De Cuong Cnctm1

Mc Lc
CHNG I
NHNG KHI NIM C BN.
Cu 1.1: Nu khi nim qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh cng ngh. Ly vd minh ha v
qu trnh cng ngh ?-4
Cu 1.2. Trnh by cc thnh phn ca qu trnh cng ngh. Ly v d minh ha cho
mi thnh phn ?-4
Cu 1.3: nu cc y/ t c trng ca dng sn sut?.Trnh by ca tng dng sx-6
Cu 1.4: Trnh by hnh thc t chc sx? Nhp sn xut l g ? Cch xc nh nhp sn
xut ?-8
Cu 1.5
: Th no l tp trung nguyn cng, phn tn nc? Xu hng hin nay ?-9
CHNG II
: CHT LNG B MT CHI TIT MY.
Cu 2.1: nhp nh t vi l j ? Phn tch nh hng ca nhp nh t vi n tnh
chng mn, tnh chng n mn ha hc ca chi tit my, chnh xc ca mi ghp?-
10
Cu 2.4: trnh by tnh cht c l ca lp b mt gia cng( hin tng bin cng v
ng sut d) Phn tch nh hng ca hin tng bin cng n tnh chng mn ca
chi tit my
?-12
Cu 2.5
Tnh cht c l lp b mt gia cng,phn tch nh hng ca bin cng ti
bn chi tit my ? 13
Cu 2.6 Phn tch nh hng ca cc yu t mang tnh cht hnh hc ca dao tin( gc
nghing v bn knh mi dao) n nhm b mt ?13
Cu 2.7 Phn tch nh hng ca lng tin dao S, tc ct V n nhm b mt,
lng bin cng b mt v ng sut d lp b mt ca chi tit my-14
Cu 2.10 nh hng rung ng ca h thng cng ngh n cht lng b mt gia
cng ca chi tit my ?15
Cu 2.11 Cht lng b mt chi tit my? Cc yu t c trng cho cht lng b mt
chi tit my?16
CHNG III : CHNH XC GIA CNG
Cu 3.1
Th no l chnh xc gia cng ? cc yu t biu th chnh xc gia cng ?17
Cu 3.2 So snh c im, cng dng, phm vi ng dng ca cc pp t chnh xc
gia cng trn my cng c ?17
Cu 3.3 trnh by phng php t ng t kch thc trn cc my cng c iu
chnh sn? Ly v d minh ha-19
Cu 3.4 Trnh by nh hng ca cng vng of h thng cng ngh n chnh
xc gia cng? Ly v d minh ha-20
Cu 3.5 nh hng ca chnh xc v tnh trng mn ca my cng c n chnh
xc gia cng. Ly vd ?21
Cu 3.6 nh hng ca chnh xc v tnh trng mn ca dng c ct, g n
chnh xc gia cng. Ly vd ?22
Cu3.7 Phn tch s nh hng do bin dng nhit ca h thng cng ngh n
chnh xc gia cng?23
Cu 3.8 Phn tch nh hng do chn chun v phng php g t chi tit n
chnh xc gia cng ?24
Cu 3.9

Phn tch nh hng ca phng php o v dng c o n chnh xc gia cng
?25
CHNG IV: C TRNG CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG
Cu 4.1 nh ngha v chun .Phn loi. ly vd minh ha v tng loi chun ?25
Cu 4.3 Khi nim v qu trnh g t chi tit trc khi gia cng?. Ly vd minh ha cho
qu trnh nh v v kp cht chi tit trc khi gia cng.-27
Cu 4.4
Cc phng php g t chi tit khi gia cng.Ly vd-28
Cu 4.5 Nguyn tc 6 im khi nh v chi tit-30
Cu 4.6 Th no l nh v hon ton, nh v k hon ton, siu nh v?. ly vd-32
Cu 4.9 Nu cc nguyn tc chn chun th, chun tinh? Mi nguyn tc ly 1 vd-33
CHNG V: C TRNG CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG
Cu 5.1 Trnh by cc pp ch to phi ?Nu cc dng phi s dng trong gia cng c
kh?38
Cu 5.2

V tr ca pp gia cng chun b phi trong qu trnh cng ngh gia cng c? Ti sao
phi c cc ng.cng gia cng chun b phi ? 42
Cu 5.4 Kh nng cng ngh ca phng php tin ?43
Cu 5.5 Nu cc b mt c dng lm chun v cc pp g t khi tin? V s g
t khi gia cng trc tr trn trn mm cp 3 chu t nh tm-44
Cu 5.7 Cc loi dng c c s dng khi phay mt phng? Trong sx lot ln dng
c no c s dng nhiu? Ti sao ?45
Cu 5.8 Trnh by mc ch v kh nng cng ngh ca pp khot doa ?46
Cu 5.9 Kh nng cng ngh ca pp phay v xc-47
Cu 5.10 Nu bn cht, v cc pp gia cng tinh = bin dng do ?48
Cu 5.11
Nu c im chung ca phng php gia cng bng in vt l v in ha? Cc
nhm gia cng bng in l v in ha?48
CHNG 6: TK QU TRNH CN GIA CNG CHI TIT MY

Cu 6.1 khi nim v lng d gia cng v phn loi lng d gia cng

? 50
Cu 6.2 Trnh by pp xc nh lng d gia cng ? 51
CHNG 7: TI U HA QU TRNH CT GT
Cu 7.1 Khi nim v ti u ha qu trnh ct gt? Phn tch c s ti u ha m hnh
lc ct, mi mn d.c ct? 54
Cu 7.2 Xy dng hm mc tiu ch tiu k thut v thi gian, chi ph gia cng v ch
ct ti u khi tin, phay? 57
CHNG 8: TIU CHUN HA QU TRNH CNG NGH
Cu 8.1 Khi nim v phn loi i tng sx? Ly vd in hnh cho mi loi i tng
sn xut- 60
Cu 8.2 Trnh by cng ngh nhm. Li ch v ngha cng ngh nhm trong qu trnh
cng ngh ?61
CHNG 9: CNG NGH LP RP SN PHM C KH
Cu 9.1 Trnh by pp lp ln hon ton, k hon ton?62
Cu 9.2 trnh by v pp lp chn tng chic v theo nhm?63
Cu 9.3 Trnh by phng php lp sa v lp iu chnh ?63
Cu 9.4 Cc hnh thc t chc lp rp?65
CHNG 10: QUI TRNH CNG NGH GIA CNG CHI TIT IN HNH
Cu 10.1 Trnh by yu cu k thut , vt liu, phi i vi chi tit dng hp, cng, trc
?66
Cu 10.2
Trnh by yu cu k thut , vt liu, phi i vi chi tit bnh rng, cc pp gia cng
rng ?71









CHNG I
:

NHNG KHI NIM C BN.

Cu 1.1: Nu khi nim qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh cng ngh. Ly vd minh ha v
qu trnh cng ngh ?
- Qu trnh sn xut l qu trnh con ng tc ng vo ti nguyn thin nhin bin n
thnh sn phm phc v cho li ch ca con ngi. Qu trnh sn xut bao gm mi
giai on t ti nguyn bin thnh sn phm, v d nh qung st c khai thc ti
m, chuyn n nh my luyn kim, nu chy thnh phi kim loi. Phi dc a n
nh my c kh, qua qu trnh gia cng c, nhit to thnh cc chi tit. Cc chi tit qua
qu trnh kim tra, lp rp to thnh sn phm v phc v cho 1 mc ch nht nh.
- Qu trnh cng ngh l mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut trc tip lm thay i trng
thi v tnh cht ca i tng sn xut. Thay i trng thi v tnh cht bao gm: Thay
i hnh dng kch thc, tnh cht l ha ca vt liu, v tr tng quan gia cc b
phn ca chi tit.
+ Qu trnh cng ngh gia cng ct gt: c nhim v lm thay i hnh dng kch thc
ca i tng sn xut.
+ Qu trnh cng ngh nhit luyn l qu trnh lm thay i tnh cht vt l v ha hc
ca vt liu chi tit.
+ Qu trnh cng ngh lp rp l qu trnh to thnh nhng quan h tng quan gia
cc chi tit thng qua cc loi lin kt mi lp ghp.
Ngoi ra cn c cc qu trnh cng ngh ch to phi ( c, gia cng p lc...)
Xc nh qu trnh cng ngh hp l ri ghi thnh vn kin cng ngh th cc vn kin
cng ngh c gi l quy trnh cng ngh.

Cu 1.2. Trnh by cc thnh phn ca qu trnh cng ngh. Ly v d minh ha cho
mi thnh phn ?
Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng c c chia ra cc thnh phn: nguyn cng, g, v tr,
bc, ng chuyn dao, ng tc.
1.
Nguyn cng.

Nguyn cng l mt phn ca quy trnh cng ngh c hon thnh lin tc ti mt ch
lm vic do mt hay nhiu nhm cng nhn thc hin gia cng mt hay mt s chi
tit cng lc (khi khng c cng nhn no phc v th l nguyn cng c t ng
ho hon ton).
Nu thay i mt trong nhng iu kin nh: tnh lm vic lin tc hoc ch lm vic th
ta chuyn sang mt nguyn cng khc. Ta xt trng hp gia cng trc bc trn
hnh

Nu ta tin mt u ri tr u ngay tin u kia th vn thuc mt nguyn cng.
Nhng nu tin mt u cho c lot chi tit ri mi tin u kia cho c lot chi tit th ta
c hai nguyn cng. Hoc l trn mt my ch tin mt u, cn u kia c tin trn
my khc th ta cng c hai nguyn cng.

Sau khi tin xong mt (hay hai my tin) tin hnh phay rnh then H trn

my phay th s c nguyn cng khc (nguyn cng phay).

Nguyn cng l n v c bn ca quy trnh cng ngh. Phn chia quy trnh cng ngh
ra thnh cc nguyn cng c ngha k thut

v ngha kinh t.

ngha k thut l ch tu theo yu cu k thut ca chi tit m phi gia cng b mt
no bng

phng php

bo, phay hay mi.

ngha kinh t (v d, trng hp gia cng trc bc trn hnh 1.1) l ch tu theo sn
lng v iu kin c th m chia quy trnh cng ngh ra lm nhiu nguyn cng (phn
tn nguyn cng) hoc tp trung mt vi nguyn cng (tp trung nguyn cng) nhm
m bo s cn bng ca nhp sn xut. Hoc trn mt my chnh xc khng nn lm
c vic th v vic tinh m phi chia thnh hai nguyn cng: th v tinh cho hai my
(my th v my chnh xc).
2.
G.

G l mt phn ca nguyn cng c hon thnh trong mt ln g t mt hoc nhiu
chi tit cng lc. V d, trn mt u ca chi tit ( hnh 1.1) ri g li chi tit u kia l
hai ln g t. Mt nguyn cng c th c mt hoc nhiu ln g.
3.
V tr.

V tr l mt phn ca nguyn cng c xc nh bi mt v tr tng quan gia chi tit
gia cng v my hoc gia chi tit gia cng v g hay dng c ct. V d, mi ln
phay mt cnh hoc khoan mt l trn chi tit c nhiu l

c gi l mt v tr. Trng hp gia cng mt l nhng qua nhiu bc khc nhau
mh khoan, khot, doa (hnh 1.2) cng c xem l chi tit c nhiu v tr.

Khi thit k qu trnh cng ngh cn
lu l gim qu trnh g t (trong khi vn gi c s v tr cn thit) bi v trong mi
ln g t s gy ra sai s gia cng.

Khi lp rp, i tng lp cng vi g(v d, g v tinh) trn bng ti xch c th
dch chuyn ti v tr mi thc hin nguyn cng lp rp.
4.

Bc.

Bc l mt phn ca nguyn cng tin hnh gia cng mt b mt (hoc nhiu b
mt) bng mt dao hoc nhiu dao vi ch ct khng thay i. Nu thay i mt
trong cc iu kin nh: b mt gia cng hoc ch ct (tc , lng chy dao hoc
chiu su ct) th ta chuyn sang mt bc khc. V d, tin ba on A, B, C (hnh
1.1) l ba bc khc nhau. tin bn mt u D, E, F, G (hnh 1.1) l bn bc c lp
vi nhau. Sau khi tin ngoi ta thay dao, thay i tc v bc tin dao (lng chy
dao) tin ren l hai bc khc nhau. Hoc khi gia cng l chnh xc ln lt bng
cc phng php khoan, khot, doa th c ba bc khc nhau.


Bc c th l bc n gin v bc phc tp. V d, khi tin mt trc bc gm ba
on vi ng knh khc nhau (bng mt dao) th ta phi thc hin ba bc n gin.
Cn khi tin trc bc ng thi bng nhiu dao th ta c mt bc phc tp.


Khi lp rp cc bc c xem l mt qu trnh ni ghp cc chi tit li vi nhau t
chnh xc cn thit hoc cc qu trnh khc nhau nh co sa then lp n vo v
tr, lp mt vng bi trn trc,.

Mt nguyn cng c th c mt hoc nhiu bc.
5) ng chuyn dao.

ng chuyn dao l mt phn ca bc ht i mt lp vt liu c cng ch ct
v bng cng mt dao.

V d, tin mt tr ngoi ta c th dng mt dao vi cng mt ch ct ht lm
nhiu ln, mi ln l mt ng chuyn dao, hoc khi mi mt b mt no ta phi
thc hin nhiu ng chuyn dao. Nh vy, mi bc c th c mt hoc nhiu
ng chuyn dao.
6) ng tc.

ng tc l mt hnh ng ca ngi cng nhn iu khin my khi gia cng hoc
lp rp. V d: bm nt, quay dao, y ng, thay i ch ct,cn i vi lp
rp th ng tc l ly chi tit, lau sch chi tit, bi m trn chi tit, cm cl, sit ai
c,...

Vic phn chia thnh ng tc rt cn thit nh mc thi gian khi gia cng v lp
rp, ng thi nghin cu nng sut lao ng v t ng ho nguyn cng.
Cu 1.3: nu cc y/ t c trng ca dng sn sut?.Trnh by ca tng dng sx
Qui trnh cng ngh m ta thit k phi m bo c chnh xc v cht lng gia
cng, ng thi phi m bo tng nng xut lao ng v gim gi thnh. Qui trnh
cng ngh ny phi m bo c sn lng t ra. t c cc ch tiu trn y
th qui trnh cng ngh phi c thit k thch hp vi dng sn xut.

Tu theo sn lng hng nm v mc n nh ca sn phm m ngi ta chia ra ba
dng sn xut : sn xut n chic, sn xut hng lot v sn xut hng khi.
* sn xut n chic

Sn xut n chic l sn xut c s lng sn phm hng nm rt t (thng t mt
n vi chc chic), sn phm khng n nh do chng loi nhiu, chu k ch to li
khng c xc nh.
Sn xut n chic c nhng c im sau:

-Ti mi ch lm vic c gia cng nhiu loi chi tit khc nhau (tuy nhin cc chi tit
ny c hnh dng hnh hc v c tnh cng ngh tng t).

