Hiu sut detector ghi nhn ph gamma

ng Nguyn Phng
dnphuong1984@gmail.com
Ngy 21 thng 5 nm 2014
1 M u
Trong nhiu th nghim, iu m chng ta cn bit chnh l cc c trng ca tia gamma cng
nh cc c trng ca ngun m ta quan tm. Cc c trng ny c th l nng lng tia
gamma hay hot ca ngun, trong khi th m ta thu c ch l cc s m ghi nhn
c t detector. c th suy ngc t cc s m ny ra hot ngun ta cn phi bit hiu
sut ca detector.
Tt c cc detector ghi bc x ni chung u s tng cc s m xung cho mi ht vo tng
tc vi vng th tch hot ng ca n. Cc ht bc x mang in c bn chng hn nh alpha
hay beta tng tc bng cch ion ho hay kch thch cc nguyn t ca mi trng. Tng tc
ny din ra mt cch tc thi ngay khi cc ht i vo trong vng th tch hot ng (active
volume) hay cn gi l vng nhy (sensitive volume) ca detector. Cc ht ny s hnh thnh
cc cp ion dc theo qung ng i chc chn rng cc xung c to ra ln c
ghi nhn. Do vy, rt d dng detector ghi nhn c mi ht alpha hay beta vo trong vng
th tch hot ng ca n. Trong nhng tnh hung ny, detector c xem nh l c hiu sut
100%.
Mt khc, cc ht khng mang in tch chng hn nh tia gamma hay neutron u tin phi
tri qua cc tng tc vt l trong detector trc khi vic ghi nhn c th c tin hnh. Bi v
cc bc x ny c th i qua mt qung ng ln trc khi tng tc, hiu sut ghi nhn ca
detector thng nh hn 100%. Do vy cn thit phi c c cu hnh d on cho hiu sut
ca detector c th lin h c gia s m xung vi s photon hoc neutron n detector.
2 Hiu sut detector
2.1 Cch tnh hiu sut
Hiu sut ca detector c th c tnh bng cch s dng cc ngun m ta bit trc hot
(ta tm gi l cc ngun chun). bit c hot ca ngun chun vo thi im hin
ti C(t), trc tin ta cn bit hot ban u C
0
vo thi im xut xng, sau p dng
cng thc
C(t) = C
0
e
t
(1)
ng vi mi loi hiu sut s c cc cch tnh khc nhau, iu ny s c trnh by r hn
trong Phn 2.2.
Hiu sut ca mt tia gamma c nng lng xc nh c th c ni suy hoc ngoi suy t cc
hiu sut ca cc tia gamma chun m ta tnh trc . Lu l bng cch kt hp vic o
cc ngun chun vi vic o cc ngun cha chun c nng lng thp v cao i khi trnh
c ri ro trong vic ngoi suy ny.
1
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hiu sut ca vic o ngun c th tch c th c tnh bng cch o cc ngun im chun
ti cc v tr khc nhau m phng theo hnh hc ca ngun c th tch. Nu chng ta khng
bit vt liu phng x nm u trong lp v bc hy lp li vic o sau khi lt ngun li v
tnh hiu sut trung bnh.
2.2 Phn loi hiu sut
Chng ta c th chia hiu sut ca detector thnh hai loi: hiu sut tuyt i v hiu sut ni.
Hiu sut tuyt i (absolute efficiency) c nh ngha l t s gia s cc xung ghi nhn
c v s cc lng t bc x pht ra bi ngun. Hiu sut ny ph thuc khng ch vo tnh
cht ca detector m cn ph thuc vo b tr hnh hc (ch yu l khong cch t ngun n
detector).

abs
=
S m ghi nhn
S photon pht ra t ngun
(2)
Hiu sut thc/ni (intrinsic efficiency) c nh ngha l t s gia s cc xung ghi nhn
c v s cc lng t bc x n detector.

int
=
S m ghi nhn
S photon ti detector
(3)
i vi ngun ng hng, hai hiu sut ny lin h vi nhau mt cch n gin nh sau

