LESSON 1 - SETS and VENN DIAGRAMS

Main Lecture:-
Hey everyone! Are you ready or !o"e un-i##ed "at$!% &e## !ince you $ave actua##y
c#ic'ed on t$i! video( it "ean! t$at you rea##y are ready! Any)ay #et! *et !tarted )it$ our
ir!t to+ic, It! a-out Set!, T$i! to+ic i! a uni.ue one( t$at i! it cannot -e re*arded a! your
avera*e "at$! to+ic invo#vin* un'no)n! are co"+#e/ *eo"etrica# i*ure!, It! "ore a-out
#o*ic and u!in* your co""on !en!e,
1, Set! Deinition and Notation!
So t$en )$at i! a !et% A !et i! a )e##-deined co##ection o o-0ect!, Eac$ o-0ect in a !et i!
ca##ed an e#e"ent o t$e !et, T$e e#e"ent! can -e AN1THING! 2and o cour!e t$e
e#e"ent! )ou#d *ive t$e Set it! re!+ective +ro+erty,3 4or e/a"+#e i I ta#' a-out t$e Set
o a## +o!itive even nu"-er! -e#o) 15( "y !et )ou#d con!i!t t$e e#e"ent! : 6(7(8(9
Si"i#ar#y i I ta#' a-out t$e !et o #et! !u++o!e t$e *reat "at$e"atician! o t$e +a!t! Suc$
a !et )ou#d con!i!t o e#e"ent! : :ar# Gau!!( I!aac Ne)ton( Ein!tein( ;#ai!e <a!ca#(
Euc#id( <ierre de 4er"at( etc,,Sorry( I a" not !i##y to #i!t t$e" a## $ere!
T$ere are ot$er t$in*! a! )e## t$at you !$ou#d 'ee+ in "ind: T)o !et! are e.ua# i t$ey
$ave e/act#y t$e !a"e e#e"ent! in t$e"= A !et t$at contain! no e#e"ent! i! ca##ed a nu##
!et or an e"+ty !et= I every e#e"ent in Set A i! a#!o in Set ;( t$en Set A i! a !u-!et o
Set ;,
A+art ro" t$e!e detai#! you !$ou#d a#!o 'no) t$at a !et i! u!ua##y denoted -y a ca+ita#
#etter( !uc$ a! A( ;( or :( and t$at it! e#e"ent! are denoted -y !"a## #etter! or e,* /( y (>
A !et "ay -e de!cri-ed -y #i!tin* a## o it! e#e"ent! enc#o!ed in -race!, 4or e/a"+#e( i
Set A con!i!t! o t$e nu"-er! 6( 7( 8( and 9( )e "ay !ay: A ? @6( 7( 8( 9A,
I $ave a#ready to#d you )$at a nu## !et i! -ut you !$ou#d a#!o note t$at a nu## !et i!
denoted -y @A t$i! !y"-o#,
T$ere a#!o anot$er very i"+ortant !et 'no)n a! t$e e+!i#on !et, It i! denoted -y BCB , T$i!
actua##y t$e a-!o#ute or t$e univer!a# !et( t$at it cover! a## t$o!e !et! )$ic$ are *iven, 4or
e,* i I ta#' a-out Set! A and ;, T$en t$e!e !et! )i## actua##y -e t$e !u-!et! o t$e e+!i#on
!et, E+!i#on !et $o#d! *reat i"+ortance or it can -e u!ed to i"+o!e re!triction! !o t$at t$e
e#e"ent! in t$e !u--!et can -e 'e+t )it$in #i"it!, 4or e,* i I !ay t$e e+!i#on cover!
nu"-er! 1 to 15 on#y, T$en I add t$at Set A 2+art o t$at e+!i#on3 i! "ade u+ o odd
nu"-er!, It! e#e"ent! )ou#d -e : 1(D(E(F(G , It )ou#d !to+ at G even t$ou*$ 11(1D
on)ard! are a#!o odd nu"-er!, &$y% ;ecau!e you $ave to !tay )it$in t$e #i"it! o t$e
e+!i#on!
Set! "ay a#!o -e de!cri-ed -y !tatin* a ru#e, &e cou#d de!cri-e Set ; @6(7(8(9A -y
!tatin*: Set ; con!i!t! o a## t$e even !in*#e-di*it +o!itive inte*er!,
6, Set O+erator!
Su++o!e )e $ave our !et! - &( H( 1( and I, Let t$e!e !et! -e deined a! o##o)!: & ?
@6A= H ? @1( 6A= 1? @6( D( 7A= and I ? @1( 6( D( 7A,
T$e union o t)o !et! i! t$e !et o e#e"ent! t$at -e#on* to one or -ot$ o t$e t)o
!et!, T$u!( !et I i! t$e union o !et! H and 1,
Sy"-o#ica##y( t$e union o H and 1 i! denoted -y H 1,
T$e inter!ection o t)o !et! i! t$e !et o e#e"ent! t$at are co""on to -ot$ !et!,
T$u!( !et & i! t$e inter!ection o !et! H and 1,
Sy"-o#ica##y( t$e inter!ection o H and 1 i! denoted -y H J 1,
D, Set! and Venn Dia*ra"! 2t$e in!e+ara-#e!3
No) #et! ta#' a-out Venn Dia*ra"!, To deine( A Venn dia*ra" i! a )ay o re+re!entin*
!et! vi!ua##y,
To e/+#ain( )e )i## !tart )it$ an e/a"+#e )$ere )e u!e )$o#e nu"-er! ro" 1 to 15,
&e )i## deine t)o !et! ta'en ro" t$i! *rou+ o nu"-er!:
Set A ? t$e odd nu"-er! in t$e *rou+ ? @ 1 ( D ( E ( F ( G A
Set ; ? t$e nu"-er! )$ic$ are 8 or "ore in t$e *rou+ ? @ 8 ( F ( 9 ( G ( 15 A
So"e nu"-er! ro" our ori*ina# *rou+ a++ear in -ot$ o t$e!e !et!, So"e on#y a++ear in
one o t$e !et!,
So"e o t$e ori*ina# nu"-er! donBt a++ear in eit$er o t$e t)o !et!, &e can re+re!ent
t$e!e act! u!in* a Venn dia*ra",
T$e t)o #ar*e circ#e!
re+re!ent t$e t)o !et!,
T$e rectan*#e re+re!ent!
e+!i#on,

