ii

Certificate


This is to certify that this project report entitled Ultrasonic and Buzzer based
Walking Stick for the blind by Km Parul Verma (Roll No.1071931027), Km Ragini
(Roll No.1071931029) and Sudhansu (Roll No.1071931052) submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Gautam Buddh Technical
University, Lucknow, during the academic year 2010-2014, is a bonafide record of
work carried out under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.



Ms. Prerna Mr. Javed Ahmed
(Project Guide) (Head of Department)
Department of Electronics & Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
A.I.T.M., Kanpur A.I.T.M. , Kanpur

iii


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and We are extremely fortunate to have got all this
along the completion of my dissertation work.
We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my
supervisor Ms. Prerna, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Axis Institute of Technology and Management, Kanpur, for her constant motivation
and support during the course of my work. We truly appreciate and value for her
esteemed guidance and encouragement from the beginning to the end.
We would like to thank Mr. Javed Ahmed, Head of Department, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, for his support in providing me the opportunity to carry
out this work. Also, we would like to acknowledge my thanks to Mr. Akash Porwal
and Ms. Rohini Rai for their support. We extend my thanks to all the faculty
members of Electronics Engineering Department, Axis Colleges, for any kind of help
they could make during the completion of my project work.
We also would like thank all my friends and batch mates for their help, co-operation
and motivation regarding the completion of my work.
Last but not the least; we are thankful to GOD for giving me the strength to overcome
difficulties, which crossed my way to polar star.

Km PARUL VERMA
Km RAGINI
SUDHANSU
iv

ABSTRACT

The paper presents a theoretical model and a system concept to provide a smart electronic aid for
blind people. The system is intended to provide overall measures Artificial vision and object
detection.

The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient navigation aid for
blind which gives a sense of artificial vision by providing information about the environmental
scenario of static and dynamic objects around them.

Ultrasonic sensors are used to calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind person to guide
the user towards the available path. Output is in the form of Beep which the blind person can hear
e.g., 1 beep,2 beep etc.

The hardware consists of Arduino uno board, ultrasonic sensors and buzzer.

The code is written in Arduino.

v

CONTENTS

Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------- (iv)
List of Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------- (vii)
List of Tables ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (vii)

1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-2
1.1 Background
1.2 Aim of this Project
1.3 Block Diagram
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Significance of this Work
1.6 Conclusion

2 Equipment Literature----------------------------------------------------------- 3-10
2.1 Introduction to Arduino UNO board
2.1.1 Features of Arduino UNO board:
2.1.2 Power
2.2 What is an Ultrasonic Sensor?
2.2.1 How Do Ultrasonic Sensor Work?
2.2.2 Utrasonics
2.3 Ultrasonic Sensing/Control basics
2.3.1 Two Ultrasonic Sensor Type
2.4 Ultrasonic Transducers
2.5 Model of the Ultrasonic Sensor used
2.5.1 Features
2.5.2 Specifications
2.5.3 Pin Description
2.6 Applications
2.7 Advantages

3 Equipment Requirements --------------------------------------------------------
3.1 Power Supply
3.1.1 Rechargeable Batteries
3.1.2 MAX 756
3.2 Buzzer Information
3.2.1 Connections
3.3 DC Gear Motor
3.4 Wheels
3.5 Making of the Stick

4 Software --------------------------------------------------------------------
vi

4.1 Arduino Programming
4.2 Serial Communication
4.2.1 Software Serial Library
4.3 Source Code

5 Conclusion & Recommendation--------------------------------------------------

Bibliography --------------------------------------------------------------------






















vii









LIST OF TABLES:


TABLE PAGE NO.
Features of Arduino Uno
5
Specification of ultrasonic sensor
11
Pin description of ultrasonic sensor
15
Output format of US sensor

Pin description of MAX 756
13

LIST OF FIGURES:


FIGURE
PAGE NO.
Block Diagram

Arduino Uno

Pin diagram of microcontroller

viii

Types of ultrasonic sensors

Ultrasonic transducers

Ultrasonic sensors

Rechargeble Battries

MAX 756