Trng i hc Bch Khoa

Khoa in in T
B mn Vin Thng

TRUYN S LIU
Ti liu th nghim

PTN Truyn s liu

2011

Ti liu tham kho

[1] PTN Vin Thng, Ti liu th nghim Truyn S Liu v Mng - D kin
[2] Fred Halsall- Data Communications,Computer Networks and Open Systems
[3] William Stallings,Ph.D- Data and Computer Communications.
[4] Ths.Trn Vn S - K thut truyn s liu v mng. i hc bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Thng tin lin h

+ Khoa: in- in t, tng trt dy B1; 268 L Thng Kit Q10, Tp.HCM
in thoi : 08 8647256 - 5764
+ B mn: Vin thng; tng trt dy B3; 268 L Thng Kit Q10, Tp.HCM.
in thoi : 08 38654184
+ Ths. inh Quc Hng

Email:

+ ng Nguyn Chu

Email: chaudn@hcmut.edu.vn

Phng TN Truyn s liu

Th nghim Truyn S Liu

Bi 1: CU HNH MNG C BN

Mc tiu th nghim:
o Gip sinh vin lm quen vi a ch IPv4.
o Thc hnh bm cp mng.
o Tm hiu cu hnh c bn trn router Cisco.
o Xy dng mng peer to peer, switch based, router based.
Ni dung th nghim:
o Tm hiu v a ch IPv4.
o Bm cp mng theo chun 568A v 568B.
o Xy dng mng peer to peer (PC PC).
o Xy dng mng Switch based.
o Cu hnh c bn router Cisco.
o Xy dng mng Router based.
Thit b th nghim:
o 2 my tnh c card mng.
o 4 on dy cp mng (cha bm), 8 u RJ45.
o 1 router 2801.
o 1 switch 2950.

Phn 1: C s l thuyt
1. a ch IPv4
2 h thng c th giao tip c vi nhau qua mi trng mng, chng phi c nh
danh duy nht c th xc nh c v tr ca mi h thng trong mng. Trong cuc sng
hng ngy, tn hoc s (s in thoi, s xe, s chng minh nhn dn) c dng xc
nh duy nht mt ngi hoc vt. Tng t, trong mi trng TCP/IP, mi h thng phi
c gn t nht mt s nh danh gi l a ch IP, thng qua cc a ch ny m mi my c
th nh v v giao tip vi cc my khc.
a ch IPv4 bao gm 32 bit v c lu trong mi my di dng mt chui 32 gi tr nh
phn 0 v 1. Tuy nhin, con ngi d s dng v thao tc, a ch IP c chia thnh tng
nhm 8 bit v thng c vit di dng 4 s thp phn c ngn cch vi nhau bng du
., mi s thp phn l biu din ca 8 bit nh phn theo th t t tri sang phi. Mi nhm
8 bit nh phn nh vy c gi l mt octet.
V d:
a ch IP c lu trong my di dng 32 bit nh phn lin tc:
10000011011011000111101011001100
32 bit
10000
011
8 bit
131

01101
100
8 bit

01111
010
8 bit

108

11001
100
8 bit
122

204

a ch IP bao gm 2 phn: phn th nht lun nm u gip xc nh mng m h thng

kt ni n c gi l phn network; phn th hai gip xc nh mt h thng c th trn
phn mng , c gi l phn host. a ch IPv4 c chia lm 5 lp: lp A, B, C, D v E,
trong ch c a ch lp A, B v C c cng gn cho cc thit b u cui.
a ch lp A bao gm 8 bit u thuc v phn network v 24 bit cui thuc v phn host.
a ch lp B bao gm 16 bit network v 16 bit host, a ch lp C gm 24 bit network v 8
bit host.
a ch lp A, B hay C c phn bit da vo octet u tin ca a ch IPv4 vi octet
u tin bt u bng bit 0 l a ch lp A, ni cch khc a ch lp A s c octet u tin
bt u t 0 n 127 (thp phn); tuy nhin, lp A, a ch c octet u in l 0 v 127
khng c s dng nn khng gian a ch dng c cho lp A c octet u tin bt u t
1 n 126 (thp phn). a ch lp B c octet u tin bt u bng 2 bit 10, nh vy mt
a ch IP lp B s c octet u tin bt u t 128 n 191 (thp phn). a ch lp C c
octet u tin bt u bng 3 bit 110, nh vy mt a ch lp C s c octet u tin bt u
t 192 n 223.
Lp A

