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+u 5@ 'i&n kt l> ! D+ #hDn c1c cha )Onh9 Lhiu bin #h# bin tnh t c
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dvng acid citric h0Ot h*a 5F Au n"nh u nhAn th+ )Rt .1 gia tTng ng k khK
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Ho%t ha vt li(:
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d0, ch0 #hy# giMu 'Oi cc #hDn t3 hMu c4 )-i9
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Quy t!nh "im ch#ng ph$ng th% nghim:
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dung dich bVng ~, thSi gian h# #h8 }\ #ht9
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5-i t ' >nP;= EInt0nitI m r,\ CC9 Pr0ng iu kin khu+ )Onh9 kau khi tra0
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thu c, ch0 th+ cc 5At 'iu znLa, EInt- > ch0 h# #h8 t/t thu/c nhuR) cati0n
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?uK '0Oi bF )"u c* th Ot ~}- ~9 9
ct & ,uDt cng ngh& ,3 'W '0Oi bF thu/c nhuR) tr0ng n-c thKi bVng cch .3 d8ng
5At 'iu h# #h8 kt h# 5-i kI0 t8 bVng )u/i ki) '0Oi a h*a tr :u;C, #h`n nh),
#h`n .Ht, )u/i )agiI C<9
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bng u;; 'Hng gOn bF cn 'Hng n-c tr0ng :ht thu/c nhuR)< ,3 'W .inh
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h\\g 5At 'iu kh c ngD) 5"0 h,} 't dung dch acid citric bt0 h6a tr0ng ][
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13
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14
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h0Ot tnh gi# ch0 5ic tch nhMng tc nhDn tr&n b )t 5" cht kI0 :cht 1c tr0ng
#hDn t3 '-n< '") tTng .Bc cTng ca b )t 5" giK) R nh-t9 ciu n"+ '") tTng t ' kt
tinh ca Sng 5" tTng .1 #hDn tch .i r 5" cht kt tinh bVng #h4ng #h# '+ tD)9
c/i 5-i d$u 5" )o, than h0Ot tnh c dvng tr0ng ?u tr@nh 'i&n kt cht tg+ trHng
tch )"u khng )0ng )u/n9 k1 b2 .ung ca than h0Ot tnh ch0 th+ cht tg+ trHng '")
giK) 'ng h2n h# h# #h8 thu c hiu ?uK )0ng )u/n9
Pha) gia 5"0 cc ?u tr@nh '7c ru, n-c tri cD+,C
9 TB751 =y51 51$89V H>O {C2 $>O =$c:"
Cng nghi# h*a d$u, .Kn ,ut dc #hg), khai kh0ng, nng nghi#, bK0 ?uKn, h"ng
khng 5j tr8, 'xnh 51c ?uan .1999 cu c$n #hKi .3 d8ng than h0Ot tnh 5-i kh/i 'ng rt
'-n9
> th/ng '7c than h0Ot tnh c dvng tr0ng cc nh" )+ ngu+&n t3 hOn ch .1
th0t ra nhMng h4i kh #h*ng ,O 5" )Rt ./ cht kh nh = dru#t0n, ,In0n thKi ra )i
trSng9 z/i ?uan tD) chnh tr0ng cc #hKn Bng hOt nhDn '" )Ith+' i0didI 5" kh tr0ng
iu kin #hKn Bng khng th"nh9 zt khc, than h0Ot tnh c dvng kh3 hI'iu)