int
=
abs
(4/) (4)
vi l gc khi ca detector c nhn t v tr ca ngun (Hnh 1).
Hnh 1: Minh ha gc khi ngun - detector
Trong mt s trng hp, vic s dng hiu sut ni thch hp hn so vi hiu sut tuyt i
bi v s ph thuc hnh hc t hn. Hiu sut ni ca detector ch ph thuc ch yu vo vt
liu detector, nng lng bc x v dy vt l ca detector theo chiu ca bc x ti. Vn
c s ph thuc nh ca hiu sut ni vo khong cch gia ngun vi detector bi v qung
ng trung bnh ca bc x n detector c th b thay i mt t vi khong cch ny.
Mt khc, hiu sut ca detector cn c th c phn loi bi vic ghi nhn ton b hay mt
phn s kin.
2
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hiu sut ton phn hay cn gi l hiu sut tng (total efficiency) nu chng ta chp nhn
tt c cc xung ca detector. Trong trng hp ny tt c cc tng tc, khng quan tm n
nng lng, u xem nh l c ghi nhn.
Trong phn b cao xung vi phn gi thuyt trong Hnh 2, ton b din tch di ph bng
tt c cc xung c ghi nhn, khng quan tm n bin , v c ghi nhn xc nh hiu
sut ton phn. Trong thc t, rt nhiu h thng o c lun lun t ra mt yu cu rng
cc xung phi ln hn mt mc ngng xc nh no c thit lp phn bit chng li
cc xung rt nh t cc ngun nhiu in t. Do vy, chng ta ch c th tin tim cn n hiu
sut ton phn l thuyt bng cch lm thp ngng ny ht mc c th.
Hiu sut nh (peak efficiency) ch ghi nhn nhng tng tc no mt ton b nng lng
ca bc x ti.
Trong phn b cao xung vi phn Hnh 2, cc hin tng mt nng lng ton phn ny
c th hin bi mt nh xut hin v tr cui ca ph. Cc hin tng m ch mt mt
phn nng lng ca bc x ti s xut hin pha tri ca nh ph. S cc hin tng mt
nng lng ton phn c th c thu bi mt tch phn n gin din tch ton phn di
nh, c cho thy qua nhng phn gch cho trong Hnh 2.
Hnh 2: Ph phn b cao xung
Hiu sut ton phn v hiu sut nh c lin h vi nhau qua t s nh/ton phn (peak-total
ratio) P/T (trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th s dng t s ton phn/nh T/P)
P/T =

peak

total
(5)
T s ny ph thuc yu vo khong cch t ngun ti u d v th c th b qua hiu ng
khong cch. Trong thc nghim, ngi ta s dng mt s ngun n nng nh
241
Am,
109
Cd,
51
Cr,
203
Hg,
137
Cs,
54
Mn,
65
Zn,... xc nh t s P/T.
Thng thng ng trn quan im thc nghim ngi ta ch s dng cc hiu sut nh, bi
v n s khng tnh n cc hin tng c gy ra do cc hiu ng nhiu chng hn nh tn
x t cc vt th xung quanh hay nhiu lon. T , gi tr ca hiu sut nh c th c thu
thp v ng dng mt cch ph qut cho cc iu kin khc nhau trong phng th nghim, ni
m hiu sut ton phn c th b nh hng bi cc iu kin khc nhau.
Do , tt nht hiu sut ca detector nn c m t da theo c hai tiu ch phn loi c
nu trn. V d, dng thng dng nht ca hiu sut thng c lp bng cho cc detector
o tia gamma l hiu sut nh thc (intrinsic peak efficiency), cn hiu sut c s dng thc
3
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
t ph bin nht l hiu sut nh tuyt i (absolute peak efficiency) hay cn gi l hiu sut
nh nng lng ton phn (full-energy peak efficiency FEPE)

p
=
S m ghi nhn ti nh nng lng ton phn (full-energy peak)
S photon pht ra t ngun
(6)
2.3 Hiu sut nh nng lng ton phn (FEPE)
Hiu sut nh nng lng ton phn (FEPE) hay gi tt hiu sut nh (peak efficiency) c
nh ngha l xc sut ca mt photon pht ra t ngun mt mt ton b nng lng ca n
trong th tch hot ng ca detector. Trong thc nghim hiu sut nh nng lng ton phn

p
c xc nh bi

p
(E) =
N
p
(E)
AI

(E)t
(7)
vi N
p
, A, I

(E) v t ln lt l din tch nh nng lng ton phn, hot ti thi im o

(Bq), xc sut pht tia gamma, thi gian o (s).
Hiu sut nh l mt hm theo nng lng tia gamma v khong cch gia ngun detector.
S ph thuc vo khong cch c th c b qua nu chng ta thay th bng hiu sut thc,
xc nh bng s m ca nh nng lng ton phn chia cho s tia gamma n detector.
cc mc nng lng tia gamma cao th cc detector tr nn tng i trong sut (xc sut
tng tc nh hn 20 hay 30%), hiu sut thc gn nh t l vi th tch hot ng ton phn
ca detector. Do vy, hu ht cc detector thng mi c c trng bi th tch hot ng
ton phn ca chng (c tnh theo cm
3
).
i vi cc detector c dng khng i xng, hiu sut thc c th thay i ng k ph thuc
vo s nh hng ca ngun tng i vi trc ca detector, bi v b dy trung bnh ca
detector dc theo chiu ca bc x ti hu nh quyt nh trong vic xc nh hiu sut thc.
i vi detector ng trc hay c dng hnh hc phc tp, hiu sut thc thng kh tnh ton
mt cch chnh xc t cc s m ghi nhn c bi v bt nh trong vic xc nh gc khi
hiu dng ca detector.
2.4 Hiu sut tng
Hiu sut tng (
t
) c nh ngha nh l xc sut ca mt photon pht ra t ngun mt bt
k nng lng khc khng ca n trong th tch hot ng ca detector. xc nh c hiu
sut tng, trc tin ta cn xc nh s m tng, s m ny c th c tnh theo cng thc
N
t
=
R

i=ETZ
C
i
+ C
ETZ
ETZ (8)
y R l s knh tng ng vi bin phi ca nh nng lng ton phn, C
i
l s m ti
knh th i, C
ETZ
l s m trung bnh ti knh ngng ct ca ph ETZ (extrapolation to
zero). Khi hiu sut tng c tnh bng cng thc sau

t
(E) =
N
t
(E)
AI

(E)t
(9)
2.5 Hiu sut danh nh
i vi cc detector germanium, hiu sut nh c th c trnh by bng nhiu cch khc
nhau. Mt trong nhng cch trnh by l s dng hiu sut danh nh (nominal efficiency).
4
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
y l gi tr hiu sut detector c trnh by bi hu ht cc nh sn xut thng mi.
Hiu sut danh nh l hiu sut nh tng i so vi hiu sut nh ca mt tinh th nhp
nhy NaI(Tl) hnh tr chun c kch thc 3

