2009

1.
. -

1. ,
+i.
: , 95, 5, 6.
2. x, y
,
+i
.
: , 95, 7.
3. i,
4
.
: , 95, 8.
4. +i,


i, .
12

3 + i
.
:

5.
+i

, x , y


.

z = ( 3x + 2 y

36
) + (2 y 3x + )i , * .

6. z

, z = z z = z . (
).

Re(z)=0 Im(z)=0 .
: , 96, 8.
7. z
z ,
z=x+yi ,
.
: , 96, 5.

1. ,
.
: , 100, 1.
2. z
z,
z=x+yi x y.

z + 3 = z 1 + 4i = z 9 .
3.

,
, z

= zz

.
: , < 1 < 1 ,

< 1 .
4. ,

= zz .

: , 101, 9.
5.

, ,
z

= zz

: (z-1)22=(z-i)22, z22

.
6.

, z

= zz

,

.
: , 102, 10.

1. z
,

z=x+yi
x y.
. (
).
:
) z z = >0,
z (0, 0) .
) z z z 0 = >0,
z K(x0, y0) . (
K(x0, y0) z0).
) z z z1 = z z2 ,
z
z1
z2.
) z z z1 + z z2 = 2 ,
z z1
z2, 2 2= z1 z2 .
) z z z1 z z2 = 2 ,
z z1
z2 2= z1 z2 .
: , 101, 6, B 2,

B 5, B 6, B 8, B 9.
2. z

z, z
.
: , 101, 8.

1.

.
: ) z1=8+6i z2 = 5

z1 + z2 .
)

z + 5i 3

z 12 .
2.

,
:
)

(),

z min = d( , ) = ( OM ) . ( ).
) z (,

), :

z min = z mx = + .
) z

y2
x2
= 1 , :
+
2
2

z min = z mx = .
y2
x2
) z 2 2 = 1 , :

z min = .
: , 101, 7, 102,

8.
3.

,
:
) z1 z2
(1), (2) : z1 z2

min

= d(1, 2 ) .

) z1 z2 (, ), :
z1 z2

mx

= 2 .

) z1 () z2

z1 z2

mx

(,

z1 z2

min

= d(, )

= d(, ) + .

) z1 (, 1)
z2 (, 2) :
z1 z2

mx

z1 z2

min

= 1 2

= + 1 + 2 .

y2
x2
) z1 z2 2 + 2 = 1 ,

: z1 z2

min

z1 z2

mx

= 2 .

:
1.

.
2.
(2)
(3).
= f( z ) z=x+yi,

.
: w =

2z i
z
iz + 2

(0, 0)
=1.
) w.
) z w .

.
z
z
1. z1, z2 0 z1 = 1 4 1 + 2 = 2 .
z2
z1
:
) z2 = 2 .
) 0, z1 z2
.
2.
z1 z2 ,
z1 =

4 + 3i
z2 .
5

.
) (1, 2)

=2
.
3.

z1 = z2 = z3 = 2

z1 + z2 + z3 = 4

z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 = 8 .
4.
z1, z2 z3 z12+z22+z32=z1z2+z2z3+z3z1

.
5. z1 z2

: z1z2=1+i.

z1 (0, 1)
=1.
) z2

.
) z2 .
) { 0 }
w=(z1z2) .
6. z z 10 = 3 z 2
z 1 = 3.
7. z 2 + 4i =

5.

) z

) z.
2 z
8. w =
z 0 . z
z
(0, 0) 1.
) w

.
) w .
9. z=x+yi, x, y
z2
w =
,z 6.
z6
) w +i, , .
) Re(w)=Im(w)
(x, y) z.
10. z 3 = z .
) z0
|z0|.
) .
11. z

ln z = 1 z .
12. z=x+yi x, y (x, y)

.
w=

z
z -4.
z+ 4

) w +i.
) (x, y) :
i) O w
ii) O w .
13. , ,

. = = = 1 ++=0,
:
) = = .
) , .

14. z= 4 + 2 i .
3
4

) z.

) z .
) o z .
) .
15. , ,
x2+y2=1.
w=

( )( )( )
.

16. z :
(4+3i)z(43i) z =50i.
) z.
) z 5.
) z

.
17.

z 6 8i = 5 .
)
z.
) 5 z 15.
) z .
) :
i) z .
ii) z .
) z1, z2

, z1 z2 .
18. z w (i + 2 2 ) z = 6

w (1 i) = w ( 3 3i) :
)

z .
)

w.
) w .
) z w .
19. z z i = 2 .

) z
.
) z1 z2
.
2

) A = zi + 3 + z i

.
) 3 z + 3 5i 7 .
20. z1 z2
z + z2
w = 1
.
z1 z2
) w 2008 0 .
) z1 = z2 .
21. z Re( z +

4
) = 2 Re( z) (1).
z

) z.
)
c = z + 3 4i .
) c.
) z1, z2, z3 (1)

z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3z1 = 2 z1 + z2 + z3 .
1
1
22. z Re ( ) = .
z
4
) z

z 2 =2.
) z lm(z)=1, Re(z)=2+ 3
Re(z)=2- 3 .
) 4
1 ().
23. z : 2z 2010 + z

2010

= 3.

) z 2010 = 1 .
) z = 1 .
) z 2i .
24. z=+3i, .
) z.

) z 5 + i .
25. z, w w =

3z + 2i
z = 2 .
iz + 6

) w.
)

10

z w.

2.
. -

1. .

.
: , 146, 11.
2. ) ,
.
,

.
) ,
.
x.

.
x.
: , 148, 6.

x1,
x2 Af x1<x2
f(x1)-f(x2)
f(x1) f(x2). (
).
:
1. .
(.. : f(x)=1/x).
2.
.
: , 156, 1.

11

1-1
1. f 1-1 :
: x1, x2 Af
f(x1)=f(x2) x1=x2.
: f
. ( :
, 1-1 .
: ).
: , 156, 2.
2. f 1-1,
x1 x2 Af x1 x2
f(x1)=f(x2).
: , 156, 2, viii)
3. f,
1-1
f(A). ( y=f(x) x
). f-1
f(A) Af. , f-1, y
x.
: , 156, 2.
4. :
) f-1 f(A)
Af.
) :
i) f(x)=y f 1 ( y ) = x .
ii) f( f 1 ( y )) = y y f(A) .
iii) f 1 ( f( x )) = x x Af .
) f Af

f-1 f(A)
.
: y1 < y2 f(A) f

Af. f 1 ( y1 ) = f 1 ( y2 )

y1 = y 2 ,

12

f 1 ( y1 ) > f 1 ( y2 ) f( f 1 ( y1 )) > f( f 1 ( y2 )) y1 > y2 , .

f 1 ( y1 ) < f 1 ( y2 ) , f-1 f(A).

f Af.
) i) f 1-1.
ii) f 1-1 (.x.
f( x ) =

1
) (.x. f( x ) = x ).
x

) f ,

f-1 .

: f :

x Af x Af f( x ) = f( x ) .

y f(A) .

x Af

f( x ) = y f ( x ) = y f( x ) = y . y f(A) .

f 1 ( y ) = f 1 ( f( x )) = f 1 ( f( x )) = x = f 1 ( y ) .

f-1 .
) f f-1

y=x. : M( , ) C f N( , ) C f 1 .
) C f C f 1

: y = f( x ) y = f 1 ( x ) .

y = f( x )
( 1 )

x
=
f
(
y
)

x = f 1 ( y )
( 2 ) .

y = f 1 ( x )

f (1)
f-1 (2).
: C f C f 1

y=x. (.. : f( x ) =

f 1 ( x) =

1
x

1
.
x

,
(1,1) (-1,-1) y=x.
f( x ) =

1
.
x

13

f 1 ( x) =

1
.
x

y=x).
) : f

Af

f( x ) = f 1 ( x ) f ( x ) = x, x A f( A) .
: f( x ) = f 1 ( x ) f

Af. f( x ) x x B .
f( x ) > x f( x ) < x . f( x ) > x . f
Af f 1
f(A).
f( x ) > x f 1 ( f( x )) > f 1 ( x ) x > f 1 ( x ) x > f( x ) ,

. f( x ) < x . f( x ) = x .
:

f( x ) = x . f

f 1 ( x ) = x . : f( x ) = f 1 ( x ) .

f 1 C f C f 1 . (.x. :
f( x ) = x 3 + x + 1 . f 1
C f C f 1 ).
) C f C f 1

y=x.
: (, ) C f C f 1 .

= f( )

= f 1 ( ) .

= f 1 ( ) = f( ) .

C f C f 1

(, ). . =,
(, ) y=x.
) C f y=x,

C f 1 .
: (, ) C f
y=x. : = f( ) =.
= f 1 ( ) =.

= f 1 ( ) , (, )

C f 1 .

14

:
1. f2(x)=g2(x) f(x)=g(x) f(x)=-g(x)
x f. f( x ) = x
g(x)=x. f2(x)=g2(x) x f(x)=g(x)
x [0, + ].
f
g( x )
f( x ) =
g( x )

x
xAB

2. f(x)g(x)=0 f(x)=0 g(x)=0 x

1 x < 0
0
f( x ) =
g( x ) =
0 x 0
1

x < 0
x 0

. f(x)g(x)=0

x f g

15

.
1.

f(x)=x4-(3-4)x3+(3-3)x2-(3-2)x+2-3

. Cf
.
2. f : : f 2 ( x ) f(1 x ) = 2 x 2

x .
1
.
2

) f(1 x ) f( x ) =

) f( x ) = 2 x 1 x .
3.

f:

f 3 ( x ) + 3f 2 ( x ) f( x ) = 2 x 3 x .
) f .
) f( x ) = x x .
4. f : : 2f( x + y ) = f ( x ) f( y )

x, y .
) f(0)=0 f .
) f f(0).
) f( ) = 0 f( x ) = 0

x .
) f( 0 ) = 2 f( x ) > 0 x .
1 x2 .

5. f : f( x ) =
) Af.

) Cf .
) h=fof.
6. f :
) f( x ) xf( x ) = x 2 + 1 x .
1
1
) f : * f( x ) + 2f( ) = 2(2 x + ) x * .
x
x
7.

f,

2f( x ) + f(1 y ) + g ( x ) g ( y ) = 3( x 2 + 1) 6 x 6 y

g(0)=0

x, y .
) 2f( x ) + f(1 x ) = 3( x 2 + 1) 6x x .
) f( x ) = x 2 + 2 x x .

16

) f = g x .
8.

f:

f( x + y ) f( x ) f( y ) e x + y x, y .
) f( 0 ) = 1.
) f( x ) =

1
x .
f( x )

) f( x ) = e x x .
9. f, g :

1 x
f( x ) =
2

x < 0
x 0

x 2
g( x ) =
3

x < 1
x 1

f+g fog.
10. f( x ) =

x 2 + 3x +
x 2 + 3x + 1
=

g
(
x
)
x2 4
x2

, . , f=g.
11. f : ( fof )( x ) = x 2 9 x + 25
x .
) f( 5) = 5 .
) Cf y=x .
12. f, g : ( gof )( x ) = x + 2
x .
) f .
) : f( x 2 7 x + 6) = f( x 1) .
13. f : ( fof )( x ) = 2 x x .
) f(1)=1.
) f 1-1.
) f( A) = .
) : f( x 2 + x ) = f(2 x + 2) .
14. f : * 1-1 ( fof )( x ) f ( x ) =
x 0 .
) ( fof )( x ) = x x 0 .
) f.
) f(A) .
) f 1 ( x ) .

17

15. f :
(3, 2) (5, 9).
) f .
) f 1 ( x ) .
) f(2 + f 1 ( x 2 + x )) = 9 , x .
16. f( x ) = x 3 + x + 1 .
) f .
) f .
) f 1 ( x ) = f( x ) .
17. f( x ) = ln x

e
+ x.
x

) f .
) f 1 ( x ) = x .
18. f : ( fof )( x ) = x x .
) f( x ) = 2008 .
) g : 1-1 g ( x ) = e x + e f ( x ) ,

f( x ) = x x .
19. f : ( fof )( x ) + f( x ) = x x .
) f 1-1.
) f(A)= .
) f( f ( x ) + x ) = x x .
) f( t ) + t = 0 .
20. f : f( f ( x ) 2) = x x .
) f 1-1.
) f(A)= .
) f 1 ( x ) f.
) f f

18

3.
. -
x0
1. (0/0)
)
Horner (x-x0)
.
: , 174, 3.
)
. (
).

+ .

3 +

2 + 3 +

+ 3 + 2 .

: , 175, 4.
)

x 1
x

( x )
0
x

( x )
x 1
= 1 lim
= 0.
x0
x0
x
x
lim

: , 175, 6, 7.
2. ,

.

,
.
: , 175, 5, 9.