c dvng nh h4i kh bK0 5 tr0ng #hKn Bng 'Onh 5" iu tit bVng n-c9
T$2 $W8 $>O =$c: 5$J GO07g85pX PB7VO5p ~; B2:O5p :} w$U :@ 5$8t5" dh t1 nhi&n
c* chBa kh0Kng #r0#anI 5" ]-} h+dr0carb0n c thu hUi bVng h# #h8 ca than
h0Ot tnh9 dh0Kng } #r0#anI 5" \ EutanI 5" ~[-~~ uIntanI 5" h+dr0carb0n
c thu hUi b"ng than h0Ot tnh9
I0'itI cjng c .3 d8ng rRng rti 5" c bit th"nh cng '") cht )ang ,c tc tr0ng
cng ngh h*a d$u 5" t2ng h# hMu c49
R. (51 {d51 [8g8=O1pg :B751 w :$2f: 0= wh V$E5 :U=$ $: ?
cc dvng '")
cht h# #h8
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kh0ng 5" n-c,
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tr0ng #hDn tch .Hc k9
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5" c dvng rRng rti nh cht ht g)9 L* c* th giK) R g) tr0ng )Rt khng
gian kn ,u/ng )Bc ]\, 5" .au khi t bt0 h6a h4i n-c, ta c* th .+ h0"n
ngu+&n tr! 'Oi ! nhit R r}\
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nh g*i tr" '7c tin bK0 ?uKn U gia d8ng 5" .Kn #hg) cng nghi#9
Q. TB751 =O5$ :I= 5y51 51$89V"
5.1. P$E5 5$6 =$f? :Bt5 =S 0 qp7g8:p.
Zi d8ng tnh cht h# #h8 n&n cc nh" nghi&n cBu t tO0 ra cc '0Oi #hDn b*n
chBa I0'itI9 I0'itI .Q t% t% nhK cht dinh dong tr0ng #hDn b*n 5"0 t, gi# tit
ki) 'ng #hDn b*n, tTng R #h@ nhi&u :d0 '" 5At 'iu ,/# n&n '") ,/# t<, giM R
g) 5" iu h0" R #> ch0 t :! fit La) t h4i chua tr0ng khi I0'itI 'Oi c* tnh
ki)<9
Prung tD) cng ngh '7c h0 d$u t nghi&n cBu th"nh cng hai '0Oi #hDn nhK
chA) tr&n c4 .! I0'itI - uhDn r& nhK chA) Zng r& b*n tr1c ti# ,u/ng Ung
ruRng thSng b r3a tri kh0Kng ]\ c6n cD+ trUng ch h# th8 t/i a \9 Ch0 n&n
#hKi '") th n"0 r& khng b r3a tri 5" '0Oi #hDn )-i #hKi nhK t% t% r&, cD+
c$n ba0 nhi&u r& th@ cung c# ch%ng +9 Z0Oi rI-I0'itI ng Bng +&u c$u *9
Chng ti t tin h"nh ch0 r& h# #h8 5"0 tr0ng kh0ang ca I0'itI 9 n-i tc
d8ng ca )i trSng b&n ng0"i r& .Q t% t% giKi h#9 ciu n"+ .Q gi# ch0 cD+ trUng
h# th8 c r& trnh c .1 r3a tri nhiu r& nh cc b*n #hDn c2 in9
Lg0"i ra cc ngu+&n t/ 5i 'ng cjng c$n thit ch0 cD+ trUng9 fic a cc
ngu+&n t/ 5i 'ng 5"0 #hDn 5" khi b*n #hDn 5i 'ng .Q cung c# ch0 cD+ trUng,
?u tr@nh n"+ rt kh* khTn 5@ cc ngu+&n t/ 5i 'ng c$n ch0 cA+ 5 cvng by 9Lg0"i
ra c6n c* .1 Knh h!ng ca ?u tr@nh r3a tri 5i 'ng d0 tc d8ng ca )i trSng9
f-i W U gHn ngu+&n t/ 5i 'ng 5"0 tr0ng cht nn I0'itI , khi b*n ,u/ng ruRng
cc ngu+&n t/ 5i 'ng .Q c nhK t% t% ch0 cD+ k# h# thu9 Lh 5A+ 5i 'ng .Q
#hDn b/ Ung u tr&n Ung ruRng ch0 cD+ h# thu9 Zng giKi h# khng nhiu .au