Network

Host

Octet

Lp B
Octet

Network
1

Lp C
Octet

4
Host

Network
1

Host
3

gip phn tch nhanh chng phn network v phn host ca mt a ch IP, ngi ta a
ra subnetmask. Subnetmask cng bao gm 32 bit v cng c biu din di dng 4 s thp
phn nh a ch IP vi nh ngha bit 1 ca subnetmask s cho bit bit tng ng ca a
ch IP thuc v phn network cn bit 0 ca subnetmask s cho bit bit tng ng ca a
ch IP thuc v phn host. V c biu din di dng nh sau:
<a ch IP>
<Subnetmask>
V d: Mt a ch IP lp A s c 8 bit u thuc v phn network v 24 bit cui thuc v
phn host, nh vy subnetmask ca a ch ny s c 8 bit u l bit 1 v 24 bit cui l bit
0: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 hay biu din di dng s thp phn s l:
255.0.0.0.
Mt cch biu din khc ca subnetmask l Prefix length, trong , ngi ta ch tnh s bit
network ca a ch IP (gi s l x bit) v biu din di dng <a ch IP>/x. Ly v d va
ri, mt a ch lp A gi s l 10.1.1.1 s c 8 bit thuc v phn network, do s c prefix
length l /8. Biu din ca a ch ny s l 10.1.1.1/8.

2. Cch gn a ch IP cho 1 my tnh

Vo Start>Settings>Network Connections, trong ca s mi, double click vo biu tng
Local Area Connections, chn Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ri bm vo nt Properties.
ca s mi, click chn Use the following IP address ri g vo a ch IP, Subnetmask v
Default gateway (default gateway c th c hiu l a ch IP ca thit b kt ni phn
mng hin ti vi cc mng khc, thng thng l a ch ca cng router ni vi phn mng
hin ti, nu mng LAN khng kt ni vi phn mng khc th c th trng trng ny).

3. Bm cp theo chun 568A v 568B

Mng LAN c dy c IEEE chun ha trn nhiu phng tin truyn dn khc nhau: cp
ng trc, cp quang, cp xon c gip bo v (STP), cp xon khng c gip bo v
(UTP) Trong , cp UTP ngy nay c s dng rng ri nht do c gi thnh r, kch
thc nh, d thi cng, lp t Trong bi th nghim ny ta s tm hiu 2 chun bm cp
UTP cho mng LAN l 568A v 568B.

Cp UTP bao gm 8 dy, chia lm 4 cp c xon vi nhau, mi cp gm mt dy c v

c nhum mu v mt si c v mu trng hoc mu trng c mt vch mu trng mu
vi si mu trong cng cp chy dc theo chiu di si dy ty theo hang sn xut. 4 si mu
trong cp UTP s c mu ln lt l cam, xanh l, xanh dng v nu. Nh vy, d gi v
d phn bit, ta s gi tn cc si dy nh sau: nu dy l dy mu ta s gi theo mu c
nhum trn v ca dy y, vd: dy xanh dng; cn nu dy l trng th ta s gi l dy trng
+ tn ca si mu trong cng cp, vd: dy trng trong i dy xon c dy mu l cam th s
c gi l dy trng-cam.
Tip theo, ta tm hiu cc chn tn hiu ca mt card mng. card mng Fast Ethernet ca my
tnh s cho ra 8 ng tn hiu, trong chn 1, 2 l chn pht, chn 3, 6 l chn thu.
EIA/TIA a ra 2 chun bm cp s dng cho UTP l 568A v 568B s dng trn u ni
RJ-45. C 2 chun ny u c s sp xp xen k gia cc dy trng va dy mu, bt u bng
mt dy trng ri n 1 dy mu im khc nhau gia 2 chun ny l s i ch ca cp
pht v thu.