T$e nu"-er! )$ic$
a++ear in -ot$ !et! are F
and G, T$e!e )i## *o in
t$e centra# !ection(
-ecau!e t$i! i! +art o
-ot$ circ#e!,
T$e nu"-er! 1( D and E
!ti## need to -e +ut in Set
A( -ut not in Set ;( !o
t$e!e *o in t$e #et
!ection o t$e dia*ra",
Si"i#ar#y( t$e nu"-er!
8( 9 and 15 are in Set ;(
-ut not in Set A( !o )i##
*o in t$e ri*$t !ection o
t$e dia*ra",
T$e nu"-er! 6 and 7 are
not in eit$er !et( !o )i##
*o out!ide t$e t)o
circ#e!,
T$e ina# Venn dia*ra"
#oo'! #i'e t$i!:
&e can !ee t$at a## ten
ori*ina# nu"-er! a++ear
in t$e dia*ra",
T$e nu"-er! in t$e #et
circ#e are Set A
@ 1 ( D ( E ( F ( G A
T$e nu"-er! in t$e ri*$t
circ#e are Set ;
@ 8 ( F ( 9 ( G ( 15 A

T$e inter!ection o !et! A and ; i! t$o!e e#e"ent! )$ic$ are in !et A and !et ;, A
dia*ra" !$o)in* t$e inter!ection o A and ; can -e !een -e#o):
T$e union o !et! A and ; i! t$o!e e#e"ent! )$ic$ are in !et A or !et ; or -ot$, A
dia*ra" !$o)in* t$e union o A and ; can -e !een -e#o):
KLESTIONMANS&ER SESSION:-
K1, De!cri-e t$e !et o vo)e#!,
An!, I A i! t$e !et o vo)e#!( t$en A cou#d -e de!cri-ed a! A ? @a( e( i( o( uA,
K6, De!cri-e t$e !et o +o!itive inte*er!,
An!, Since it )ou#d -e i"+o!!i-#e to #i!t all o t$e +o!itive inte*er!( )e need to u!e a
ru#e to de!cri-e t$i! !et, &e "i*$t !ay A con!i!t! o a## inte*er! *reater t$an >ero,
KD, Set A ? @1( 6( DA and Set B ? @D( 6( 1A, I! Set A e.ua# to Set B%
An!, 1e!, T)o !et! are e.ua# i t$ey $ave t$e !a"e e#e"ent!, T$e order in )$ic$ t$e
e#e"ent! are #i!ted doe! not "atter,
K7, &$at i! t$e !et o "en )it$ our ar"!%
An!, Since a## "en $ave t)o ar"! at "o!t( t$e !et o "en )it$ our ar"! contain! no
e#e"ent!, It i! t$e nu## !et 2or e"+ty !et3,
KE, Set A ? @1( 6( DA and Set B ? @1( 6( 7( E( 8A, I! Set A a !u-!et o Set B%
An!, Set A )ou#d -e a !u-!et o Set B i every e#e"ent ro" Set A )ere a#!o in Set B,
Ho)ever( t$i! i! not t$e ca!e, T$e nu"-er D i! in Set A( -ut not in Set B, T$ereore(
Set A i! not a !u-!et o Set B,
KF,
2a3 &$ic$ nu"-er! are in t$e union o A and ;%
An!,
2-3 &$ic$ nu"-er! are in t$e intersection o A and ;%
An!,