19

3. . x x0
:
) (0/0) .
: , 175, 1 vi).
) (0/0). :
i) x0 ,

.
.
: , 176, 2 i).
ii) x0 ,
x0
(x-x0).
: , 176, 2 ii).
4. :
f(x) x0 f(x) x0.
g(x), f(x)
.
: , 176, 4.
5. f(x) x0
, f ,
f(x),
f(x) . ( :
).
: lim f( x ) xf( x ) x
x0

x .
6. : :
) lim f( x ) g ( x ) f( x ) h( x )
x x0

x0.
lim g ( x ) = lim h( x )

x x0

x x0

lim g ( x )

x x0

lim h( x )

x x0

lim g ( x ) =

x x0

= lim f( x ) = lim h( x ) .
x x0

x x0

: , 175, 8.

20

) lim f( x ) f( x ) g( x ) f( x ) ( x ) (
x x0

A(x) ) x0, lim g( x ) = 0

x x0

lim A( x ) = 0 . g( x ) f( x ) g( x )
x x0

lim ( g ( x ) ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 .

x x0

x x0

lim f( x ) = 0 . ( ).
x x0

: lim f( x ) f( x ) x 0.
x0

) f(x)

x x0.

( K ( x )) 1

f( x ) g ( x )

lim g( x ) = 0 . ( .) lim f( x ) = 0 .

x x0

x x0

1
: lim f( x ) f( x ) = x ( ) .
x0
x
7. lim f( g ( x )) g(x)=u,
x x0

lim g( x ) = u0 ( )
x x0

lim f( u) . g(x) u0 x0 lim f( g( x )) =

u u0

x x0

= lim f( u) .
u u0

: , 175, 7 ii), iii).

8. (/0) :
)

.

.
: , 181, 2.
)

,

.

21

: , 182, 3.
9. :
)
: f( x ) = x + 1 x 1 + ... + 1 x + 0 .
0 lim f( x ) = lim x .
x+

x+

.
: , 187, 1 ii).
)

f( x ) =

x + 1 x 1 + ... + 1 x + 0
x + 1 x 1 + ... + 1 x + 0

x
0 0 lim f( x ) = lim
.

x+
x+ x

.
: , 187, 1 ii).
)

. ( :

x 2 = x x +

x 2 = x

x ).
: , 187, 2, 3.
)

( )

.
: , 187, 2.
)

x.

22

: , 187, 4.
)

lim e x = + ,

x +

lim e x = 0 ,

lim ln x = + lim+ ln x = .

x +

x0

.
: lim

x +

x + e x
.
e x + 2x

x
.
( K ( x )) 1

.
x
.
: lim ( x 3 + 2x + x + 1) .
x

:
x
x
1. lim
= 1,
lim
= 1,
x0 x
x 0 x

x
= 1,
x0
x
lim

x
= 1,
x 0 x
lim

x 1
= 0.
x0
x
1
2. lim x ( ) = 0 .
x0
x
x
x
3. lim
= 0 lim
= 0.
x + x
x x
1
1
4. lim x ( ) = 1 lim x ( ) = 1 .
x +
x
x
x
lim

23

.
1. lim f ( x ) = 1 :
x1

f( x ) + 3 2
2f 2 ( x ) + f( x ) 3
) lim
f( x ) 1
2
x 1
x1
f( x ) 1
f ( x) 1

) lim

x 0 = 1 .
2. f : lim

x0

f( x )
= 2.
x

) lim f( x ) = 0 .
x0

2f( x ) + x
.
x0
f( x ) + x

) ( ) : lim

f, g :

3.

lim ( xf ( x ) + g( x )) = 2

x 1

lim ( f( x ) xg ( x )) = 4 . lim f( x )
x 1

x 1

lim g( x ) .
x 1

4. , ( x ) + ( x ) x 2 x .

+=0.
5. , : lim

( 4 x ) + x

x0

6. , , lim

x 2

x 4 + x2

= .

x 2 + x +
= .
x2

) 4+2+=0.
) , , .
x + x + 1
= 4 . N * .
x + 2 x 3 + x + 4

7. lim
8.

lim ( 9 x 2 + 4 x + 1 + x + ) = 0 .

x +

2 x + 3 x
.
x +
x + x

9. , (1, + ) . : lim
10. f : lim

x +

) lim

x +

f( x + 1)
= 2.
f( x )

f( x + 2)
.
f( x )

) .
11. f : 2f( x ) + f( x ) = x x .

24

) f 1-1.
) lim f( x ) .
x0

) lim

x +

12.

f( x )
1
= .
x
2
f:

lim ( f( x ) x ) = 3 .

x +

lim

x +

f( x )
= 2
x

xf ( x ) x 2 + x x
lim
= 1.
x +
f( x ) + x x
13.

x + x xf( x ) 3x x x x0=0.
lim f( x ) .

x0

14. f : ( x 2) f( x )

x +2 2

x x0=2. lim f( x ) ,
x2

.
15. lim ( 9 x 2 + x + 3 2 x 2 + 1
x +

x 2 + 7 x + 14 ) .

16. f,g : lim ( x + 1 1) f( x ) = 4

x0

lim

x0

g( x )
x + 4 2

= 1 x0=0.

) lim g( x ) .
x0

) lim [ f( x ) g( x )] .
x0

17. f,g : f 2 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) = 2 xf ( x )

x0=0. lim f( x ) lim g( x )

x0

x0

.
18.

lim

x +

f(ln x )
= 1
x

lim f( x ) ,

x +

lim f( x ) .

x +

19. (x) 3 :

P( x )
P( x )
= 1 lim
.
2
5
x 3 ( x 3)
x 2x 5
lim

20. f : ( 3, + ) e 4 f ( x ) 6e 2 f ( x ) = x 2 18

25

x ( 3, + ) .
) f
f-1.
)

26

lim

x +

f 1 ( x ) e 2 x
.
e 2x 3

4.
.
1.
f
f x0 f(x0).
f ,
f ( , ,
...) x<x0 x>x0 x x 0 f
.
: , 197, 2, 4.
2.
Af,
f x<x0 x>x0 x x 0 ,

lim f( x ) = lim + f( x ) = lim f( x ) = f( x 0 ) .

x x0

x x0

x x0

.
: , 199, 1, 2.
3. f x0
f(x0) lim f( x ) .
x x0

4. x 0 ( , )

f( x 0 ) = g ( x 0 ) , Bolzano [,

h( x ) = f( x ) g ( x ) . h( )h( ) < 0
h( )h( ) = (A B ) 2 A B
.
: , 198, 6, 4.
5. x 0 [ , ]
f( x 0 ) = g ( x 0 ) ,

h( x ) = f( x ) g ( x ) , :
) h( )h( ) = 0 . h(a)=0 h()=0. x0

x 0 = x 0 = .
) h( )h( ) < 0 . Bolzano [, ]

27

h( x ) = f( x ) g( x ) .
: f [-, ], >0

f( x )

x [ , ] .

x 0 [ , ] f( x 0 ) = x 0 .
6. Cf, Cg
x0 ( , ) x0 [ , ]
4. 5.
: , 200, 6.
7. f(x)=g(x)
(, ), (, )
(, ) (, ) [, ] [, ]
Bolzano h(x)=f(x)-g(x).
: x4=11-2x
(-2, 2).
8. : f
f( x ) 0 x Af, f
Af.
,

( ).
: , 199, 9, 7.
9. ,

. :
a)

[,

[,

(,

(,

[,

f(A)=[f(), f()].
)

f(A)=[f(), f()].
)

f(A)=( lim+ f( x ) , lim f( x ) ).

x

f(A)=( lim f( x ) , lim+ f( x ) ).

x

28

f(A)=[f(), lim f( x ) ).
x

[,

(,

(,

f(A)=( lim f( x ) , f(].

x

f(A)=( lim+ f( x ) , f(].

x

f(A)=[f(), lim+ f( x ) ).
x

) + .
: , 199, 10.
10. :
) : Bolzano
f(A)
.
) : f

.
) : ) )
.
: , 200 5, 6.
11. x0 (, ) f(x0)
[f(), f()] [f(), f()],
( Bolzano).
: f( x ) =

x3
( x ) + 3
4

7
x [ 2, 2] .
3

29

.
e x

1. f : f( x ) = ( 7 x )

x 0
x > 0

f x0=0.
) .
) lim f( x ) .
x

) lim f( x ) .
x +

1 x
x 0

x2
2. f : f( x ) =
.
1

x = 0
2

) f .
) lim f( x ) .
x +

3.

f:

x 2 + 2 + 5
x
f( x ) =
, , f x0=.
(2x 4 ) e x x >
) , .
) f.
4. f : f( x ) f( y ) x y x, y
.

) f .
) g(x)=f(x)-2x, x

.
) f(2x)-f(x2)>4x-x2.
5.

f, g :

f 2 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) + 1 = 2 xf( x ) + 2g ( x ) x .
) f, g x0=0.
) lim

x +

f( x )
.
x2

) g ,
g(x)=-2x .
6. f : :

30

x < f( x ) < x + 1 x .
) lim

x +

f( x )
.
x

) f.
) f(x)=2004x
.

7.

f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = e x

f, g :

x 0 [ 1, 1] f( x 0 ) = x 0 e

x0
2

8. f : f( f ( 0 )) = 0 .

f(x)=x .
9. f : xf( x ) x 2 + (2 x )

x .
) f( 0 ) .
) x0
f(x0)=2004.
10.

f : ( 0, + )

f( xy ) = f( x ) + f( y ) x, y ( 0, + ) .
) f(1)=0.

1
) f( ) = f( x ) x>0.
x
) f(x)=0
( 0, + ) , f 1-1.
) f x0=1,
f ( 0, + ) .
11. f : f( x ) 0
x f(1) + f (2) + ...f(10 ) = 0 . f

.
12. f :

. x0
f( x 0 ) =

f(1) + 2f(2) + 3f( 3) + ... + f ( )

1 + 2 + 3 + ... +

>1

31

13. f : f 2 ( x ) = 2e x f( x ) x
.

) g ( x ) = f ( x ) e x
.
) g(0)=1 f.
14. , 0 :

( + + )(25 + 5 + ) < 0 . 2 4 > 0 .

15. f, g [, ]
g ( x ) 0 x [ , ] . x 0 ( , ) ,

f( x 0 )
g( x 0 )

1
1
.
+
x0
x0

16. f [-1, 3].

1, 3) : 2f(1)+f(2)=f(0)+f(1)+f(2).
1, 2 (

32

5.

.
1. f(x0)
x x0.
,
,

.
: , 220, 2, 4.
2. ,


.
: , 227, 2, 238
4.
3. f
x0 ,

.

.
: , 218, .
4. f
x0 ,


.
: , 228, 1.
5. f f(x0),
f
, x x0
f(x0). f

33

,
f(x0) f x0
.
:
)

f:

f 3 ( x ) + f( x ) = 2 x 4 , x . f(0).
) f x0=0 x

f 3 ( x ) + x 2 f( x ) = x 2 x x 3 . f(0).
6. f x0

.
K(x),

f(x0),

f(x)

.

f x0.
: , 221, 8, 240,

7.
7. f

f(x0), f(x0)
f x0
.
f ( )
f(x0) ( f x0)

f x0,
f(x0).
:
) , 221, 5, 6.
) f x0=0 f(0)=0 f( x ) x
x , f(0).
8. f ,

, x=x0+h x=x0h
.
:
) f x0=0 x, y

34

f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)+5xy,

f f(x).
) f x0=1 x, y
* f(xy)=f(x)+f(y), f
* f(x).

35

1. f :
f(2 x x 0 ) f( x 0 ) 9( x x 0 )
x0 x0>0, g( x ) =
f( xx 0 ) f( x 0 )

x x0
x > x0

x0. f(x0) g(x0).

x 3
2. f( x ) =
x +

x
x >

x0=, , .
3. f , g : f 2 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) = x 2
x .
) f, g x0=0.
) f, g x0=0
[ f' ( 0 )] 2 + [ g' ( 0 )] 2 = 1 .
4.

ae x
f( x ) =
+ ln x

x 1
x > 1

f:

) , .
) f 1-1.
5. f : x0=0 x

: f 3 ( x ) xf 2 ( x ) x 2 f( x ) = x 2 x .
) f(0).
) f(0).
6.

f:

f( x + y ) = f( x ) + f ( y ) + 3xy ( x + y ) x, y f(1)=4.
) f(0)=1.
) f(x)=3x2+1 x .

f( x ) x 2
7. f x0=0 lim

x0

x3

1
x = 7.

) lim f( x ) .
x0

) f(0)=0.

36

) f(0)=0.
8. f x0= f()=2.
) lim

h0

f( + 2h ) f( )
.
h

f( h 2 ) f( )
) lim
.
h0
h

f( + 2h ) f( h 2 )
) lim
.
h0
h 2h
9. Cf f :

(0, 0) lim

x0

) lim (
x0

f 2 ( x ) + 4 xf( x )
= 4 .
x2

f( x ) + 2 x 2
) = 0.
x

) f(0)=-2.
10. f :
f(x3+x+1)=7x3-x x .
) f(3).
) f(3)=5.
11. f : x1=2

f( x 3 + 1)
g ( x ) =
f(2 x )

x < 1
x 1

x2=1.
g( x )
x 1
x
g( x )
) lim+
x 1
x
) lim

g(1)
= 3f' (2) .
1
g(1)
= 2f' (2) .
1

) f(2).
12. f
f 3 ( x ) + x 3 = 3xf( x ) 1 x , f()=0
.
) f()=2.
)

37

6.

