1

Solutions to BFC21103 Assignment No. 2

Q1. [Final Exam Sem. 2 Session 2008/2009]
(a) What is conveyance factor K?
Conveyance K of a channel section is a measure of the carrying capacity of the
channel section per unit longitudinal slope.
Chezy formula
2
1
2
1
CAR
S
Q
K
o
= =
Manning formula
3
2
2
1
1
AR
n
S
Q
K
o
= = (1)

(b) Figure below shows a trapezoidal channel and its dimensions. The channel also
has bottom slope of 0.0036 and side slope of 1.5 (H): 0.75 (V). Determine the
value of Chezy resistance coefficient C and velocity of flow if flowrate is 10
m
3
/s.










Given trapezoid section, longitudinal slope S
o
=0.0036, side slope z =
75 . 0
5 . 1
=
2, and flow rate Q =10 m
3
/s.

Flow area
3 2 1
A A A A + + =
since
3 2
A A = ,

+ =
2
1 1
2
1
2 zy y B A
( ) ( )
2
3 . 1 2 5 . 1 5 . 0 + = A
13 . 4 = A m
2
(1)

Wetted perimeter
3 2 1
P P P P + + =
( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 1
1 2 2 z y y B P + + + =

( ) ( )
2
2 1 3 . 1 2 2 . 0 2 5 . 0 + + + = P

7138 . 6 = P m (1)

Hydraulic radius
P
A
R =

7138 . 6
13 . 4
= R
6152 . 0 = R m (1)

1.5 m
0.2 m
0.5 m
1
2
3
2
Chezy flow resistance equation
2
1
2
1
o
S ACR Q =
Rearranging
2
1
2
1
o
S AR
Q
C =

2
1
2
1
0036 . 0 6152 . 0 13 . 4
10

= C

45 . 51 = C (1)
Velocity of flow
A
Q
V =

13 . 4
10
= V

421 . 2 = V m/s (1)



(c) A wide rectangular channel has a slope of 0.0004 and Manning n =0.02. If
2.54 m
3
/s/m flow is to be conveyed in this channel, estimate the normal depth.

Given q =2.54 m
3
/s/m, S
o
=0.0004, and n =0.02.

Manning flow resistance equation
2
1
o
3
2
1
S AR
n
Q = (1)
For rectangular section, A =By, and for wide channel R y (1)
Thus, ( )
2
1
o
3
2
o o
1
S y By
n
Q =

2
1
o
3
5
o
1
S By
n
Q =
Dividing both sides by B:
2
1
o
3
5
o
1 1
S By
n B B
Q
=

2
1
o
3
5
o
1
S y
n
q = (1)
Rearranging:
2
1
o
3
5
o
S
qn
y =
Substituting all the known values:
2
1
3
5
o
0004 . 0
02 . 0 54 . 2
= y

749 . 1
o
= y m (1)







3
(d) The trapezoidal channel is to carry 18 m
3
/s of flowrate with a bottom slope of
0.0009. Given that Mannings n is 0.026 and the sides of channel are inclined
63.4 to the vertical, determine the bottom width, depth and velocity for the
best hydraulic section.

Given Q =18 m
3
/s, S
o
=0.0009, n =0.026, z =tan 63.4 2









For best hydraulic trapezoidal section with constant side slopes,
( )
2 2
1 2 y z z A + = (1)
and
2
y
R = (1)
Thus,
( )
2 2
2 2 1 2 y A + =


2
4721 . 2 y A =


Manning resistance flow equation

2
1
o
3
2
1
S AR
n
Q =

2
1
o
3
2
S
Qn
AR =

2
1
3
2
o 2
o
0009 . 0
026 . 0 18
2
4721 . 2

=

y
y
017 . 10
3
8
o
= y

3729 . 2
o
= y m (1)

Therefore,

2
4721 . 2 y A =

9196 . 13 = A m
2


Flow velocity
A
Q
V =

9196 . 13
18
= V

2931 . 1 = V m/s (1)
63.4
B
y
o

4
For a trapezoidal section,

2
zy By A + =

y
zy A
B
2

=
zy
y
A
B =
( ) 3729 . 2 2
3729 . 2
9196 . 13
= B

1203 . 1 = B m (1)