, khong cch gia ngun vi detector c

cho l 25cm trong c hai trng hp chun ho. nh nng lng thng thng c s dng
xc nh hiu sut l quang nh 1.333MeV t ngun
60
Co. Tuy vy, ch c din tch quang
nh ca germanium c th c o trc tip, cn gi tr hiu sut ca detector NaI(Tl) c
tnh bng cch s dng mt ngun chun v bng cch gi s mt hiu sut nh tuyt i c
gi tr 1.2 10
3
.
T l hiu sut ca detector germanium khi chng c gii thiu ln u tin trong thp k 60
ch l vi phn trm nhng hin gi c th t ti 200% i vi detector ln nht hin nay.
Nhng pht trin trong tng lai chng hn nh cc k thut ch to tinh th vn ang c
tip tc nhm to ra nhng detector c hiu sut cao hn na.
3 ng cong hiu sut
Khi hiu sut ca detector c o nhiu nng lng bng cch s dng ngun chun, ngi
ta nhn thy cn thit phi lm khp n thnh mt ng cong t cc im ny c th m
t hiu sut ton vng nng lng m ta quan tm.
i vi cc detector germanium, mt s cng thc thc nghim c m t trong cc ti liu
v cng c a vo trong cc gi phn mm s dng cho vic phn tch ph tia gamma.
Hai dng thng dng nht ca detector germanium l cu hnh phng v ng trc
Detector c cu hnh phng (planar detector) cng thc n gin c a ra u tin
bi Mowatt cho nhiu loi detector khc nhau trn vng nng lng t 60keV n 1863keV
=
K [ + Q exp(RE)]
+
{1 exp [P( + )]} (10)
vi v l cc h s hp th quang in v Compton trong germanium nng lng E; v
K, Q, R, P l cc h s c lm khp t cc im thc nghim.
Detector c cu hnh ng trc (coaxial detector) i vi detector dng ny c nhiu hm
lm khp c a ra, pht trin v so snh trong khong nng lng t 50keV n 8500keV .
Cc hm thng dng nht cha t 3 n 9 thng s thc nghim m chng c lm khp t
cc nh o c trong thc nghim, mt s thng s c th c b qua nu khong nng
lng c gii hn. Nhng cng thc c nhiu thng s hn ni chung tho nhng khong nng
lng rng hn, nhng cng nhiu nguy c xut hin cc cc dao ng phi vt l trong hm lm
khp nu cc im d liu nm trong mt khong rng. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc khong
nng lng c chia ra lm hai hay nhiu phn v ngi ta thng lm khp tng phn theo
tng khong nng lng ring bit ny. bao qut cc khong nng lng rng ln, ngi ta
thng s dng mt cng thc tuyn tnh th hin mi tng quan gia logarit ca hiu sut
v logarit ca nng lng
ln =
N

i=1
a
i

ln
E
E
0

i1
(11)
vi E
0
l nng lng tham kho c lm khp v a
i
l cc thng s c lm khp.
5
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
3.1 ng cong hiu sut theo nng lng
Do xc sut ca mi c ch tng tc ph thuc vo nng lng ca photon ti nn hiu sut
nh v t s nh ton phn s ph thuc theo nng lng. Do khi hiu chun hiu sut
cn kho st s ph thuc theo nng lng. S o c cc hiu sut chun vi cc ngun chun
n nng cung cp cho chng ta mt b cc gi tr hiu sut ti cc nng lng xc nh. Bc
tip theo l s dng b cc im ny xy dng mt ng cong chun hay mt hm cho
php tnh hiu sut bt k nng lng no nm trong khong nng lng c tnh ton.
Phng php ni suy n gin nht l bng mt thng. Tuy nhin, vi cc h ph k x l
hon ton t ng c s dng o c ngy nay, phng php thng dng nht l s dng
cc hm gii tch c lm khp vi cc d liu thc nghim bng phng php bnh phng
ti thiu. Cc hm gii tch thng c s dng l hm a thc vi log(E/E
0
) hay 1/E l i
s; hm m; hm m exponential hay s kt hp gia chng v cc hm c bit khc. Mt s
hm gii tch thng dng c dng chun ng cong hiu sut c cho di y
Hm tuyn tnh (linear function) c a ra trong nhng ngy u ca ph k gamma vi
detector Ge(Li), c xp x trong khong nng lng t 200 n 2000keV .
log = a
0
a
1
log(E/E
0
) (12)
hay
= c(E/E
0
)
a
1
(13)
Hm a thc (polynomial function) c th dng cho cc photon nng lng trn 200keV ,
xp x dng hm cho ton b khong nng lng, ng cong hiu sut thng bao gm hai
hm a thc vi im ni nm gn 200keV .
log =
N