S th t
chn

568A

568B

Trng-xanh l

Trng-cam

Xanh l

Cam

Trng-cam

Trng-xanh l

Xanh dng

Xanh dng

Trng-xanh dng

Trng-xanh dng

Cam

Xanh l

Trng-nu

Trng-nu

Nu

Nu

Nh vy ni trc tip 2 my tnh, tc l ni 2 card mng ca 2 my tnh bng cp mng

th cp mng phi c u sao cho cp pht ca my ny c ni vi cp thu ca my kia,
loi cp mng ny c gi l cp cho (crossover cable). Mt u ca cp s c bm theo
chun 568A, cn u kia s theo chun 568B
S u dy cho cp cho
u ni 1 (568A)

u ni 2 (568B)

1-Trng-xanh l

1-Trng-cam

2-Xanh l

2-Cam

3-Trng-cam

3-Trng-xanh l

4-Xanh dng

4-Xanh dng

5-Trng-xanh dng

5-Trng-xanh dng

6-Cam

6-Xanh l

7-Trng-nu

7-Trng-nu

8-Nu

8-Nu

Cc chn tn hiu trn l ng cho card mng ca PC, Router v cc thit b u cui, tuy
nhin, i vi Switch v Hub th s cc chn tn hiu c s thay i, i vi 2 thit b ny
th 2 tn hiu TD+ v TD- li nm chn 3 v 6 cn 2 tn hiu RD+ v RD- li nm trn chn
1 v 2. Nh vy ni my tnh vi Switch hay Hub th ta ch cn u thng chn 1 ca u
ni ny sang chn 1 ca u ni kia v tng t cho cc chn khc, cp ny c gi l cp
thng. Nh vy c 2 u ca dy ni s c bm theo cng mt chun hoc cng l 568B
hoc 568A.

S u dy cho cp thng (568B)

u ni 1 (568B)

u ni 2 (568B)

1-Trng-cam

1-Trng-cam

2-Cam

2-Cam

3-Trng-xanh l

3-Trng-xanh l

4-Xanh dng

4-Xanh dng

5-Trng-xanh dng

5-Trng-xanh dng

6-Xanh l

6-Xanh l

7-Trng-nu

7-Trng-nu

8-Nu

8-Nu

4. Cu hnh thit b Cisco c bn

c th thc hin cu hnh thit b, u tin ta phi thc hin m hnh kt ni. C 2 cch
thit lp kt ni cu hnh: in-band thng qua telnet, ssh, web v out-of-band thng qua
cng console hay cng Aux. Trong cc bi th nghim, chng ta s thc hin kt ni vi thit
b thng qua cng console. Kt ni c thit lp gia cng console ca thit b vi cng
COM ca my tnh thng qua mt dy Rollover chuyn i DB9-RJ-45. M hnh kt ni
c thc hin nh sau:

Sau khi thit lp xong m hnh kt ni vt l, ta cn dng mt phn mm terminal emulator

to giao din thng qua c th nhp lnh v xem kt qu. C nhiu chng trnh c kh
nng thc hin vic ny nh: Hyperterminal hay Secure CRT. y, chng ta dng chng
trnh Hyperterminal kt ni vi thit b. chy Hyper Terminal, ta chn
Start>Programs>Accessories>Communications>Hyperterminal.

 ca s mi, ta nhp tn ca kt ni, y l Thi nghiem truyen so lieu ri nhn OK:

Tip theo, chng trnh s yu cu chn loi kt ni, Connect using: ta chn COM1:

Sau , chng trnh s yu cu nhp vo cc thng s ca kt ni, ta chn ln lt Bits per

second l 9600, Data bits l 8, Parity l None, Stop bits l 1, Flow control l None. Sau
chn OK, giao din chnh ca chng trnh s hin ra ngi dng c th nhp lnh.