- Gia cng chi tit v lp rp sn phm c thc hin theo tin trnh cng ngh (qui
trnh cng ngh s lc).

- S dng cc thit b v dng c vn nng. Thit b (my) c b tr theo tng loi v
theo tng b phn sn xut khc nhau.

- S dng cc g vn nng. g chuyn dng ch c s dng gia cng
nhng chi tit thng xuyn c lp li.

- Khng thc hin c vic lp ln hon ton, c ngha l phn ln cng vic lp rp
u c thc hin bng phng php co sa. y vic lp ln hon ton ch c
m bo i vi mt s mi ghp nh ren, mi ghp then hoa, cc b phn truyn
bnh rng v cc b phn truyn xch.

-
Cng nhn phi c trnh tay ngh cao.

-
Nng sut lao ng thp, gi thnh sn phm cao. V d, dng sn xut n chic l
ch to cc my hng nng hoc cc sn phm ch th, cc sn phm c ch to
theo n t hng.
* Sn xut hng lot

-
Sn xut hng lot l sn xut c sn lng hng nm khng qu t, sn phm c
ch to theo tng lot vi chu k xc nh, sn phm tng i n nh.

-
Sn xut hng lot l sn xut ph bin nht trong ngnh ch to my (70

80% sn phm ca ngnh ch to my c ch to theo tng lot).
Sn xut hng lot c nhng c im sau y:

-
Ti cc ch lm vic c thc hin mt s nguyn cng c chu k lp li n nh.

-

Gia cng c v lp rp c thc hin theo quy trnh cng ngh (quy trnh cng ngh
c chia ra cc nguyn cng khc nhau).

-
S dng cc my vn nng v chuyn dng.

-
Cc my c b tr theo quy trnh cng ngh.
-
S dng nhiu dng c v g chuyn dng.
-
m bo nguyn tc lp ln hon ton.
-
Cng nhn c trnh tay ngh trung bnh.

Tu theo sn lng v mc n nh ca sn phm m ngi ta chia ra: sn xut
hng lot nh, sn xut hng lot va v sn xut hng lot ln.

Sn xut hng lot nh rt gn vi sn xut n chic, cn sn xut hng lot ln rt
gn vi sn xut hng khi.

V d, dng sn xut hng lot c th l ch to my cng c, ch to my nng
nghip, ...

Trong dng sn xut hng lot va c th t chc cc dy chuyn sn xut linh hot
(dy chuyn sn xut thay i). iu ny c ngha l sau mt khong thi gian nht
nh (2-3 ngy) c th tin hnh gia cng lot chi tit khc c kt cu v qui trnh cng
ngh tng t.
* Sn xut hng khi

Sn xut hng khi l dng sn xut c sn lng rt ln, sn phm n nh trong thi
gian di (c th t 1 n 5 nm).
Sn xut

hng khi c nhng c im sau y:

- Ti mi v tr lm vic (ch lm vic) c thc hin c nh mt nguyn cng no .

- Cc my c b tr theo quy trnh cng ngh rt cht ch.

- S dng nhiu my t hp, my t ng, my chuyn dng v ng dy t ng.

- Gia cng chi tit v lp rp sn phm c thc hin theo phng php dy chuyn
lin tc.

- S dng g chuyn dng, dng c chuyn dng v cc thit b o t ng ho.

- m bo nguyn tc lp ln hon ton.

- Nng sut lao ng cao, gi thnh sn phm h.

- Cng nhn ng my c trnh tay ngh khng cao nhng th iu chnh my li c
trnh tay ngh cao.
-V d, dng sn xut hng khi c th l ch to t, ch to my ko, ch to vng
bi, ch to cc thit b o lng, Sn xut hng khi ch c th mang li hiu qu
kinh t i vi sn lng ca chi tit (hoc ca sn phm) ln, khi m tt c mi chi
ph cho vic t chc sn xut hng khi c hon li v gi thnh mt n v sn
phm nh hn so vi sn xut hng lot.

Hiu qu kinh t khi ch to s lng ln sn phm c tnh theo cng thc:

n

y:

N s n v sn phm:

C chi ph cho vic thay i t dng sn xut hng lot sang dng sn xut hng khi;

Sl gi thnh ca mt n v sn phm trong sn xut hng lot;

Sk - gi thnh ca mt n v sn phm trong sn xut hng khi.

iu kin xc nh hiu qu ca sn xut hng khi trc ht l sn lng v mc
chuyn mn ho ca nh my i vi tng loi sn phm c th. Nhng iu kin thch
hp nht ca sn xut hng khi l ch ch to mt lot sn phm vi mt kt cu duy
nht.

Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut th kt cu ca sn phm cng
cn c thay i c cht lng hon thin hn. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy
quy trnh cng ngh cng cn c hiu chnh li

Cu 1.4: Trnh by hnh thc t chc sx? Nhp sn xut l g ? Cch xc nh nhp sn
xut ?
-HNH THC SX
Trong qu trnh ch to sn phm c kh thng c thc hin theo hai hnh thc t
chc sn xut l: sn xut theo dy chuyn v khng theo dy chuyn.
j
Hnh thc sn xut theo dy chuyn
thng c p dng quy m sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi.

c im:

- My c b tr theo th t cc nguyn cng ca qu trnh cng ngh, ngha l mi
nguyn cng c hon thnh ti mt v tr nht nh.

- S lng ch lm vic v nng sut lao ng ti mt ch lm vic phi c xc nh
hp l m bo tnh ng b v thi gian gia cc nguyn cng trn c s nhp sn
xut ca dy chuyn.
Nhp sn xut l khong thi gian lp li chu k gia cng hoc lp rp, ngha l trong
khong thi gian ny tng nguyn cng ca qu trnh cng ngh c thc hin ng
b v sau khong thi gian y mt i tng sn xut c hon thin v c
chuyn ra khi dy chuyn sn xut.
k
Hnh thc sn xut khng theo dy chuyn
thng c p dng quy m sn xut lot nh.

c im:

- Cc nguyn cng ca qa trnh cng ngh c thc hin khng c s rng buc ln
nhau v thi gian v a im. My c b tr theo kiu, loi v khng ph thuc vo
th t cc nguyn cng.

- Nng sut v hiu qu kinh t thp hn hnh thc sn xut theo dy chuyn.

Ngy nay, nh ng dng cc thnh tu v in t, tin hc, x l in ton v k thut
iu khin t ng, cng ngh ca qu trnh sn xut c thc hin bi cc my
c iu khin t ng nh my tnh in t, c kh nng lp trnh a dng thch
nghi vi sn phm mi. Dng sn xut nh vy c gi l sn xut linh hot v cng
l dng sn xut c trng v ngy cng ph cp trong x hi.

-NHP SX
Trong sn xut

hng lot ln v hng khi thng s dng phng php sn xut dy chuyn ( c gia
cng ln lp rp). Theo phng php ny th cc my c b tr theo th

t cc nguyn cng. S v tr (ch lm vic) v nng sut phi c tnh ton sao cho
ng b ( khng b nh n gia cc nguyn cng). Mun cho dy chuyn sn xut
ng b phi tun theo nhp sn xut nht nh.
Nhp sn xut l khong thi gian lp li chu k gia cng ( hoc lp rp) v c tnh
bng cng thc:


t =
y:

t nhp sn xut (pht);

F thi gian lm vit tnh theo ca, thng, nm (pht );

q s lng sn phm (hoc chi tit) c ch to ra trong thi gian F.


V d, trong mt ngy lm vic 8 gi, ta c: F = 8 x 60 pht = 480 pht.Gia cng c q
= 160 chi tit. Nh vy nhp xn xut t =

= 3 pht. Co ngha l thi gian ca mi nguyn cng l 3 pht (k c vn chuyn)
hoc l bi s ca 3 (v d, nguyn cng ct rng cn c 4 my lm vic
mi kp cho nguyn cng trc bi v mi my ct mt chi tit mt 12 pht tc l bi
s ca 3).
-
XC NH DNG SN XUT

Sau khi xc nh c sn lng hng nm N ca chi tit theo cng thc (1.2) ta phi
xc nh khi lng ca chi tit. Khi lng Q ca chi tit c xc nh theo cng
thc :

Q = V.
g

y: V- th tch ca chi tit (dm3);

g
-khi lng ring ca vt liu (
g
ca thp l 7,852kg/dm3;
g
ca gang do l 7,2kg/dm3;
g

ca gang xm l 7kg/dm3 ;
g

ca nhm l 2,7kg/dm3 v
g
ca ng l 8,72kg/dm3 ).

Khi c N v Q da vo bng 1.1 chn dng sn xut ph hp .

Khi thit b n mn hc v n tt

nghip cng ngh ch to my sinh vin thng

gp cc dng sn xut hng lot va, hng lot ln v hng lot khi thit k quy
trnh cng ngh vi cc g chuyn dng , my chuyn dng , my bn t ng , dao
c chng v,v..

Bng 1.1 .xc nh dng sn xut

Dng sn xut

Q


-


khi lng ca chi tit


> 200kg

4 -200kg


< 4kg
Sn lng hng nm ca chi tit (chic )

n chic
H

Hng lot nh

Hng lot va

Hng lot ln
H

hng khi

< 5

5 -100

100 - 300

300 -1000

> 1000

< 10

10 - 200

200 - 500
5

500 -1000

> 5000

< 100

100 - 500

500 - 5000

5000 - 50000

> 50000

Cu 1.5

: Th no l tp trung nguyn cng, phn tn nc? Xu hng hin nay ?

Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng lot khi gia cng chi tit c th c thc hin
theo phng php tp trung nguyn cng hoc theo phng php phn tn nguyn
cng .
. Phng php tp trung nguyn cng

Tp trung nguyn cng c ngha l b tr nhiu bc cng ngh vo mt nguyn cng

v c thc hin trn mt my. Thng thng tp trung nguyn cng c thc hin
vi cc bc cng ngh gn ging nhau nh : khoan, khot, doa, ct ren hoc tin
ngoi, tin trong, v,v.

phng php tp trung nguyn cng c ng dng cho nhng chi tit phc tp c
nhiu b mt gia cng. gia cng cc loi chi tit ny ngi ta phi dng my c
nng sut cao. l cc my t hp, my nhiu trc chnh (gia cng c tin hnh
tun t trn tng trc chnh v ng thi trn nhiu v tr khc nhau). Trong trng hp
ny thi gian gia cng mt chi tit bng thi gian gia cng trn mt trc chnh. Nng
sut gia cng tng nh gia cng song song v s trng hp ca thi gian my. Thi
gian ph bng thi gian quay ca bn my i mt v tr. Ngoi cc my t hp v my
nhiu trc chnh ra ngi ta cn dng cc my nhiu dao thc hin gia cng theo
phng php tp trung nguyn cng.

Ngoi nng sut cao ra, phng php tp trung nguyn cng cn cho php nng cao
h s s dng mt bng sn xut. Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhc im l dng
my c phc tp cao v iu chnh my cng rt kh khn.
.phng php phn tn nguyn cng

phng php phn tn nguyn cng c ngha l chia quy trnh cng ngh ra nhiu
nguyn cng nh, mi nguyn cng c thc hin trn mt my. Trong trng hp
ny ngi ta s dng cc my thng dng, cc dng c tiu chun v cc trang b cng
ngh n gin. Nh nhng nt c trng m phng php phn tn nguyn cng
c tnh linh hot cao, c th l qu trnh chuyn i i tng gia cng c thc hin
rt nhanh chng v chi ph khng ng k.
.Xu hng hin nay
Hin nay trong lnh vc ch to my, nhn chung ngi ta c xu hng p dng
phng php tp trung nguyn cng trn c s t ng ho sn xut nhm tng nng
sut lao ng, rt ngn chu k sn xut gim chi ph iu hnh v lp k hoch sn
xut. Cn phng php phn tn nguyn cng ch p dng quy m sn xut ln nu
trnh sn xut km nhn t gc k thut sn xut.
CHNG II
: CHT LNG B MT CHI TIT MY.

Cu 2.1: nhp nh t vi l j ? Phn tch nh hng ca nhp nh t vi n tnh
chng mn, tnh chng n mn ha hc ca chi tit my, chnh xc ca mi ghp?
nhm b mt ( nhp nh t vi) l tp hp tt

c nhng b li, lm vi bc cc nh v c quan st trn mt khong ngn tiu
chun.
Trnh by nh hng ca cht lng b mt chi tit my n kh nng chng mn/
bn mi/ chng n mn ha hc ca chi tit my v chnh xc mi lp ghp?
Tr li :
- nh hng ca cht lng b mt chi tit my n kh nng chng mn:
+ nh hng n nhp nh t vi ( nhm b mt): Chiu cao v hnh dng ca
nhp nh t vi trn b mt cng vi chiu ca vt gia cng c nh hng n ma st
v mi mn chi tit my.
-Do b mt hai chi tit tip xc vi nhau c nhp nh t vi (nhm) nn trong giai on
u ca qu trnh lm vic, hai b mt ny ch tip xc vi nhau mt s nh cao
nhp nh; din tch tip xc thc ch bng mt phn ca din tch tip xc tnh ton. Ti
cc nh tip xc p sut rt ln, thng vt qu gii hn chy, c khi vt qu c
gii hn bn ca vt liu.

p sut lm cho cc im tip xc b nn n hi v lm bin dng do cc nhp
nh, l bin dng tip xc. Bin dng tip xc c th tnh theo cng thc thc
nghim nh sau:
D
= C
(m).
Vi C,x l h s v s m ph thuc iu kin thc nghim (dng tip xc, vt liu) p
l p sut tip xc (N/
). Khi hai b mt c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau s xy ra hin tng trt do
cc nh nhp nh; cc nh nhp nh b mn nhanh lm khe h lp ghp tng ln.
l hin tng mn ban u. Trong iu kin lm vic nh v va, mn ban u s lm
cho chiu cao nhp nh gim 65-75% lc din tch tip xc thc tng ln v p sut
tip xc gim i. giai on nay hnh dng nhp nh v chiu ca vt gia cng cng
thay i. Sau giai on nay qu trnh mn tr nn bnh thng v chm. l giai
on mn bnh thng. Cui cng l giai on mn kch lit, khi b mt tip xc b
trc ra, ngha l cu trc b mt chi tit b ph hng. Nh vy qu trnh mi mn ca
cp chi tit my, xt trn c s ma st b mt tip xc, thng qua ba giai on: mn
ban u, mn bnh thng v mn kch lit (hnh 2-3)

Hnh 2-3: qu trnh mi mn ca mt cp chi tit ma st ( tip xc) vi nhau.
- nh hng ca cht lng b mt chi tit my n kh nng chng n mn ha hc:
Cc ch lm b mt do nhp nh t

vi to ra l ni cha cc tp cht nh axit, mui Cc tp cht ny c tc dng n
mn ha hc i vi kim loi. Qu trnh n mn ha hc trn lp b mt chi tit lm cc
nhp nh mi hnh thnh. Qu trnh n mn ha hc ny lp b mt ny sy ra dc
theo sn dc ca cc nhp nh t vi, theo chiu t nh xung y (mi tn trn hnh
2-4) cc nhp nh, lm cho cc nhp nh c b mt i v cc nhp nh mi c hnh
thnh.