.
1. f
x0 f(x0), f(x), f(x0)
y-f(x0)=f(x0)(x-x0).
: , 220, B 3.
2.
(x1, y1), (x0, f(x0))
y-f(x0)=f(x0)(x-x0).
x0.
: , 239, 10.
3. (x0, f(x0)),

x0.
)
xx =f(x0) ( x0).
: , 238, 5.
) y=x+
f(x0)= ( x0).
: , 239, 11.
)
f(x0)= ( x0).
)
f(x0)=-1 f(x0)=-1/ ( x0).
: , 239, 9.
) A(x1, y1) , B(x2, y2)
y y1
, f(x0) = 2
( x0).
x 2 x1
4. Cf
(x0, f(x0)), Cg ,
f(x0)=g(x0) f(x0)=g(x0).
.

38

: , 240, 3.
5. Cf
(x1, f(x1))
Cg, Cf,
g(x)
g(x0)=.
Cg.
: , 240, 4.
.
1. y x x=x0
y=f(x),
f(x0).
y=y0, y0=f(x0) x0
f(x0).
: , 243, 1, 2.
2. y x
y0, x
x, y x0, y0 ,
y0.
: , 245, 8.
:
f(x),

f(x).

39

.

1. f(x)=x3-3x2+2x+1.
) Cf :
x+11y+17=0.
) Cf
: x+y-2009=0.
) Cf
(3, 7).
2. f(x)=xlnx-x.
) Cf
(1, f(1)).
) )
.
3.
g( x ) =

f( x ) =

x 2 + ( + 1) x + + 1
x +1

x +2

x

x=1.
) +=3.
) Cf, Cg ,
=-11 , .
4. f( x ) = x 2 +

32
+ g ( x ) = x 2 + + 16
2
x

.
) Cf, Cg.
) Cf, Cg .
) ,

.
5. f : f( x ) x x 2 f( x 1) + x

x .
) f(x)=x2+x x .
1
) y =
2

40

Cf (, f()),
1
2-=2+ .
2
6. f :

: f( f ( x ) + y ) = f( x + y ) + 2 x, y
f( x 2 ) f(2 x 1) x .
) f.
) f(x)=x+f(0).
) f(x)=x+2.
) Cf Cg g(x)=lnx+3.
7.

f ( x ) = x +

x 1
x

g ( x ) = 2 x 2 + ( 4 + ) x + , .
) () Cf (1, 1).
) =1.
) () Cg.
8. f( x ) = 2 + ln( x 1) g ( x ) = 2 ln( x 1) .
) Cf Cg.
) f g.
) Cf Cg ,

.
9. N(t) t

. 50
,
.

ln 3
2,2 .
ln 2

10. ( /),

3x2-2x+1, ( /),
2x+3, x
.
5 6 .
11. . =300m,
=60m, ( ),

45 Km/h,

41

7. ROLLE

.
1. f
Rolle,
.
: , ,
x + x 1
Rolle [0,4].
f( x ) =
2
x x x > 1
2. :
) f
(, ),

Bolzano Rolle
f.
( f).
f.
: , 249, 1.
) f
(, ), f +1

(, ) Rolle
.
: , 250, 3.
) f
(, ), ) ).
: , 250, 7.
:
1.

.
2.

42

ROLLE

1. .

1.

2. Bolzano.

3.

f(A).

4.

2. 8=42 .

Rolle

f. (

1, 2

f).

Rolle

.
(
),
.
3. x0 f(x0)
,
Rolle .
: f [2, 3]
f(2)=5 f(3)=10. x0
(2, 3) f(x0)=2x0.
. Rolle :
) x0
f(x0)=, Rolle
(x)=f(x)-x.
) x0
f(x0)=x0, Rolle
(x)=f(x)-

x +1.
+1

) x0

43

ROLLE

f(x0)+f(x0)=0, , * ,
Rolle (x)= e

f( x ) .

) x0 ( , )
(x0-)f(x0)=f(x0), [ , ] ,
Rolle (x)=

f( x )
.
x

) x0 0

x0f(x0)=f(x0), Rolle
(x)=

f( x )
.
x

) x0

(-x0)f(x0)=f(x0), Rolle
(x)=(x-)f(x).
4. Rolle :

x0 (, )
Cf (x0, f(x0))
xx, Rolle f
[, ].
5. x0 (, )

f(x0)
, f
[, ].
: , 250, 5.
6. :

x0 (, )
Cf (x0, f(x0))
,
f [, ].
: f [1, 2]
f(2)=f(1)+3. x0 (1, 2)

Cf (x0, f(x0))
y=3x+12.
7. x1, x2,,x f(x1),
f(x2),,f(x) ,

44

ROLLE

[, ]
f.
: f [, ] f()=
f()=. x1, x2 (, ) x1 x2
f' ( x1 ) + f' ( x2 ) = 2 .
8. . :
) f( x ) g( x )
f( x ) g( x )
, h(x)=f(x)-g(x)
[, x]
[x, ] h(x)=0. (
).
: ex ex x .
) h( x ) g ( x ) ( x )

,


.
: , 249, 3.
:

.
9. . Rolle . :
: f [, ]
f()=0 f()= 2f(

+
) .
2

x0 (, ) f(x0)=0.
10. f

f(x)
x . (
).
: , 256, 1, . 257

1.
11. f f

f,

45

ROLLE

f. ( ,
).
: , 252, .

46

ROLLE

. ROLLE

1. f : [0, 2] f(1)=0
f(2)=-f(0).
) x1 (0, 1)
f(x1)=f(2).
) x2 (0, 2)
f(x2)=0.
2. f : ( 0, + )
( 0, + ) f(x)>0 x ( 0, + ) .
(0, 0) Cf
(, f()) (, f()) 0<<.
) g g(x)=

f( x )
, x>0
x

Rolle [, ].
) x0>0
Cf (x0, f(x0)) (0, 0).
3. f : [, ] f()= f()=.
) Cf
y=x+7.
) x0 (, )
+
f( x 0 ) =
.
2

) x1, x2 (, ) x1 x2

1
1
= 2.
+
f' ( x1 )
f' ( x2 )
4. f : [, ]

f()=, f()= f(x)>0 x [, ].

) x0 (, )
f( x 0 ) = x 0 .
) x1, x2 (, ) x1 x2
f' ( x1 ) f' ( x2 ) = 1 .
) f( x ) + x x [, ].

47

ROLLE

5. f f(0)= f(x)=f(x)
x , .
) g(x)=f(x)e-x , x .
) f.
6. (x) :
(0)<0, (1)>0, (2)<0 (3)>0.
) P(x)=0 .
) P(x)=0 .
) P(x)=0 .
) P(x)=P(x)
.
7. f : f(0)=1
f(x)f(x)-f2(x)=xe2x x .
) f.
) f(A).
8. f, g ( 0, + ) f(1)=g(1)=0

f(x)=-eg(x), g(x)=-ef(x) x>0.

) f, g
( 0, + ) .
) f(x)=g(x) x>0.
) f.
9. f : f(0)=1
(f(x)+f(x))e2x=f(x)-f(x) x .

f.
10. f [, ], >0 f
[, ] (, ) f(x)<0 (, ) f(x)>0 (, )

f()=f()=0.
) f()=0.
) x0 (, )
x0(f(x0))=f(x0) .
) Cf (x0, f(x0))

(0, 0) xx
0 45 x0
0.

48

ROLLE

11. f

f()=f()=0,

<0<.
)

x2

x1 ,

(,

(,

f( x1 ) + x1 f' ( x1 ) = f( x 2 ) + x2 f' ( x 2 ) .
)

1,

f' ( 1 ) + f' ( 2 ) + 2 f'' ( 2 ) = 0 .

12.

, 0 0 ,

P( x ) = x + 1 x 1 + ...1 x + 0

N *,

>2

H( x ) = P( x ) P( P( x )) x 2 + 0 x ,

x .

H( 0 ) = 0 .
) H( 0 ) = 0 .
) (x) 1-1

.
) P' ( x )[1 P' ( P ( x ))] = 2 x 0

.
13. f

[0,

5].

f(2) + f( 4 ) + f' ( 3) = f(1) + f(5) + f' ( 0 ) .

) 1 (1, 2) 2 (4, 5)
f(2) = f(1) + f' ( 1 ) f(5 ) = f( 4 ) + f' ( 2 ) .
) x1 (0, 2) x2 (3, 5)
1 f'' ( x1 ) = ( 2 3) f'' ( x2 ) .
) 1 2 3.
14.

2f( x + y + ) = f( x ) f( y + ) + f( y ) f( x + ) x, y, .
) f( x + y ) = f( x ) f( y ) x, y .
) f x0=0 f(0)=1 :
i) f .
ii) f(0)=1 f.
15. f : [, ]
(, ) f' ( x ) 1 x (, ), f()= f()=.
) 1 (, x) 2 (x, )
f( x ) = f' ( 1 )( x ) f( x ) = f' ( 2 )( x ) .

49

ROLLE

) f(x)=x x [, ].
16. f f
[0, 1], f(0)=1 f(1)=-1.
1
Cf (0, f(0)) (1, f(1)) ( , y0).
2
) f(0)=f(1).
) x0 (0, 1)
f(x0)=2x0-1.
) x1, x2 (0, 1) x1<x2

f(x1)f(x2)=4.
) (0, 1) f()>1, f(x)=0

50

(0,

1).

ROLLE

8.

.
1.
, , ,
.
f
f
.
:
1. . (.x.
f(x)=-1/x).
2. f (, ]
( ) [, ) f
x0=, (, ] [, )=
=(, ).
3. f
,

,
. (.x. f(x)=(x-1)3).
4.
,
.
5. ,
.
f(x)>0 x
f .
f()=0 f(x)>f()=0 x> f(x)<f()=0
x<.
: , 256, 2, 3,
4.
:

51

x2
f(x)=e -1-x, x .
2
x

2. ,

.
: , 256, 5, 6.
3. :
) f
(, ),

.
) f
(, ), f

(, ).
) f
(, ), ) ).
: , 257, 5.
:
f :
1 : f(x) >1,

f(x) (-1).
: f(x) >1. f(x)=
=(x-)(x) () 0. f(x)=(x-)-1(x)+(x-)(x)=
=(x-)-1[(x)+(x-)(x)]. f()=0 ()+(-)(x)=
=() 0. f(x) (-1).
2 : f(x)
(-1), >1 f(x)

f(x) .
: f(x)

. 1
f(x) (-1).
-1=-1 =. f(x)

.
:
)

52

x3-3x+2=0.
) x3+x2+x+1=0 >

1

3

.
4. f

, f,

. (
f
).
: , 257, 6.
5. f

:
) f, :
i)

f(x),
ii) f

( ).
) .

, f
, f,
( ) f(x)=0, f
.

x0 f

f + -, f(x0)
, f - +, f(x0)
.
f .
f,
f.
f .
f (, ),
f .
: , 268, 3, 4.

53

. f
( ) f. f()=0
f()>0 f(), f()<0
f().
:
f(x)=x3-12x2+36x-25.
6. Fermat :
) f
, x0 f
,
f, x x0
f(x0)=0 .
f
.
: , 269, 4.
) x


, 1
. x0
1 .
1 x0
. Fermat
f(x0)=0. .
: , 292, 7.
) f
x1, x2,,x,
f(x1)=f(x2)==f(x)=0.

.
: , 268, 5.
7. :
) :

54

f(x)>g(x) ( f(x)<g(x)) x,
h(x)=f(x)-g(x)
. h
h()=0,
x> h(x)>h() f(x)-g(x)>0 f(x)>g(x)
x>.
: , 269, 3.
) :
f( x ) g( x ) ( f( x ) g( x ) ) x,
h(x)=f(x)-g(x)
. h
x0= h()=0,

h( x ) h( ) h( x ) 0 f( x ) g( x ) x
.
: lnx x-1 x>0.
8. :
( x)
, ,
.
.
: , 268, 7, 8,
9, 10, 270, 7, 8,
9, 10.

55

1. ) e x x + 1 x ln x x 1
x>0.
) e>e.
2. f(x)=x4+4x+13, x .
) f.
2
) f( ) = 10 , * .

(134+83+16)(4+4+13)=1004.
3. (x)=x100+x+ ,

Q(x)=(x-1)2.
) =99 =-100.
) P( x ) 0 x .
) (x)+P(x) 0 x , , .
) Cf

.
4. f : (0, + ) f(x)=x2+e2-lnx, >2

f( x ) 0 x (0, + ).
) .
) Cf.

