Dystan Medical Supply Company- Cold Packs and

Hot Packs
Write Up



















Kristina Hanks

Introduction
The enthalpy of dissolution for a salt determines whether it can be used as an ingredient in a
cold or hot pack. A typical cold or hot pack consists of a plastic bag with two compartments,
one containing water and the other a salt. When the bag is broken, the contents of the two
compartments mix, dissolving the salt. How cold or hot the pack gets depends on the salts
concentration in the water. Cold packs can reach temperatures as low as 0
o
C while hot packs
can reach temperatures as high as 90
o
C. The duration of heat or cold therapy packs usually lasts
between 15 and 20 minutes. The Dystan Medical Supply Company has recently hired a team of
chemists for their Research and Development Division.

Each partnership will be using a calorimeter to measure the enthalpy of dissolution for
ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, and potassium chloride. Three grams of
each salt will be provided. There wont be the necessity to determine the calorimeter constant
since that has been determined in previous labs with the same materials and that value can be
used, however, if the partnership chooses to determine it for this experiment, that will the first
part of the experimet.
The calorimeter constant can be determined using this equation:
Calorimeter Constant Equation
q
calorimeter

= -(m
warm water
x C
warm water
x T
warm water
) - (m
cool water
x C
cool water
x T
cool water
)
C
calorimeter
= q
calorimeter
/ T
cool water

The calorimeter constant for the calorimeter indicates how many joules of heat it absorbs for
ever 1.00 C change in the temperature of the system.
When calculating the C
calorimeter
, always use T
cool water
because the calorimeter is initially at the
same temperature as the cool water and both absorb energy from the warm substance.

The next part will be using the calorimeter to measure the enthalpy of the dissolution for the
four different salts to determine the Molar Heat of Reaction
Equation:
-q
reaction
=q
solution
+ q
calorimeter
-q
reaction
= [m
solution
x C
solution
x T
solution
] + [C
calorimeter
x T
calorimeter
]
V
solution
= 20.00 mL + 30.00 mL = 50.00 mL
m
solution
= D
soltion
x V
solution
This formula will determine the H of the dissolution of each ionic compound.
Determine which salt should be used should be used for cold packs and which should be
used for hot packs.

Dividing the H by the amount of money for grams used will allow you to determine the most
economical reaction for both hot and cold packs.
Which salts should be used to produce efficient and economical cold and hot packs?
Ammonium nitrate $26.20 per 500 g
Calcium chloride $31.70 per 500 g
Lithium chloride $65.00 per 500 g
Potassium chloride $28.19 per 500 g
Labor cost per unit $0.73
Capital / overhead cost per unit $0.36
Plastic bag cost per unit $0.19

After calculating the the molar heat of dissolution and choosing the most cost effective
compound, you will have to estimate the amount of salt needed for reach 0
o
C in the cold pack
and 65
o
C in the heat pack. Using the calculation of the H and using the specific heat of water,
which is 4.18 J / g
o
C and inserting the temperatures of both 0
o
C and then 65
o
C as the T
cool
water
and T
wam water
respectively.
Estimate the mass of salt that must be added to the cold pack to attain a temperature
of 0
o
C. Estimate the mass of the salt that must be added to the hot pack to reach a
temperature of 65
o
C.

Experimental Procedure

Determination of the Calorimeter Constant
1. See Appendix A-1 Instructions for Initializing the MeasureNet Workstation to
Record Temperature versus Time Scan. Complete all steps in the appendix before
proceeding to Step 2
Turn on MeasureNet
Press Main Menu, then press F2 Temperature, then F1 Temperature vs.
Time
Half fill a 150 ml beaker with ice and water. Press Calibrate to calibrate the
temperature probe. When prompted, enter 0.0
o
C as the actual temperature of
the constant temperature bath. When probe gets to ~0, press Enter
Remove the probe from eh ice water bath
Set the scan parameters with them minimum 2-3
o
C below the initial
temperature and the maximum 2-3
o
C above.
2. See Appendix A-2 Instructions for Recording a Temperature versus Time
Thermogram to Determine the Styrofoam Cup Calorimeter
Obtain materials
45-50 grams of tap water should be added to the calorimeter to serve as the
cool water. Record the exact mass
Setup the magnetic stirrer/calorimeter
Boil 45-50 grams of water to serve as the warm water
Determine the temperature of the cool water with the temperature probe
Pour exactly 50.0 mL of hot water into a graduated cylinder and assume the
density of the hot water is 1.00 g/mL. Measure temperature with thermometer.
Press Start on the MeasureNet to begin recording the thermogram
After 5-10 seconds, pour the warm water into the calorimeter
When the temperature is at equilibrium, press Stop to end the scan
3. From the saved files create plots of temperature versus time data using Excel
4. Determine the calorimeter constant using the provided
Determination of the Molar Heat of Dissolution of a Salt
1. Dissolve approximately 2.00 grams of the salt in 25 ml of distilled water. Determine the
masses the of the salt and water
2. See Appendix A-4 Instructions for Recording a Thermogram to Determine the
Enthalpy Change for a Physical or Chemical Process. Complete all the steps for the
dissolution of the salt (referred to as substance B) into 25.00 mL distilled water (referred
to as substance A)
Use the calorimeter set up in the previous part of the experiment
Put on the magnetic stirrer and and switch to a low setting, being sure not to
allow the bar to touch the probe
Insert the probe
Obtain 25.00 mL distilled water and pour into the calorimeter. Be sure the probe
is not touching the bottom or sides of the calorimeter
Determine the initial temperature of substance with the temperature probe
Obtain 2.00 grams of the salt and determine the initial temperature with
thermometer
Press Start on the MeasureNet and after 5-10 seconds, raise the lid and quickly
pour all of substance B into the calorimeter
When the temperature reaches equilibrium, press stop
Save the file
3. Repeat for all four salts
4. Determine the H
dissolution
using the equation provided in the introduction