i=0
a
i

log
E
E
0

i
(14)
Hm spline (spline function) y l mt phng php lm khp linh hot dng cc k thut
ni suy spline. u im ca k thut spline l kh nng ng dng ca n cho cc dng ng
cong hiu sut tu , d cho cc thng s c lm khp cn thi gian tnh ton cao hn so vi
cc phng php bnh phng ti thiu phi tuyn.
Mt s hm gii tch khc chng hn nh
Willett (1970): t 110 keV n 1333 keV
log = a
1
log(E/E
0
) + a
2
(log(E/E
0
))
2
a
3
/E
3
(15)
Gray v Ahmad (1985): t 80 keV n 1850 keV
=
1
E
8

i=0
a
i
(log(E/E
0
))
i1
(16)
vi a
5
= a
7
= 0.
6
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Sanchez-Reyes et al(1987): t 63 keV n 3054 keV
log = a
1

a
2
+ a
3
e
a
4
E

e
a
5
E
ln(E/E
0
) (17)
4 Cc nhn t nh hng n hiu sut detector
Cc nhn t nh hng n hiu sut ca detector l nng lng ca tia ti, hnh hc o, hiu
ng trng phng tng, h in t v hiu ng t hp th
4.1 S ph thuc nng lng ca hiu sut nh
S ph thuc nng lng ca hiu sut nh c th hin trong Hnh 3. Hiu sut gim vng
nng lng thp l do s hp th tia gamma nng lng thp trn lp cht mt ngoi detector
tng ln. Ti vng nng lng cao, hiu sut gim l do hn ch v th tch ca detector. xc
nh s ph thuc ca hiu sut vo nng lng chng ta c th dng cc ngun chun c nng
lng bit trc chng hn nh
51
Cr,
54
Mn,
57
Co,
60
Co,
85
Sr,
88
Y,
109
Cd,
137
Cs,
139
Ce,...
tng ng vi cc nh nng lng 320keV , 834keV , 122keV , 1173 v 1332keV , 540keV , 898
v 1836keV , 88keV , 661keV , 165keV ,...
Hnh 3: Minh ha ng cong hiu sut theo nng lng
4.2 Yu t hnh hc o
Hu ht cc h ph k bn dn u khng ch c s dng cho ring mt hnh hc o ring l
no c. Cc ngun c o c th khc nhau mt cch ng k v hot v thnh phn cho
nn khong cch t ngun n detector hay hnh hc o phi c iu chnh tng ng. Cc
ngun c th khc nhau v kch thc hay l vt liu phng x c th c a vo trong cc
cht nn khc nhau. Nu tc pht photon c xc nh, mt s chun ho phi c thc
hin cho mi hnh hc o. Vn ca vic cung cp nhng s chun ho khc nhau c th c
gii quyt trc tip bng cch lm chun hiu sut cho mi mt b tp hp cc iu kin. Tuy
nhin, y l mt vic kh nhc nu phi bao gm mt s ln cc hnh hc; v n c th tr
nn bt kh thi nu khng c cc ngun chun thch hp.
7
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
nh hng do khong cch ca ngun v u d Ni chung cng tia gamma pht
ra t mt ngun s gim theo khong cch tng ng vi quy lut nghch o bnh phng.
iu ny c th p dng cho cc ngun im v cc u d im. Nhng quy lut nghch o
bnh phng ny c th p dng cho h ph k gamma c khng? Chng ta c th s dng
n cho cc s m tng ng vi cc khong cch khc nhau c khng?
Mt vn d nhn thy nht l khng th o trc tip khong cch thc s t ngun n b
mt vng hot ng ca u d. Bi v s hp th ton phn ca cc tia gamma thng bao
gm c tn x nhiu ln bn trong u d, im tng ng khong cch zero phi u bn
trong tinh th u d. im ny c th c suy ra bng thc nghim. Gi s rng quy lut
nghch o bnh phng c tc dng do tc m R phi thay i theo
R
1
d
2
(18)
By gi khong cch d l tng ca khong cch bit t ngun n lp v ngoi ca detector
D v khong cch cha bit t im tng ng khong cch zero bn trong u d n lp v
ngoi detector d
0
d = D + d
0
(19)
Bng cch kt hp c hai phng trnh (18), (19) v sp xp li nhn c
1

R
= kD + kd
0
(20)
vi k l hng s.
Vy nu nh hot ca mt ngun c o cc khong cch D khc nhau v 1/