(1, f(1)),
(2-4) /sec.
.
5. f

:[1,

4]

f(2)<f(1)<f(4)<f(3).
) x1, x2 (1, 4) x1 x2 ,
f( x1 ) f( x ) f( x 2 ) x [1, 4].
) x0 (1, 4)
f(x0)=0.
6. f : :
f 3 ( x ) + 3f( x ) = x x .

56

) f .
) 0<<

f( )
f( ) f( )
.
>

7. f : (0, + ) f( x ) =

1 + ln x
.
x

) f .
) x, y >0,

1 + ln x + ln y
1.
xy

8. f:[, ] f()=,
f()= f(x)>0 x [, ].
) x0 (, )
f(x0)=x0.
) x1, x2 (, ) x1 x2 ,
f(x1)f(x2)=1.
) f( x ) + x x [, ].
9. (x)=x4-4x+15, x .
) () (x).
) P(x)=0 .
10. ,
4 e x ( 2 + 2 + 4 ) x + 4 x .
) , .
) , )

.
11. f : (0, + )

xe f ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) + 2 x .
) f(x) f(x).
) f .
) ( ) f-1.
12. f, g : g ( x ) 0

f' ( x ) g( x ) = f( x ) g' ( x ) + e x x .
) h( x ) =

f( x )
.
g( x )

) f( x ) g ( x 2 ) < f( x 2 ) g ( x ) .
13. f

57

f(0)=1

f(x)f(x)-f2(x)=xe2x x .
) f.
) f.
14. f
e

f(x)

f(x)>0

+lnf(x)=x+e x .

) f( 0 ) = 1.
) f f.
) lnx<x<ex x>0.
) f.
15. f(x)=ax+x >1.
) f .
) f.
) x

2x

x 2 x 2 + 3x 2 .

) x=-x.
16. f : :
1
f 3 ( x ) + f( x ) 2 = e x x 2 x + 1 x .
2

) f(0).
) ex-x-1=0.
) f.
) f .
17. f( x ) =

ln x
.
x2

) f.
2

) e x x 2 e x>0.
2

) x x 2 x>0, =e.
18. f : : f(x)f(x)=x

x .
) f.
) f

58

9.
,

DE

HOSPITAL,

Cf
.
1. f
, f ,
f(x) f(x)>0 f(x)<0 .
f(x)>0 ,
. f(x)<0 ,
. f(x)=0
, .
:
1. .
2. f
,
f
,
. (.x. f(x)=(x-1)4).
3.
,

.
: , 277, 2.
2. f
,
f(x)=0
f.

f .

.
: , 278, 1.
3. f

59

Cf

, f,

,
f. (
f
).
: , 278, 3.
4. f
x1, x2,,x,
f(x1)=f(x2)==f(x)=0.


.
: >0
f( x ) =

x
ln

x

x0=1.
5. f

, x0 f
,
f, x x0
f(x0)=0 .

f
.
: , 279, 5.
6. :
) Jensen : f : [, ]

f'' ( x ) 0 [, ],
f'' ( x ) 0 [, ],

f ( ) + f( )
+
f(
)
2
2

f ( ) + f( )
+
f(
).
2
2

: f'' ( x ) 0 [, ].

x1 (,

60

+
)
2

Cf

+
) f( )
+

2
f' ( x1 ) =
f(
) f( ) =
f' ( x1 ) .

2
2
2
+
x2 (
, )
2
+
)
f( ) f(
+

2
f(
f' ( x2 ) =
) f( ) =
f' ( x 2 ) .

2
2
2
f(

2f(
) [ f( ) + f( )] =
[ f' ( x1 ) f' ( x2 )] (1).
2
2

x3 (x1,
x2) f'' ( x 3 ) =

f' ( x 2 ) f' ( x1 )
.
x 2 x1

f' ( x1 ) f' ( x 2 ) = ( x1 x2 ) f'' ( x 3 ) (2).

(2)

(1)

:
+

2f(
) [ f( ) + f ( )] =
( x1 x 2 ) f'' ( x 3 ) 0

2
2

f'' ( x ) 0 [, ] x1<x2. :
f ( ) + f( )
+
) . f'' ( x ) 0
f(
2
2
[, ].
: f :
f( )

f(x)>0 x f(0)=0. f( )

2
2

.
) :

f

f.

f(x).
Cf . f
.
: lnx x-1 x>0.

61

Cf

. DE L HOSPITAL
1.

,
0

, L Hospital .
: , 285, 4.
2. 0

1
.
y

x =

: lim+ x ln x .
x0

3. f(x)-g(x)
f(x)-g(x)=f(x)(1-

g( x )
).
f( x )

.
0

: lim ( x ln x ) .
x +

4. 1 , 0

0 f(x)g(x)

f(x)g(x)=eg(x)ln[f(x)]
.
: lim+ x x .
x0

5. ,

L Hospital,
x0
.

f( x )
= 2 . f(1).
x 1 x 2 1

lim

62

Cf

Cf
1.
.
:
, .
: , 285, 1.
2. +
(, + )
( , ). -
,
, :
) >+1 .
) =+1 y=x+ +
.
) y=
< y=0.
:
.
.

.
: , 285, 3.
3. x=x0
x0
+1.
4. ,
Cf,
( , , ),
Cf ( )
Cf.
: , 290, 2.

63

Cf

. ,
DE L HOSPITAL,
Cf
e ( 3) x 1
+ x

1. f( x ) =
x
xe x

x < 0

x 0

x0=0.
) f ( , 0).
) f [0, + )

Cf (1, f(1)).
) f( x ) 2ex e x .
) (0, f(0)) Cf.
2.

f:

lim f( x ) = +

x +

e x 1 + f 2 ( x ) 1 = e x ( f( x ) + c ) x c .
) c.
) f.
) f(x)=f(x) x ,

f.
3. f [, ].
) x (a, ) x1, x2 (, )

f' ( x1 ) =
)

f( x ) f( )
f( ) f( x )
f' ( x2 ) =
.
x
x

f ( x ) f( )
f ( ) f( x )
<
x (a, ).
x
x

4. f(x)=x5+5x4+10x3+x2+x+1

.
) f(x)=0 .
) 2>.
5. f : f(x)<0 x .
) f f x0=1

f.
) g(x)=e-f(x) .
6. :

64

Cf

x4
) lim 2
.
x0 x
+ 2x 2
x x
) lim
.
x0
x2
x
e 1 x
2
) lim (
x0

2 x
ex
).

x
x

x 2
) lim

x0

1
x.

7. f f(0)=f(0)=0 f(0)=2.
) lim

f( x )
.
x

) lim

f' ( x )
.
x

) lim

2 x + f( x )
.
f' ( x ) ln( x + 1)

x0

x0

x0

8. f : y=2x+3.
) lim

f( x )
.
x

) lim [ f( x ) 2 x ] .
x

)
lim

9.

x 2 + 3 f ( x ) + 2 x 2 + x + 3
= 4 .
x 2 f( x ) 2 x 3 + 2 x 1

1
x
e + 2 x
f( x ) =
2
ln( x + 1) x
x

x 0

x > 0

f , , .
10. f : , f(0)=2

x0=0 0.
f( x )

g( x ) = x
0

) lim

x0

x 0

x = 0

f' ( x )
.
x

65

Cf

) lim

x0

f( x )
= 1.
x2

) g(x).
)

66

g(x)

Cf

10. A
.
1. :
. :
f, g
:
1. f ( x )dx = f( x )dx , 0.
2. ( f( x ) g( x ) )dx = f( x ) g( x )dx ,
, 0 ( f( x ) g( x ) )dx = f( x ) g( x )dx .
3. f' ( x )dx = f( x ) + c , c .
. :

1. f( x )dx = f ( x )dx , .

2. ( f( x ) g( x ))dx = f( x )dx g( x )dx ,

( f( x ) g( x ))dx = f ( x )dx g( x )dx .

3. f( x )dx = 0 .

4. f( x )dx = f( x )dx .

5. f' ( x ) dx = [ f ( x )] = f( ) f( ) .
6. f [, ]

f( x ) 0 x [, ], f( x )dx 0 .
:
) f( x ) 0

x [, ], f( x )dx

Cf, x=, x= xx.
) .
5 2

.x. 0

xdx = 1 > 0 f(x)=x

[0, 5/2].
7. f , ,

).

f( x )dx = f( x )dx + f( x )dx ( Chashles).

67

: , 308, 2, 3, 4,
309, 4, , 333, 1,
2, 3, 4, 338, 2, 3, 4, 339,
8.
2. :

f(x)=0

0dx = c

0 dx = [ c] = c c = 0

f(x)=

dx = x + c

dx = [x ] =

N *

f(x)=x , 1

x + 1
x dx =
+ c
+1

x *

x +1
x dx = [
]
+1

Z { 0, 1}

( 0, + )

1
f( x ) =
x

1
x

f( x ) =

f( x ) =

1
dx = ln x + c
x
1

x dx = 2 x + c

x2

1
dx =
x

dx = [ln x ]
x

( , 0 ) ,
( 0, + )

( 0, + )

[2 x ]

1
2 dx = [ ]
x
x

1
dx =
+ c
x
x2

(
, 0 ) ,
( 0, + )

f( x ) = e x

x
x
e dx = e + c

x
e dx = [ e x ]

f(x)=x

xdx =-x+c

xdx = [ x ]

f(x)=x

xdx =x+c

xdx = [x ]

f( x ) =

1
2 x

1
dx = x + c
2 x

dx = [x ]
2 x

, + )
2
2
Z

f( x ) =

1
2 x

f(x)=

f( x ) =

1
x ln

1
2 x

dx = x + c

dx = [ x ]
2 x

x
+ c
ln

x
x

dx
=

[
]
ln

= log x + c

x ln dx = [log x ]

x
dx =

x ln dx

68

(, + )
Z

( 0, + )
>1, 1

:
x + , 0 ,
.
:
) ( 3x 2)dx =
)

x + 2

( 3x 2)
+ c.
3

dx = e x + 2 + c .

ln 5 x + 1
1
dx =
+ c.
5x + 1
5

3. :
1. :
)

( ...),

.
` ) x

.
) x

.
: , 307, 1, 338,

1.
2. :
) :

( x + )dx =

( x + )dx =

( x + )
+ c.

( x + )
+ c.

( x + )
1
dx =
+ c.

( x + )
2

( x + )
1
dx =
+ c.

( x + )
2

) :

2(x)+2(ax)=1.

2(x)-2(ax)=(2x).

69

2(x)(x)=(2x).

2 ( x ) =

2 ( x ) =

2 ( x ) =

1 (2x )
.
1 + (2x )

2 ( x ) =

1 + (2x )
.
1 (2x )

2 ( x ) =

1
1.
( x )

2 ( x ) =

1
1.
( x )

1 (2x )
.
2
1 + (2x )
.
2

) :

1
(x)(x)= (2x).
2
1
= [(+)+(-)].
2
1
= [(+)+(-)].
2
1
= [(-)-(+)].
2

) :

: xdx , xdx .

,
.
: , 317, 5 i), ii).

: x xdx .

, ,

.
: , 317, 5 iii).

: xdx , xdx .

=1 :
=

xdx =

( x )'
x
dx =
dx =
x
x

[ln x ]' dx = ln x + c .
70

=2

1
1)dx =
2 x

2
xdx = (

1
dx dx = x x + c .
2 x
>2

( x ) ( x )dx ,

( x )( x )dx , ( x ) ( x )dx .

.
: , 317, 6.
3. :
) :

f' g fg'
f
f
dx = ( )' dx =
+ c.
2
g
g
g

f'
dx = [ln f ]' dx = ln f + c .
f

1
dx = ln x + c .
x

ln x +
1
dx =
+ c.
x +

) :

f'
dx = [ln f ]' dx =
f

= ln f + c .

1=

2x 3
x2 1
dx

=
dx .
2

x 2 3x + 2
x 3 3x + 4

,


.

71

:
x+1
= 2
dx .
x 5x + 6
x+1
A
B
:
+
.
=
2
x2
x3
x 5x + 6

x + 1 = A( x 3) + B( x 2) .
:
: ( ) :

x + 1 = A( x 3) + B( x 2) x+1=(A+B)x+(-3A-2B).
+=1 3+2=-1 =-3 =4.
: (

x + 1 = A( x 3) + B( x 2) x 2
x 3. =-3
=4.
: =
=

x+1
dx
x 5x + 6
2

3
4
dx +
dx = 3 ln x 2 + 4 ln x 3 + c .
x2
x3

, :
A1
A
A
B
K
+
+ ... +
+
+ ... +

2
x
( x )
x 1
x
( x )
1,

2,,

1.

x +1
dx .
x 3x + 2
3

,

((x)=(x)(x)+(x))
.

x 2x + 1
dx .
x 2 5x + 6

4. :

72

f' ( x ) g( x )dx = f( x ) g( x ) f( x ) g' ( x )dx ,

f' ( x ) g( x )dx = [ f( x ) g( x )] f( x ) g' ( x )dx

, .