Hinh 2-4: Qu trnh n mn ha hc trn lp b mt chi tit my.
Nh vy b mt chi tit my cng t nhm (cng nhn bng) th s cng t b n mn
ha hc, bn knh y cc nhp nh cng ln th kh nng chng n mn ha hc ca
lp b mt cng cao. C th chng n mn ha hc bng cch ph ln b mt chi tit
my mt lp bo v bng phng php m (m crm, m niken) hoc bng phng
php c kh lm chc lp b mt.
-nh hng ca cht lng b mt chi tit my n chnh xc mi lp ghp:
chnh xc mi lp ghp trong kt cu c kh ph thuc cht lng cc b mt lp
ghp. bn cc mi lp ghp, trong c n nh ca ch lp ghp gia cc
chi tit, ph thuc vo nhm ca cc b mt lp ghp. y, chiu cao nhp nh t
vi Rz tham gia vo trng dung sai ch to chi tit my: i vi l th dung sai ca kch
thc ng knh s gim mt lng l 2Rz, cn i vi trc th li tng 2Rz.
Trong giai on mn ban u (giai on chy r)chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz, i vi
mi lp ghp lng c th gim i 65 75% lm khe h lp ghp tng ln v chnh
xc lp ghp gim i. Nh vy, i vi cc mi ghp lng, m bo n nh ca
mi lp trong thi gian s dng, trc ht phi gim nhp nh t vi (gim nhm,
tng nhn bng b mt), thng qua cch gim tr s chiu cao nhp nh Rz. Gi tr
hp l ca chiu cao nhp nh Rz c xc nh theo chnh xc ca mi lp, ty
theo tr s ca dung sai kch thc lp ghp.
VD: Nu ng knh lp ghp ln hn 500 mm th Rz = (0,1 0,15)
d
,
bn ca mi lp cht (mi lp c di) c quan h trc tip ti nhm ca b
mt lp ghp. Chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz tng th bn ca mi lp ghp c di
(mi lp cht) gim, bn mi lp ng vi chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz l 36,5

m s thp hn khong 40% so vi bn ca mi lp ng vi Rz l 18 m, v
di ca mi lp ghp sau nh hn mi lp ghp trc khong 15%.
- nh hng ca cht lng b mt chi tit my n bn mi:
+ nhm b mt c nh hng ti bn mi ca chi tit my, nht l khi chi tit
my chu ti trng chu k c i du, v y cc nhp nh t vi c ng sut tp trung
vi tr s ln, c khi tr s ny vt qu gii hn mi ca vt liu. ng sut tp trung
ny s gy ra cc vt nt t vi y cc nhp nh, l ngun gc ph hng chi tit
my. Mt khc, bn ca chi tit my s tng khi chi tit chu ti trng va p, nu
nhm b mt thp. i vi thep CT5 nu gim nhm b mt t Rz = 100 m xung
Rz = 0,1 m th bn va p c th tng 17%.
+ nh hng ca lp bin cng b mt:
B mt b bin cng c th lm tng bn mi khong 20%. Chiu su v mc lp
bin cng ca lp b mt u c nh hng n bn mi ca chi tit my, c th l
hn ch kh nng gy ra cc vt nt t vi lm ph hng chi tit, nht l khi b mt chi
tit c ng sut d nn.
Khi chi tit my lm vic mi trng c nhit cao, di tc dng nhit qu trnh
khuch tn cc phn t kim loi trong lp b mt s tng ln, lm gim bn mi ca
chi tit my.
+ nh hng ca ng sut d trong lp b mt:
ng sut d nn trn lp b mt c tc dng nng cao bn mi, cn ng sut d
ko li h thp bn mi ca chi tit my. nh hng ca ng sut d b mt i vi
bn mi ca chi tit my, xt v tr s v du ca ng sut d, c th xc nh bng
mi quan h theo thc nghim sau:

=

-

Trong :
: gii hn mi khi khng c ng sut d b mt.

: gii hn mi khi c ng sut d b mt.

: ng sut d ln nht, k c du lp b mt.

: h s ph thuc loi vt liu ca chi tit.

Cu 2.4: trnh by tnh cht c l ca lp b mt gia cng( hin tng bin cng v
ng sut d) Phn tch nh hng ca hin tng bin cng n tnh chng mn ca
chi tit my
?
B mt bin cng c th tng bn mi ca chi tit ln khong 20%, tng chng
mn ca n ln 2

3 ln. Chiu su v mc bin cng ca lp b mt u c nh hng n bn
mi ca chi tit my, c th l n hn ch kh nng gy ra cc vt nt lm ph hng chi
tit. Tuy nhin, b mt qu cng ( mc bin cng qu cao) s lm gim bn mi
ca chi tit my.
ng sut d

nn trn

lp b mt c kh nng lm tng bn mi ca chi tit cn ng sut d ko trn lp
b mt lm gim bn mi ca chi tit. V d, i vi chi tit t vt liu thp bn
mi ca n c th tng ln 50% ghi trn lp b mt c ng sut d nn v bn mi
gim 30% khi trn lp b mt c ng sut d ko.
Cht lng ca lp kim loi b mt c to thnh bi tnh cht ca kim loi v
phng php gia cng c. Trong qu trnh gia cng c di tc dng ca li ct dng
c, trn b mt kim loi to thnh nhng vt li, lm v cu trc ca lp b mt cng
thay i (lp b mt b bin dng do v to thnh bin cng, ng thi xut hin ng
xut d).
Mc bin cng v chiu su bin cng ph thuc vo phng php gia cng v ch
ct (lng chy dao, chiu su ct v tc ct). Khi tng lng chy dao v tc
ct, chiu su bin cng tng ln, ngc li khi tng tc ct th chiu su bin cng
gim xung.
Cu 2.5
Tnh cht c l lp b mt gia cng,phn tch nh hng ca bin cng ti
bn chi tit my ?
- Trong qu trnh gia cng c, di tc dng ca cc qu trnh vt l xy ra trong vng
ct, lp kim loi b mt b bin dng do (BDD). Sau khi gia cng, BDD lm b mt s
to nn lp bin cng v ng sut d (SD) lp b mt.
Lp bin cng b mt c c trng bi mc bin cng v chiu su lp bin
cng. SD lp b mt c c trng bi tr s, du v chiu su phn b SD
- B mt bin cng lm tng bn mi 20% , chng mn 2/3 ln .C chiu su v
mc bin cng lp b mt iu c nh hng ti bn mi ca chi tit my v lp
bin cng b mt hn ch kh nng gy ra cc vt nt t vi ti cc y cc mp m.
- ng sut d trn lp b mt nh hng rt ln n bn mi ca ctm, ng sut d
nn trn lp b mt c kh nng tng bn mi ca ctm,cn ng sut d ko trn lp
b mt lm gim bn mi cua ctm.
V d: i vi chi tit t vt liu thp bn mi ca n c th tng ln 50% khi trn lp
b mt c ng SD nn v bn mi gim 30% khi trn lp b rt c SD ko.

Cu 2.6 Phn tch nh hng ca cc yu t mang tnh cht hnh hc ca dao tin( gc
nghing v bn knh mi dao) n nhm b mt ?
T kt qu nghin cu, bc u ngi ta tm c cc bin php cng ngh thch
hp ci thin cht lng b mt chi tit my, nht l gim chiu cao nhp nh t vi
Rz (gim nhm) tng nhn bng b mt, ci thin chiu su lp bin cng cng
nh cng b mt. Qua thc nghim i vi phng php tin ngi ta xc nh
c mi quan h gia cc thng s: chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz, lng tin dao S,
bn knh mi dao r, chiu dy phoi nh nht hmin
Hinh 2.1: Quan h gia chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz v lng tin dao S khi tin.
Trn hnh 2.1 ng cong 1 biu th mi quan h tng qut gia Rz, S v r. C th l
trong phm vi gi tr ca lng chy dao S > 0,15mm/vng; ng cong 2 biu th mi
quan h thc nghim, k c phm vi gi tr ca lng chy dao S nh hn (S <
0,1mm/vng). T ng cong 2 ngi ta xc nh c mi quan h gia Rz, S v
r, hmin i vi bc tin tinh v biu th bng ng cong 3. Nh vy, ty theo gi tr
thc t ca lng chy dao S m ta c th xc nh c mi quan h gia Rz, S, r v

hmin nh sau:
-Khi S > 0,15mm/vng th Rz =

-Khi S < 0,1 mm/vng th gi tr ca chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz:
Rz =


+


(1

+


)
- y chiu dy phoi kim loi hmin ph thuc bn knh mi dao r. Nu mi li ct
bng kim cng mn mt trc v mt sau li ct, khi r = 10m th hmin = 4 m.
Mi dao hp kim cng bng thng nu r = 40m th hmin > 20m.
-Nu thay i gc
j
v
khng nhng lm thay i chiu cao nhp nh m cn lm thay i c hnh dng nhp
nh (hnh 2-2.c). Nu bn knh mi dao tin c dng trn l

th hnh thnh dng nhp nh cng c y lm trn (hnh 2-2.d). Nu tng bn knh nh
ca dao tin ln

th chiu cao nhp nh Rz s gim (hnh 2-2.e). phn thng ca li ct trn dao tin
cng c nh hng n hnh dng v chiu cao nhp nh (hnh 2-2.f).
Hnh 2-2: nh hng ca hnh dng hnh hc ca dng c ct n nhp nh b mt khi
tin.
Cc thng s hnh hc ca li ct, c bit l gc trc

v mn dng c ct c nh hng ti chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz v chiu su bin
cng
. Khi gc

th Rz v

gim. mn dng c tng th Rz v

tng. mn cho php ca dng c ct m bo tr s hp l ca Rz v


l khong u = 0,20,4mm.

Cu 2.7 Phn tch nh hng ca lng tin dao S, tc ct V n nhm b mt,
lng bin cng b mt v ng sut d lp b mt ca chi tit my
-nh hng ca tc ct

Tc ct c nh hng rt ln n nhm b mt (hnh 2.8).

Khi ct thp cacbon tc ct thp, nhit ct khng cao, phoi kim loi tch d, bin
dng ca lp kim loi khng nhiu, v vy nhm b mt thp. Khi tng tc n
khong 15

20 m/pht th nhit ct vlc ct u tng, gy ra bin dng do mnh, mt trc v
mt sau ca dao kim loi b chy do. Khi lp kim loi b nn cht mt trc dao v
nhit cao lm tng h s ma st vng ct s hnh thnh lo dao. l mt

t kim loi b chy v bm vo mt trc v mt phn sau ca dao. V cu trc, th lo
dao l ht kim loi rt cng, nhit nng chy ln ti khong 3000

C, bm rt chc vo mt trc v mt phn mt sau ca dao. Lo dao lm tng

nhm b mt gia cng. Nu tip tc tng tc ct, lo dao b nung nng nhanh hn,
vng kim loi bin dng b ph hu, lc dnh ca lo dao khng thng ni lc ma st
ca dng phoi v lo dao b cun i. Bin mt ng vi tc ct trong khong

30

60m/pht. Vi tc ct ln hn 60 m/pht th lo dao khng hnh thnh c, nn
nhm b mt gia cng gim ( nhn bng b mt tng ).

Khi gia cng kim loi gin (gang) cc mnh kim loi b trt v v ra khng theo th t
do lm tng nhp nh ( nhm )b mt. Tng tc ct s gim c hin
tng v vn ca kim loi v nh vy lm gim nhp nh b mt.
-
nh hng ca lng chy dao

Lng chy dao S ngoi nh hng mang tnh cht hnh hc nh ni trn, cn c
nh hng ln n mc bin dng do v bin dng n hi b mt gia cng, lm
cho nhm thay i. Hnh 2.9 l th quan h gia lng chy dao S v chiu cao
nhp nh t vi ( nhm b mt) R

khi gia cng thp cacbon.

Khi gia cng vi lng chy dao S = 0,02

0,15 mm/vng th b mt gia cng c nhp nh t vi gim. Nu gia cng vi S < 0,02
mm/vng th nhp nh t vi s tng ln ( nhn bng gim xung) v nh hng
ca bin dng do ln hn nh hng ca cc yu t hnh hc. Nu lng chy dao S
> 0,15 mm/vng th bin dng n hi s nh hng n s hnh thnh cc nhp nh
t vi, kt hp vi nh hng ca cc yu t hnh hc, lm cho nhm b mt tng ln
(on BC trn hnh 2.9).

Nh vy, m bo nhn bng b mt v nng sut gia cng nn chn gi tr
lng chy dao S trong khong t 0,05 n 0,12 mm/vng i vi thp cacbon.

Cu 2.10 nh hng rung ng ca h thng cng ngh n cht lng b mt gia
cng ca chi tit my ?

-Hin tng rung ng (cng bc v t pht), qu trnh rung ng trong h thng
cng ngh to ra chuyn ng c chu k gia dng c ct v chi tit gia cng, lm thay
i iu kin ma st, gy ln sng v nhp nh t vi trn b mt gia cng. Sai lch
ca cc b phn my lm cho chuyn ng ca my khng n nh, h thng cng
ngh s c dao ng cng bc, ngha l cc b phn my khi lm vic s c rung
ng vi nhng tn s khc nhau, gy ra sng dc v sng ngang trn b mt gia cng
vi bc sng khc nhau. Khi h thng cng ngh c rung ng , sng v nhp
nh t vi dc s tng nu lc ct tng, chiu su ct ln v tc ct cao, v d nh
khi mi. Mun t nhm b mt gia cng thp ( nhn bng b mt cao) trc ht
phi m bo my cng vng, phi iu chnh my tt v gim nh hng ca cc
my khc xung quanh.
- Tm li, nh hng tng hp ca ba nhm yu t trn ti nhm ( nhn bng) b
mt ca chi tit my phn ln mang tnh cht ngu nhin. Mt khc, hnh dng hnh hc
t vi bao gi cng mang sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin ca qu trnh ct. Ngi
ta thng phi dng phng php tnh ton phn tch phc tp xc nh chnh xc
hnh dng hnh hc t vi ca b mt gia cng c xt n sai s h thng v sai s ngu
nhin ca qu trnh ct. V d dng hm s tng quan phn tch profin thc ca b
mt gia cng.