R c
v theo khong cch, im giao vi trc x s l d
0
, R c th l tc m ton phn hay tc
m mt nh ring bit c xc nh bng din tch nh trong ph.
nh hng ca s khc bit hnh hc ngun Ti mt khong cch t ngun n u d
c nh, s phn b vt liu phng x bn trong mt th tch khc vi vic tp trung n trong
mt ngun im lm gim cng tia gamma n u d. Vi mt ngun im vic tnh ton
gc khi ti u d gip xc nh cng tia gamma n l d dng. i vi cc ngun c
kch thc, s tnh ton gc khi hiu dng l phc tp v mi im bn trong ngun u c
mt nh hng khc nhau i vi u d v do vy s ng gp vo cng tia gamma ton
phn vi cc mc khc nhau.
i vi mt a mng, cc phng trnh xp x c xy dng hiu chnh hot phng
x ca mt ngun phn b i so vi mt ngun im tng ng (v d cc cng trnh ca
Faires v Boswell (1981) v Debertin v Helmer (1988)). i vi ngun c kch thc, cc tch
phn phc tp hn v khng th dn ra c mt biu thc n gin tnh ton h s hiu
chnh hnh hc. Thc t l hu ht cc phng th nghim ch lm vic vi mt s nh cc hnh
hc mu chun v gi s rng cch n gin nht thit lp mi quan h ca cc mu c hnh
hc khc nhau l bng cc phng php xc nh h s thng qua vic o c thc s.
i vi nhng hnh hc khng chun, s c lng ca cc h s hiu chnh hnh hc s phc
tp hn. Vic tnh ton ngay c vi s h tr ca my tnh l rt kh khn v vic so snh vi
thc nghim vi cc hnh hc khc nhau cng kh c th c thc hin.
8
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
4.3 Hiu ng trng phng tng
Hiu ng trng phng tng (summing coincidence) gy ra do hai hay nhiu tia gamma sinh ra
trong qu trnh dch chuyn t cc trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn ca ht nhn.
Hnh 4 cho thy hiu ng trng phng tng trong khi o ngun
60
Co. Hai tia gamma 1173
v 1332MeV pht ra t ngun ny xut hin trong khong thi gian cch nhau rt nh nn
detector ghi nhn nh mt tia gamma c nng lng bng tng nng lng hai tia ring bit.
Khi , hiu sut ghi 2 tia ring bit gim i v trn ph xut hin thm mt nh ng vi nng
lng tng.
Hnh 4: V d trng phng tng khi o ngun
60
Co
Gi
1
,
1
ln lt l hiu sut thc ca tia
1
,
2
v
1
,
2
,
s
ln lt l hiu sut ghi nhn
c ca tia
1
,
2
v nh tng. Ta c th vit

1
=
1
(1 a
2
T
2
) (21)
Trong , a
2
T
2
l xc sut ghi tia
2
(a
2
l t s phn nhnh ca
2
v T
2
l hiu sut tng ghi
nhn tia
2
)

2
=
2
(1 a
1
T
1
) (22)
Trong , a
1
T
1
l xc sut ghi nhn tia
1
v (1 a
1
T
1
) l xc sut khng ghi nhn tia
1
.
T ta c th suy ra hiu sut ghi nhn nh tng

s
=
1

2
(23)
Vi trng hp s phn r phc tp ta c cng thc phc tp hn nhiu v vic tnh ton
c thc hin bi mt phn mm chuyn dng cho php ta hiu chnh hiu sut ghi cc nh
khi c trng phng.
4.4 Hiu ng trng phng ngu nhin
Trong qu trnh x l xung tn hiu ca u d, khi ngun c hot cao th s c hin tng
trng phng ngu nhin (random coincidence) xy ra. Mt xung c tnh trong mt tng bt
c khi no n khng i trc hay theo sau mt xung khc trong mt khong thi gian c nh.
Khong thi gian ny l thi gian phn gii ca h in t.
S dng phn b Poisson th xc sut ca mt trng phng ngu nhin p
c
trong khong thi
9
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
gian l
p
c
= 1 e
2R
(24)
vi R l tc m trung bnh. Do vy, nu A l din tch nh c o v A
T
l din tch nh
thc th
(A
T
A)/A
T
= p
c
= 1 e
2R
(25)
Sp xp li phng trnh ny c th a ra mt phng trnh n gin hiu chnh cc din
tch nh cho trng phng ngu nhin
A
T
= Ae
2R
(26)
Ly ln ca phng trnh (26) v sp xp li s nhn c
ln A = ln A
T
2R (27)
Tha s 2 l dc ca th tuyn tnh ca ln A theo tc m R. xc nh R, ngi ta
ly tng s m trong ph chia cho thi gian o. Cch c lng R ny khng tuyt i chnh
xc bi v cc xung tn hiu di ngng ADC v cc xung ngoi ca s tuyn tnh s khng
c tnh.
Bi v trng phng l ngu nhin nn s hiu chnh ny l c th p dng cho tt c cc nh
trong ph.
4.5 H in t
Hai yu t chnh ca h in t thng hay nh hng n hiu sut ca detector l thi gian
cht v pile-up
Thi gian cht (dead time) l khong thi gian nh nht m phi c chia ra gia hai s
kin m bo rng chng c ghi nhn nh hai xung ring bit.
Tng ngu nhin (pile-up) l hin tng m xung khuch i ca hai s kin lin tc c
th b chng ln nhau v to ra mt xung duy nht ng ra.
Hai hiu ng ny dn n hin tng mt s m nh nng lng ton phn. ln ca
nhng mt mt ny tng cng vi s tng ca tc m nhng khng ph thuc vo khong
cch ngun n detector hay s phn r. i vi vic o nh lng tc pht ca photon
th cn thit phi xc nh xem nhng mt mt c th b qua c hay khng v nu khng
th phi hiu chnh chng mt cch thch hp
4.6 S t hp th
i vi ngun th tch hay mu o mi trng th mt s tia gamma pht ra b mt mt phn
hay ton b nng lng ca chng trong ngun (mu) trc khi ri khi ngun (hp ng mu).
Kt qu ny lm gim bt s tia gamma c ghi nhn bi detector. nh hng ny gi l s
t suy gim (self-attenuation) hay s t hp th (self-absorption).
Mc t hp th ph thuc hnh hc (b dy, th tch mu) v cht nn (matrix) ca mu.
Khi nh hng cht liu nn trong ngun v mt ca n cng phi c hiu chnh khi
tnh ton hiu sut ca h ph k. Nu cc ngun c s dng chun ho v cc ngun cn
kho st c s khc nhau v tnh cht t suy gim ca photon (thng thng l khc nhau v
cht nn hay mt ) th ta cng cn phi a vo h s hiu chnh khc bit t hp th gia
cc ngun vi nhau.
10
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
hiu chnh s t hp th cho tc m ca nh ph gamma R chng ta c th s dng
phng trnh n gin
R
0
=
Rt
1 e
t
(28)
vi t l b dy ca mu v l h s suy gim tuyn tnh nng lng thch hp ca vt liu
lm thnh mu. Vic p dng phng trnh (28) l n gin khi m h s suy gim c
bit. Nu matrix ca mu khng phi l mt hp cht n gin, gi tr ca hu nh khng
bit. i vi nhiu loi matrix gi tr hiu dng c th c c lng t nhng vt liu tng
t. Nu hp cht ca mu c thit lp hp l mt phng php c lng h s hp th
khi / cho hp cht t cc h s hp th khi ca cc thnh phn (/)
i
c trnh by theo
cng thc

