8.

1
Strut-and-Tie Model
Background
AASHTO LRFD Provisions
Design Example
8.2
Background
STM is a Truss Analogy
Truss Analogy Used in Standard and
LRFD Specifications
V
n
= V
c
+ V
s
V
s
= [A
s
f
y
/s]d(cot)
- AASHTO Standard
V
s
45 Truss
- AASHTO LRFD
V
s
Variable Angle Truss
8.3
8.4
STM in Codes
CSA 23.3-84
OHBDC Third Edition, 1991
AASHTO LRFD - First Edition, 1994
CHBDC - 2000
ACI 318-02 Appendix A
8.5
Quiz
A Three-Span Concrete Beam Is Built
Monolithically, with Continuous
Reinforcement Placed Only in the
Bottom of the Beam
How Will this Beam Perform Under
Service Loads? and at Ultimate?
8.6
As Built
8.7
Under Service Loads
- Uncracked Condition -
8.8
Under Service Loads
- Cracked Condition -
8.9
Observations
Reinforcement Becomes Active After
Concrete Cracks
Redistribution of Internal Stresses
Occurs After Concrete Cracks
After Cracking, Concrete Structures
Behave the Way they Are Reinforced
For Best Serviceability, the
Reinforcement Must Follow the Flow
of Elastic Tensile Stresses
8.10
Strut-and-Tie Model (STM)
Valuable tool for the analysis and
design of concrete members,
especially for regions where the
plane sections assumption of beam
theory does not apply
8.11
Deep Beam Stress Trajectories
8.12
STM for D-Regions
Tee Beam
Dapped Beam
8.13
Past Practice
D-Regions Designed Based On:
Experience
Empirical Rules
Rules of Thumb
8.14
Basic Description of the
Strut-and-Tie Model
A design tool for disturbed regions
where the flow of stresses is non-uniform
and the usual rules of analysis do not
apply
A rational approach to visualize the flow of
forces at the strength limit state based on
the variable-angle truss analogy
A unified approach that considers all load
effects simultaneously
A highly flexible and conceptual method
that recognizes that several possible
solutions may exist for any problem
8.15
STM Basic Principle
Concrete is Strong in Compression
Compression Struts
Steel is Strong in Tension
Tension Ties
8.16
P
2

>
P
2
P
8.17
Nodal
Zones
P
2
P
P
2
C C
T T
C C
Strut
Fill
Fill
Tie
Fill
8.18

T
C
T
C
C C
P
P
2
> A f T
s y
P
2

>

A
f
C
c
c
u
> A f T
s y

>

A
f
C
c
c
u
8.19
Basic Concepts
Visualize a truss-like system to transfer load
to the supports where:
Compressive forces are resisted by
concrete struts
Tensile forces are resisted by steel
ties
Struts and ties meet at nodes
For best serviceability, the model should
follow the elastic flow of forces
8.20
Strut-and-Tie Model for Simple Span Beam
8.21
Examples of Strut-and-Tie Models
8.22
Methods for Formulating
Strut-and-Tie Models
Stress trajectories from elastic analysis
Load path approach
Experimentally
Standard models
8.23
Deep Beam Stress Trajectories
8.24
Examples of Strut-and-Tie Models
8.25
Examples of Strut-and-Tie Models
8.26
Procedures for Load Path Approach
Find reactions
Subdivide loads and internal forces
- Replace stresses with resultants
- Replace asymmetrical stresses with
couple and resultant
Provide struts and ties to provide load
path
Locate ties using practical dimensions