Tnh trng ca my c nh hng ln n nhm b mt gia cng. Mun t
nhm b mt gia cng thp trc ht phi m bo c cng vng cn thit.

Cu 2.11 Cht lng b mt chi tit my? Cc yu t c trng cho cht lng b mt
chi tit my?
- Cht lng b mt chi tit my:
Cht lng ca lp kim loi b mt c to thnh bi tnh cht ca kim loi v
phng php gia cng c. Trong qu trnh gia cng c di tc dng ca li ct dng
c, trn b mt kim loi to thnh nhng vt li, lm v cu trc ca lp b mt cng
thay i (lp b mt b bin dng do v to thnh bin cng, ng thi xut hin ng
xut d).

Ni n cht lng b mt ca chi tit my l ni ti cc yu t sau:
+ chnh xc v kch thc ca cc b mt.
+ chnh xc v hnh dng ca cc b mt.
+ chnh xc v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt.
+ Cht lng b mt.
-Cc yu t c trng cho cht lng b mt chi tit my:
Kh nng lm vic ca chi tit my ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng lp b mt.
Cht lng b mt l tp hp nhiu tnh cht quan trng ca lp b mt, c th l:
+ Hnh dng lp b mt ( sng, nhm...).
+ Trng thi v tnh cht c l ca lp b mt ( cng, chiu su bin cng, ng sut
d...).
+ Phn ng ca lp b mt i vi mi trng lm vic (tnh chng mn, kh nng
chng xm thc ha hc, bn mi...)
Cht lng b mt chi tit my ph thuc vo phng php v iu kin gia cng c
th.

Cht lng b mt l mc tiu ch yu cn t bc gia cng tinh cc b mt chi tit
my.
Lp b mt chi tit my khc vi lp li v cu trc kim loi, v tnh cht ct gt v
trng thi bin cng. Nguyn nhn chnh ca s khc nhau l hin tng bin dng
do ca lp b mt. Mc v chiu su bin cng b mt ph thuc vo nhiu yu
t; nhng yu t ny cng nh hng c n lc ct v nhit ct. i vi b mt chu
ti ln cn ch c bit tnh cht c l ca n.

CHNG III : CHNH XC GIA CNG
Cu 3.1
Th no l chnh xc gia cng ? cc yu t biu th chnh xc gia cng ?
chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit my l mc ging nhau v hnh

hc, v tnh cht

c l lp

b mt ca chi tit my c gia cng so vi

chi tit my l tng trn bn v thit k.
* Cc ch tiu nh gi chnh xc gia cng:
- chnh xc kch thc: c nh gi bng sai s kch thc tht so vi kch thc
l tng cn c v c th hin bng dung sai ca kch thc .
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc: l mc ph hp ln nht ca chng vi

hnh dng hnh hc l tng ca n v c nh gi bng cn, van, khng
tr, khng trn... ( b mt tr), phng,

thng (b mt phng).
- chnh xc v tr tng quan: c nh gi theo sai s v gc xoay hoc s dch
chuyn gia v tr b mt ny vi b mt kia (dng lm

mt chun) trong hai mt phng

ta vung gc vi nhau v c ghi thnh iu kin k thut ring trn bn v thit
k nh song song, vung gc, ng tm, i xng....
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc t vi v tnh cht c l lp

b mt: nhm b mt, cng b mt...

Khi gia cng mt lot chi tit trong cng mt iu kin, mc d nhng nguyn nhn sinh
ra tng sai s ca mi chi tit l ging nhau nhng xut hin gi tr sai s tng cng
trn tng chi tit li khc nhau. S d c hin tng nh vy l do tnh cht khc nhau
ca cc sai s thnh phn.
Mt s sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot u c gi tr khng i hoc thay
i nhng theo mt quy nh nht

nh, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s h thng khng i hoc sai s h thng thay i.
C mt sai s khc m gi tr ca chng xut hin trn mi chi tit khng theo mt quy
lut no c, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s ngu nhin.

Cu 3.2 So snh c im, cng dng, phm vi ng dng ca cc pp t chnh xc
gia cng trn my cng c ?
* Phng php ct th tng kch thc ring bit
Sau khi g chi tit ln my, cho my ct i mt lp phoi trn mt phn rt ngn ca mt
cn gia cng, sau dng my, o th kch thc va gia cng. Nu cha t kch
thc yu cu th iu chnh dao n su thm na da vo du xch trn my, ri li ct
th tip mt phn nh ca mt cn gia cng, li o th v.v... v c th tip tc cho n
khi t n kch
thc yu

cu th mi

tin hnh ct ton b chiu di ca mt gia cng. Khi gia cng chi tit tip theo th li
lm nh qu trnh ni trn.
Trc khi ct th thng phi ly

du ngi th

c th r chuyn ng ca li ct trng

vi

du vch v trnh sinh ra ph phm

do qu tay m dao n vo qu su ngay ln ct u tin.

u im:
- Trn my khng chnh xc vn c th t c chnh xc nh tay ngh
cng nhn.
- C th loi tr c nh hng ca dao mn n chnh

xc gia cng, v khi r g, ngui cng nhn b li cc sai s h thng thay i trn
tng chi tit.
- i

vi

phi khng chnh xc, ngi th

c th phn b lng d u

n nh vo qu trnh vch du hoc r trc tip.
- Khng cn

n g phc tp.

Khuyt im:
- chnh xc gia cng ca phng php ny b gii

hn bi b dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c. Vi dao tin hp kim cng mi bng
li ct, b dy

b nht ct c khong 0,005 mm. Vi dao mn, b dy b nht khong 0,02

0,05 mm.
Ngi th

khng th no iu chnh

c dng c li ct ht

i mt kch
thc b hn chiu dy ca lp phoi ni trn v do khng th bo m c sai s
b hn chiu dy lp phoi .
- Ngi th phi tp trung khi gia cng nn d mt, do d sinh ra ph phm.
- Do phi ct th nhiu ln nn nng sut thp.
- Trnh tay ngh ca ngi th yu cu cao.
- Do nng sut thp, tay ngh ca th yu cu cao nn gi thnh gia cng cao.
Phng php ny thng ch dng

trong sn xut n chic, lot nh, trong cng ngh sa cha, ch th. Ngoi ra, khi
gia cng tinh nh mi vn dng

phng php ct th ngay trong sn xut hng lot loi tr nh hng do mn
mi.
* Phng php t ng t kch thc
-Trong sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi, t chnh xc gia cng yu cu, ch
yu l dng phng php t ng t kch thc trn

cc my cng c c iu chnh sn.
- phng php ny, dng c ct c v tr chnh xc so vi chi tit gia cng. Hay ni
cch khc, chi tit gia cng cng phi c v tr xc nh so vi dng c ct, v tr ny

c m bo nh cc c cu

nh v ca g, cn g li c v tr xc nh trn bn my cng nh cc nh v
ring
-Khi gia cng theo phng php ny, my v dao c iu chnh sn.Chi tit gia
cng c nh v nh c cu

nh v tip xc vi

mt y v mt bn
Dao phay aba mt

c iu chnh

trc sao cho mt

bn

tri

ca dao cch

mt

bn

ca

nh

v mt khong cch b c nh v ng sinh thp nht ca dao cch

mt

trn

ca phinnh v pha di

mt khong bng a. Do vy, khi gia cng c lot

phi, nu

khng k n mn ca dao (coi nh dao khng mn) th cc

kch

thc

a v b nhn c

trn

chi tit gia cng ca c lot u bng nhau.
* u im:
m

bo chnh xc gia cng, gim bt

ph phm. chnh xc t c khi gia cng hu nh khng ph thuc vo trnh
tay ngh cng nhn ng my v chiu dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c bi v
lng d gia cng theo phng php ny s ln hn b dy lp phoi b nht c th
ct c. (Khng cn cng nhn c tay ngh cao nhng cn th iu chnh my gii).
- Ch cn ct mt ln l t kch thc yu cu, do nng sut cao.
- Nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
* Khuyt

im: (nu quy m sn xut qu b)
- Ph tn v vic

thit

k, ch to g cng nh ph tn v cng, thi gian
iu chnh my v dao ln c th vt qu hiu qu m phng php ny mang li.
- Ph tn

v vic ch to phi chnh xc khng b li c nu s chi tit gia cng qu t khi t
ng t kch thc nguyn cng u tin.
- Nu cht lng dng c km, mau mn th kch thc iu chnh s b ph
v nhanh chng. Do li phi iu chnh khi phc li kch thc iu chnh ban
u. iu ny gy tn km v kh phin phc.

Cu 3.3 trnh by phng php t ng t kch thc trn cc my cng c iu
chnh sn? Ly v d minh ha
* Phng php t ng t kch thc
-Trong sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi, t chnh xc gia cng yu cu, ch
yu l dng phng php t ng t kch thc trn

cc my cng c c iu chnh sn.
- phng php ny, dng c ct c v tr chnh xc so vi chi tit gia cng. Hay ni
cch khc, chi tit gia cng cng phi c v tr xc nh so vi dng c ct, v tr ny

c m bo nh cc c cu

nh v ca g, cn g li c v tr xc nh trn bn my cng nh cc nh v
ring
-Khi gia cng theo phng php ny, my v dao c iu chnh sn.Chi tit gia
cng c nh v nh c cu

nh v tip xc vi

mt y v mt bn
Dao phay aba mt

c iu chnh

trc sao cho mt

bn

tri

ca dao cch

mt

bn

ca

nh

v mt khong cch b c nh v ng sinh thp nht ca dao cch

mt

trn

ca phinnh v pha di

mt khong bng a. Do vy, khi gia cng c lot

phi, nu

khng k n mn ca dao (coi nh dao khng mn) th cc

kch

thc

a v b nhn c

trn

chi tit gia cng ca c lot u bng nhau.
* u im:
m

bo chnh xc gia cng, gim bt

ph phm. chnh xc t c khi gia cng hu nh khng ph thuc vo trnh
tay ngh cng nhn ng my v chiu dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c bi v
lng d gia cng theo phng php ny s ln hn b dy lp phoi b nht c th
ct c. (Khng cn cng nhn c tay ngh cao nhng cn th iu chnh my gii).
- Ch cn ct mt ln l t kch thc yu cu, do nng sut cao.
- Nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
* Khuyt

im: (nu quy m sn xut qu b)
- Ph tn v vic

thit

k, ch to g cng nh ph tn v cng, thi gian
iu chnh my v dao ln c th vt qu hiu qu m phng php ny mang li.
- Ph tn

v vic ch to phi chnh xc khng b li c nu s chi tit gia cng qu t khi t
ng t kch thc nguyn cng u tin.
- Nu cht lng dng c km, mau mn th kch thc iu chnh s b ph
v nhanh chng. Do li phi iu chnh khi phc li kch thc iu chnh ban
u. iu ny gy tn km v kh phin phc.

Cu 3.4 Trnh by nh hng ca cng vng of h thng cng ngh n chnh
xc gia cng? Ly v d minh ha
a) nh hng ca my
* Vic hnh thnh cc b mt gia cng l do cc chuyn ng ct ca nhng b phn
chnh nh bn xe dao, bn my nu cc chuyn ng ny c sai s, tt nhin n s
phn nh ln b mt gia cng chi tit my
Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin khng song song vi sng trt ca thn my
trong mt phng nm ngang th khi tin chi tit gia cng s c hnh cn.

* Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin khng song song vi sng trt ca thn my
trong mt phng thng ng th khi tin chi tit gia cng s c hnh hypecblit. Ta c,
rmax2 = r2 + b2, vi b l khng song song trong mt phng thng ng trn chiu
di L.
* Nu sng trt khng thng trn mt phng nm ngang s lm cho qu o chuyn
ng ca mi dao khng thng, lm cho ng knh chi tit gia cng ch to, ch nh.
ng knh Di ti mt mt ct no s l Di = D 2 vi: D l ng knh ti mt ct
nu sng trt thng; l lng dch chuyn ln nht ca sng trt trn mt
phng nm ngang so vi v tr tnh ton.
*

lch tm ca mi tm trc so vi tm quay ca trc chnh s lm cho ng tm
ca chi tit gia cng khng trng vi ng tm ca hai l tm c gia cng trc
g t. Chi tit vn c tit din trn nhng tm ca n lch vi ng ni hai l tm
l e1.

* Nu chi tit gia cng trong mt ln g th ng tm ca chi tit l ng thng
nhng hp vi ng ni hai l tm mt gc . Nhng nu gia cng vi hai ln g (i
u) th mi on ct c mt ng tm ring.

* Nu trc chnh my phay ng khng thng gc vi mt phng ca bn my theo
phng ngang th mt phng phay c s khng song song vi mt phng y ca
chi tit c nh v trn bn my. khng song song ny chnh bng khng
vung gc ca ng tm trc chnh trn c chiu rng ca chi tit gia cng.
* Nu trc chnh my phay ng khng thng gc vi mt phng ca bn my theo
phng dc ca bn my th b mt gia cng s b lm.
* My d c ch to nh th no th sau mt thi gian s dng cng b mn. Hin
tng mn trong qu trnh s dng l do ma st gia cc mt c chuyn ng tng
i vi nhau. Nht l khi c bi phoi trn ln vi du bi trn th hin tng mi mn
cng nhanh. Ngoi ra, du bi trn v dung dch trn ngui cn gy nn hin tng n
mn ha hc nhng b phn n tc dng vo v lm mn thm nhanh. Trng thi
mn ca my s gy ra sai s mang tnh cht h thng.
b) nh hng ca g

Sai s ch to, lp rp g cng nh hng n chnh

xc ca chi tit gia cng. Nu g ch to c sai s hoc b mn sau mt thi gian s
dng s lm thay
i v tr tg quan gia my, dao v chi tit gia cng, do , gy ra sai s gia cng.

m bo chnh xc gia cng (b li nhng sai s do ch to, lp rp, mn cc chi
tit chnh ca g), chnh xc ca g c ch to ra phi cao hn t nht mt
cp so vi
chnh xc ca kch thc cn t c s gia cng trn g
. iu ny khng d dng

t c khi gia cng nhng chi tit c chnh xc cao.
c) nh hng ca dng c ct

chnh xc ch to dng c ct, mc mi mn ca n v sai s g t dng c
trn my

u nh hng n chnh

xc gia cng.