h[ ng"+ Ot \9h nh 5A+ chng ta c* th b*n 5i 'ng ch0 cD+ trUng dvng ch0
nhiu ni&n 589
k w$= V$d= :T5$ :Bl51 w$y $l5 :B751 =O5$ :I=X b&n cOnh nhiu bin #h# nh
,D+ d1ng cc cng tr@nh th+ 'i, # d8ng cc #h4ng #h# canh tc99, th@ hin na+
t 5" ang c* nhiu nghi&n cBu t2ng h# 5At 'iu tr4ng n-c t% )Rt ./ '0Oi #0'+)I
t1 nhi&n 5" t2ng h# ! )Rt ./ c4 .! nghi&n cBu tr0ng n-c nhV) giM g) ch0 t
tr0ng )Rt thSi gian d"i, 'ng n-c 'u giM tr0ng 5At 'iu .Q c '+ giKi t% t% cung
c# ch0 cD+ trUng9 a*# #h$n #ht trin kinh t - ,t hRi a #h4ng 5" giK) chi #h
t-i ti&u ch0 nng nghi# 5"0 )va kh 9
u0'+)I h# th8 n-c '" .Kn #hg) c* khK nTng giM c tr&n r\\g n-c_rg #0'+)I
kh9 kKn #hg) n"+ c .3 d8ng tr&n nhiu 'xnh 51c khc nhau nh= kKn ,ut cc
.Kn #hg) chT) .*c 5 .inh, '") #h8 gia ch/ng th) tr0ng ,D+ d1ng, .Kn ,ut h0a
kh, ) ch/ng th)9999 Pr0ng nng nghi#, n* c .3 d8ng giM g) 5" cKi tO0
16
t, 5An chu+n cD+ trUng i ,a, .3 d8ng cvng #hDn b*n 5" #h8 gia ch0 cD+ trUng
tr0ng chAu9 f-i khK nTng 'u giM c )Rt 'ng n-c '-n, ht 5" nhK n-c nhiu
'$n, .3 d8ng #0'+)I h# th8 n-c c* W nghxa ht .Bc ?uan tr7ng tr0ng 5ic g+
)Onh #ht trin .Kn ,ut nng nghi#, ch/ng hOn ch0 cD+ trUng 5" giM 2n nh .inh
thi t9 fic a #0'+)I h# th8 n-c 5"0 t c6n '") tTng hiu ?uK .3 d8ng #hDn
b*n d0 cc i0n tr0ng th"nh #h$n #hDn b*n c* th khu+ch tn 5"0 cc ' ,/# ca
)Ong '-i #0'+)I h0c 'i&n kt 5-i cc nh*) - Cll ca a,it acr+'ic :nhS cc 'i&n
kt #h/i tr, '1c ht txnh in999< 5" cung c# d$n ch0 cD+ trUng, nhS * #hDn b*n
khng b r3a tri n&n khng gD+ nhi) )i trSng n-c9
5.2. TB751 =$M5 52y8
Pr0ng 'xnh 51c chTn nui, ch #hg) I0'itI '") #h8 gia thBc Tn ch0 'n 5" g"9 dhi
c trRn 5"0 thBc Tn, ch #hg) .Q h# #h8 cc cht Rc tr0ng c4 th 5At nui, tTng
khK nTng khng bnh, kch thch ti&u h0 5" tTng tr!ng9
cc bit I0'itI khng Rc /i 5-i ngSi cjng nh 5At nui9
A. T$O5 $7l: :U5$ {51 :B751 3 {JK="
zRt Bng d8ng c bit ca than h0Ot tnh c dvng tr0ng ?u tr@nh tr bnh kh* th!,
tr0ng h ti&u h*a kh3 5i khugn, rt d c h# #h8 5" h# #h8 rt nhanh bVng than
h0Ot tnh b!i 5@ tr7ng 'ng #hDn t3 ca09
4ar0o #"9icinalis G than dc= gi# tg+ trvng 5" cc Rc t/ .au khi b ngR Rc thBc
Tn999 c dvng tr bnh dch 5 5" 5i&) ruRt, dvng '") thu/c giKi Rc tr0ng nhMng
trSng h# ngR Rc t% n) r4), th1c #hg), cht h0 h7c c* nguUn g/c t% th1c 5At,
dvng '") thu/c, #h0.#h0, #hIn0'C9 Phan h0Ot tnh dvng
ng d8ng '7c thu/c ' kh3 nic0tinI 5" kh Rc khc tr0ng kh*i thu/c, '") khgu trang
)t nO #h6ng Rc, ), '*t chDn,C
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[ =%O qp7g8:p :B751 52y8 :$%3 065.