f
i

i
(29)
vi f
i
l t s ca mi thnh phn ring bit v l mt tng ng
4.7 Hiu chnh phn r phng x
Hot ca cc ngun chun phi c hiu chnh phn r v cng mt thi gian thng qua
phng trnh phn r thng thng
R
0
= R
t
exp

ln 2
T
1/2
t

(30)
vi R
t
v R
0
l tc phn r ti thi im t v ti thi gian tham chiu; T
1/2
l chu k bn r
ca ht nhn. Cn thn trng khi hiu chnh phn r i vi tng trng hp ring bit.
hiu chnh s r trong thi gian o th R
t
phi c tnh nh sau
R
t
=
R
M
t
1 e
t
(31)
vi l hng s phn r, R
t
l hot thi im bt u o v R
M
l hot c o, t
l thi gian o ton phn.
5 Cc phng php xc nh hiu sut
Vic xc nh hiu sut nh tuyt i l nhim v quan trng trong vic s dng h ph k
gamma vi detector bn dn trong o c. Ni chung, c ba cch khc nhau gii quyt bi
ton ny:
Phng php tng i (hay phng php thc nghim): c s dng trong nhng trng
hp m mu v chun rt ging nhau. Cc kt qu thu c thng l ng tin cy nhng
sai s h thng ca mu chun c th kh c xc nh.
Phng php tuyt i (hay phng php Monte Carlo): hiu sut ch c xc nh bi
k thut Monte Carlo. Trong vic tnh ton ny, cc d liu ca detector c cung cp
vi chnh xc cao l cn thit, cng vi thnh phn ho hc ca ngun. Mt vn c
bn khc l cht lng ca chng trnh (tng tc ca photon v electron trong detector
v cc vt liu bao quanh, gi tr tit din ca cc tng tc,...) cng cn phi c xem
xt.
Phng php bn thc nghim: l s kt hp gia o c v c lng.
11
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
i vi mt cu hnh o c c a ra, h s hiu chnh din t t s ca hiu sut gia chun
v mu
f
S
=
(E, standard)
(E, sample)
(32)
Khng cn quan tm phng php no c la chn cho vic xc nh s hiu chnh t hp
th, quy trnh ny lun c p dng, vi f
S
thu c t nhiu mt khc nhau v t cc
nng lng photon c thu thp v lm khp thnh mt hm thch hp f
S
(r) hay f
S
(E, r).
5.1 Phng php tng i
y l phng php truyn thng trong vic chun ho hiu sut ca cc detector, l xc
nh trc tip s p ng ca detector i vi cc bc x gamma vi nng lng khc nhau
bit hot ca cc ng v phng x. Cc ng v phng x c trng c chn thng
thng dng dung dch n hay a nguyn t. Hiu sut c tnh ton ca cc ng v hay
nng lng c chn sau s c ngoi suy trn ton b vng nng lng quan tm to
nn ng cong hiu sut tnh ton cc hot ca cc ng v c trong mu m gamma
pht ra c th c hoc khng tn ti trong b gamma chun c dng to nn ng cong
chun.
Hot ca cc mu trong h ph k gamma c tnh ton t ng cong hiu sut (E)
c xc nh bi mt ngun chun. Trong trng hp ngun c th tch phng php a ra
cc kt qu xut sc khi m mu v chun c cng cu hnh o, cng hp cht ha hc v mt
, do c cng s t hp th.
Trong ng dng thc t, khng phi lc no vt liu mu v ngun hon ton ging nhau. Cc
mu mi trng c th thay i rt ln v thnh phn ho hc, mt ca chng c th thay
i t gn 0 cho n gn 2.0g/cm
3
. l l do m h s t hp th f
S
c a vo hiu
chnh s t hp th gia mu v chun.
5.2 Phng php Monte Carlo
Phng php Monte Carlo c a ra cng vi s pht trin ca my tnh in t v l mt
phng php c th a ra nhng ha hn cho tng lai. Khi cc detector bn dn t c s
thng tr vo u thp k 1970, s quan tm c dch chuyn v cc ng dng ca phng
php Monte Carlo tnh ton hiu sut ca cc detector ny.
Trn nguyn tc, khng c gii hn no c a ra cho ngun hay dng ca detector v hnh
hc o d cho c s sp xp i xng tr s lm cho d dng hn trong tnh ton. Ngay c s
vn chuyn ca photon qua mt collimator ngoi cng c th nh hng n kt qu. Nhng