:
) :


.
) :


.
) :
,

.
) :

.
: , 316, 1.
) :

A( x )
A( x )
dx ,
dx (x)
2
x
2 x

1
1
= (x )'
= ( x )' .
2
x
2 x

) :

f,

73

.
: , 340, 10,
11.
) :
+1
.
e

: I = 1 (ln x ) dx .
) I = e I 1 .
) 4.
5. ( ) :
) : f(x)
[, ] x=(u) 1-1 [u1, u2]
(u1)= (u2)=, x=(u)
dx=(u)du f( x )dx = uu12 f( ( u))' ( u)du .
1

: I = 1 1 x 2 dx .
)

f( g ( x )) g' ( x )dx , g ( x ) = u .

f( u)du

g(x)dx=du.

: f( g ( x ))g' ( x )dx = uu12 f( u)du g(x)=u

u1=g(), u2=g().
:

: ( f( x )) f' ( x )dx

f' ( x )
dx .
( f( x ))

f(x)=u
: u du

1
du .
u

I = ( x 6 x + 4 ) ( x 3)dx .

f( x )

f( x )

f' ( x )dx

f' ( x )dx . f(x)=u

: u du

74

u
e du .
1

: I = 0 xe x

+3

dx .

( f( x )) f' ( x )dx ( f( x ))dx .

( f( x ))f' ( x )dx ( f( x ))dx .
( f( x )) f' ( x )dx ( f( x ))dx .
( f( x ))f' ( x )dx ( f( x ))dx .

f(x)=u. x
dx du.
: :
1
( )
x dx .
) I =
2
x
) I = ( x + 2 )dx .

f' ( x )
dx .
f( x )

f(x)=u
:

du
= ln u + c = ln f( x ) + c .
u

: I =

1 + ex
dx .
x + ex

:
i) : f( x ) f' ( x )dx

f' ( x )

f( x )

dx .

f(x)=u.

I = x x 2 + 4 dx .
ii) : f( x ) g( x )dx .

f( x ) = u .

I = x 2 2 x + 1dx .
iii) :

75

A( x )
B( x )

( x)

dx .

(
) .

I =

x
x2 + 2

dx .
x2 + 1

:
i) : xdx xdx

x xdx .

,
2x=1-2x 2x=1-2x x=u
x=u
.
: I = 3 xdx .
ii) : xdx xdx
3 . , ,
: I = xdx =
= 2 x 2 xdx =
= u

du I 2

x = u
1
2 xdx 2 xdx =
2
x

u 1
1 x
I 2
=
I 2 =
1
1

I-2 .
: I = 3 xdx .
iii) :

f(x )dx = g(x )dx f(x )dx = g( x )dx

f( x )dx = g( x )dx .
u=-x u =

x (u=-x u=2-x).
2

: 0 2 f(x )dx = 0 2 f( x )dx .

: f( x ) g ( x ) dx f(x), g(x)

. u
.

I = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 4 ) 6 dx .

76

1
: f( e x )dx f(ln x ) dx .
x

ex
u ,
lnx=u.
: I =

ln 2 x
dx .
x

,
u,
u x.

: f( x )dx = f( + x )dx .
6.

F( x ) = f( t )dt

) :

: f
x

F( x ) = f( t )dt
F' ( x ) = f( x ) x .
)

. :
x

( f( t )dt )' = f( x ) .

( x f( t )dt )' = f( x ) .

( x)

f( t )dt )' = f( ( x ))' ( x )

).

(x)

( 12( x ) f ( t )dt )' = f( 2 ( x )) 2 ' ( x ) f( 1 ( x )) 1' ( x )

).

(x)

(x)

(x)

( 12( x ) ( x ) f( t ) dt )' = ' ( x ) 12( x ) f( t )dt + ( x )( 12( x ) f( t )dt )'

( ).
: , 338, 5.
)

, , ,
. , ,

77

.
: , 339, 3.
)
. ,

(0/0),

De l Hospital.
x ,

m(-) f ( x )dx (-) m

f [, ] f
[, ],
.
: , 339, 6.
x +1

: lim ( x
x +
+

1
1 + t2

dt ) . ( )

lim

x +

1 x
0 ( t + t )dt ) .
x2

( : f( x )dx f( x ) dx
f [, ].
)

f. ,
,
, f
x
.

.
: , 339, 5.
: f
x

4 e t f( t )dt = xx x .
f.
7. :

: f
[, ] (, )

78

f( x )dx

f( x )dx = f( )( ) . f( ) =

f [, ] f .

f( x )dx
) f . f =
.

: , 341, 1.
)

.
: f( x ) > 2 x [1, 5],
5

1 f( x )dx > 5 .
) x 0
(, )
,

Rolle
.
1

: 0 f( x )dx =

1
,
2

x 0 (0, 1) f( x 0 ) = x 0 .
8. :

f( x ) 0 x [, ],

f( x )dx
Cf, x=, x= xx.

f [, ].
)

Cf, x=, x= xx.

E = f( x ) dx
f [, ].
: , 349, 1.
)

Cf, xx x=.

79

f(x)=0 1 2
.

E = 1 f( x ) dx E = 2 f ( x ) dx .
:

f( x ) =

x+1
,
x2 9

x' x x=2.
)

Cf xx. f(x)=0
1 2 .

E = 1 f( x ) dx .
: , 349, 3.
)

Cf, Cg x=, x=.

E = f( x ) g ( x ) dx
f(x)-g(x) [, ].
:

f( x ) =

1
,
x 1

g ( x ) = x + 4 x=3 x=5.
)

Cf Cg.
f(x)-g(x)=0 1 2
.
E = 12 f( x ) g ( x ) dx .
: , 349, 5.
)

.

.

.
: y=x+, xx

80

y=0
.
: , 350, 6,
10.
)
f,
yy y= y=.
( ),

, y=x, x=-y
2
y=-x, x=y , ).
:

y 2 = x , yy
y=2 y=-1.
9. :

f.
:
) f ( 0, + ) ,

: f( x ) = 1 +

1 x
f( t )dt
x 1

x ( 0, + ) .
) f
x

3 + 0 f( t ) e t dt = ( x 2 + 3) e x
x .
) f(x)
1

20 f ( tx ) dt = f( x ) x>0.
) f
1

0 e 1 x f( x )dx = f( x ) + e x x .
10. :

:
) f [, ]

f( x ) 0 x [, ], f( x )dx 0 .
) f, g [, ]

81

f( x ) g( x ) x [, ], f( x )dx g( x )dx .
)

[,

],

f( x )dx f( x ) dx .
) m f

[, ] : m(-) f ( x )dx (-).

:
1 :

-1
x
1

-1
x
1.
2 :
,

.
3 :

, [, ],
.
: , 353, 10.

82

.
1
1. f(x)=
x>0 f(9)=1 f.
x
2. f,

f (x)=x+2x f =6.
2
3. f,
f(x)=12x2+2,
(1, 1) 3.
4.

x>0,

xf(x)=e x -f(x) f(1)=

1
.
e

5. f(x)ef(x)=2x+1 x,

f (1, f(1))

3/5, f.
6. f f(x)lnx+

f( x )
=ln(x+1)
x

x>1 f(2)=0. f.
7. f f(x)>0 , f(x)=-

f( x )

x2

x>0 f (2)=1. f.
8. f : ) f(x)+f(x)=1+e-x
x
) xo=0 2.
1

= f( x )dx .
0

9. f :

f(0)=0
2f(x)=ex f(x) x
.

1 + ex
.
) f(x)=ln
2
) G g(x)=x2008f(x),

h(x)=G(x)G(-x), x


h.
10. :
i)

3
dx , ii) ( x 3 3x + 4 )dx , iii) x dx .
4
x

83

11. :
3

i)

x2 4 x
dx , ii) x + x dx , iii) 2xdx .
x

12. :
i)

1
dx , ii) e 3 x + 5 dx , iii) ( e x + x )dx .
2
x

13. :
e x + 1
2 xx + x 2x
1 ln x
i)
dx , ii)
dx , iii)
dx .
e x
x2
2 x
14. :
i) 3xdx , ii) ( xe x + e x )dx , iii) 2 x x dx , iv) x

x dx .

15. :
i)

1
1
3
dx , ii)
dx , iii)
dx .
2x
x 3
2 4x

16. :
i)

ex
3x 2 + 1
1 + ln x
dx
,
ii)
dx , iii)
dx .
3
x
e + 3
x + x 8
x ln x

17. :
i) xdx , ii)

2x
dx , iii) 3xdx .
x +2
2

18. :
i)

2x
1 x2

dx , ii)

1
x ln x

dx , iii)

e x (1 + x )
xe x

dx .

19. :
i)

x
dx , ii)
x

ex
ex + 7

dx , iii)

2x 5
x2 5 x + 7

dx .

20. :
i)

1
dx , ii)
x x
2

1
dx , iii)
x + 7

x
1 2x2

dx .

21. :
i)

1
2x + 1
3x 4
dx , ii) 2
dx , iii) 2
dx .
x 1
x 5x + 6
x 9
2

22. :
i)

4
2x
1
dx , ii) 2
dx , iii) 2
dx .
x 4x
x + 6x + 9
x ( x 1)
3

23. :

84

x2 4 x 5
1
1
i) 2
dx , ii) 3
dx .
dx , iii)
x 3x + 2
x ( x + 2)
x ( x + 2) 2
24. :
i)

x2 + x 1
x3
x 1
dx
,
iii)
dx .
dx , ii)
2
x +1
x2 x
x 3x + 2

25. :

i)

x 3 3x + 4
x 4 3x 3 + 2 x 1
x3
dx
,
ii)
dx
,
iii)
dx .

2
x2
x3
x + x 2

26. :
i) x2xdx , ii) x(2x - 1)dx , iii) x

1
dx .
2 x

27. :
i) x 3xdx , ii) x 22xdx , iii) ( x 2 2 x + 1)2xdx .
28. :
i) xe x dx , ii) x 3e x dx , iii) ( x 2 + 1) e 3 x dx .
29. :
x

i) xe 5 dx , ii) x 2 x dx , iii) x e 3 x + 7 dx .
30. :
i) e xxdx , ii) e x 2xdx , iii) e 3 x 3xdx .
31. :
i) 2 x xdx , ii) (lnx)dx , iii) e xxdx , iv)

1
x +1
e x dx .
x

32. :
i) x 3 ln xdx , ii) xln(x 2 9)dx , iii)

ln x
dx .
x2

33. :
i) ln( x +

1 + x 2 ) dx , ii) x 2log(x 2 - 1)dx , iii)

x ln xdx .

34. :
i) 2 x x 2 + 1dx , ii)

ex
x + 3
dx , iii) 2
dx .
x 2
(1 + e )
( x + 6x ) 4

35. :
i)

2 x
dx , ii) x(3 - x 2 )dx , iii) xxdx .
2
1 + x

36. :

85

ex
i) x
dx , ii) e x e x dx , iii) 4 xdx .
2
( e + 1)
37. :
i) xe x

+1

dx , ii) x 4 x 2 dx , iii) x ( 3x 2 + 1) 5 dx .

38. :
x

i)

x 2 + 16

dx , ii) x 3 x 4 + 8dx , iii)

x2
dx .
1+ x

39. :

e x
e x + e2 x
1
i)
dx , iii) 3 x
dx .
dx , ii)
x
e + e4x
x x +1
40. :

x3
dx ,ii) ( 3x 2 + 1)( x 3 + x )10 dx ,iii)
2x + 1

i)

1
2x - 1

dx .

2x 1

41. :
i) 3 3 x + 1 dx , ii)

4 e x
x
dx , iii)
dx .
x
3 x 2
1

42. :
i) 2 xdx , ii) ( 3x + 3x)2 dx , iii) 1 - 2x dx .
43. :
i) x 4 xdx , ii) 3x2xdx , iii) 2 x 2 xdx .
44. :

1
dx .
4x + 3x + 5

45. : 1 x 2 dx .
1

46. :
i) x 2 1 dx , ii) ( 1 x 4 x + 1 )dx , iii) 2 x 2 + x 3 dx ,
2

iv) ( x + 3 x 1 )dx .
1

xe 2 x

47. : f( x )dx f(x)= x 2

0
e2
2

x 1
x >1

48. = ln xdx :
) I=xlnx--1.
) 3 4.

86

49. I= x e x dx , :
0

) .
)

-1.
) 4.

50. I= xdx , 2 I=
0

1
-2

4.
51. = x xdx :
) +1=x+1x+(+1)xx-(+1)-1,
2.
) 1 3.

52. xdx =

1 2
1

1xx +
xdx .

53. =

ex
dx x>0
x

ex
1
1. : =
.
+
1
( 1) x
1 1

54. I= xdx
,
2
0

-2
4 5.
55.

f(x)=x+1+

1
, xx
x +1

x=2 x=3.
56.

f(x)=-x2+4x, xx
x=2 x=3.
57.

f(x)=1-x-2 xx.
58.

f(x)=x35x2+4x xx.
59.

f(x)=x , xx
x=/4 x=-/4.

