Danh php trong ha hc hu c

Sau y l cch gi tn este theo yu cu ca mt s hc sinh.

Tn este gm: Tn gc hirocacbon R + tn anion gc axit (thay ui ic thnh at)
V d:
- HCOOC
2
H
5
: etyl fomat (hay etyl metanoat)
- CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
: vinyl axetat
- CH
2
=CHCOOCH
3
: metyl acrylat
- CH
2
=C(CH
3
)COOCH
3
: metyl metacrylat
- CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
CH(CH
3
)
2
: isoamyl axetat
- CH
3
COOCH
2
CH=CHCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
: hex-2-en-1-yl axetat
- C
6
H
5
COOCH=CH
2
: vinyl benzoat
- CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
: phenyl axetat
- CH
3
COOCH
2
C
6
H
5
: benzyl axetat
- C
2
H
5
OOC[CH
2
]
4
COOCH(CH
3
)
2
: etyl isopropyl aipat
- (CH
3
COO)
2
C
2
H
4
: etylenglicol iaxetat
- CH
2
(COOC
2
H
5
)
2
: ietyl malonat
- (CH
3
[CH
2
]
7
CH=CH[CH
2
]
7
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
: glixeryl trioleat (hay triolein hay trioleoylglixerol)
- : glixeryl panmitostearooleat (hay
panmitoylstearoyloleoylglixerol)
- CH
3
[CH
2
]
14
COO[CH
2
]
15
CH
3
: miricyl panmitat (hay sp ong)
Sau y l mt s quy tc c bn ca danh php IUPAC. Danh php ny c hi
ha hc c bn v ng dng quc t (the International Union of Pure anh Applied
Chemistry) thng qua nm 1957.
I CU TO CA HP CHT HU C V CU TO CA TN GI
Theo IUPAC, cu to mt hp cht hu c gm mt mch chnh v c th c cc nhnh,
nhm th hoc cc nhm chc gn vo n.
* V d 1:
Nhnh

Mch
chnh

Nhnh Nhm chc
Do tn ca mt hp cht hu c phi phn nh c cc hp phn cu to ni trn. Tn
theo danh php IUPAC gm 3 phn: u, thn v ui:
- Cc nhnh, nhm th v nhm chc ph to nn phn u
- Mch chnh hay vng chnh to nn phn thn
- Tn nhm chc chnh to nn phn ui
Trong v d trn: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on
u Thn ui
- u: hai mch nhnh metyl C s 5, c l 5,5 imetyl
- Thn: mch chnh c 7C (nh s t 1 n 7) khng c lin kt bi, c l heptan
- ui: nhm chc xeton C s 2, c l 2 on
V vy hp cht c tn l: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on
* V d 2:
Nhnh

Vng chnh Nhm th
2 amino 1 metyl benzen
u Thn
V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 amino 1 metyl benzen
* V d 3:
Nhm chc chnh

Vng chnh Nhm
chc ph
2 hiroxi benzen 1 - cacboxylic
V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 hiroxi benzen 1 cacboxylic
II CCH CHN MCH CHNH V NH S
1. Vi hirocacbon no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu nhnh nht v di nht, s 1 phi dnh cho C u gn mch
nhnh nht
* V d 4:
Mch chnh

Mch nhnh
2 metyl butan
- Khi mch chnh cha hai nhnh v tr cn i th s 1 u gn nhnh n gin hn
* V d 5:
Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh
4 etyl 3 metyl hexan
- Khi mch chnh c nhiu nhnh th cc s c nh theo quy tc s nh nht, ngha l phi
nh s sao cho tng ca chng trong tn gi l nh nht.
* V d 6:
Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh
5 etyl 2,3 imetyl heptan (tng = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10)
- Nu nh s ngc li, hp cht s c tn l: 3 etyl 5,6 imetyl heptan c tng = 14.
Theo th t ch ci th etyl phi c c trc metyl.
2. Vi hirocacbon khng no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu lin kt bi v di nht, s 1 dnh cho C u gn lin kt
bi
* V d 7:
Mch chnh

Mch nhnh
3 metyl hexa 1,4 ien
- Khi c c lin kt i v lin kt ba mch chnh th s 1 u gn lin kt i
* V d 8:

Pen 1 en 4 in
3. Vi hp cht mch vng
- Mch chnh l mch vng, s 1 dnh cho C trong mch chnh mang nhnh n gin nht,
cc s tip theo c nh theo quy tc s nh nht.
V d 9 V d 10 V
d 11

3 etyl 1 metyl xyclohexan 1 metyl 3 propyl benzen 2 etyl 1 metyl
naphtalen
- Khi hp cht c nhiu vng ri rc th mch chnh l mch thng.
* V d 12:

1,1,1 triclo 2,2 bis(4 clophenyl) etan (DDT)
(bis thay cho i nu nhm th phc tp)
- Khi c nhm th hoc nhm chc gn vi vng, s 1 t C trong mch vng gn trc tip
vi nguyn t nhnh hoc nhm chc c khi lng nguyn t nh nht. Cc s tip theo
cng c nh theo qui tc s nh nht.
* V d 13:

4 amino 1,2 imetyl benzen
Trong cng thc trn, s 1 dnh cho C gn vi CH
3
m khng phi C gn vi NH
2
v khi
lng nguyn t ca C nh hn ca N
- i vi mch nhiu vng ghp, nhiu cu.
* V d 14:

Spiro [2,3] hexan
Trong : hexan l tn gi mch chnh 6C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng c s C
theo th t tng dn l 2 v 3 c t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du phy. Hai
vng c chung 1 nguyn t C nn c tip u ng spiro.
* V d 15:

1,7,7 trimetyl bixiclo [2.2.1] heptan 2 on
Trong : heptan l tn gi mch chnh 7C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng v c 3
cu ni: cu 1234 c s nhp l 2C (C
2
, C
3
); cu 1564 c s nhp l 2C (C
5
, C
6
); cu 174 c s
nhp l 1C (C
7
). Ch s ch s nguyn t C mi cu c vit theo th t nh dn, t trong
ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du chm. Thm tip u ng bixiclo khi c chung cu ni.
4. Vi hp cht c nhm th, nhm chc
- Khi mch chnh c nhm th, nhm chc th s 1 t u gn nhm chc
* V d 16:
Mch chnh Nhm
chc

Nhm th

3 clo pentan 1 ol
- Khi hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln th s c nhm chc chnh (c hn cp
cao nht) v nhm chc ph. Mc hn cp ca cc nhm chc nh sau: COOH > CHO
> >C=O > OH > NH
2
. S 1 t u gn nhm chc chnh.
* V d 17:
Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph
2,3 ihiroxi butanioic
* V d 18:
Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph
Axit 3 oxopentanoic
* V d 19:
Nhm chc chnh



Nhm chc ph

Axit formylbutanioic
* V d 20:

Axit 4 hiroxi xiclohexan cacboxylic
Bin son H Ch Tun - H Y H Ni