1

Signals and Systems

Dr. Shurjeel Wyne
Lecture 4
2
DT Complex Exponential & Sinusoidal
Signals
A generic DT complex exponential signal or sequence
has the form:
where C and are, in general, complex numbers.
Depending on whether C and are complex-valued
or real-valued, there are different special cases of the
complex exponential signal.
j
n n
C Ce n x

= =

e =
3
DT Complex Exponential & Sinusoidal
Signals
1
0
<
<

Real exponential sequence (C, real)

j
n
C n x =
1 >
1 0 < <
0 1 < <
1 <
4
DT Complex Exponential & Sinusoidal
Signals
Complex sinusoid & sinusoid sequence (C real, imag)
j
n j n
Ce Ce n x
0

= =
n j n e
n j
0 0
sin cos
0

+ =
0
0

j
e e
j
= =
=
Eulers Identity also valid in DT case
however, n is dimensionless
0
, units are radians
, )
, ) , )
j
, )
, ) , )
j




+ +
+ +
= +
+ = +
n j n j
j
n j n j
e e n
e e n
0 0
0 0
2
1
0
2
1
0
sin
cos
and,
2
5
DT Complex Exponential &
Sinusoidal Signals
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
n
c
o
s
(
2
t

n
/
1
2
)
Examples of DT Sinusoids
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
n
c
o
s
(
n
/
6
)
As in the CT case, the DT complex sinusoid and the DT sinusoid
signals have infinite energy but finite average power.
Example: x[n] = e
j0n
6
DT Complex Exponential & Sinusoidal
Signals
General Complex exponential sequence (C, complex)
j
n
C n x =
0

j
j
e
e C C
=
=
Express C, in polar form
for ||=1, Real(x[n]) & Imag(x[n]) are sinusoidal sequences
for ||<1, they are products of sinusoids with decaying exponential
for ||>1, they are products of sinusoids with growing exponential
, )
, ) , ) j

+ + + = =
+
n j n C e C C
n
n j
n
n
0 0
sin cos
0
then using Eulers identity
7
DT Complex Exponential &
Sinusoidal Signals
Examples of DT General exponential sequence
1 >
1 <
8
Comparison of CT & DT
Complex Exponentials
CT Complex Exponential Signals
The signals e
j
0
t
are distinct for distinct 0 (rad/s) & the
oscillation-rate of e
j
0
t
increases with increasing 0 (rad/s)
e
j
0
t
is periodic for any value of 0
DT Complex Exponential Signals
0 defined uniquely only within a 2 radians interval
e
j
0
n
oscillation-rate does not increase continually with
increasing magnitude of 0
- 0 near 0, 2, or any even multiple of e
j0n
is low oscillation rate
(slowly varying) signal
- 0 near , or any odd multiple of e
j0n
is high oscillation rate
(rapidly varying) signal
, )
2 , 1 , 0 ,
2
0 0
= =
+
k e e
n k j n j
3
9
Comparison of CT & DT
Complex Exponentials...
cos(0n)
cos(t/4n)
cos(t n)
cos(3t/2n)
cos(2t n)
Example: real DT sinusoids
Study Fig. 1.27 and related discussion from Oppenheim textbook 10
Comparison of CT & DT
Complex Exponentials...
DT Complex Exponential Signals
For e
j
0
n
to be periodic with period N > 0 (N is integer)
For e
j
0
n
periodic
Fundamental frequency = 2/N = 0/m radians
Fundamental period = N = 2/(
0
/m) = m 2/
0
m,N are integers
e
j0n
is periodic only if 0/2 = m/N is a rational number
, )
N
m
m N
e
e e
N j
n j N n j
=
=
=
=
+

2
2
1
0
0
0
0 0
j period l fundamenta : ], [ N n x N n x = +
11
CT Unit Impulse and Step Signals
The CT unit impulse signal is defined as,
sampling property of the CT unit impulse signal

=
=
=
0
0 0
) (
t
t
t
, ) , ) , ) , )
0 0 0
t t t x t t t x =
, ) , ) , ) , ) t x t t x 0 =
Note: this signal is discontinuous at t = 0.
The arrow denotes area under the impulse
signal rather than its non-zero value.
12
CT Unit Impulse and Step Signals
The CT unit step signal is defined as,
Relation between CT unit step & unit impulse signals
, )
, )
dt
t du
t =
}

=
t
d t u ) ( ) (

>
<
=
0 1
0 0
) (
t
t
t u
4
13
DT Unit Impulse and Step Signals
The DT unit impulse signal is defined as:
Sampling property of DT unit impulse signal

=
=
=
0 1
0 0
] [
n
n
n
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
0 0 0
n n n x n n n x =
] [ ] 0 [ ] [ ] [ n x n n x =
Note: this signal has unit
amplitude at n=0
14
DT Unit Impulse and Step Signals
The DT unit step signal is defined as,
Relation between DT unit step & unit impulse signals.
j

=
=
n
m
m n u ] [

>
<
=
0 1
0 0
] [
n
n
n u
] 1 [ ] [ ] [ = n u n u n