Q2. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2010/2011]
(a) Based on figure below and using section factor equation, prove that:
( ) 94 . 15
12 . 8
10 58 . 4
10 58 . 4
3
2
2
2
=

+
+ =
y
y y
y y Z
when the discharge of the uniform flow is 34 m
3
/s, with the same bed slope S
o

=0.001 and Manning coefficient n =0.015.































y
o

y
o

2y
o

45
60 10 m
2
o
y

45
60
1
2 3
5
Flow area
3 2 1
A A A A + + =
( ) [ ] ( )

+ + + + =
2 2
2
1
2 zy By By zy By A
( ) ( ) [ ]

+ + + + =
3
10 1 2
2
o
o o o
2
o o o
y
y y y y y y A

o
2
o
10 577 . 4 y y A + = (1)


Wetted perimeter
3 2 1
P P P P + + =
( ) ( )
2
o
2
o
1 2 1 2 z y B z y B P + + + + + =
( )

+ + + + + =
2
o o
2
o o
3
1
1 2 1 1 2 2 y y y y P

o o o o
3
4
2 2 2 y y y y P + + + =

o
138 . 8 y P = (1)

Given Q =34 m
3
/s, S
o
=0.001 and n =0.015,


Manning resistance flow equation

2
1
o
3
2
1
S AR
n
Q =
Section factor

3
2
2
1
o
AR
S
Qn
Z = =

2
1
o
3
2
S
Qn
AR = (1)

2
1
3
2
o
o
2
o
o
2
o
001 . 0
015 . 0 34
138 . 8
10 577 . 4
10 577 . 4

=

+
+
y
y y
y y
128 . 16
138 . 8
10 577 . 4
10 577 . 4
3
2
o
o
2
o
o
2
o
=

+
+
y
y y
y y (1)








6
(b) Determine the depth of flow y
o
of the channel if the best hydraulic section is
needed for a composite section as in figure below to convey 6.5 m
3
/s of water.
Manning coefficient n and bed slope are 0.015 and 0.0015, respectively.
















Given Q =6.5 m
3
/s, n =0.015 and S
o
=0.0015

Best hydraulic section for triangular section is when z =1. (1)
Thus, 25 . 2
2
5 . 4
1
= = y m

Flow will fill up the triangular section first,

2
1
zy A =
If the flow filled up the entire triangular section 25 . 2
1
= y m

2
25 . 2 = A
0625 . 5 = A m
2


Wetted perimeter
2
1
1 2 z y P + =
2 5 . 4 = P
3640 . 6 = P m (1)

The flow rate within the triangular section for full flow,

2
1
o
3
2
1
S AR
n
Q =

2
1
3
2
0015 . 0
3640 . 6
0625 . 5
0625 . 5
015 . 0
1

= Q

2222 . 11 = Q m
3
/s >6.5 m
3
/s (1)

Thus, for the channel to convey 6.5 m
3
/s, the flow will only be in the triangular
section.


4.5 m
y
o

y
1

y
2

7

2
1
o
3
2
S
Qn
AR = (1)

2
1
3
2
1
2
1 2
1
0015 . 0
015 . 0 5 . 6
2 2

=

y
y
y
5174 . 2 5 . 0
3
8
1
= y

8334 . 1
1
= y m (1)

Therefore, y
o
= 8334 . 1
1
= y m


Q3. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]
(a) Water flows at a depth of 2.5 m in a rectangular concrete channel (n =0.013)
with width 12 m and channel slope 0.0028. Find the velocity and flow rate.