87

60.
x , y
f(x)=2+x-x2.
61.
f(x)=lnx, xx yy
y=1.
62.
f(x)=3-x g(x)=x2+1.
63.
f(x)=2x g(x)=2x2.
64.
f(x)=

e
g(x)=lnx x=
x

(>0).

lim E( ) , lim E ( ) .
+
0+

65.

f(x)=x
(, 0)
(0,0).
66.

f(x)=4x3+x2-2x, g(x)=43x-2x2
x=-1 x=2.
67. :

3
1

i) x xdx , ii)
,
(1 + 2 x )dx

4
12
6
0
4
1

iii) 0

4
1
e1
ln xdx
, iv) ln4 ln xdx ln 16 ,
x
e
2

v) 4 2 x dx 16 , vi)
1

4
1
1
2 x dx ,
8
2
2

3
27
x2
vii)
dx 6 .

4
3 1 x
2

68.

f:(0,+)

1
x
1
1
f(x)=
dt . f
dt +
2
2
0 1 + t
0 1 + t
x

88

69. N :
x

F(x)= (6t 2 6t 12)dt .

1

70. f
, xo=0
x

xf( t )dt

f(0)=3, lim

x0

0
x

e x 1

x +1

71. tf( t )dt = x3+3x2-1 f [-2, 0],

x

f(-1).
72. F(x)=

x + 2006

f( t )dt : F(x)=f(x+1)-f(x).

73. f, g, f, g [, ]

f()=f()=g()=g()=0,

f( x ) g ( x ) dx = f( x ) g( x )dx .

74. f R

x f(
3

1
-x)=f( +x) f( )=,
2
2
4
2

: 2xf( x ) dx = 1 .

75. :

) xf( x )dx = xf( x )dx f( x )dx .

) e x f( x )dx = f(ln x )dx .
2

1 4

3 2

+ 2008

2008

x dx =

) xdx =

x dx >0.

( x 2008)dx .

76. f ,

:
+

) : f( x )dx = f ( + x )dx .
2

) f(x )dx = 1 : f[ ( ( x + 1))]dx =

1
.

77. P(t) , t ,

(t)=(t) (1),

89

>0 .
(t) , :
) P(t).
)
1920 , 5.000.000
1990 10.000.000,
.
)
, 2010.
x

78. f(x)= 1 (t 1997 + t1999 + t 2001 + t 2003 + t) dt .

f .
t
2x
79. f(x)= /6
dt , x>0.
t
) f(x).
) x0(

,
4

)
3

Cf (x0, f(x0))
y=x.
x

80. h(x)=(x-1) 2

lnt
dt , x>0.
t

) h(x) .
) Rolle h
[1, 2].
)
(1, 2)

1-
lnt
ln= 2
dt .
t

81. f(x)=x+e-x, g(x)=x-e-x.

) f(x)-g(x) f(x)-x
[0, + ).
) Cf, Cg

x=0, x=2.
) Cf

x=0, x=2, y=x.

82. f

x= xx

90

x=

. f [, ],
4

f (x) dx .
83. f,
[, ], ,

f (x) dx + f (x) dx .
84. f(x)=1+

1
.
x2

) .
)

5
2
1 f (x) dx 2.
4

) Cf,

xx x=2 x=4.
) xx

.
85. f : R* (0, + )
f (x)=x2 f(x) f (1)=

2004
.
e

) f f(x)=2004e

1
x

g(x)=

f (x)
, xx
x2

x=1 x=2.
86. h(x)=ex.
) f g R,

f(x)+g(x)=h(x).
) f, g.
) ()
f, g x=0 x= >1.
) lim ().
+

87.

f , g R

f(x)-g(x)=(x2+2x-1)ex xR.
) h(x)=f(x)g(x) Ch

(0, -1).

91

Cf,

Cg .
88. f R
x

20 e t f ( t )dt = ( e x + 1) f( x ) 4

x
R.

f R .
89. f R f(1)=f(1)=0.
1 1 2
x f'' ( x )dx .
20

) 0 f( x )dx =

6
1
= 0 f( x )dx .
x +1

) f'' ( x ) =

90. ) ex>x-1 x
R.
)

f(x)=x+xe-x.

f
(0, f(0)) 2x-+7=0.
) :
i) f R

=x f
x + .
ii) ()

f, =x x=0
x= (>0).
iii) lim E ( ) .
+

91. g ( x ) =

f( t )
dt f
ex

[, ], >0 f( x )dx = 0 .

(, ) f( x )dx = f ( ) .

92. F( x ) = f( x t )dt f
f(x)>0 x .
a) F

F(x).
) x0 F(x0)=0 F(x)=0

x .
93.
1
0

1 x

f( x )dx = f( x ) + e

x .

92

94. f f( x ) = 0 (1 + 0 f( u)du)dt
x .
) f.
) f 1-1.
)
1
ln( )
x

= 0

95.

ex

0 (1 + 0 f( u)du)dt =

(1 + 0 f( u)du)dt ( 0, + ) .

f( x ) 0

f( x ) = 1 2x 2 0 tf 2 ( xt )dt x .
g(x) g( x ) =

1
x2 .
f( x )

) f' ( x ) = 2 xf 2 ( x ) x .
) g .
) f f( x ) =

1
,
x +1
2

x .
x+2

) lim x + f( t ) dt , x>0.
x +

96. f : ( 0, + )
x

2 f( t )dt > xf( x ) x ( 0, + ) .

x

) g( x ) = 2 f( t )dt

.
x

) 2 f( t )dt = 1 x
(1,

93

3).

11.
1.

z : z4= ( z) 2 .
) |z|=0 |z|=1.
) z0 z =

1
.
z

) z0 z6=1.
) z z4= ( z) 2 .
) z
z0.
2.

w =

z + 2i
, z=x+i x, .
z+2

) w +i , .
) z, w .
) z, w

.
) z,
Re(w)=Im(w).
) z 2+2=4,

w =x.
3.

z z3+|z|=0.
) |z|.
) z3+|z|=0.
) z1 z2 ,

z13 z23 .
) =z12004+z22004.
4.

z, w :
lim

z 3 4i x 2 w 3 6i x + 2

x 1

x 1

1
.
2

) z.
) w.
) |z-w|.
5.

z=+i ln|z|=1-|z| (1).

) (1) |z|=1.
) (, ) z.

94

) z

w=2+2i.
6.

f, [0, 2]
z1=f(0)+i z2=1+f(2)i. |z1+z2|=|z1-z2| ,
f(x)=0 [0, 2].

7.

f, [, ]
(, ) f()>>0. z =

+ if( )
. z
if( )

f(x)=x
(, ).

8.

2 x 2 3x + 1
z

1
+
, x < 1

2
x

1
: f( x ) =
. f
1
z + i + x ,
x 1

z
.
9.

f, g
[, ] g(x)g(x)0, x (, ). w=f()+g()i,
z=g()+f()i w + z = w z ,

xo (, ) :

f' ( x 0 )
g' ( x 0 )

f( x 0 )
g( x 0 )

= 0.

10. C : z2-z+=0 (1).

) (1) .
) (1) =2.

z1, z2 .
) z112+z212=-27.
)
f( 0 ) =

[0, 4]

1
1
, f(4)=z12+z22,
+
z1
z2

(0, 4) f()=

1
.
4

11. f(z)=|z+i|, z C

f( z)
= 2 (1).
f( z)

95

)
.
) : z

5
4
z C,
i =
3
3

(1).
) .
) g(z)=z-3, z

(1).
g(z).
12. z1 z2 f

: f(x)=|z1x+z2|, x .
) g(x)=f(x)+f(-x).
) Cf x+
(0, |z2|), w = z1 z2

.
) : 2+|z2||z1+z2|<2|z2|+|z1+z2|

f(x)=2x (0, 1).

)
x

z1=1

1
dt = ln( x +
f( t )

z2=i,

x 2 + 1), x R .

13. z1 z2

: (z1+z2)2001=(z1-z2)2001. f
f(x)=|xz1+z2|, x . :
)

z1 z 2 + z2 z 1 = 0 .

) f .
) x0 (-1, 1) f(x0)= 3x02-1.
) f |z2|.
14. z, w C* f

2x + w + z
f(x)= 2
x + 3 w x + z + w

x 0
.
x > 0

lim f( x )
x0

z
.
w

15. f [, ] f(x) 0

x [, ].

96

z : z +

1
1
= f( ) z 2 + 2 = f 2 ( ) .
z
z

:
) x3f()+f()=0 (-1, 1).
) |f()|<|f()|.
16. z |z|=1 f
f(x)=|xz+ z |2, x . 30 f( x )dx = 7
1

z .
17.
x +1

lim x +
x +

C-{0,1}

z
dt = 1.
z1

z .
18. f [, ] 0 [, ]

zx=x+if(x), x [, ].

z z (, )
f' ( ) =

f( )
.

19. f [, ],
(, ) z=e-f()+3i w=-f()-i.

Re(z- w )=2f() x0 (, )
f(x0)+f(x0)=0.
20. f : : (fof)(x)=2-x
x .
) f(1)=1.
) f .
) f .
) f-1(x)=2-f(x), x .
21. f : : f(x)x2+xf(x-1)+2x

x .
) f.
) Cf

(2, 5).
22. f : [, ] [, ]

(, ), f()=2 f()=2. :
) f(x)=2x (, ).

97

) 1, 2 (, ) : f(1)f(2)=4.
23. f : [0, 4]
f(0)=f(4)=2 f
[0, 4].
) f( x ) 2 x [0, 4].
) f [0, 4] 3,
x1, x2 (0, 4)

1
1
= 4.

f' ( x1 ) f' ( x2 )

) g(x)= f( x ) + x (x)= 2 x x
[0, 4]. x0 (0, 4)
C Cg x0
.
24. f : f(0)=1
f( x ) f' ( x ) + f2 ( x ) = xe 2 x x .
) f.
) f.
) y=-x+1 Cf.
25. f :
f 3 ( x ) + f( x ) = x x .
) f(0).
) f

.
) xf' ( x ) < f( x ) < x x>0.
26.

( 0, + )

f( xy ) = f( x ) + f( y ) + xy x y 1 x, y .
) f(1) .
) f x0=1 f' (1) = 3 ,

f ( 0, + )
.
) f(x)=2x x (0, 2].
27. f : [1, + )

xf' ( x ) + 2 x 2 ln x = 2 x 2 f ( x ) + e x ,

x [1, + ) ,

f' (1) = 3e f(x)>x2+1 x [1, + ) .

98

) f [1, + ) .
) f.
) f(x)>2x2+lnx x [1, + ) .
28. f : : f(x)=f(x) x
f(0)=f(0)=1.

) g ( x ) =

f' ( x ) + f( x )

ex

.
) f(x)+f(x)=2ex, x .
) f.
29. f(x)=ex+e-x-x2-2.
) f .
) f .
) f (-, 0] [0, +).
) f(x)=0.
) ex+e-xx2+2 x .
30. f(x)=3x4+4x3-(10+)x2+. f

x0=1 f(x0)=2, :
) , .
) f .
) f.
) f(x)=0.
) f.
) f.
) 3x4+4x3+3212x2 x .
31. f

f3(x)+3f(x)=x3+3x+3ex-3 x .
) f .
) f(x).
) f(x)=0.
) f.
) f .

99

32.
f( x ) =

f,

x z

x + z

x2 + z

z=+i, , 0

.
) lim f( x ) , lim f( x ) .
x +

) f, |z+1|>|z-1|.
) f.
33. f( x ) =

x 3 4x
.
x2 1

) f.
) Cf xx.
) Cf
xx.
) Cf .
) f .
) f

f.
) x3-x2-4x+=0,

.
34. f : :

1
1
2
+
= x
f( x )
f' ( x )
e

x . f(0)=1, :
) I = ( f( x ) + f' ( x )) e x dx .
) f(x)=ex, x .
35. F f : ,

: F2(x)F(x)F(-x) x , 0.
) F(0)=F().
) f(x)=0 .
36. f : :

g( x ) = f( x t )dt , x <.
) g.
) g()=g().
) (, ) , f(-)=f(-).

100

37.

<.

f( x + t )dt f ( x )dx x , :
+ x

) : ++ x f( x + t )dt f( x )dx x .
)

g( x ) = f( x + t )dt f( t )dt .
) g .
) f()=f().
) f , ,
f()=0.
e t + t
dt , x .
t
x 1 + e
x

38. : f( x ) =
) f(x).

) f(x)=x+x x .
) f-1 : [0, ][0, ].
) Cf Cf-1
x=0 x= =4 ..
39. f(x)= x lnx.
) .
) .
) :
i)

x lnxx-1 x (0, 1].

ii)

x lnxx-1 x [1, +).

40. f, g
x3

x3 + 1

: g ( x ) = 0 f( t 1)dt + 0

f( t 1)dt .

) g g(x).
) g x0=1
f(0)=f(-1).
)

(0,

1)

f(3-1)=f(-3).
x2

41. f( x ) =

t2 1
dt .
t3 + 1

) .
) f(x) .
) f .