Divide the H by the amount of money for grams used,determine the most economical
reaction for both hot and cold packs.

Estimate the amount of salt needed for reach 0
o
C in the cold pack and 65
o
C in the heat pack.
Using the calculation of the H and using the specific heat of water, which is 4.18 J / g
o
C and
inserting the temperatures of both 0
o
C and then 65
o
C as the T
cool water
and T
wam water

respectively.


Data:

Calorimeter Constant calculations-
1. 50.0 g H
2
O @24.21
o
C and 50.0 g H
2
O @ 82.6
o
C
equilibrium temp: 50.40
o
C
C
calorimeter
= -[50.0 g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (50.40-82.6
o
C)] - [50.0g g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (50.40-24.21
o
C)]
(50.40-24.21
o
C)
=47.9 J/
o
C

2. 49.9 g H
2
O @23.23
o
C and 50.0 g H
2
O @ 78.0
o
C
equilibrium temp: 47.53
o
C
C
calorimeter
= -[50.0 g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (47.53-78.0
o
C)] - [49.9g g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (47.53-23.23
o
C)]
(47.53-23.23
o
C)
=53.4 J/
o
C

Avg C
calorimeter
= 50.7 J/
o
C


Mass of Water Mass of (NH
4
)(NO
3
) Initial Temp Water Initial Temp (NH
4
)(NO
3
)
1 50.7 mL 1.071 g 21.76
o
C Room temp
2 50.0 mL 1.290 g 21.96
o
C Room temp

Equilibrium Temp:
1. 20.16
o
C

2. 19.99
o
C

H
dissolution
ammonium nitrate
1. -q
reaction
= [51.771 g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (20.16-21.76
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (20.16-21.76
o
C)]
q
reaction
= 4.27 x 10
2
J

1.071 g (NH
4
)(NO
3
) x 1 mol (NH
4
)(NO
3
= 0.01338 mols (NH
4
)(NO
3
)
80.052 g

H
dissolution
= (4.27 x 10
2
J/0.01338 mols (NH
4
)(NO
3
)) x (1 mol (NH
4
)(NO
3
)/1 mol rxn)
= 31.9 kJ/mol

2. -q
reaction
= [51.290 g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (19.99-21.96
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (19.99-21.96
o
C)]
q
reaction
= 5.22 x 10
2
1.290 g (NH
4
)(NO
3
) x 1 mol (NH
4
)(NO
3
= 0.01611(NH
4
)(NO
3
)
80.052 g

H
dissolution
= (5.22 x 10
2
J/0.01611 mols (NH
4
)(NO
3
)) x (1 mol (NH
4
)(NO
3
)/1 mol rxn)
= 32.4 kJ/mol

Avg. H
dissolution
= 32.2 kJ/mol

Mass of
Water
Mass of CaCl
2
Initial Temp Water Initial Temp CaCl
2
1 50.5 mL 1.070 g 22.17
o
C Room temp
2 50.4 mL 1.585 g 21.92
o
C Room temp

Equilibrium Temp:
1. 25.03
o
C

2. 26.23
o
C

H
dissolution
calcium chloride
1. -q
reaction
= [51.570 g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (25.03-22.17
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (25.03-22.17
o
C)]
q
reaction
= -7.62 x 10
2
1.070 g CaCl
2
x 1 mol CaCl
2
= 0.009641 CaCl
2