Flow area 30 5 . 2 12 = = = By A m
2

Wetted perimenter 17 5 . 2 2 12 2 = + = + = y B P m
Hydraulic radius 7647 . 1
17
30
= = =
P
A
R m (1)

Manning flow resistance equation

2
1
o
3
2
1
S R
n
V =

2
1
3
2
0028 . 0 7647 . 1
013 . 0
1
= V

9441 . 5 = V m/s (1)


Flow rate AV Q =
9441 . 5 30 = Q
32 . 178 = Q m
3
/s (1)


y =2.5 m
B =12 m
n =0.013
S
o
=0.0028
8
(b) A housing area needs a channel to convey 9.8 m
3
/s of rainfall. A trapezoidal
channel is proposed with 3 width and located on the side slope of 3
(horizontal) : 4 (vertical). If the channel is concrete lined (n =0.013) and
bottom slope S
o
is 1:2000, determine the normal depth using graphical method.







75 . 0
4
3
= = z



Flow area
2
zy By A + =

2
75 . 0 3 y y A + = (1)

Wetted perimeter
2
1 2 z y B P + + =

2
75 . 0 1 2 3 + + = y P
y P 5 . 2 3+ = (1)

Manning flow resistance equation

2
1
o
3
2
1
S AR
n
Q =

2
1
o
3
2
S
Qn
AR = (1)
( )
2
1
3
2
o
2
o o 2
o o
0005 . 0
013 . 0 8 . 9
5 . 2 3
75 . 0 3
75 . 0 3

=

+
+
+
y
y y
y y
( ) 6975 . 5
5 . 2 3
75 . 0 3
75 . 0 3
3
2
o
2
o o 2
o o
=

+
+
+
y
y y
y y

y
o

3
2
AR
1 2.9050
1.2 3.9656
1.5 5.8388

(1)






3
4
n =0.013
Q =9.8 m
3
/s
B =3 m
S
o
=0.0005
9

From the data above,



















From the graph, y
o
=1.475 m (1)



Q4. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]
(a) Prove that the most efficient cross section for triangle is half of square channel.









Flow area
2
zy A =

2
y
A
z = (1)


Wetted perimeter
2
1 2 z y P + = (1)


4
2
1 2
y
A
y P + =

2
1
4
2
1 2

+ =
y
A
y P
y
o
- AR
2/3
relationship
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2 3 4 5 6 7
AR
2/3
y
o
5.6975
y
o
=1.475
1
z
y
10

2
1
4
2
2
2
2

+ =
y
A
y
y
y P

2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2

+ =
y
A
y
y
y P

2
1
2
2
2
2

+ =
y
A
y P
For efficient section, with A constant, 0
d
d
=
y
P
(1)
0 2 2
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
=

+

y
A
y
y
A
y
0 2 2
3
2
=

y
A
y
y
y
A
=
3
2

A y =
2


2
1
A y =

Therefore, z =1 or apex angle =90, which is half of square channel. (1)


(b) A concrete lined irrigation channel with Mannings n =0.020 is needed to
convey 12.5 m
3
/s of water. The channel has a trapezoidal section with bottom
slope S
o
=0.0015. Determine the effective size of the channel if the side slope
is restricted to 3 (horizontal) : 1 (vertical).

Given Q =12.5 m
3
/s, n =0.020, S
o
=0.0015 dan z =3

For best hydraulic trapezoidal section with constant side slopes,
( )
2 2
1 2 y z z A + = (1)
and
2
y
R =
Thus, ( )
2 2
3 3 1 2 y A + =


2
3246 . 3 y A =

Manning resistance flow equation

2
1
o
3
2
S
Qn
AR = (1)
( )
2
1
3
2
o
2
o
0015 . 0
02 . 0 5 . 12
5 . 0 3246 . 3

= y y
11
4550 . 6 0943 . 2
3
8
o
= y

0821 . 3
3
8
o
= y

5252 . 1
o
= y m (1)

Thus,
2
3246 . 3 y A =

2
5252 . 1 3246 . 3 = A
7334 . 7 = A m
2
(1)

Flow area is also given as
2
zy By A + =
zy
y
A
B =
( ) 5252 . 1 3
5252 . 1
7334 . 7
= B

4950 . 0 = B m (1)








3
1
n =0.02
B =0.495 m
S
o
=0.0015