101

) f(x)=0.
42. f, f' ( x ) =

2x 1

ex

f(0)=-1.
) f.
)

f g g ( x ) =

f( x )
2x 1

x=1.
43. f, g f=g, g=f

f(x)>0, x g(-x)g(x)<0, x 0.
) f, g .
) : g(x)>xf(0), x>0.
) f, g .
) h(x)=e-x(f+g)(x) (x)=ex(f-g)(x)

.
) f(0)=1, f, g.
44. f :
[ f' ( x )] 2 + f( x ) f' ( x ) =

ex
, x , f(0)=1, f(0)=0.
2

) f2(x)=ex+c1x+c2, c1, c2 .
) f2.
) f( x ) =

e x x , x .

) : I =

f( x ) f'' ( x )
dx , x>0.
ex 1

45. f f(x)>0
lnf(x)+ef(x)=x x .
) f .
) f .
) f(x)=1 f(x)=e.
e2 + 1

) I = 1 f 1 ( x )dx + e

46.

x
1

f( x )dx .

f(ln t )dt = xf(ln x ) 2x + 1 , x>0.

1/2

) : 0

e x f' ( x )dx = 14 .

) : f(x)=3e2x-2, x .

102

) Cf A(0, f(0)).
)
Cf, x=ln2.
47. f [1, +) f(x)1
f(x)-lnf(x)=x x1.
) f(1).
) f(x)=1 f(x)=e.
) f .
) f.
)
Cf-1, 1 x=e.
48. f * f(x)=1+xe-f(x)
e f( x) + x + 1
1 x 0.
ex
) : ( e f ( x ) x )' = xe x , x 0 f(x)=ln(ex-x-1), x 0.
) f * .
) I = x 2 f' ( x ) e f ( x ) dx .
49. f, g
x

f(x)>0 g' ( x ) = x 1 f' ( xt )dt , x .

) g(x)=f(x2)-f(x), x .
) f .
) (0, 1), : f' ( 2 ) =
1

f' ( )
.
2

50. f 0 f( t )dt = 1 f( t )dt .

1

) 0 f( t )dt =

1 2
f( t )dt .
2 0

) ( x ) =

1 x
f( t )dt
x 0

Rolle [1, 2].

1

)
(1, 2) f( ) = 0 f( t )dt .
51. f
2f(x)+f(2004-x)= -x , x .
) f .
) g(x)=

103

f( x )
.
ln x

) h(x)=x2f(x), , :

xhh( x )dx =h()-h().

52.
[f(x)]

1821

f
3

f(x)

+[f(x)] =-e

, >0, x .

) f(x)=c , x , c .
) g(x)=

f( x )
.
ex 1

53. f :
f(x)+f(x)=1 , x f(0)=e+1.
) lim ( lim f(xy)).
x 2

y +

) f .
54. f

( f
f
f )(x)=x

( f
f )(x)=g(x) , x . Cg
9
) , :
2
1
1
) f( g( x ))dx = .
2
0
(1, 3) (2,

) ( f
f

f )( t )dt =
1

3
( f 2006
2

).
55.

f(x)+f(x-1002)=0, x . :
) f(x+2004)=f(x), x .
)

2005

2006

f( x + 2005 )dx = f( x )dx .

56.

f(x)] -2003[f(x)] -2003f(x)-2004 =0, x .

) f .
)
5

J=

x 4 + f( x ) 2004
I=
dx ,
x2 + x + 1
3
5

3
x4
x3 x 1
dx
,
K=
dx .

2
x2 + x + 1
8 x + x + f ( x ) 2003

IJK.

104

57.

2 x +1

f(x)= g (2 x t )dt .
1

) : f(x)+f(x)=2[g(2x-1)+2g(2x-1)],
x .
) g xx

g ,
h(x)=f(x)+f(x) .
58. ) : (x2 + x +1)11(2x2 x +1)7+
+(x2 + x +1)7(2x2 x +1)11=x22x.
2x 2 + x + 9
+5(x23x+2)<0.
2
x + 4x + 7

) : 2ln
59.

g(x)= ( ( f ( u )du )dz )dt .

) g, g, g(3) .
) : lim

x 1

g( x )
f(1)=12.
( x 1) 3

) x f(x) 0, g

.
60. f

: f(4)(x)+f(3)(x)=x+x, x

f(0)=1, f(0)=0,

f(0)=-1 f(3)(0)=0.
) f.

) :

1
dx .
f( x )

) : S= f2 (
3

x )dx + f 2 ( x )dx .
2
3

61. f [-5, 7],

7

[-2, 9] f( x )dx =0.

5

) -f (x)+7f(x)+18 0, x [-5, 7].

7

) f2 ( x )dx 216.
5

105

62. f [0, 1], f(x)>0

1

x [0, 1] ln 2 f( x )dx +
0

x
f(x)= e

1
1
=2 x2 ln f( x )dx .
5
0

, x [0, 1].
1

) :

f( x )
dx .
f(1 x ) + f( x )

63. f(x)=x44x3+5x2, >0.

) f .
) f.
) f(x)=0.
64. f(x)=x+x

2a
, , .

) f(x)=0
(0, ).
)

f( x )dx =,

(0, ) f()=.
65. ) f
f(x)=0 ( ),

f(x)=0 +1
.
) : 4x= x2+15 10.
66. f(x)=ex+x3+x, x .
) f

f1.
) f1(x)=0.
) f1

, f1 1.
67. ) f [, ]. f

[, ], :

f( )

f( )

1
f( x )dx + f ( x )dx =f()f().

) f(x)=ex+x5. :
e+1

1
f ( x )dx .

106

68. ) f .
: f(x)= f 1 ( x )
f(x)=x.
x

) f(x)=x+ e t dt , x , f
2004

: f(x)= f 1 ( x ) .
69. f(x)=

e x + 3x + 5 x
, x .
ex + x + 4x

) f + .
) f .
) g(t)= e

( t )

, : lim

f( x) + 1

x +

( g ( t ) + 2t ) dt .

f( x)

70. f .
) x, y f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)+xy(x+y),

, f ( x )dx =0 ( ).

3x

) x f( t )dt 3x 1 ,
1

f( x)

3
3
f( t )dt = ( f( x )) x

.
71. f [0, 10]

g g(x)=

6( f( x ))2 + 3f( x ) + 3
6( f ( x )) 3 ( f( x ))2 + f ( x ) 2

.
) f .
) g f, g.
72. : z2(2)z+1=0, (0,

).
4

.
) z1, z2 .
z1 + z2 =

z1 + z2
3

z1, z2.

73. f(z)= z i z , z
C.
) : f(z)=2i.

107

) f( z ) =

2 z .

) z = 1
w=f(z) .
74. : z z +4Re[(12i)z]+4=0 (1).
)

.
) z1, z2 ,

z 1 z2 8 .
) t1, t2 z1 z2 (

. ) z1 z2 ,
t1 + t2

+ 10( t1 t2 )

= 2 4 + 15 N*.

75. f : : f3(x)+2x2f(x)=33x

x . lim

x0

f( x )
= :
x

) =1.
) :
i)
ii)
iii)

lim

f(x )
.
x

lim

f( f( x ))
.
x

lim

f( x 2 x )
.
x 2 3x + 2

x0

x0

x0

76. f : ,
f( x )
= 1 :
x 1 x 1

. lim

) : lim
x

f(x )
.
x

) : f(1)=0.

f( x )
,

) , g( x ) = x 1

x 1
x = 1

.
) =1 g
() : y=2x xo (0, 1).

108

77. f : : f( x ) x 1
x .
) : lim

x +

f( x )
= 1.
x

) :
i)
ii)

iii)

f( x )
, N *.

x + x
1
lim ( xf( )) .
x0
x
lim

x2 x 2
x2
lim
f(
).
x +
x +1
x2

78. f : f(

x
x
) =
x 1
x1

x 1 .
) : lim

x +

x
= 0.
x 1

) f(1).
) xo (

,
) : f(xo)=0.
6 2

79. f [0, + ) f(x)>0 x

[0, + ).

f, xx, yy x=u
E(u)=euf(u) u 0 :
) f(x)+f(x)=ex x [0, + ).
) lim

x +

f( x ) 1
= 0.
x

) f.
) f(x)=

1
x.
2

80. f f(x)>2007
x . Cf y=2006x+1

.
81. f (e, + )
x

f(x)=1+ 0 e f ( t ) dt x (e, + ).
) f(x)=ln(x+e).
) f .

109

) Cf
x Oy.
)
z Re(z) 0 ,
e f ( x ) + 2e x x z e + 2 x
(e, + ).
82. f f2(x)=2xf(x)x2f(2x)

x f(2)=0.
) f(x)x]2=x2 [1f(2x)] x .
) f(x) 1 x .
) Cf xx ,

x=1 f f(1)=1.
83. f, g . fog

g( x )
0

1-1,

(fog)(0)=0

x
0

f ( t )dt + ( fog )( t )dt = 1, :

) g(x)=-1 x * .
g( x ) + x

) 0

f( t )dt = 1 , x .

84. ) :
) f(x)= ln x , x [1, e]

) 1 ln x dx + 0 e x dx = e .
2

) h(x)= 1 e t dt . :
) h(x) exe , x [0, + ).
1

) 0 h( x )dx =

1 e
.
2

85. f (0, + ), f(x)>0 x>0,

2

f(1)=1, f(2)=3 1 f( xt )dt 1 f( x )dx .

)

1 2x
2
x f( u)du 1 f( x )dx .
x

f xx
x=1 x=2.
86. ) exx x+1x x x
[0, + ).
x x
) f(x)= x
, x 0. :
e x

110

i) f.
ii) , xx=(exx)+(exx) x
[0, + ).
iii)
f, xx x=0 x=

.
4

87. f f(x) 0 1 e t f( t )dt x 1

x .
) f(1)=

1
.
e

) f (x)>0 x .
) f(x)=x
(0, 1).
) z

z 2ef(1) + i =

5

2

88. f (x)=

1 + x 2010

+ 2,

x .

) f .
) f(x)=

.
x+1

) : lim x + f( t )dt .
x +
+

89. f , f(x) 0 x ,
1
f(2005)= , f(2007)=3 f(1)f(2)=f(3)f(4).
2
) f()=1.
) xo [1, 2] f2(x)=f(1)f(2).
) f .
90. f 0,
xf(x)+x4(

f(0)=2006

1
)=(x), 0 x * .
x

) f .
) .
) lim f( x ) lim f( x ) .
x

x +

111

) f(x)=0 .
91. f :
,
A(1, f(1)) ,
x 0 f(x)

f' ( x )
=xex .
x

x2
) f(x)=xe e e
+ 1.
2
x

) f(e2004 ) f(2004).
) g ,
e
1
g(0) 0 g ( f( x ))dx g (1 ) .
2
+ i
92. z C , , , (1 + iz) =
(1).
+ i
) z .
) z

.
) z

.
) 4 < z 3 + 4i < 7 .

) z1 , z2 C (1) z1 z2 2 .
93. z1 , z2 , z3 z1 = z2 = z3 =

Re(

z
z1
z
1
) = Re( 2 ) = Re( 3 ) = .
z2
z3
z1
2

) z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 .
) z1 , z2 , z3 .
94. z 2 z + = 0 , z C , , z1, z2

z1=2+i.
a) , .
) z12008+z22008 .
) A(z1), B(z2), (z3) z1 , z2 ,

z3 z3 =

z1
1
+ (17 + i) .
z2
5

i) .

112

ii) w z1 = w z1 , w .
iii) w,

w z2 + w z2 = 10 ,
.
95. f f( 1) > 0

z =
z =

z
(1
2

f ( 1) f( 0 )
4 3
i ,
+
2
f(1)

3i) .

) f(-1)f(0)f(1)=8.
) 2 Re( z) = z .
) f(-1)<2<f(1).
)

1 < f 1 ( z ) < 0 .
96. f g :
g( x ) =

(1 f( )) x 7 + x 5 + 1
, .
f ( ) x 6 + 4 x 4 + 2

) :
lim g ( x ) lim g ( x ) .

x +

) lim g ( x ) .
x +

) f( x ) 0 x f(2008)>0,
lim g ( x ) = + .

) f( ) [0, 1] h(x)=g(x)+2008+, x ,
lim h( x ) = 1 , f().
x +

97. f : f( ) =

f
f( x ) + e

f( x)

, f

= x x .

) lim f( x ) = + .
x +

) f .
) f f-1.
) f .

113

) Cf,
3
xx x=1 x=e+1 E =
2
..
98.

f :

xf( x ) + 5
1
x f(0)=3.
=
2
2
1 + f (x)
x2 + 9 , x .

) f( x ) = x +
) g(x)=ln(f(x)) :

i) g.
ii)

I = 0
iii)

1
2

x + 9

dx .