Khi gia cng bng cc

dng c nh

kch

thc

(mi khoan, khot, doa, chut...) th sai s ch to dng c nh hng trc tip n
chnh

xc gia cng.
Dao phay ngn, phay a dng

gia cng rnh then th sai s ng knh v
chiu rng ca dao cng nh hng trc tip n chnh

xc chiu rng rnh then.
Sai s bc ren, gc nng ca ren, gc nh ren, ng knh trung bnh ca cc loi
tar, bn ren u phn nh trc tip ln ren gia cng.
Khi gia cng bng cc loi dao nh hnh,

nu prfin ca li ct c sai s s
lm sai b mt gia cng.
Ngoi sai s ch to, trong qu trnh

ct, dao s b mn v nh hng rt ln
n chnh

xc gia cng. Ty theo mc mn, dao c th thay i c hnh dng ln kch thc
v sinh ra sai s trn chi tit gia cng di dng sai s h thng thay i.
Ngoi ra, vic g t

dao khng chnh xc cng gy nn sai s kch thc v hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit
gia cng. V d, khi tin ren, nu dao g khng vung gc vi ng tm chi tit th gc
ren ct ra bn phi v bn tri khng bng nhau Hay khi tin trc trn, nu dao g
cao hn hoc thp hn tm quay ca chi tit th s lm cho ng knh chi tit gia cng
tng ln mt lng

Cu 3.5 nh hng ca chnh xc v tnh trng mn ca my cng c n chnh
xc gia cng. Ly vd ?
Thng thng my cng c c nhng sai s hnh hc nh sau:

- o hng knh cu trc chnh.

- o cu l cn trc chnh.

- o mt u cu trc chnh.

-Cc sai s cu cc b phn khc nh sng trt , bn my

Cc sai s trn y s phn nh 1 phn hoc ton b ln chi tit gia cng di dng
sai s h thng. Vic hnh thnh cc b mt gia cng l do chuyn ng cng bc
ca cc b phn chnh nh trc chnh, bn my hoc bn daoNu cc chuyn ng
ny c sai s chng s phn nh ln b mt cu chi tit gia cng.
* Vic hnh thnh cc b mt gia cng l do cc chuyn ng ct ca nhng b phn
chnh nh bn xe dao, bn my nu cc chuyn ng ny c sai s, tt nhin n s
phn nh ln b mt gia cng chi tit my
Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin khng song song vi sng trt ca thn my
trong mt phng nm ngang th khi tin chi tit gia cng s c hnh cn.

* Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin khng song song vi sng trt ca thn my
trong mt phng thng ng th khi tin chi tit gia cng s c hnh hypecblit. Ta c,
rmax2 = r2 + b2, vi b l khng song song trong mt phng thng ng trn chiu
di L.
* Nu sng trt khng thng trn mt phng nm ngang s lm cho qu o chuyn
ng ca mi dao khng thng, lm cho ng knh chi tit gia cng ch to, ch nh.
ng knh Di ti mt mt ct no s l Di = D 2 vi: D l ng knh ti mt ct
nu sng trt thng; l lng dch chuyn ln nht ca sng trt trn mt
phng nm ngang so vi v tr tnh ton.
*

lch tm ca mi tm trc so vi tm quay ca trc chnh s lm cho ng tm
ca chi tit gia cng khng trng vi ng tm ca hai l tm c gia cng trc
g t. Chi tit vn c tit din trn nhng tm ca n lch vi ng ni hai l tm
l e1.
* Nu chi tit gia cng trong mt ln g th ng tm ca chi tit l ng thng
nhng hp vi ng ni hai l tm mt gc . Nhng nu gia cng vi hai ln g (i
u) th mi on ct c mt ng tm ring.

* Nu trc chnh my phay ng khng thng gc vi mt phng ca bn my theo
phng ngang th mt phng phay c s khng song song vi mt phng y ca
chi tit c nh v trn bn my. khng song song ny chnh bng khng
vung gc ca ng tm trc chnh trn c chiu rng ca chi tit gia cng.
* Nu trc chnh my phay ng khng thng gc vi mt phng ca bn my theo
phng dc ca bn my th b mt gia cng s b lm.
* My d c ch to nh th no th sau mt thi gian s dng cng b mn. Hin
tng mn trong qu trnh s dng l do ma st gia cc mt c chuyn ng tng
i vi nhau. Nht l khi c bi phoi trn ln vi du bi trn th hin tng mi mn
cng nhanh. Ngoi ra, du bi trn v dung dch trn ngui cn gy nn hin tng n
mn ha hc nhng b phn n tc dng vo v lm mn thm nhanh. Trng thi
mn ca my cng c s gy ra sai s mang tnh cht h thng.
Cu 3.6 nh hng ca chnh xc v tnh trng mn ca dng c ct, g n
chnh xc gia cng. Ly vd ?
nh hng ca g

Sai s ch to, lp rp g cng nh hng n chnh

xc ca chi tit gia cng.
Sai s ch to v lp rp ca g cng nh hng n chnh xc ca chi tit gia
cng. Cc chi tit quan trng ca g nh cc chi tit nh v, dn hng, so dao,
v.v nu c sai s do ch to hoc mn s lm thay i v tr tng i gia my-dao-
chi tit, do gy ra

sai s gia cng. Sai s ny c th xc nh c bng tnh ton da vo dung sai ca
cc chi tit ch yu ca g hoc c th da vo kch thc thc ca cc chi tit
khi ch to.

Nhn chung, tc mn g cng nh ca my cng c rt chm, v vy sai s v
hnh hc ca g s phn nh ln chi tit

c gia cng

l nh nhau v mang tnh h thng.

Ngoi ra, sai s do lp rp g

ln my cng gy ra sai s gia cng v n lm mt v tr chnh xc ca g so vi
dng c ct.

m bo chnh xc khi gia cng th chnh xc ca g c ch to ra phi
cao hn t nht l mt cp so vi chnh xc ca kch thc gia cng.
Nu g ch to c sai s hoc b mn sau mt thi gian s dng s lm thay
i v tr tg quan gia my, dao v chi tit gia cng, do , gy ra sai s gia cng.

m bo chnh xc gia cng (b li nhng sai s do ch to, lp rp, mn cc chi
tit chnh ca g), chnh xc ca g c ch to ra phi cao hn t nht mt
cp so vi

chnh xc ca kch thc cn t c s gia cng trn g
. iu ny khng d dng

t c khi gia cng nhng chi tit c chnh xc cao.
nh hng ca dng c ct

chnh xc ch to dng c ct, mc mi mn ca n v sai s g t dng c
trn my

u nh hng n chnh

xc gia cng.

Khi gia cng bng cc

dng c nh

kch

thc

(mi khoan, khot, doa, chut...) th sai s ch to dng c nh hng trc tip n
chnh

xc gia cng.
Dao phay ngn, phay a dng

gia cng rnh then th sai s ng knh v
chiu rng ca dao cng nh hng trc tip n chnh

xc chiu rng rnh then.
Sai s bc ren, gc nng ca ren, gc nh ren, ng knh trung bnh ca cc loi
tar, bn ren u phn nh trc tip ln ren gia cng.
Khi gia cng bng cc loi dao nh hnh,

nu prfin ca li ct c sai s s
lm sai b mt gia cng.
Ngoi sai s ch to, trong qu trnh

ct, dao s b mn v nh hng rt ln
n chnh

xc gia cng. Ty theo mc mn, dao c th thay i c hnh dng ln kch thc
v sinh ra sai s trn chi tit gia cng di dng sai s h thng thay i.
Ngoi ra, vic g t

dao khng chnh xc cng gy nn sai s kch thc v hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit
gia cng. V d, khi tin ren, nu dao g khng vung gc vi ng tm chi tit th gc
ren ct ra bn phi v bn tri khng bng nhau Hay khi tin trc trn, nu dao g
cao hn hoc thp hn tm quay ca chi tit th s lm cho ng knh chi tit gia cng
tng ln mt lng.

Cu3.7 Phn tch s nh hng do bin dng nhit ca h thng cng ngh n
chnh xc gia cng?
a) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca my
Khi my lm vic, nhit cc b phn khc nhau c th chnh lch khong 10

150C, sinh ra bin dng khng u v my s mt chnh xc. nh hng n

chnh

xc gia cng nhiu nht l bin dng

nhit ca trc chnh. Nhit tng lm cho tm trc chnh x

dch theo hng ngang v hng ng

v cc im trn n c nhit khc nhau.
Thng thng, nhit tng nhiu nht trc chnh, nhit y c th cao hn
cc ni khc ca trc chnh t 30 40%.

X dch theo hng ngang lm thay i kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit
gia cng, gy ra sai s h thng thay i. Khi s vng quay trc chnh n cng ln th s
x dch cng nhiu v t l thun vi n .
Thi gian t nng trc chnh khong 3

5 gi, sau nhit t nng cng nh v tr tm

s n nh. Nu tt my s xy ra qu trnh lm ngui chm v tm ca trc chnh s x
dch theo hng ngc li.
khc phc sai s gia cng do bin dng nhit gy ra c th cho my chy khng ti
chng 2

3 gi ri mi tin hnh

iu chnh my.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc my cng c chnh xc cao, nh nng mt tri chiu vo cng lm
cho my mt chnh xc.
b) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca dao ct
Ti vng ct, hu ht cng c hc cn thit cho qa trnh ct u chuyn thnh nhit.
Ty theo ch ct, vt liu lm dao, vt liu gia cng m t l phn nhit phn b vo
phoi, chi tit gia cng, dng c ct v mt phn ta ra mi trng xung quanh s khc
nhau.
Khi nhit ct truyn vo dao, dao b n di, mi dao vn thm v pha trc lm cho
ng knh ngoi gim i, ng knh l tng ln. Cho n khi dao trng thi cn
bng nhit

th dao khng n di thm na v nu khng c s mn dao th kch thc gia cng s
khng i.
c) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca chi tit gia cng
Mt phn nhit vng

ct truyn

vo chi tit gia cng, lm n bin dng v gy ra sai s gia cng. Nu chi tit c
nung nng ton b th ch gy ra sai s kch thc, cn nu b nng khng u th cn
gy ra c sai s hnh dng.
Nhit ca chi tit gia cng trong qu trnh

ct ph thuc vo ch ct. Khi tin, nu tng vn tc ct v lng chy dao, tc l
rt ngn thi gian nung nng lin tc chi tit gia cng th nhit

ca n s nh. Cn chiu

su ct tng th nhit chi tit gia cng cng tng theo.
Cu 3.8 Phn tch nh hng do chn chun v phng php g t chi tit n
chnh xc gia cng ?
gia cng c trn my,chi tit phi c nh v v kp cht.Hai qu trnh ny
c gi l g t. Bn thn g t ny cng c sai s v nh hng trc tip n
chnh xc gia cng
Sai s g t ny gm:
Sai s chun (c) Sai s kp cht(k)Sai s g(g) v c tnh theo cng thc
sau.
=
+
+

T cng thc trn ta cng thy c tm quan trng ca vic chn chun. Nh ta
bit chun thit k v chun cng ngh c th trng nhau hoc khng,nu chng trng
nhau th bn tht k c tnh cng ngh cao.Tuy vy khng phi lc no hai chun ny
cng trng nhau v vy trong mt s trng hp khi ch to phi thay i mt s kch
thc thit k cho.T thc t ta c th nh ngha v sai s chun nh sau:khi
chun nh v khng trng vi gc kch thc th sai s chun sinh ra v c gia tr bng
lng bin ng ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng kch thc thc hin.Ni mt
cch d hiu l nu ta o cc kch thc u c chung mt im gc th s khng c
sai s,cn nu mi kch thc u c mt im gc th sai s ca mi kch thc cng
li s rt ln v gy nh hng n chnh xc gia cng.Tm li vic chn chun c
ngha rt quan trng trong gia cng chi tit.
Cu 3.9

Phn tch nh hng ca phng php o v dng c o n chnh xc gia cng ?
Trong qu trnh ch to, vic kim tra, o lng cng gy ra sai s v nh hng n
chnh xc gia cng. Nhng sai s do o lng bao gm:

Sai s do dng c o: tuy l dng c nh gi chnh xc gia cng nhng bn
thn n khi ch to, lp rp cng b sai s.
Sai s do phng php o nh chn chun , cch c, lc o khng u....
Sai s do mn ca dng c sau mt thi gian s dng,
gim bt nh hng ca o lng n chnh xc gia cng, khi o lng phi
chn dng c o v phng php o ph hp vi chnh xc theo yu cu.

CHNG IV: C TRNG CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG
Cu 4.1 nh ngha v chun .Phn loi. ly vd minh ha v tng loi chun ?
Trong thc t c th c mt b mt ca chi tit lm nhiu nhim v khc nhau, chng
hn c b mt cu chi tit va dung nh v, va dng kp cht hay o lng.
xc nh v tr tng quan gia cc b mt cu chi tit hay gia cc chi tit khc
nhau ngi ta a ra khi nim v chun.
Chun c nh nghi nh sau :Chun l tp hp nhng b mt ,ng hoc
im cu mt chi tit m cn c vo xc nh v tr tng quan cu cc b
mt, ng hoc im khc cu bn than chi tit hay cu chi tit khc.

Cn lu rng chun c th l mt hay nhiu b mt, ng hoc im. V tr tng
quan ca cc b mt, ng hoc im c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k gia cng
c, lp rp v o lng.
Phn loi chun
Do mc ch v yu cu s dng, chun c chia ra nhiu loi:
a-

Chun thit k
Chun c dng trong qu trnh thit k c gi l chun thit k, chun thit k
c hnh thnh khi lp cc chui kch thc trong qu trnh thit k.
Chun thit k c th l chun thc: mt A hnh 5-1s, v chun o: im O hnh 5-
1b dng xc nh gc cn .
b-

Chun cng ngh
Chun c dng trong qu trnh cng ngh c gi l chun cng ngh, chun cng
ngh cn chia ra cc loi nh sau:
- Chun gia cng dng xc nh v tr cc b mt, ng hoc im ca chi tit trong
qu trnh gia cng c. Cn lu rng chun gia cng bao gi cng l chun thc (hnh
5.2)
V d hnh 5.2 cho thy:
+ Nu g t t ng t kch thc cho c lot chi tit my th mt A lm c hai
nhim v mt t v mt nh v (hnh 5.2a).
+ Nu g t chi tit theo ng vch du B t mt A ch lm nhim v mt t cn mt
nh v l ng vt du B (hnh 5.2b).
Nh vy chun gia cng c th trng hay khng trng vi mt t cu chi tit trn g
hay trn bn my.
Chun gia cng cn chia ra lm chun th v chun tinh.
+ Chun

th l nhng b mt cha c gia cng dng lm mt chun
Trong hu ht cc trng hp th chun th l nhng yu t hnh hc thc cu phi
cha c gia cng. Tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp chun th l nhng b mt
c gia cng (chng hn trc khi a va xng ngi ta tin bc v cc trc
ln phn xng chun b phi, mc ch l pht hin ph phm ca qu trnh ta
phi vn chuyn d v gim khi lng gia cng c ).
+ Chun tinh l nhng b mt c gia cng dng lm mt chun, chun tinh cn
chia ra chun tinh chnh v chun tinh ph. Nu chun tinh cn dng trong qu trnh lp
rp sau ny th goi l chun tinh chnh. Cn nhng chun tinh khng c dng trong
qu trnh lp rp sau ny th gi l chun tinh ph.
V d:
+ Mt l A ca bnh rng c dng

lm chun tinh gia cng rng, nhng mt l A sau ny cng c dng lp vi
trc truyn khi lp rp nn l A c gi l chun tinh chnh (hnh 5.3a).
+ Mt 1 v 2 cu piston c gia cng lm chun khi gia cng cc mt khc nhng
n khng c dng lp rp nn mt 1 v 2 c gi l chun tinh ph (hnh 5.3b).
c) Chun lp rp

Chun dng xc nh v tr tng quan ca cc b mt, ng hoc im trong qu
trnh lp rp cc chi tit my ta thnh cc b phn ca my hay sn phm th c
gi l chun lp rp.