thng tin u vo cn thit cho nhng chng trnh Monte Carlo nh vy bao gm:
Kch thc ngun v khong cch ngun n detector.
Kch thc ca gi detector, vng nhy v vng bt hot ca detector.
Thnh phn v mt ca tt c vt liu m photon c th i qua.
Cc h s suy gim ca cc vt liu ny i vi photon.
Tit din ph thuc nng lng v gc ca vt liu detector cho cc loi tng tc photon
khc nhau.
Thng tin v s vn chuyn electron v positron trong vt liu detector.
Hu ht cc cng trnh nghin cu so snh cc kt qu m phng i vi thc nghim c c
s ph hp trong khong sai s 10% v trong mt s trng hp l 5%. Do bt nh ca
12
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
cc gi tr thc nghim thng l nh hn nhiu so vi 5%, s khc bit t 5 n 10% phi c
gy ra bi sai s hay bt nh ca cc gi tr tnh ton. bt nh hay sai s mc ny l
hp l v c gy ra ch yu bi 3 nguyn nhn sau:
u tin l s hn ch v mt thng k. Mt chng trnh Monte Carlo m phng cc qu
trnh vt l tht ca s mt nng lng trong tinh th m khng lm qu nhiu cc xp x n
gin cn mt thi gian chy my di tnh trn mt nh nng lng nu cc kt qu cn c s
bt nh thp. y l mt vn trong vic tnh ton i vi cc tinh th ln v nng lng
cao. t c sai s thng k tng i c 2% i vi detector kch thc trung bnh vi
nng lng c 3 MeV, qu trnh ly mu phi tch ly khong 2500 hin tng hp th nng
lng ton phn. V ch c mt vi phm trm ca tt c cc hin tng l hp th ton phn,
lch s ca khong 105 photon pht vo gc khi ca detector phi c theo di. Bi v s cn
thit ca mt s ln cc hin tng nh vy cho nn vi thi gian tiu th chy my thp
th kt qu a ra c bt nh khong vi phn trm.
Th hai, bn thn detector cng c s gii hn l c mt bt nh ng k trong hnh dng
v kch thc nhy ca tinh th, c bit l cho cc detector khuch tn lithium v ng trc
l nhng loi detector c hn mt vng bt hot. Cc nh sn xut detector cung cp thng
tin v kch thc ca detector v ca vng bt hot nhng nhng kch thc ny thng khng
chnh xc tuyt i.
Th ba, c mt s gii hn trong vic m phng cc qu trnh vt l, xc sut tng tc ca
cc photon v electron v s phn b gc l bt nh. Cc h s hp th khi ca photon c th
c bt nh t 2% n 5% tu thuc vo nng lng. Do vy, gy nn bt nh h thng
trong phn b ring phn ca s chuyn ho nng lng. Tnh trng ny c th tr nn ti t
hn i vi cc tit din quang in, Compton v to cp ring l m bt nh ca chng
c th ln hn. Rt kh c lng s truyn sai s ca chng vo sai s ton phn ca hiu
sut nh nng lng ton phn c tnh ton.
Mt vn khc ny sinh khi so snh hiu sut tnh ton v thc nghim. S m c xc
nh t nh nng lng ton phn o c khng cn phi tng ng vi s hin tng hp
th nng lng ton phn c tnh bi Monte Carlo. Trong trng hp c bit ui nng lng
thp ca mt nh c o c th ch c bao gm mt phn trong din tch nh, nhng tt
c nhng hin tng ny u c kh nng c bao gm trong din tch nh tnh ton. Do vy,
khi kt qu thu c bng Monte Carlo so vi d liu thc nghim, s khc bit trong nh
ngha ny c th nh hng n s sai bit trong so snh.
5.3 Phng php bn thc nghim
Phng php gc khi hiu dng
Phng php gc khi hiu dng, c gii thiu vo u thp k 80, l c gng u tin
thc hin cc quy trnh ton hc dng chun hiu sut ca cc detector germanium. Quy
trnh gm 3 bc: u tin l xc nh hiu sut ca mt ngun im tham kho nm trn trc
v sau xc nh gc khi ca cu hnh ngun detector tng i vi gc khi c xc
nh bi ngun tham kho v detector. Vic thit lp t s ny cho php mt s hiu chnh ca
hiu sut nh tham kho cung cp mt gi tr cho cu hnh ngun detector c thit k.

