to be 'safety', 15% found it to be 'education', and
5% saw it to be organization. (fig.04) It is interesting to compare the similar categories in
each topic, as shown in the graphs below.
DE

Fig.03 Fig.04

The leaders were also evaluated on their proficiency by the personnel. The
responses were mostly positive, but there were areas that were stated to have room for
improvement. 65% felt that the leaders needed to delegate more, 12% suggested more
structure, 18% thought communication could've been improved, and 5% saw a need for
better planning. There was an agreement that the leaders took most of the workload, and
the class recognized this but felt like they had little say in the matter.
Overall, this program was considered to be a success by the personnel. This was
for multiple reasons. The participants were provided with plenty of opportunities to have
fun, and the clothing donation goal was met by far. The leaders worked well with the
personnel, and while their techniques could improve, the general consensus of the class
was entirely positive. Of course, there is always room to innovate and progress, and in
certain areas this evaluation proved that. This will provide areas to focus on when
planning a similar program.




DF
Evaluation Questionnaire for SNOWJAM Donors


The evaluation questionnaire for all donors and sponsors of SNOWJAM will produce a
combination of qualitative and quantitative data in the forms of chosen answers and
personal comments and answers. The plan was to email and personally deliver the
questionnaire with accompanying Thank-You letters and program photographs. But
because of the small amount of time between the program and the due date of the Special
Event Program Plan Portfolio, six days or four business days, it was not reasonable to
expect the filled out questionnaires back by then. Instead Thank-You letters with
program pictures were delivered to the program donors and sponsors. The original
questionnaire is as follows.

Thank You!
Dear [donor],

Thanks to your recent contributions of [x donations] to the SNOWJAM program and the
Boys & Girls Club, we were able to clothe and prepare [x number children] for the cold
winter months! These children and their parents were elated to receive a little extra
warmth from some generous folks. [Insert more personalized thank-yous here i.e.
descriptions of an individual who benefited from the specific piece of clothing from the
respected donor] [also include a picture of said child(ren). This first page with focus on
the letter while the second will focus on the questionnaire, so that the donor may keep the
letter and return the survey]
DG

We would like a little feedback from you in order to better any future programs and get
an idea of how well we did. Please use the scales and a short written elaboration to
respond, and feel free to be completely honest. These will be kept entirely confidential.
You may return the survey electronically to trace.carrillo@gmail.com, or simply call us
with your response at (575)-202-4852. The questionnaire can be found on the next page.

Again, thank you so much for your contributions! Thanks to people and organizations
like yours, these children, as well as yourselves, continue to restore our faith in humanity.

1. Did you feel that your contributions to our program made a difference in childrens
life?
1 2 3 4 5
Not at all Somewhat Very much so


2. Were the personnel of SNOWJAM professional and a pleasure to interact with? If
not, how could they improve?
1 2 3 4 5
Unprofessional Acceptable Very Professional



3. How likely are you to donate to additional programs like this one in the future?
1 2 3 4 5
Unlikely Somewhat Likely Extremely Likely


4. What was the main reason that motivated you to donate to our program?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
!"
References
Boys and Girls Club of Greater Salt Lake. (2012). [Annual Report]. Retrieved from
http://www.bgcgsl.org/annualreport.aspx
Franzini, L., Taylor, W., Elliott, M. N., Cuccaro, P., Tortolero, S. R., Janice Gilliland, M.
M., & ... Schuster, M. A. (2010). Neighborhood characteristics favorable to
outdoor physical activity: Disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic
composition. Health & Place, 16(2), 267-274. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.10.
009