I0'itI c* khK nTng h# th8 cc i0n ki) '0Oi,
ani0n, cc kh Rc , cc cht hMu c4 Rc hOi '4
'Mng tr0ng n-c rUi t1 ch@) ,u/ng +, tr0ng
n-c c* khK nTng h# #h8 >hk 5" tra0 2i i0n
giM 'Oi tr&n b )t cht rHn ;))0niac 5"
)ang nhMng 5i .inh c$n thit a 5"0 ,3 'W
)vi kh* chu ca n-c hU nui t)9
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5" L>]<, >hk tr0ng )i trSng9
dt ?uK ch0 th+ I0'itI c* tc d8ng h# thu P;L t/t nht tr0ng )i trSng n-c
ng7t, rg I0'itI c* khK nTng '") giK) \,rh )g P;L9 cR )n c"ng ca0 tc d8ng h#
th8 P;L ca I0'itI c"ng giK)9 I0'itI c* tc d8ng '") tTng h") 'ng 0,+ h6a tan
5" giK) R cBng .au khi ,3 'W9 kau rh giS, I0'itI khng c6n khK nTng h# th8 P;L9
Pr0ng )i trSng n-c ng7t, ,3 'W I0'itI nh kb } ng"+_'$n 5-i 'iu 'ng \ )g_Z
c* th du+ tr@ h") 'ng P;L ! )Bc thch h# ch0 t) c :nhF h4n \,r )g_Z<9
I0'itI khng c* tc d8ng h# th8 >hk ch0 n&n khng n&n dvng I0'itI '") giK)
>hk tr0ng a0 nui t) c9
Lu dvng 'iu 'ng I0'itI ri ?a )Bc ch0 #hy# 5n khng Knh h!ng n t)
nui9
P. Vf: g892 i8v5 :U5$ :} ?d5 oS {}O $cV :$d ?;2 Js= :$68 5$2j?"
fAt 'iu MDNO bVng cch bin tnh )8n ,4 d%a bVng a,it .un#huaric c ! nhit R
r[\\C, .au * r3a 5" trung h6a bVng .0da h0c ,t .+ kh, thu c bRt than h*a c*
khK nTng h# th8 t/t thu/c nhuR) cati0nic9
9 Hl: 5Js= P7g3?p 08t2 $cV :$d 5Js= 18V C68 :$895 &c: :BW51
c/i 5-i t chBa .yt nng, .1 #ht trin ca cD+ trUng c* th b hOn ch b!i thiu
l,+, th%a Cl, h0c nhiu n-c, tri 'Oi t c* cu trc nh ch0 #hy# 'u thng t/t,
$+ 5" du+ tr@ )1c n-c thch h#9
c/i 5-i t nng, cc hOt u0'+)I .i&u h# th8 n-c .Q '") #hUng '&n '") g+ )Rt
#h$n cu trc t, iu * ch0 #hy# tTng ?u tr@nh 'u thng 5" th0t n-c9
c/i 5-i t ct, >Ot n-c ch0 khK nTng giM n-c ca t tTng nhng >Ot
n-c cjng
c* th #hUng '&n c1c Oi ch0 #hy# th0t n-c )Rt cch nhanh ch*ng9 k1 c* )t
ca >Ot n-c c6n gi# ch0 t ct kt *ng 'Oi 5-i nhau, nhng khng tO0 .1 B 7ng
n-c9
P*) 'Oi /i 5-i h '0Oi t tr&n >Ot n-c cKi thin .1 th0t n-c, 'u thng 5" giM
n-c h# 'W tt cK iu n"+ c* ch 'i ch0 5ic trUng cD+9
c/i 5-i cc '0Oi t bOc )"u, t cht bvn, cht dinh dong 5" khK nTng giM g) ky)
nh cc '0Oi t ca bti thKi khai kh0ng9 dhi b*n cht u0'+)I .i&u h# th8 n-c .Q