10

Thit b Cisco c th c cu hnh theo 2 cch: cu hnh bng tp lnh (CLI: Command
Line Interface) v cu hnh thng qua web (web based). Trong bi ny ta ch lm quen vi
cu hnh bng tp lnh.
Trc tin, ta lm quen vi cc mode hot ng ca thit b Cisco:
_ Setup mode: nu thit b khng c cu hnh sn th khi khi ng CLI s vo setup mode.
Trc khi vo setup mode, ngi dng s gp mt thng bo nh sau: Continue with
configuration dialog? [yes/no]. Ngoi ra, setup mode cn c th c truy cp t mt s
mode khc m ta khng tm hiu y.
Trong setup mode ngi dng c cung cp mt giao din hi p trc tip nhm gip cu
hnh nhanh mt s chc nng c bn ca thit b. Tuy nhin, trong mode ny ngi dng ch
c th cu hnh ca thit b mc ht sc c bn nn y chng ta khng i su vo tm
hiu cu hnh mode ny. Sinh vin khi cu hnh thit b cho bi th nghim nh tr li no
cho thng bo Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]
_ User EXEC mode: cho php ngi dng xem cc thng tin ht sc c bn trng thi ca
thit b, mode ny khng cho php thay i cu hnh thit b. Sau khi qua Setup mode th
thit b s vo ngay User EXEC mode. Du nhc ca User mode c c trng bng du
>.
_ Privileged EXEC mode: cho php ngi dng c ton quyn truy cp cc chc nng ca
thit b, cho php xem cu hnh thit b v ton b trng thi ca h thng. Ngoi ra, mode
ny cn cho php truy cp vo Global configuration mode thay i cu hnh thit b. Du
nhc ca Privileged mode c c trng bng du #.
_ Global Configuration mode: mode ny khng cho php xem trng thi hay cu hnh h
thng, ch cho php thay i cu hnh h thng. Nhng thay i cu hnh mode ny s nh
hng n ton b thit b, vd: cu hnh tn thit b, password thay i cu hnh ca
mt thnh phn no ca thit b ta phi chuyn vo cc submode tng ng bng cc lnh
thch hp, vd: mun thay i a ch ca mt cng ca router, t Global configuration mode
ta phi chuyn vo submode interface. T Privileged EXEC mode mun chuyn sang Global
Configuration mode ta dng lnh configure terminal. Du nhc ca Global configuration
mode c c trng bng du (config)#.
Chuyn i gia cc mode: t User EXEC mode mun chuyn sang Privileged EXEC mode
ta dng lnh enable, mun chuyn li v User EXEC mode t Privileged EXEC mode ta
dng lnh disable. T Privileged EXEC mode mun chuyn vo Global configuration mode
11

ta dng lnh configure terminal, mun tr li Privileged EXEC mode ta dng lnh exit. T
mt submode bt k, mun tr v Global configuration mode ta dng lnh exit, mun thot
nhanh v Privileged EXEC mode ta dng t hp phm tt Ctrl-Z. Vic chuyn i gia cc
mode c tm tt theo bng sau:
disable