Cn lu l mt b mt dng lm chun lp rp cng c th trng hoc khng trung
vi b mt t lp rp.

V d :

Khi lp rp thn ng c t trong cn m bo thng gc gia tm l xylanh (mt
E) v tm l trc khuu M (ca chi tit 1) l 0,05/1000 mm (hnh 5.4), v vy khi tin
hnh lp rp cc chi tit 1, 2, 3, 4 phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
+ khng song song cho php ca trc M vi mt lp C1.
+ khng song song cho php ca 2 mt D1 v C2.+ khng song song cho php
ca tm l chi tit 3 v mt D3.
+ khng ng tm cho php ca l E v mt

ngoi ca chi tit 4.

Hnh 5.5. Cc loi chun
a)A-Chun kim tra;B-Chun lp rp;C-Chun gia cng;
O-Chun thit k
b)Mt K va chun thit k va l chun gia cng, va l chun lp rp, va l
chunkim tra.
m bo cc yu cu nu trn th phi gii mt chui kch thc theo phng
php lp ln, khi cc mt C1, C2, D2, D3 l chun lp rp.
Nhng nu thc hin lp bng phng php r v kim tra khng vung gc ca
mt l E vi mt M th khi mt E tr thnh chun r lp rp v cc mt C1, C2, D2,
D3 ch l nhng mt t.
d- Chun kim tra (hay cn gi l chun o lng)
Chun kim tra l chun m ngi ta cn c vo kim tra cc kch thc, v tr
tng quan gia cc yu t hnh hc ca chi tit my (chng hn, hnh 4.1a, b mt
A va l chun thit k va l chun kim tra xc nh v tr tng quan ca cc b
mt theo kch thc A1, A2, A3).
Cn lu , trong thc t c khi chun thit k, chun gia cng, chun lp rp v chun
kim tra khng trng nhau(hnh 5.5a) v cng c khi hon ton trng nhau (hnh5.5b).
Cu 4.3 Khi nim v qu trnh g t chi tit trc khi gia cng?. Ly vd minh ha cho
qu trnh nh v v kp cht chi tit trc khi gia cng.
Trc khi gia cng chi tit cn phi c g t. G t gm hai qu trnh:


+ Qu trnh nh v l qu trnh to cho chi tit mt v tr tng quan c nh so vi
dao v my.


+ Qu trnh kp cht l qu trnh c nh v tr ca chi tit sau khi chi tit c
nh v nhm chng li s thay i v tr ca chi tit di tc dng ca ngoi lc (ch
yu l lc ct)
a- Qu trnh nh v chi
tit
Qu trnh nh v chi tit l s xc nh v tr tng quan ca chi tit so vi dng c ct
trc khi gia cng.
Chng hn khi gia cng mt A hnh 5.6 th chi tit c nh v bng mt B m bo
kch thc HH.


Hnh 5.6. Mt nh v B khi phay

Hnh 5.6. nh v bng mm cp 3 chu t nh tm
a-

Qu trnh kp cht chi tit
Qu trnh kp cht chi tit l qu trnh c nh v tr ca chi tit nh v chng li
tc dng ca ngoi lc (ch yu l lc ct) trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit, lm cho chi
tit khng ri khi v tr nh v.
V d, khi g t chi tit trc trn mm cp 3 chu (hnh 5.7). Sau khi a chi tit ln
mm cp, vn cho cc chu cp tin vo cho n khi tm chi tit trng vi tm trc
chnh ca my, l qu trnh nh v. Sau tip tc vn cho cc chu tin vo kp
cht chi tit, chi tit khng b dch chuyn trong qu trnh gia cng sau . l qu
trnh kp cht.
Cn lu rng qu trnh g t bao gi cng c thc hin theo trnh t sau: qu
trnh nh v ri n qu trnh kp cht. Khng bao gi lm ngc li.
Cu 4.4
Cc phng php g t chi tit khi gia cng.Ly vd
a,Phng php r g
Mt trong nhng phng php g t l r g. C th chia ra hai trng hp l r trc
tip trn my (hnh 5.8a) hoc r theo du vch sn (hnh 5.8b).
thc hin phng php r g ngi ta s dng mt s dng c nh bn my hoc
mi r, ng h so, h thng o quang hc (nh trn my do to ) xc nh v tr
ca chi tit so vi my hoc dng c ct.

Hnh 5.8. Cc phng php r g

hnh 5.8a l cch r trc tip trn my, chi tit r l 1 bc lch tm do to phi sai,
tn dng phi ngi ta g chi tit trn mm cp 4 chu ri r theo mt A m bo
tm ca l bc trng vi tm ca trc chnh ca my, bng cch iu chnh cc chu
cp ca mm cp 4 chu. Lm nh vy khi tin mt ngoi ca bc s m bo chiu
dy ca bc u nhau. Trong trng hp ny mt A ng vai tr l chun r nh v.
hnh 5.8b l cch r theo du vch sn. Trc khi phay, ngi ta r sao cho qy o
chuyn ng ca li dao phay trng vi ng vch du B bng cch k mt A,
trong trng hp ny ng vch du B ng vai tr nh v.
u im ca phng php r g:
+ C th t chnh xc nht nh nh r g ( chnh xc t c y ph thuc
vo tay ngh cu ngi th)
+ C th loi tr c nh hng do dao mn n chnh xc gia cng.
+ C th tn dng c mt s phi c sai s ch to phi ln.
+ Khng cn g phc tp.
Nhc im ca phng php r g:
+ chnh xc thp.
+ Cht lng ph thuc nhiu vo tay ngh ca ngi th.
+ Nng sut thp.
Phng php ny thng c dng trong sn xut n chic, lot nh, trong sa
cha v ch to th.

b, Phng php t ng t kch thc
Trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi m bo cht lng v nng sut khi gia
cng ngi ta dng phng php t ng t kch thc. Theo phng php ny s
xc nh v tr tng quan gia chi tit my v dng c ct thng qua cc c cu nh v
ca g.
V d, trn hnh 5.9, trc khi phay chi tit c nh v bi mt A m bo kch
thc HH khi gia cng c nh v bi mt B m bo kch thc aa.

Do khi gia cng c lot phi ( trong mt ln iu chnh dao) nu nh mn hai mt
dao nh hn dung sai cho php H, a th cc kch thcH v a trong lot gia cng ny
u t yu cu.
u im ca phng php t ng t kch thc:
+ chnh xc gia cng t ph thuc vo tay ngh ca ngi th v do c kh nng
t c chnh xc cao.
+ Thi gian gia cng nhanh hn v do nng cao c nng sut, h gi thnh sn
phm.
Nhc im ca phng php t ng t kch thc:
+ S lng chi tit gia cng trong mt lot phi ln( gim chi ph thay i cho
vic ch to g, dng c ct v dng c o chuyn dng cng nh thi gian iu
chnh my).
+ Khng tn dng c mt s phi c sai s qu ln do qu trnh ch to phi gy ra.
+ Cn lu rng, nu dng c ct mn nhanh trong qu trnh gia cng, lm chothi
gian gia hai ln iu chnh my ngn li, lm gim chnh xc gia cng v lm tng
chi ph gia cng do s dn n gin hiu qu

kinh t.
Cu 4.5 Nguyn tc 6 im khi nh v chi tit
m bo chnh xc ca chi tit gia cng cn phi c xc nh ng v tr
tng i ca chi tit gia cng so vi dao ct v vy nh v l xc nh v tr tng i
ca chi tit gia cng so vi dao ct.
Cn hiu rng v phng din hnh hc n thun th bc t do theo mt phng no
ca mt vt rn tuyt i l kh nng di chuyn ca vt m khng b bt k cn
tr no. Tuy nhin khi nim ny trong phm vi cng ngh ch to my cn c hiu
rng nu vt rn tuyt i c bc t do theo phng .
Ngc li, vt rn tuyt i khng th dch chuyn theo mt phng no c ngha l
n b khng ch bc t do theo phng .
Bc t do theo mt phng no ca mt vt rn tuyt i l kh nng di chuyn ca
vt rn theo phng m khng b bi bt k mt cn tr no trong phm vi ta ang
xt.
Mt vt rn tuyt i trong khng gian c 6 bc t do chuyn ng. Khi ta t n vo
trong h ta cc, 6 bc t do l: 3 bc tnh tin dc trc T(Ox), T(Oy), T(Oz)
v 3 bc quay quanh trc Q(Ox), Q(Oy), Q(Oz).
Hnh bn (v hnh hp ra r chiu sang 3 mt) l s xc nh v tr ca mt vt rn
tuyt i trong h to -cc.
- im 1 khng ch bc tnh tin theo Oz
- im 2 khng ch bc quay quanh Oy.
- im 3 khng ch bc quay quanh Ox.
- im 4 khng ch bc tnh tin theo Ox
- im 5 khng ch bc quay quanh Oz.
- im 6 khng ch bc tnh tin theo Oy

Ngi ta dng nguyn tc 6 im ny nh v cc chi tit khi gia cng.
Di y l mt s v d cc chi tit nh v:
- Mt phng tng ng ba im(khng ch ba bc t do).
- ng thng tng ng hai im(khng ch hai bc t do).
- Khi V di tng ng bn im(khng ch bn bc t do, hnh 5.11).
- Khi V ngn tng ng hai in (khng ch hai bc t do, hnh 5.12).
- Cht tr di tng ng bn im (khng ch bn bc t do, hnh 5.13a).
- Cht tr ngn tng ng hai im (khng ch hai bc t do, hnh 5.13b)
- Cht trm tng ng mt im (khng ch mt bc t do, hnh 5.14).
Cn lu rng trong qu trnh nh v chi tit khng phi lc no cng khng ch c su
bc t do, m tu theo yu cu gia cng tng nguyn cng, s bc t do c th
khng ch t mt n su. Ni cch khc l nh v chi tit gia cng th s bc t do ch
nn khng ch cn v .
iu cn ch na l s bc t do c khng ch (s im nh v) cn ph thuc
vo kch thc ca mt nh v ca chi tit v g.
Cu 4.6 Th no l nh v hon ton, nh v k hon ton, siu nh v?. ly vd
nh v hon ton
l chi tit dc nh v 6 bc t do.
Vd: Phin t kt hp vs

cht tr ngn , 1 cht trm nh v 6 bc t do

nh v k hon ton
: Trong qu trnh gia cng, chi tit dc nh v k nht thit phi 6 bc t do m ch cn
nhng bc t do cn thit theo yu cu of ng. cng .
Vd: Nh g.cng gia cng chi tit trn my tin s dng mm cp 3 chu th ch cn
k.ch 4 bc t do.

Trng hp siu nh v
: khi mt bc t do c khng ch qu 1 ln th gi l siu nh, trong qu trnh nh v
chi tit khng cho php xy ra qu trnh siu nh v.



Hnh 6.11: Siu nh v


V d hnh 6.11a nu chi tit c nh v bng mt A

vi cht tr di khng ch 4 bc t do, v mt phng B vi 3 bc t do th trng hp
ny l siu nh v v khi sy ra 2 trng hp.
-

Chi tit b nghing, mt B ca chi tit khng tip xc vi mt phng cht t hnh b.
- Cht nh v c th b b nghing mt B ca chi tit c th tip xc

vi mt phng ca cht t hnh c.

Cn lu rng chi tit b khng ch qu 6 bc t do cng l mt trng hp ca siu
nh v. cho nn khi nh v chi tit , s bc t do c khng ch ti a l 6 bc t do.
Cu 4.9 Nu cc nguyn tc chn chun th, chun tinh? Mi nguyn tc ly 1 vd
Chn chun th

Chun th thng c dng trong nguyn cng u tin trong qu trnh gia cng
c. Vic chn chun th c ngha quyt nh i vi qu trnh cng ngh, n c nh
hng n cc nguyn cng tip theo v chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit.
+ Khi chn chun th phi ch hai yu cu:
- Phn phi lng d cho cc b mt gia cng.
- Bo m chnh xc cn thit v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt khng gia cng
v cc b mt c gia cng.



Da vo cc yu cu trn, ngi ta a ra 5 nguyn tc khi chn chun th:
1)

Nu chi tit gia cng c mt b mt khng gia cng th nn chn b mt lm
chun th, v nh vy s lm cho s thay i v tr tng quan gia b mt gia cng
v b mt khng gia cng l nh nht.
V d: Hnh bn l chi tit c cc b mt B, C, D c gia cng, duy nht ch c b mt
A l khng gia cng. Ta chn b mt A lm chun th gia cng cc mt B, C, D
m bo ng tm vi A.

Hnh 6.11: Chn chun th l mt khng gia cng
2)

Nu c mt s b mt khng gia cng th nn chn b mt khng gia cng no c
yu cu chnh xc v v tr tng quan cao nht i vi cc b mt gia
cng lm chun th.
Hnh 6.12: chun th A l mt khng gia cng c yu cu v chnh xc v tr tng
quan cao nht
V d: Khi gia cng l bin, nn ly mt A lam chun th m bo l c b dy u
nhau v yu cu v v tr tng quan gia tm l vi mt A cao hn i vi mt B.
3)

Nu tt c cc b mt phi gia cng, nn chn mt no c lng d nh v u lm
chun th.
V d khi gia cng bng my tin nn chn mt B lm chun th gia cng mt A, sau
ly mt A lm chun

gia cng li mt B, v khi c mt B nm na mt khun di

c cu trc kim loi tt hn mt A v do c kh nng chng mn tt hn.
4) C gng chn b mt lm chun th tng i bng phng, khng c bavia,u
ngt, u rt hoc qu g gh.
5) Chun th ch nn dng mt ln trong c qu trnh gia cng.
V d: T phi thp cn ban u, gia cng c D
A
, D
B
, D
C
ta c th chn chun th nh sau:

Hnh 6.13: chn chun th khi gia cng trc bc
-

Nguyn cng 1: G phi ln mm cp my tin bng mt M, gia cng D
C
.
- Nguyn cng 2: Tr u, g phi ln mm cp bng mt M, gia cng D
A
.
Lc ny trc gia cng ra s c khng ng tm gia D
C
va D
A
v dng chun th cho hai nguyn cng.
m bo gia cng chnh xc, ta phi lm nh sau:
- Nguyn cng 1: G phi ln mm cp my tin bng mt M, tin mt on ngn trn
mt ngoi, kho u, khoan tm u C, gia cng D
C
.
- Nguyn cng 2: Chn chun tinh l mt on b mt ngoi va tin nguyn cng 1,
kho u, khoan tm u A, gia cng D
A
.
- Nguyn cng 3: G u D
A
(hoc D
C
) ln mm cp, u kia chng tm gia cng tip mt D
B
.
- Nguyn Tc Chn Chun Tinh :
Khi chn chun tinh, ngi ta cng a ra 5 nguyn tc sau:
1)

C gng
chn chun tinh l chun tinh chnh
, khi chi tit lc gia cng s c v tr tng t lc lm vic. Vn ny rt quan trng
khi gia cng tinh.
V d: Khi gia cng rng ca bnh rng, chun tinh c chn l b mt l ca bnh
rng, chun tinh ny cng l chun tinh chnh v sau ny n s c lp vi trc.
2) C gng chn chun nh v trng vi gc kch thc sai s chun bng 0.
3) Chn chun sao cho khi gia cng, chi tit khng b bin dng do lc ct, lc kp. Mt
chun phi din tch nh v.