110.98 g

H
dissolution
= (-7.62 x 10
2
J/0.009641 CaCl
2
) x (1 mol CaCl
2
/1 mol rxn)
= -79.0 kJ/mol

2. -q
reaction
= [51.985g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (26.23-21.92
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (26.23-21.92
o
C)]
q
reaction
= -1.16 x 10
3
1.585 g CaCl
2
x 1 mol CaCl
2
= 0.01428 CaCl
2

110.98 g

H
dissolution
= ( -1.16 x 10
3
J/0.01428 CaCl
2
) x (1 mol CaCl
2
/1 mol rxn)
= -80.8 kJ/mol

Avg H
dissolution
= -79.8 kJ/mol

Mass of
Water
Mass of LiCl Initial Temp Water Initial Temp LiCl
1 50.1 mL 1.653 g 21.83
o
C Room temp
2 50.1 mL 2.242 g 22.21
o
C Room temp

Equilibrium Temp:
1. 27.61
o
C

2. 30.13
o
C

H
dissolution
lithium chloride
1. -q
reaction
= [51.753g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (27.61-21.83
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (27.61-21.83
o
C)]
q
reaction
= -1.54 x 10
3
1.653 g LiCl x 1 mol LiCl = 0.03899 LiCl
42.394g

H
dissolution
= ( -1.54 x 10
3
J/0.03899 LiCl) x (1 mol LiCl/ 1 mol rxn)
= -39.6 kJ/mol

2. -q
reaction
= [52.342g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (30.13-22.21
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (30.13-22.21
o
C)]
q
reaction
= -2.13x 10
3
2.242 g LiCl x 1 mol LiCl =0.05288 LiCl
42.394g

H
dissolution
= ( -2.13 x 10
3
J/0.05288 LiCl) x (1 mol LiCl/ 1 mol rxn)
= -40.4 kJ/mol

Avg H
dissolution
= -40.0 kJ/mol







Mass of
Water
Mass of KCl Initial Temp Water Initial Temp KCl
1 50.0 mL 1.646 g 22.21
o
C Room temp
2 50.9 mL 1.425 g 22.51
o
C Room temp

Equilibrium Temp:
1. 20.62
o
C

2. 20.88
o
C

H
dissolution
potassium chloride
1. -q
reaction
= [51.646g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (20.62-22.48
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (20.62-22.48
o
C)]
q
reaction
= 4.96 x 10
2
1.646 g KCl x 1 mol KCl =0.02208 mol KCl
74.5513g

H
dissolution
= ( 4.96 x 10
2
J/0.02208 KCl) x (1 mol KCl/ 1 mol rxn)
= 22.4 kJ/mol

2. -q
reaction
= [52.325g x 4.18 J/g
o
C x (20.88-22.51
o
C)] + [50.7 J/
o
C x (20.88-22.51
o
C)]
q
reaction
= 4.39 x 10
2
1.425 g KCl x 1 mol KCl =0.01911 mol KCl
74.5513g

H
dissolution
= ( 4.39 x 10
2
J/0.01911 KCl) x (1 mol KCl/ 1 mol rxn)
= 23.0 kJ/mol

Avg H
dissolution
= 22.6 kJ/mol









Most economical reaction for both hot and cold packs:

Ammonium nitrate $26.20 per 500 g
Calcium chloride $31.70 per 500 g
Lithium chloride $65.00 per 500 g
Potassium chloride $28.19 per 500 g
Labor cost per unit $0.73
Capital / overhead cost per unit $0.36
Plastic bag cost per unit $0.19

Exothermic Reactions:
Lithium chloride
-7.26 kJ= $1.00 x (500 g LiCl/ $65.00) x (-40.0 kJ/ 42.394 g LiCl)
-7.26 kJ/ $1.00

Calcium chloride
-11.3 kJ= $1.00 x (500 g CaCl
2
/ $31.70) x (-79.8 kJ/ 110.98 g CaCl
2
)
-11.3 kJ/ $1.00

Endothermic Reactions:
Potassium Chloride
5.37 kJ= $1.00 x (500 g KCl/ $28.19) x (22.6 kJ/ 74.5513 g KCl)
5.37 kJ/ $1.00

Ammonium Nitrate
7.68 kJ= $1.00 x (500 g (NH
4
)(NO
3
)/ $26.20) x (32.2 kJ/ 80.052 g (NH
4
)(NO
3
))
7.68 kJ/ $1.00

Hot Pack Ionic Compound: Calcium Chloride
Cold Pack Ionic Compound: Ammonium Nitrate









Bibliography
Chem 1080 Laboratory Manual University of Utah
Experiment 19: Thermal Energy Associated with Physical and Chemical Changes
Experiment 2: Specific Heat of Substances