gi# t tTng R #h@, 'u giM #hDn b*n 5" giM n-c, tTng ./ 5i .inh 5At ./ng, cKi
thin tnh cht ca t gi# cD+ trUng ./ng 5" #ht trin tr0ng iu kin khHc nghit9
78 9ng nh& #=t l'p gil \# v l# \# cho t
>Ot n-c c* th dvng nh '" '-# giM g) ,ung ?uanh cD+ 5" kh*) cD+, nh 5A+ n*
'") giK) .1 )t h4i n-c b )t 5" cKi thin khK nTng .3 d8ng n-c /i 5-i h
th/ng r cD+ nng9 d thuAt n"+ '") giK) .1 ba+ h4i n-c t-i ~\ 5" thch h# 5-i
tt cK cc '0Oi cD+ 5" kh*) cD+ c* h th/ng r nng9 Z+ )Rt '-# t ,ung ?uanh
g/c cD+ 5" rKi >Ot n-c ngA) n-c 5"0 5vng *9 k3 d8ng )Rt '-# gI' cBng c
) tK ! tr&n :}\ ga) >Ot n-c ch0 r 't n-c<, A+ '-# gI' bVng )Rt '-# t9 Z-#
t n"+ .Q bK0 5 >Ot n-c khFi b t"n #h b!i nh .ng )t trSi nu .3 d8ng #hDn
b*n n* c t d-i '-# gI'9
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>Ot n-c c6n c .3 d8ng '") g) t ! n4i giI0 hOt ch0 nK+ )$) .-), giK) .1
t-i n-c 5" chT) .*c ch0 )$) cD+, c bit >Ot n-c '" kh0 d1 trM n-c ch0 cD+
! 5vng )" .1 thiu n-c ,K+ ra thSng ,u+&n9
>Ot n-c c* tc d8ng iu h6a R g) tr0ng t 5" gi# cD+ trUng h# th8 dinh
dong t/t nht, hOn ch r3a tri #hDn b*n )i khi trSi )a ?u '-n9
Lg0"i ra ngSi ta cung c* th ch tO0 #hDn nht chA) t% 5At 'iu #0'+)I n"+ t4ng
t1 nh 0'Iit9
III_ /^T L+N
># #h8 5" h# th8 tu+ c* th #hDn bit c 5-i nhau thng ?ua c4 ch c trng,
nhng ,yt 5 bKn cht ca cc cht h# #h8 - h# th8, c* )Rt ./ cht 5%a '" cht h#
#h8 5%a '" cht h# th89 f@ 5A+ ?u tr@nh Bng d8ng ca chng cjng cha th nh gi
r r"ng tr&n t%ng #h4ng din ri&ng, #h$n '-n '" Bng d8ng tr&n c4 .! h# #h8 nhiu
h4n9 Lhng dv .a0 i nMa th@ ?ua nhMng g@ t t@) hiu ! cc #h$n tr&n ta th+ rVng
?u tr@nh h# #h8 - h# th8 5" cc cht h# #h8 - h# th8 t *ng 5ai tr6 khng nhF
tr0ng th1c t .Kn ,ut 5" nghi&n cBu kh0a h7c, d1a tr&n c4 .! nhMng Bng d8ng * c*
th g*# #h$n cKi tO0 )i trSng 5" tTng nTng .ut .Kn ,ut9 fic #ht trin th&)
nhMng 5At 'iu h# #h8 - h# th8 )-i 5" nh gi .t h4n 5ai tr6 ca t%ng ?u tr@nh '"
iu c$n thit 5" c* nhiu c4 .! th1c hin tr0ng t4ng 'ai9
T;8 g892 :$O? w$67"
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- Lghi&n cBu Bng d8ng khK nTng h# #h8 ki) '0Oi nng ca 5i .ainh 5At tr0ng )i
trSng n-c G cng fj Ech >Onh9
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