Hnh 6.14: s kp cht chi tit khi gia cng l bin
4)

Chn chun sao cho kt cu g n gin v thun tin khi s dng.
5)

C gng chn chun thng nht, tc l trong nhiu ln cng ch dng mt chun
thc hin cc nguyn cng ca c qu trnh cng ngh, v khi thay i chun s sinh ra
sai s tch ly nhng ln g sau.
V d:
Khi gia cng cc mt ca mt v hp (hnh 6.15), c th so snh hai trng hp chn
chun thng nht v chn chun khng thng nht khi tnh sai s chun cho cc kch
thc a, b, h thy rng khi chn chun thng nht th sai s chun s nh hn
(bng 6.1).
1)

Tnh sai s chun cho cc kch thc a, b, h khi gia cng trong trng hp chn chun
khng thng nht (hinh 6.15).
- Khi gia cng t kch thc a (hnh 6.15a) chun nh v l mt y (3 im) v
mt K (2 im), v kp cht t mt L bng lc kp W. Khi sai s chun ca kch
thc a l:


-
Khi gia cng t kch thc b (hnh 6.15b ) chun nh v l mt y (3 im) v mt
L (2 im), v kp cht t mt K bng lc kp W. Ch , y i chun t mt K
sang mt L. Khi sai s chun ca kch thc b l:


Hnh 6.15: S nh v khi gia cng v hp trong trng hp
chn chun khng thng nht
-

Khi gia cng t kch thc h (hnh 6.15c), chun nh v cng ging nh trng
hp gia cng kch thc b. Khi sai s chun kch thc h l:


2) Tnh sai s chun cho cc kch thc a, b, h khi gia cng trong trng hp chn
chun thng nht (hnh 6.16)
gia cng cc kch thc a, b, h cn chn chun thng nht l mt y (3 im) mt
cht tr ngn (2 im) v mt cht trm (1 im) nh trn s hnh v sai s chun
ca cc kch thc a, b, h l:
- Sai s chun ca kch thc a:


Sai s chun ca kch thc b:

- Sai s chun ca kch thc h:



Hnh 6.16: Chn chun thng nht khi gia cng cc kch thc a, b, h
Bng 6.1 So snh sai s chun ca cc kch thc a, b, h trong 2 trng hp chn
chun thng nht v chn chun khng thng nht



Khi chn chun thng nht
Khi chn chun khng thng nht






Bng 6.1 l s so snh sai s chun ca cc kch thc a, b, h trong 2 trng hp
chn chun thng nht v chn chun khng thng nht.
Cn lu rng khi nh v bng cht ( trong trng hp chn chun thng nht) th sai
s kch thc A nh hn sai s kch thc A, c ngha l . V vy so snh kt qu trn
ta c th thy:


,
,

iu cho thy, khi chn chun thng nht th sai s chun s nh hn khi chn
chun khng thng nht

CHNG V: C TRNG CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG
Cu 5.1 Trnh by cc pp ch to phi ?Nu cc dng phi s dng trong gia cng c
kh?
Vic chn phng php ch to phi trc ht phi da vo yu cu k thut, hnh
dng, kch thc yu cu ca chi tit gia cng, dng sn xut v c s vt cht k
thut ca c s sn xut.
-


Nu chi tit lm vic trng thi chu ti phc tp nh ti trng thay i, ko nn,un,
xon ng thi cn chn phi qua gia cng p lc.
-


Nu chi tit c dng trc v tit din ngang t thay i nn chn phi l thp cn.
-


Nu chi tit c yu cu chu ti khng phc tp nn chn phi bng phng php c.
Dng sn xut s quyt nh phng php to phi:
-


Nu sn xut n chic nn chn phng php to phi n gin nh rn t do hay
c trong khun ct chi ph cho khu to phi thp.
-


Nu sn xut hng lot nn chn cc phng php to phi c chnh xc cao nh
dp th tch (cn gi l rn khun) hay c trong khun kim loi, hoc c mu chy
dt c chnh xc cao, lng d gia cng c nh ng u gim c chi ph gia
cng mc d chi ph cho cng ngh to phi tng.
nh gi hiu qu s dng vt liu gia cng ngi ta dng h s s dng vt liu K:



K =


Trong : Gcht - khi lng ca chi tit (kg)

Gph

- khi lng ca phi (kg)


Xu hng hin nay y mnh nguyn cu thc hin ti u ha qu trnh to phi nhm
nng cao chnh xc v hnh dng, kch thc cht lng b mt ca phi dn ti
nng cao nng sut s dng vt liu K, gim chi ph gia cng.V th h s K cn th
hin trnh k thut ca nn sn sut ca

mt quc gia.
-Nu cc dng phi s dng trong gia cng c kh?
Vt Liu Kim Loi:
- Phi thp
+ Thp cacbon l hp kim trn c s st v cacbon c hm lng C< 2.14%.
+
Thp hp kim l hp kim Fe C

c cha cc nguyn t hp kim nh Mn, Si, Cr,Ni, W, Mo ng thi lng tp cht
S,P,O rt thp so vi thp cacbon
- Gang: Gang l hp kim Fe-C vi hm lng cacbon nm trong khong 2,14 6,67%

v lun cha cc nguyn t khc nh P, S, Si, Mn. Thng thng gang cha 2 4%

Mn; 0,04 0,65% P; 0,02 0,15% S.
+ Gang trng:
Gang trng l hp kim Fe- C vi hm lng cacbon, sillic thp v nhn c khi lm
ngui rt nhanh trong qu trnh kt tinh t gang lng. Ngi ta cn c th cho thm cc
nguyn t hp kim nh Cr, Mo, Ni tng kh nng chu nhit, chng mi mn v kh
nng chng va p ca gang trng.
Cc bon tn ti trong gang trng di dng cc bt st (Fe3C) do c cng ca
gang cao ( 450 650 HB) tnh c km, kh gia cng ct gt. gang trng ch dng
ch to gang do hoc ch to cc chi tit my c yu cu chng mi mn cao nh
bi nghin, trc cn.
+

Gang xm:
Gang xm l hp kim Fe-C trong cacbon tn ti di dng grafit tm. thng thng
gang xm c cha. 2,8- 3,6 % C, 1,2 2,8%

Si, 0,5 1,6 %

Mn, ti 0,65P v 0,15 % S. theo TCVN gang xm c k hiu GX vi 2 s tip theo

ch bn ko v nn ti thiu.
+
Gang cu:
Gang cu nhn c bng cch bin tnh gang xm bng cc nguyn t cu ha nh
Mg, Ce v cc nguyn t dt hin to ra graphit dng cu sau thc hin bin
tnh ln th 2 bng FeSi, CaSi chng bin trng.
+
Gang giun:
T gang xm th lng, sau khi bin tnh ln th nht bng cc nguyn t Ce, Mg v
bin tnh ln th hai bng cc cht graphit

ha nh FeSi, CaSi ngi ta nhn c gang c graphit tn ti dang giun
+
Gang do:
Khi gang trng nhit t 760-10600C ( ty theo thnh phn ca gang) trong
khong 60-120h graphiit trong gang chuyn thnh dng cm (cn gi l dng bng) ta
nhn c gang do. ngy nay vi cc bin phap cng ngh tin tin ngi ta c th
rt ngn thi gian xung cn t 12h gim gi thnh. Gang do c c tnh,c bit
l tnh do cao. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam gang do c k hiu bng hai ch GZ v
hai cm ch s ch gii hn bn ko v do.
-Kim Loi Mu V Hp Kim Mu:
+ ng v hp kim ng:
ng l nguyn cht c c tnh thp nn trong ch to my thng ch

dng ng dng hp kim. Hp kim ng c 2 nhm chnh:
v

La tng (ng thau)
La tng l hp kim ng vi km Zn. Theo TCVN la tng c k hiu bng ch L vi
cc ch Cu, Zn v cc ch s ch hm lng trung bnh ca cc nguyn t tnh theo
phn trm.
V d: L Cu Zn 40 Pb2 cha trung bnh 40 % Zn, 2% Pb, cn li l 58% ng.
v

Brong
Brong l hp kim ca ng vi cc nguyn t hp kim khc nh: Sn, Zn, Al,. Brong
thic c c tnh cao, tnh chng n mn v kh nng chu mi mn tt nn ngi ta
thng s dng lm cc bc lt, bnh vt.
+ Nhm v hp kim nhm:
Trong ch to my t khi dng nhm nguyn cht v bn v cng ca nhm thp (
= 60 N/mm2, cng = 25 HB).
Thng ch dng nhm di dng hp kim v hp kim nhm nh, c bn, cng,
kh nng chng mi mn v chu nhit cao. Hp kim nhm thng dng ch to chi tit
my nh piston, tay bin v v hp tc xe my.
- Vt Liu Phi Kim:
Vt liu phi kim bao gm cc loi sau y:
+Vt liu polymer

Acrylonitritbutadienstyren (ABS) c bn c hc v bn nhit cao, thng dng cc
loi sut, cc loi ng cun si trong cng nghip dt.
Acrylic c kh nng cho nh sng xuyn tt, thng dng ch to ca knh thng
dng cho cc phng tin vn chuyn nh t my bay
Flocacbon ( cn gi l teflon TFE) c bn c hc cao, h s ma st nh, khng tan
trong hu ht cc mi trng, thng dng ch to bc lt, bnh rng, m chu
ha cht
Polyamit (PA) c bn c hc cao, kh nng chng mi mn ln, bn trong mi
trng nc, thng c dng ch to cc bc lt cho cc xe my, bng ti, my
bm nc c bit c dng ch to cc bnh rng, con ln v bn cch si
trong cng nghip thit b dt.
+Vt liu composit:
Vt liu composit l loi vt liu c nhiu pha khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc, khng
tan vo nhau, phn cch nhau bng ranh gii pha v c sp sp theo nh
trc nhm pht huy tnh u vit ca tng pha.
Cu 5.2

V tr ca pp gia cng chun b phi trong qu trnh cng ngh gia cng c? Ti sao
phi c cc ng.cng gia cng chun b phi ?
Gia cng chun b phi l nhng nguyn cng chun b phi cho qu trnh gia cng c,
bao gm lm sch, nn thng phi, gia cng ph, gia cng l tm.
Phi sau khi c ch to xong thng c cht lng b mt xu nh x x, r, nt,
chai cng...; hnh dng hnh hc c nhiu sai lch nh mo, van, cn, cong vnh...
Nu ta
a phi sau khi ch to xong vo gia cng chi tit ngay th sai s in dp ca phi ln
chi tit gia cng s ln
, phi gia cng nhiu ln th mi m bo yu cu ca chi tit. Nh vy s mt thi
gian, chi ph gia cng ln, gi thnh sn xut s tng.
i vi cc loi phi thanh cn phi nn thng trc khi a ln my gia cng; phi
thanh thp cn li phi ct thanh tng on cho ph hp vi chiu dai ca chi tit va d
g t. Ngoi ra, nguyn cng u tin phi dng chun th, m chun th th phi
tng i bng phng.
N l nhng nguyn do vy, vic gia cng chun b phi l mt vic lm rt cn thit v
khng th cng m u cho qu trnh cng ngh gia cng c (sn xut n chic, lot
nh). Thm ch, i vi sn xut c sn lng ln th gia cngchun b phi c tch
hn ra khi quy trnh cng ngh gia cng c, khi c mt b phn ring m nhim
vic chun b phi vi y thit b ring.
* Trc

khi gia cng ct gt phi gia cng chun b phi :
-Gia cng chun b phi l nhng nguyn cng chun b phi cho qu trnh gia cng
c,bao gm lm sch,nn thng phi,gia cng ph,gia cng l tm.
-Phi sau khi ch to xong thng c cht lng b mt xu nh x x,r,nt,chai
cng;Hnh dng hnh hc ca phi c nhiu sai lch nh mo, van,cn,cong
vnhNu ta a phi sau khi ch to xong vo gia cng chi tit ngay th sai s in dp
ca phi ln chi tit gia cng s ln,phi gia cng nhiu ln th mi m bo yu cu
ca chi tit.Nh vy s mt thi gian,chi ph gia cng ln,gi thnh sn xut s tng.
-i vi cc loi phi thanh cn phi nn thng trc khi a ln my gia cng;Phi
thanh thp cn li phi ct thnh tng on cho ph hp vi chiu di ca chi tit v
g t.Ngoi ra , nguyn cng u tin phi dng chun th,m chun th th phi
tng i bng phng th chnh xc mi c nng cao.
=>Do vy vic gia cng chun b phi l mt vic lm rt cn thit v khng th
thiu.N l nhng nguyn cng m u cho qu trnh cng ngh gia cng c (sn xut
n chic,lot nh).thm ch i vi sn xut ln th gia cng chun b phi c tch
gn ra khi quy trnh cng ngh gia cng c,khi c mt b phn ring m nhn vic
chun

b phi vi y thit b ring .
Cu 5.4 Kh nng cng ngh ca phng php tin ?
Kh nng cng ngh ca phng php tin :
Tin l phng php gia cng ct gt thng dng nht. My tin chim khong 2535%
tng s thit b trong phn xng gia cng ct gt. Chim khong

khi lng cng vic
- tin c 2 chuyn ng to hnh : tnh tin ca dao v quay trn ca chi tit (mt s
trng hp l dao quay)
- tin c th to ra cc b mt khc nhau
+ cc b mt tr : tr ngoi , tr trong
+ cc b mt cn : cn ngoi , cn trong
+ cc b mt nh hnh trn xoay
+ cc b mt ren
+ cc mt u , vai , rnh
- Nguyn cng tin thng c thc hin trn cc loi my tin nh: my tin ren vt
vn nng, my tin ng, my tin ct, my tin bn t ng, my tin CNC... Ngoi ra
tin cn c th c thc hin trn cc loi my khc nh: my khoan, my phay, my
doa hoc trung tm gia cng...
- Dng c ct khi tin c gi l dao tin. Dao tin c nhiu loi nh: dao u thng,
dao u cong, dao vai, dao kho mt u, dao tin l, dao tin ct t, dao tin nh
hnh...
- Ngoi ra ta cn c th khoan, khot, doa, ta r, nh bng, mi nghin v nu c
thm g cn c th ln p, cun l xo, mi, phay... trn my tin
- Tin c th gia cng cc b mt tr trong v ngoi,b mt cn trong v ngoi,cc b
mt nh hnh trn xoay,gia cng ren,ct vai,rnh
- chnh xc ca nguyn cng tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Vt liu dng c
ct, vt liu chi tit gia cng , cht lng ch to dng c, trng thi b mt gia cng,
cng vng ca h thng cng ngh , tay ngh cng nhn... chnh xc t c
khi tin tham kho trong cc s tay cng ngh ch to my .
- Nng sut gia cng khi tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Vt liu dng c ct , vt
liu chi tit gia cng , cht lng ch to dng c, trng thi b mt gia cng, cng
vng ca h thng cng ng , tay ngh cng nhn... Nhn chung nng sut gia cng khi
tin khng cao.
- tin phn ra : tin th , tin bn tinh , tin tinh , tin tinh mng c cp chnh xc 13 6
.
-Tin ren t cp chnh xc 7,

