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Japodi The Iapydes (or Iapodes, Japodes, Giapidi)
Teritorija
Japodi su naseljavali veliko podruje koje je obuhvatalo iri
prostor oko srednjeg toka Une i Nacionalnog parka Una u
Bosni, dananju Liku i Gorski Kotar u Hrvatskoj i Belu Krajinu
u Sloveniji. Razvoj japodske kulture odvijao se, priblino,
tokom posljednjih hiljadu godina stare ere.
Privreda
Osnovu privrede predstavljali su stoarstvo i zemljoradnja. Ja-
podi su najvie gajili koze, ovce i svinje, neto manje goveda i
konje, kao i perad. Prema biljnim ostacima gajeni su: penica,
ra, jeam, zob, zatim mahunarke: lea, bob i graak i saku-
pljano divlje voe: jabuke, kruke, trenje, drenjak i ljenjak.
Repertoar prehrane dopunjavao je lov (naroito srna i jelen,
manje divlja svinja i medvjed) i ribolov na Uni.
Naselja i nain stanovanja
Veinu japodskih naselja ine gradine koje su pozicionirane
na uzvienim, prirodno zatienim breuljcima. Karakteriu
ih snani kameno-zemljani zatitni bedemi graeni tehnikom
suhozida prilagoeni konfguraciji terena. Specifnost kulture
stanovanja Japoda predstavljaju i sojenika naselja na rijeci Uni.
Sojenice su kue izgraene od drveta iznad vode, na hrastovim
sohama (pilonima) zabijenim u dno rijeke.
Kultovi i religija
Tragovi duhovnog ivota Japoda odraavaju se: u kultu mrtvih,
kultovima boanstava, kroz simbolini sadraj nekih objekata
materijalne kulture, u tragovima obreda i vjerovanja veinom
izraenih kroz fguralno izraene ili ukraene objekte. U kul-
tu mrtvih zastupljena su dva istovremena
obreda: sahranivanje i spaljivanje, pa se
smatra da bi se moglo raditi o dvije kom-
ponente: autohtonoj (sahranjivanje) i o
utjecaju ili prilivu stanovnitva s prostora
kulture polja s urnama (spaljivanje).
Drutveno ureenje
Ve od perioda formiranja, japodska za-
jednica pokazuje dosta visok stupanj
drutvene organizacije. Izgradnja zatitnih
bedema, raspored nastambi i komunikaci-
ja unutar ogranienog prostora naselja
zahtijevali su uee brojnog stanovnitva
i odreeno planiranje, odnosno izvjesne
oblike upravljanja, naroito u veim gra-
dinama i sojenikim naseljima kod kojih
se moe pretpostaviti neka vrsta protour-
banog ureenja.
Kultura Japoda
Razvoj japodske kulture sadravao je fguralno oblikovan-
je kako u primijenjenom, tako i u monumentalnom obliku.
Likovno oblikovani ili ukraeni predmeti se mogu rasporediti
prema materijalu (peena glina, bronza i rijetko srebro, jan-
tar i staklo, kamen) i tehnikama (urezivanje, apliciranje, mod-
elovanje, livenje, iskucavanje), kao i prema vrsti fgura koje
su prikazane: predstave predmeta, ivotinjske i ljudske fgure.
Objekti od gline i kamena karakteristini su za dolinu Une,
dok ih na drugim japodskim prostorima za sada nema. Figu-
ralne predstave, uz neke vie manje isto geometrijske simbole,
predstavljaju gotovo jedini izvor za poznavanje sloenog svi-
jeta religijskih ideja i vjerovanja Japoda.
Territory
Te Iapydes were an ancient people who inhabited the wider
area of Una river valley (including the area of Una National
park), todays Lika and Gorski Kotar in Croatia and Bela Kraji-
na in Slovenia. Te Iapydian culture developed app. over the
last 1000 BCE.
Way of life
Te Iapydian society was mostly based on
agriculture and livestock farming. Tey
mostly reared goats, sheep, pigs, cows and
horses, as well as poultry. According to
archaeological founding they cultivated
wheat, rye, barley, and oats, pulse such
as lentil, broad beans, peas and collected
wild fruit like apples, pears, cherries, rose-
hips and hazelnuts. Furthermore, they en-
riched their menus by hunting wild ani-
mals (foremost deer and occasionally wild
boar and bear) and fshing.
Habitation and settlements
Te Iapydian settlements are mostly posi-
tioned on higher grounds, naturally pro-
tected hills. Tey feature strong defensive
dry walls made of stones and soil which
are incorporated into their natural envi-
ronment. Another very common Iapy-
dian settlement is one on the Una river
bank, which consists of number of houses
on stilts sojenice. Sojenica is a wooden
house held above the water level by oak
stilts pitched into the river bed.
Religion and cults
Traces of Iapydian religious life can be investigated through
burial ceremonies, cults of various gods, symbols and remnants
of ceremonials and customs most of which are refected in dif-
ferent fgures and decorations on numerous artefacts. Te bur-
ial ceremonies included both burying the body in the ground
and incineration. Burying in the ground was probably genuine
Iapydian ritual, whereas incineration is considered to be im-
ported from other cultures that featured ceremonies with urns.
Social structure
From early on in their history the Iapydian society shows
rather high level of social structure. In order to build protec-
tive walls and to arrange housing and paths and roads with-
in a bordered area a precise planning and organisation was
needed. Tis planning and organization schemes indicate to
some forms of communal government especially in larger
settlements and sojenica villages which are considered to be
proto-urban structures.
The Iapydian culture
Te Iapydian culture featured fgural shaping both in fgures
for everyday purpose and for monument forms. Considering
the materials used in their production, artistically formed and
shaped objects can be divided in those made of: fred clay
ceramics, bronze and rarely silver, jade and glass and stone.
Techniques used in production of this objects include carving,
modelling, casting and hammering. Most common objects to
produce were everyday objects and human and animal fgures.
Artefacts made of clay and stone are particular for the Una river
valley and have not been found in any other Iapydian excava-
tion sites. Such artefacts are, along with some purely geomet-
rical symbols, almost the only source for investigating a very
complex world of Iapydian religious ideas and beliefs.
Ulomak sa japodske urne Fraction of japodian funerary urn
Ulomak sa japodske urne Fraction of japodian funerary urn Keramika Ceramics
Nakit Jewelery
Japodski konjanik (motiv sa grobne ploe)
Iapydian horseman (tombstone engraving)