geo
p
=

geo
p

geo

ref
(33)
Trong :

geo
p
hiu sut nh ca ngun cn o

ref
p
hiu sut ngun im tham kho

geo
gc khi ca cu hnh ngun-detector cn o
13
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP

ref
gc khi ca cu hnh ngun-detector ca ngun im tham kho
Phng php ny tnh ton s suy gim ca photon trong ngun v bt k lp suy gim no k
c gi detector. N da trn s tnh ton hiu sut ton phn
t
c xc nh bi xc sut
m mt photon p vo vng hot ca detector m khng c bt k mt tng tc no trc
trong ngun hay cc lp gia v n tng tc vi vt liu detector bng hiu ng quang in,
Compton v to cp. Tt c kch thc ca detector (ng knh v b dy vt liu ca vng
hot, kch thc li, lp cht v lp tip xc, gi ) v cc h s suy gim khi ca tt c cc
vt liu xuyn qua c a vo trong tnh ton di dng gc khi hiu dng. Cc tch phn
ca quy trnh ny s c gii s. thu c hiu sut nh nng lng ton phn cc tc
gi gi s v chng minh rng t s /
t
l c lp vi c hnh hc o ln hnh hc mu v
n l c trng ring ca detector. Nu hiu sut nh nng lng ton phn
p
ca hnh hc
ngun im c xc nh bng thc nghim, hiu sut nh nng lng ton phn
v
ca dng
hnh hc bt k c tnh t cng thc

v
=

p

t,v

t,p
(34)
vi
t,v
v
t,p
l cc kt qu tng ng ca vic tnh ton ca hiu sut ton phn. Ch rng

t
c xc nh khng ging vi cch xc nh trong Phn 2. Hiu sut ton phn thc nghim
c thu bi t s ca ton b s m c ghi nhn chia cho ton b s photon c pht ra,
thng l ln hn bi v tt c cc photon tn x khng lin kt trong ngun v vt liu xung
quanh ng gp vo trong ph nhng khng c tnh trong gi tr ca
t
dng cho mc ch
ny.
u im ca phng php ny l da trn s tht l c mt t s cho tt c cc hiu sut c
tnh cho nn sai s ca thng tin u vo s c xu hng c b qua, t nht trong mt vi
trng hp.
Biu thc bn thc nghim c tnh n cc tit din tng tc
i vi cc photon nng lng thp l vng m hiu ng quang in chim u th, s thay i
ca hiu sut c th c c lng mt cch tng i s dng tch ca xc sut m photon
ti detector v xc sut m n c hp th hon ton trong vng th tch hot ng ca tinh
th. M hnh ny gi s khng c tng tc trn ng i qua detector v tt c tng tc u
ng gp vo nh nng lng ton phn.
i vi nhng nng lng cao ni m cc qu trnh tng tc Compton v to cp tr nn ng
k, cng thc c tnh n c ba qu trnh tng tc, s ph thuc ca hiu sut nh nng lng
ton phn vo nng lng c cho bi
(E) = a
1

(E) + (E)a
2
e
a
3
E

(35)
Trong (E) v (E) l cc tit din quang in v Compton, a
i
l cc h s iu chnh. Tha
s a
2
e
a
3
E
c s dng hiu chnh cho tit din tn x Compton trong cc trng hp m
photon tn x thot khi tinh th. S ph thuc vo nng lng ca xc sut thot ny c
xp x bi tha s exponential trong khi cc thng s a
2
v a
3
ph thuc vo kch thc tinh
th. Cng thc ny c p dng thnh cng cho cc detector nh v nng lng t 500 n
1500keV .
Phng php hiu sut nh ring phn
Phng php ny da trn vic tnh tch phn s (numerical integration) ca cc ngun im.
N c th c ng dng rng ri cho nhiu dng hnh hc mu khc nhau v c th c dng
hiu chnh s t hp th trong mu. Hiu sut ca mt ngun c kch thc ln c th c
tnh t tch phn ca hm ton hc ca cc hiu sut ngun im thu c cc v tr khc
14
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
nhau trc b mt ca detector. V hp ng mu thng thng l i xng trc nn v tr ca
mt ngun im c th biu din trong h to tr (, r, h).
Hiu sut nh
p
(V ) cho mt ngun c th tch V c biu din bi tch phn ca hiu sut
ngun im (, r, h) trong mt th tch nh dv

p
(V ) =
1
V

(, r, h)dv (36)
(, r, h) c gi s ng hng vi , do vy phng trnh trn c th c n gin thnh

p
(V ) =
2
V

r(r, h)drdh (37)
Nu tnh n s t hp th, cng thc bn trong tch phn kp phi c nhn thm bi tha
s t hp th f
S
= e
s(r,h)
vi l h s suy gim ca vt liu mu v s(r, h) l b dy ca
lp mu m photon phi i xuyn qua, cng thc (37) tr thnh

p
(V ) =
2
V

r(r, h)f
s
drdh (38)
Hiu sut nh ring phn ca detector c th c tnh bng thc nghim hoc bng tnh ton
Monte Carlo.
Ti liu
[1] K. Debertin, R.G. Helmer, Gamma and X-Ray Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detector,
North-Holland, Amsterdam (1988).
[2] G.F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3
rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York (1999).
[3] William R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: A How-To Ap-
proach, 2
nd
Edition, Springer-Verlag (1994).
15