= 2,5 1,25 m
Cu 5.5 Nu cc b mt c dng lm chun v cc pp g t khi tin? V s g
t khi gia cng trc tr trn trn mm cp 3 chu t nh tm
*Cch chn chun :
- Khi gia cng mt tr ngoi thng thng chun c th l : mt ngoi,mt u, mt mt
ngoi kt hp vi mt u,mt trong.
- Khi gia cng mt tr trong :mt ngoi,mt ngoi kt hp vi mt u.
- Khi gia cng chi tit dng hp chun c th l : mt u hay hai l chun ph.
*Cc phng php g t khi tin :
1. G trn hai mi tm.
.G t trn hai mi tm cng.
- u im: m bo ng tm cao gia cc bc trc qua nhiu ln g t,
- Nhc im: cng vng thp v phi truyn lc bng tc nn cng vng cng
thp, c(L) 0.
.G t trn mt mi tm ty ng v mt mi tm cng.
- u im: m bo ng tm cao gia cc ngng trc qua nhiu ln g t, c(L) =
0.
- Nhc im: cng vng cng thp.
* Vi cc trc c l ln.
- S dng mi tm ln, truyn lc bng mi tm kha.
- S dng kt cu l tm ph.
* Vi cc trc b hoc kt cu khng cho php khoan l tm.
- S dng kt cu mi tm ngc.
* Khi ct vi vn tc ln (n > 500 vg/ph) trnh chy mi tm:
- S dng kt cu mi tm gn mnh hp kim cng.
S dng kt cu mi tm quay cng chi tit.
- Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp trnh hng mi tm ngi ta cn dng mi tm
cu.
2: G trn mm cp 3 chu t nh tm.
- u im: Lc kp ln, tnh vn nng cao.
- Nhc im: chnh xc ng tm thp, tuy thao tc kh n gin nhng nng sut
g
t khng cao.
3: G trn mm cp 4 chu khng t nh tm.
- u im: C th g c cc chi tit c hnh dng khng trn xoay. ng thi c th
m bo

c ng tm khi dng ng h so r g.
- Nhc im: Nng sut thp.
4: Sanga (mm cp n hi).
- Kh nng nh v: S dng ng ch khng ch c 4 bc t do.
- u im: ng tm cao, d c kh ho v t ng ho...
- Nhc im: Tnh vn nng thp.
5: Trc g.
6: G trn mm cp mt u chng tm.
7: G trn mm cp mt u luynt.
8: G trn bn dao.
9: G trn ke.
Cu 5.7 Cc loi dng c c s dng khi phay mt phng? Trong sx lot ln dng
c no c s dng nhiu? Ti sao ?
Phay l phng php gia cng ct gt c s dng kh ph bin trong ngnh CTM.
Thng my phay chim khong 20% trong tng s cc my cng c.
* Cc dng c thng c s dng khi phay mt phng l :
- Phay mt phng bng dao phay tr: c phay thun v phay nghch,thng phay thun
c nng sut cao gp hai ln phay nghch.
- Phay mt phng bng dao phay mt u : c nng sut cao nhng thot phoi thot
nhit km.
- Phay bng dao phay a : ph hp khi gia cng mt phng ng
- phay bng dao phay ngn : c th gia cng cc b mt bc
* Trong sn xut lot ln loi dng c c s dng nhiu nht l :
-Trong sn xut lot ln dao phay mt u c s dng nhiu hn c .Ti v nhng
nguyn nhn chnh sau :
+ Khi dung dao phay mt u c kh nng dng dao c ng kinh ln ct c mt
phng c chiu rng ln,nng cao c nng sut gia cng m khng b kch thc
u my lm hn ch.
+ Khng cn n trc g dao di nn cng vng ca dao cao hn,c th cho php
nng cao ch ct.
+ Khi ct ng thi nhiu li,m bo c qu trnh ct m hn dao phay

tr.
+ C kh nng phay nhiu mt

khc nhau cng mt lc bng nhiu dao.
+ D ch to cc loi dao

rng chp,mi dao d hn.

Cu 5.8 Trnh by mc ch v kh nng cng ngh ca pp khot doa ?
-
Khot
l phng php gia cng m rng l trn my khoan, my tin, my phay hoc my
doa nhm:
-

Nng cao chnh xc v cht lng b mt ca l.
-

Chun b cho doa t chnh xc v nhn bng b mt cao hn.
Khot c kh nng t chnh xc cp 10 12, R = 2.5 10 m.
Dao khot c nhiu li ct hn dao khoan do c cng vng cao hn mi khoan.
V vy khot khng nhng t c chnh xc, nhn bng cao hn khoan m
cn sa c sai s v v tr tng quan ca l do khoan, c hoc gia cng p lc
li ng thi t c nng sut cao hn do c kh nng ct vi lng chy dao ln.
Khot c th gia cng c l tr, l bc, l cn v mt u vung gc vi tm l ty
theo kt cu ca dao
Khi khot c th dng bc dn hng mt hoc hai u nng cao cng vng,
do nng cao chnh xc v nng sut.
- Doa
Doa l phng php gia cng tinh cc l c khoan, khot hoc tin. Doa thng
c thc hin trn my khoan, my tin, my phay hoc my doa. Lng d doa th
khong 0.25 0.5 mm, doa tinh khong 0.05 0.15 mm. Nu lng d qu nh khi
doa dao b trt hoc b kt lm nhn bng (hoc nhm b mt tng) b mt
gim, nu lng d ln ti trng trn dao ln, dao chng mn lm sai lch kch thc
gia cng. Do lng d khi khoan nh nn doa khng sa c sai lch v v tr tng
quan hoc c th sa c nhng rt t. V vy nn thc hin khot v doa trn cng
mt ln g.
Doa c th t chnh xc cp 9 7, Ra =0.63 1.25 m, khi chun b cng ngh v
dao tt, chn ch ct hp l c th t chnh xc 6,

Ra = 0.63 m nhng chi ph sn xut cao, nng sut thp nn t dng.

Doa c cng vng cao, li ct thng phn b khng i xng nn gim c
rung ng trong qu trnh ct, gc ct ln nn c th ct c lp phoi mng. Khi dao
doa mn trc thay i, nu tip tc ct dao s trt trn b mt gia cng gy ra hin
tng bin cng lp b mt gy kh khn cho bc gia cng tinh tip theo. Tuy vn
tc ct nh 8 10 m/ph nhng bc tin dao ln ( 0.5 3.5 mm/vng) nn nng sut
doa vn cao.
Nn b tr khoan khot doa c phi hp ng b. Trong sn xut n chic ch
nn doa cc l c kch thc tng ng vi cc dao doa tay thay th doa bng tin l
m bo tnh kinh t.
Cu 5.9 Kh nng cng ngh ca pp phay v xc
Kh nng cng ngh ca pp phay:

- Phay l phng php gia cng ct gt c s dng kh ph bin trong ngnh CTM.
Thng my phay chim khong 20% trong tng s cc my cng c.
- Ngoi mt phng, phay cn c th gia cng c nhiu dng b mt khc nh: phay
rnh, rnh then, then hoa, phay mt tr, phay ren, rng, phay cc mt nh hnh...
- Nguyn cng phay c thc hin trn cc loi my phay nh: my phay ng, my
phay ngang, my phay vn nng, my phay t hp nhiu trc chnh, my phay ging,
my phay CNC... Ngoi ra nguyn cng phay cn c th c thc hin trn cc my
khc nh: my tin, cc trung tm gia cng...
- Dng c ct khi phay c gi l dao phay. Dao phay c nhiu loi nh: dao phay tr,
dao phay mt u, dao phay a (mt, hai hoc ba mt), dao phay ngn, dao phay ln
rng, dao phay nh hnh...
- Nng sut ct khi phay ph thuc nhiu yu t nh: vt liu dng c, vt liu chi tit
gia cng, cng vng ca HTCN... Nhn chung, nng sut ca phay cao hn tin.
Kh nng cng ngh ca pp xc:

xc c s dng rng ri trong sn xut n chic, lot nh hoc hng lot. Trong
qu trnh gia cng t phi dng g v cc dao c phc tp.
Nng sut ca xc thp do:
-

C hnh trnh chy khng.
-

u dao c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi do khng th lm vic vi vn tc ct ln.
trnh lc qun tnh ln sinh ra khi o chiu chuyn ng thng thng vn tc ct
khi bo v = 12 22m/ph, vn tc ct khi xc v = 12m/ph.
-

Khi xc khn c kh nng gia cng bng nhiu dao cng mt lc
-

xc l cc phng php gia cng c tnh vn nng cao, chuyn ng ct n gin.
-

Xc ch yu dng gia cng cc rnh then trong l. Trong sa cha i khi dng xc
gia cng rnh then hoa trong l hoc xc rng theo nguyn l nh hnh.
Cu 5.10 Nu bn cht, v cc pp gia cng tinh = bin dng do ?
- Phng php gia cng tinh bng bin dng do l phng php gia cng tinh khng
phoi trn nguyn l bin dng do b mt gia cng trng thi ngui. Phng php
ny c nhng u im m cac phng php gia cng ct gt khng c c nh:
nng cao cng b mt, tng tnh chng mn lp b mt, nng cao gii hn chy v
c bit l nng cao gii hn mi ca chi tit
- Bn cht ca phng php ny l: di p lc ca cc dng c (con ln, bi, chy)
c cng cao hn cng ca kim loi gia cng, lm nhp nh trn b mt gia cng
b bin dng do v b p xung, do chiu cao cc nhp nh ban u gim i, to
thnh cc vt nhn t vi mi c chiu cao thp hn, ng thi lp b mt chi tit gia
cng c lm chc li.
* Cc phng php ln p b mt
-Ln p bng con ln hoc bi
- Ln p gia cc con ln
- Ch st bng mi kim cng hoc hp kim cng
- Nong l bng bi hoc chy nong

Hnh 4.9: Gia cng bng bin dng do
Cu 5.11
Nu c im chung ca phng php gia cng bng in vt l v in ha? Cc
nhm gia cng bng in l v in ha?
* c im chung ca phng php:
- Cht lng v tnh cht gia cng khng ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca vt liu m
ch ph thuc vo cc thng s v nhit ca n.
- C th t chnh xc gia cng cao trong nhng trng hp m cc phng php
gia cng ct gt thng thng kh hoc khng th thc hin c.
- Khng cn vt liu dng c phi c cng cao hn vt liu gia cng.
- Tit kim vt liu, nng cao h s s dng vt liu.
- Cng ngh tng i n gin. C th gia cng mt b phn nh ca chi tit ln.
- D c kh ho v t ng ho.
- Nng xut bc vt liu khng cao nhng hiu qu kinh t cao.
*Cc nhm gia cng bng in l v in ha:
- Nhm cc phng php gia cng bng phng in n mn (hnh 4.10a) .
- Nhm cc phng php gia cng bng chm tia (hnh 4.10b)
- Nhm cc phng php gia cng bng siu m (hnh 4.10c)
- Nhm cc phng php gia cng bng in ho hc (hinh4.10d)
- Nhm cc phng php gia cng bng phi hp gia cc phng php trn vi nhau
hoc gia cc phng php trn vi cc phng php gia cng ct gt truyn thng.



Hnh 4.10a


Hnh 4.10c



Hnh 4.10b

Hnh 4.10d

CHNG 6: TK QU TRNH CN GIA CNG CHI TIT MY

Cu 6.1 khi nim v lng d gia cng v phn loi lng d gia cng

?
Mun t c chi tit c hnh dng, kch thc v cht lng theo yu cu k thut
thit k ta phi thc hin gia cng qua nhiu nguyn cng(hay nhiu bc). ti mi
nguyn cng hay mi bc ta phi ht i mt lng kim loi nht nh.
Lp kim loi c ht i trong qu trnh gia cng c gi l lng d gia cng.

Vd: C mt chi tit phi dng trc c ng knh 50 mm, chng ta cn gia cng t
c ng knh trc lp ghp l 45mm. chi tit c gia cng trn my tin v lp
kim loi cn ht i l 5mm, lp kim loa cn bc i ny c gi l lng d gia cng.
Phn loi :
-
Lng D Trung Gian:

Lng d trung gian l lp kim loi c ht i mi bc hay mi nguyn cng.
Lng d trung gian l hiu s kch thc do bc hay nguyn cng st trc li
v kch thc do bc(hay nguyn cng) ang thc hin to nn.
-

Lng D Tng Cng:

Lng d tng cng l lp kim loi cn ht i trong tt c cc nguyn cng(hay cc
bc). lng d

tng cng c k hiu bng Z0 v bng hiu s kch thc ca phi v ca chi tit.
- Lng D i Xng:

Lng d i xng tn ti khi gia cng cc mt trn xoay(trn ngoi, trn trong) i
xng

khi gia cng cc mt phng i xng.
-

Lng D Khng i Xng:

Lng d khng i xng tn ti khi cc b mt c gia cng khng ph thuc ln
nhau. Lng d gia cng mt pha l mt trng hp c bit ca lng d gia cng
khng i xng khi c mt b mt i din khng c gia cng.