GALVANOMETER

Galvanometer history can be traced back to 1820, when the Danish physicist - Hans Christian Oersted
noted that the magnetic needle will be deflected as it was when it came into contact with electric
current. Observations by Oersted later became the basis of the working principle of a galvanometer. In
the same year, the German physicist - Johann Schweigger work with this principle, and with the
emergence of the first galvanometer. Rights for moving-coil galvanometer discovery of the first, which is
widely used today, falls on French physicists - Jacques Arsene D'Arsonval. A few years later, Edward
Weston is enough to make some changes to the design, and to improvise.
Sejarah galvanometer dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tahun 1820, ketika fisikawan
Denmark Hans Christian Oersted mencatat bahwa jarum magnetik akan
dibelokkan seperti itu ketika mengalami kontak dengan arus listrik. Pengamatan
oleh Oersted kemudian menjadi prinsip dasar dari kerja sebuah galvanometer. Pada
tahun yang sama, fisikawan Jerman Johann Schweigger bekerja dengan prinsip
ini, dan dengan kemunculan galvanometer pertama. Hak untuk penemuan
galvanometer bergerak-kumparan pertama, yang banyak digunakan saat ini, jatuh
pada fisikawan Prancis Jacques Arsene DArsonval. Beberapa tahun kemudian,
Edward Weston cukup membuat beberapa perubahan untuk desain ini, dan
melakukan improvisasi.
Galvanometer is a measuring instrument used to measure electrical currents and strong electrical
potential difference is relatively small. Galvanometer can not be used to measure the current
strength and the electrical potential difference is relatively large, because the internal
components that do not support. The figure below shows that the galvanometer can only measure
the current and voltage are relatively low.
Galvanometer can be used to measure the strong currents and large electrical potential
difference, if the galvanometer is mounted external obstacles (called barriers next to the
voltmeter, ammeter while the so-called shunt resistance).

A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the
measurement of electric current. It works by using a compass needle to compare a
magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth.
It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which
states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the
ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields. It was first
described by Claude Pouillet in 1837.
Sebuah galvanometer singgung adalah sebuah alat ukur awal yang digunakan untuk pengukuran
arus listrik. Ia bekerja dengan menggunakan jarum kompas untuk membandingkan medan
magnet yang dihasilkan oleh arus diketahui oleh medan magnet Bumi. Ia mendapat namanya dari
prinsip operasi, hukum tangen magnet, yang menyatakan bahwa persoalan dari sudut jarum
kompas membuat sebanding dengan rasio kekuatan dari dua medan magnet tegak lurus. Ini
pertama kali dijelaskan oleh Claude Pouillet pada tahun 1837.

The astatic galvanometer was developed by Leopoldo Nobili in 1825.
[3]

Unlike a compass-needle galvanometer, the astatic galvanometer has two magnetic
needles parallel to each other, but with the magnetic poles reversed. The needle
assembly is suspended by a silk thread, and has no net magnetic dipole moment. It
is not affected by the earth's magnetic field. The lower needle is inside the current
sensing coils and is deflected by the magnetic field created by the passing current.
Extremely sensitive measuring equipment once used mirror galvanometers that
substituted a mirror for the pointer. A beam of light reflected from the mirror acted
as a long, massless pointer. Such instruments were used as receivers for early
trans-Atlantic telegraph systems, for instance. The moving beam of light could also
be used to make a record on a moving photographic film, producing a graph of
current versus time, in a device called an oscillograph. The string galvanometer
was a type of mirror galvanometer so sensitive that it was used to make the first
electrocardiogram of the electrical activity of the human heart.





The voltage is measured approximately 1 volt.

Voltage is measured around 24 volts, and a galvanometer BROKEN!

Galvanometer with a shunt resistance
Galvanometer with a shunt resistance is ammeter. In the installation, the ammeter must be
connected in parallel with a shunt resistance Rsh. Installation of the shunt resistance is not
another measure aimed to increase the limit in order to measure the galvanometer strong
electrical currents greater than the default value.

Installation Galvanometer with shunt resistance.

When current flows through the coil is surrounded by a magnetic field will arise Lorentz force
that moves the needle to deviate. If the current through the coil is rather large, then the force will
arise also enlarged so that the deviation needle will also be greater. And vice versa, when a
strong current is not there then the needle will be returned to its original position by a spring.

Galvanometer with RESISTANCE FRONT (MULTIPLIER)
Galvanometer to the next obstacle is a voltmeter. A galvanometer and an external
resistance Rx is installed in series. The purpose of the installation of barriers Rx is none other
than to increase the limit of the measuring galvanometer, so it can be used to measure voltages
greater than the default value.

Galvanometer with front mounting obstacles (multiplier).
Function in order to withstand the current multiplier is a voltage that occurs in the galvanometer
does not exceed the maximum capacity, so that most of the voltage will be assembled on the
multiplier. Thus the ability to measure it to be larger.

The workings of the Galvanometer
Galvanometer works based on Lorentz force. The style in which the motion of the
particle will deviate the direction of the Lorentz force affecting. Direction of the Lorentz force on
a moving charge can also be determined by the right hand rule of the Lorentz force (F) as a result
of the electric current, I in a magnetic field B. The thumb, indicates the direction of the Lorentz
force. Index finger, indicating the direction of the magnetic field (B). Middle finger, indicating
the direction of the electric current (I). For a positive charge the direction of motion in the
direction of flow, while for the negative charge of motion direction opposite to the direction of
flow.


Galvanometer works the same way with an electric motor, but because it has a spring,
then the coil is not rotating. Because the magnetic charge can berubaha because the electric
current that flows into it. Galvanometer is generally used for direct current, but the principle is
using rotary coil construction.

The workings of the galvanometer, the rotation of the coil due to the emergence of two
Lorents force equal but opposite directions, which works on both sides of the coils facing each
other. Copper wire is wound on a soft iron core cylindrical coil form statu, and placed between
the poles between a magnet hermanen. Electrical currents entering and leaving the coil through a
spiral spring mounted above and below the coil. Then the coil is close to the north pole and south
pole Lorente experiencing the same style but in the opposite direction, which would
menyebebkan rotating spindle. The second round coil spring retained by a spiral, so that the coil
will only spin at a certain angle. Round of coil passed by a needle to point to a particular scale.
The figures reveals a large-scale electric current is measured.