J+9I=K,

4
0

J =

x2
x2 + 9

dx

K = 0 x 2 + 9dx .
iv) J+K=20.
v) J, K.
vi) g g-1.
99. z=x+yi

x ,

w = z2

1
z

f .
) x0

z 2

1
.
z

) <<, f()=x0, f()=-1 f()>0,

, f()=0.
1

) : I = 0 Re( w )dx .
100. f :
f(2 x + 1) 7
= 10 .
x 1
x1

lim

) f(3)=7.
) f(3)=5.
) () f

(3, f(3)).

114

i) () y=5x-8.
) , 3,
().
2 m/sec ,
.
101. f(x)=x+ex-1.
) f .
) ex=1-x.
) g :
x g(x)+eg(x)=2x+1.
i) g .
ii) g(0)=0.
iii) (gof)(x)>0.
iv) f Cf-1

(e, 1).
v) Cf-1 .
x2 3

102. f( x ) = 2

ln(( t 1)
dt
t2 + 1

) f.
) f .
) lim

x 5

f( x )
x

= 0.

) Cf xx .
) z=f(3)-2i.
z .
103. f : [ 0 , + )
x

f( x ) = 1 + 1 (1 +

f( t )
)dt x>0.
t

) f(x)=xlnx+x, x>0.
) f(0)=0.
) f .
) Cf

.
e

f( x )dx
) 1 1
2.
e1

115

104.
x

f( x ) = 1 + x

f :

t2
)dt x .
1 + e f( t )

) f
4016

I = 0

f( x 2008)dx .

) f .
) f( x ) =

x3
, x .
3

) w =

z+i
, z C , z 1
z+1

.
i) z

y=-x-1.
ii) M(a, f(a)) Cf -1<a<0

z.
105. f f( ) = ( 0 , + ) ,

f(x)f(-x)=1 x .
) f .
) f .
) g(x)=f(-x)
.

f( x )
f 2 ( 0 ) f 2 ( 1)
)
dx =
.
f( x )
2
1
0

) f(0)=1 f.
106. f ,

f2(x)-xf(x)+x2-3=0 x .
) x= f, f()=2

.
) f .
) Cf + .
107. f, g : (-1, + )
f(0)=g(0)=1, x ( 1 , + )
2f(x)+f2(x)g(x)=2g(x)+g2(x)f(x)=0, f( x ) 0 g ( x ) 0 .
) f(x)=g(x)>0 x ( 1 , + ) .

116

) f( x ) =

x+1

) f
.
) ()
f, xx
x=, x=+1 >0, lim E( ) .
+

108. f : * f( x ) 0 x *

1-1, =(0, + )
1
: f 1 ( x ) =
x 0 .
f( x )
) f(f(x))=

1
1
f( x ) f( ) = 1 x 0 .
x
x

) f(1)=-1 f(-1)=1.
) f-1(x)=x .
) f , :
i) f(x)<0 x>0 f(x)>0 x<0.
ii) f

( , 0).
109. () : y=x-e, g(x)=xlnx-x

f , f(lnx)=xlnx,
x (0, + ).
) () Cg.
) i) Cf (0, -1)
f(x)=g(ex) x .
ii) -1<f(x)<xe-1 x
(0, 1).
110. f x (-1, 1)
x

f( x ) 0 ( 0 f( t )dt ) = x .
) f(x)>0 x (-1, 1).
1
) f( x ) =
, x (-1, 1).
1 x2
111. f : [0, 1]

. f(0)=0, f(0)>0 x [0, 1]

f( x ) 0 f' ( x ) 0 .
) f [0, 1].

117

) f(x)=f(1)
(0, 1).
1

) 0

f(1)
1
dx <
.
f' (1)
f ( x) + 1
2

112. f, g : [ 0 , + ) ,
x [0, + ) : f( x ) 0 , g( x ) 0 ,
x

1 + 0 f( t )dt =

1
1
x
1 + 0 g ( t )dt =
.
g( x )
f( x )

) f(x)>0 g(x)>0 x [0, + ) .

) f(x)=g(x) x [0, + ) .
)

f( x ) =

1
2x + 1

118

x [0,

+ ) .

12.
.
10 :
1. :
z 1 =+i, z 2 =+i :
) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 , ) z1 z2 = z1 - z2 , ) z1. z2 = z1 . z2 ,
z
) 1
z2

z1
=
z .
2

z1. z2 = ( + i)( + i) =

= + ( + )i =()(+)i

z1 . z2 =(i)(i)=

=ii=()(+)i.

. .
2. z 2 +z+=0, , ,
, 0 C.
:

z 2 +z+=0 , , 0 : z 2 +
z 2 +2

2
2

z+ 2 = 2
2
4
4

z 2 +2

z+ =0

2
2 - 4
z+ 2 =
2
4
4 2

z
= 2.
2 4
1 : >0
z 1, 2 =

-
.
2

2 : =0
z=
3

-
.
2

( 1)( ) i2 -
: <0
=
4 2
4 2
(2 )2

z 1, 2 =

) = (i
2

-
(2 )2

- i -
.
2

119

3.

.
:
: ) z = z = z , ) z 2 =z z , ) z1.z2 = z1 z2 ,
)

z1
z2

z1
z2

, )

z1 z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z2 , ) z1.z2 ..... zv =

= z1 z2 z v z v = z v .
), ) :
) z1.z2

= z1

z2

(z 1 z 2 ) z1.z2 =z 1 z1 z 2 z2 z 1 z 2 z1 z2 =

=z 1 z 2 z1 z2 .
2

z1
z
) 1 =
z2
z2

2
2

z
1
z2

z1

z
2

z1 z1
z1 z1 z1 z1
=
=

z z
z2 z2 z 2 z 2

2 2

.
20 :
1 : :
4. .
:

f,
[, ]. : ) f [, ] )
f() f() f() f()

x 0 (, ) : f(x 0 )=.

f()<f().

f()<<f(). g(x)=f(x), x [, ].

[, ]

g ( ) = f( ) < 0
. g()g()<0.
g ( ) = f ( ) > 0

g Bolzano [, ],
x 0 (, ) g(x 0 )=0 f(x 0 )=.
2 : :
5. f
x 0 .

120

x x0

f(x)-f(x 0 )=

f(x) - f(x0 )
(x-x 0 ).
x x0

f( x ) f( x0 )

(
im [f(x)-f(x 0 )]= im
x x0 ) =
x x0
x x0
x x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
im
im (x-x 0 )=0 f x 0
x x0
x x0
x x0
im

x x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
=f(x 0 ) .
x x0

im f(x)=f(x 0 ), f x 0 .

x x0

: . f(x)= x =

im f( x ) = im+ x = 0
x 0
x 0 +
x, x 0

=
. im- f( x ) = im ( x ) = 0 f
x0
x0
- x, x < 0

f
(
0
)
0
=

0.
= im (-1)=-1, im+
x0

x0

im

x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
x 0
=
= im
x0
x x0
x 0

f(x) - f(x0 )
x 0
= im+
= im+ 1=1. f
x0 x 0
x0
x x0

0 0.
6. : ) (c)=0, c ,
) (x )=.x -1 , -{0, 1}, )
) (x)=-x , ) (x)=

) (x)=1,

( x ) = 2 1x , x>0, ) (x)=x,

1
.
2 x

:
) f(x)=c, c . x 0

x x 0

f(x) - f(x0 ) c c
f(x) - f(x0 )
=
=0. im
=0.
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
(c)=0.
) f(x)=x, x . x 0

x x 0

f(x) - f(x0 ) x x0
f(x) - f(x0 )
=
=1. im
=1.
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
(x)=1.

121

) f(x)=x v , { 0,1} . x 0 x x 0 :

f(x) - f(x0 ) x v x0 v (x x 0 )(x v 1 + x v 2 .x 0 + ... + x 0 v 1 )

=
=
=
x x0
x x0
x x0

= x v 1 + x v 2 x 0 + ... + x 0 1 .
=x 0

v 1

im

x x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
=
x x0

. (x v )=x v1 .

) f(x)= x , x 0. x 0 (0, + ) x x 0 :

f(x) - f(x0 )
1
1
=
. ( x )=
, x>0.
2 x0
2 x
x x0

im

x x0

) f(x)=x, x . h 0 :
=

(h - 1)
(x + h ) x xh + hx - x
=
=x
+
h
h
h

+x

im

h0

h
h

im

h0

h
=1,
h

im

h0

h - 1
=0.
h

f(x + h) - f(x )
=x. (x)=x.
h

) f(x)=x, x . h 0 :
=

f(x + h) - f(x )
=
h

f(x + h) - f(x)
=
h

(x + h) - x x.h - x.h - x
=
=
h
h

=x

h - 1
h - 1
h
h
-x
. im
=0 im
=1
h0
h0
h
h
h
h

im

h0

f(x + h) - f(x)
=-x . : (x)=-x , x .
h

x (x )x - x. ( x )
) (x)=
=
=
2 x
x

2 x + 2 x
1
=
x -{x=+/2, }.
2
x
2 x

x ( x )x - x.(x )
=
) (x)=
=
2 x
x

- 2 x - 2 x
1
=
=- 2 x - {x=, }.
2
x
x
7. f, g x 0

: (f+g)(x 0 )=f(x 0 )+g(x 0 ).

122

:
x 0

(f + g )( x) (f + g )( x0 )
=

x - x0

f(x) + g(x) - f(x0 ) g(x0 ) f(x) - f(x0 ) g(x) - g(x0 )

=
+
.
x - x0
x - x0
x - x0

im

f,

(f + g )( x) (f + g )( x 0 )
x - x0

x x0

x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
g(x) - g(x 0 )
+ im
=
x x0
x - x0
x - x0

= im

x x0

=f(x 0 )+g(x 0 ). (f+g)(x 0 )=f(x 0 )+g(x 0 ).

8.

(x )=x -1 ,

-,

) ( x )= x n , >0, x , ) ( n x )= 1 x , x *.
:
) y=x =e nx u= nx y=e u .
y=(e u )=e u u=e nx

1
x

=x

=x -1 , x ( 0,+ ) .

) y= x =e xn u=x n y=e u .
y=(e u )=e u u=e xn n = x n , >0 x .
)

x>0, (nx ) = 1 x .
x<0, n x = n (-x), y= n (-x)
1

-x

u=-x : y= n . y=( nu )= u=

(nx ) =

1
x

(-1)= 1 x

9. f ,

: ) f ) f(x)=0
x f .
:

x 1 , x 2 :
f(x 1 )=f(x 2 ) . x 1 =x 2 , f(x 1 )=f(x 2 ). x 1 <x 2 ,

[x 1 , x 2 ] f
. , (x 1 , x 2 ) ,
f()=

f(x 2 ) f(x1 )
.
x 2 x1

123

, f()=0. f(x 1 )=f(x 2 ). ,

f(x 1 )=f(x 2 ).
10. f, g

, : ) f, g ) f(x)=
=g(x) x c
x : f(x)=g(x)+c.
:
fg
x : (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)=0. fg
. , c ,
x : f(x)g(x)=c : f(x)=g(x)+c.
11. f
:
) f(x)>0 x , f
.
) f(x)<0 x , f
.
:
x 1 , x 2 x 1 <x 2 . [x 1 , x 2 ] f
. ,
(x 1 , x 2 ) f()=

f(x2 ) f(x1 )
, :
x2 x1

f(x 2 )-f(x 1 )=f()(x 2 -x 1 ). x 2 -x 1 >0. :

f(x)>0 f(x 2 )-f(x 1 )>0 f
.
f(x)<0 f(x 2 )-f(x 1 )<0 f
.
12. f
, x 0

, f

x 0
, f(x 0 )=0.

124

:
f x 0 . x 0
f ,
>0 , : (x 0 -, x 0 +) f(x) f(x 0 ),
x (x 0 -, x 0 +). , , f
x0 ,

f(x 0 )= im

x x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
f(x) - f(x0 )
= im +
.
x x0
x - x0
x - x0

x (x 0 -, x 0 ), :
: f(x 0 )= im
x x0

f(x 0 )= im +
x x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
0
x - x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
0 (1). x (x 0 , x 0 +),
x - x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
0
x - x0

f(x) - f(x0 )
0 (2).
x - x0

(1), (2)

f(x 0 )=0.
3 : :
13. f F
f G(x)=
=F(x)+c, c f
G f G(x)=F(x)+c, c .
:
G(x)=F(x)+c, f
, G(x)=(F(x)+c)=F(x)=f(x) , x .
: G f .
x : F(x)=f(x) G(x)=f(x), G(x)=F(x), x .
c , G(x)= F(x)+c,
x .
14. f [, ]

G f [, ] : f(t)dt =G()G().

:
x

F(x)= f(t)dt f [, ].

G f [, ] c

125

G(x)=F(x)+c (1). (1) x=,

G()=F()+c= f(t)dt +c=c. c=G().

G(x)=F(x)+G(). (1) x=, G()=F()+G()=

= f(t)dt +G(). f(t)dt =G()-G().

126

.
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20 :
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11. .

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.
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. 192

127

21. & .

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. 212.

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128