5. Mt s cu hnh mu c bn
_ Cu hnh tn thit b: trong mt h thng mng, mi thit b nht thit phi c t tn
d qun l, tn ca thit b c th phn nh v tr a l ni t thit b, vd: Saigon,
Hanoi hay c th phn nh vai tr ca thit b trong h thng mng,vd: BorderRouter,
AccessSwitch, DistributionSwitch Tn thit b c th hin du nhc di dng: <Tn
thit b> <du nhc ch mode hin hnh>, vd: Saigon> hay Hanoi(config)#
Tn thit b phi bt u bng k t, kt thc bng mt k t hoc mt s, di khng qu 63
k t, c php bao gm ch, s v du gch ni.
C php:
Router(config)# hostname Saigon
Saigon(config)#
Lu : lnh ny dng Global configuration mode, sau khi g lnh th du nhc s lp
tc thay i phn tn thit b thnh tn mi.
_ Cu hnh cng LAN cho router ca Cisco: y chng ta s lm quen vi vic cu hnh
a ch IP cho mt cng LAN ca Router Cisco. T Global configure mode ta chn cng
mun cu hnh, cng LAN trn thit b Cisco c nh danh l cc interface loi ethernet:
Router(config)# interface <interface name> <slot/port>
Router(config-if)#
Sau khi chn cng lm vic, ta s vo submode cu hnh interface c c trng bng du
nhc (config-if)# ta cu hnh a ch cho cng ny v kch hot cho cng ny hot ng:
Router(config-if)# ip address <IP address> <subnetmask>
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
V d: Cu hnh a ch 10.1.1.1/8 cho interface fast Ethernet 0/0, ta thc hin nh sau:

12

Router(config)# interface Fast Ethernet 0/0

Router(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
_ Cu hnh cng WAN cho router Cisco: cng WAN c nhiu loi, ty vo cng ngh khc
nhau m c tn khc nhau, vd: interface serial, interface BRI, interface ATM y chng
ta ch thc hin cu hnh cho cng Serial. Vic cu hnh cng tng t nh LAN interface,
tuy nhin, interface serial, cn c mt pha cp clock ng b cho ng truyn, c nh
ngha l thit b DCE, pha kia s ng b theo clock ny gi l thit b DTE. Do , trn
thit b DCE cn phi c thm lnh ch nh clock cho ng truyn bng lnh clock rate
<clock rate>. bit thit b no l DCE, ta c th xem trn dy cp ni vi cng serial
hoc xem bng lnh show controllers
Router(config)# interface <interface name> <slot/subslot/port>
Router(config-if)# ip address <IP address> <subnetmask>
Router(config-if)# clock rate <clock rate>
# ch dng trn DCE
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
V d: Cu hnh a ch 172.16.2.5/16 trn interface serial 0/0/0 (DCE):
Router(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.5 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)# clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
_ Xem li cu hnh thit b: ta dng lnh show running-config xem li cu hnh thit b.

13

Phn 2: Cu hi chun b
Cu 1: mi card mng ta u c mt a ch vt l (MAC address) duy nht, ti sao ta li
cn thm a ch IP lp 3?
Cu 2: Hy cho bit chc nng ca a ch 0.0.0.0/8 v a ch 127.0.0.0/8?
Cu 3: Hy cho bit chc nng ca a ch IPv4 lp D v E?
Cu 4: Hy phn bit a ch IPv4 Private v Public?
Cu 5: Hy cho bit l do ti sao cp UTP ngi ta xon cc cp dy li vi nhau?
Cu 6: Hy trnh by v line-code ca ng truyn Ethernet?
Cu 7: Hy cho bit phi dng loi cp no kt ni cc thit b sau (cng LAN): RouterRouter, PC-PC, Switch-Switch, Router-Switch, PC-Switch, PC-Router?

14

Phn 3: Th nghim
SV thc hin th nghim v tr li cc cu hi trong phn th nghim, sau khi hon thnh
xong phn th nghim, sinh vin np li cu tr li cho gio vin hng dn th nghim.
Ngy th nghim:.
Nhm: .....
1/..
2/..
3/..
4/..

1. Thc hnh bm cp mng theo chun 568A v 568B:

Sinh vin thc hin bm 2 cp thng v 1 cp cho.
o Bc 1: tut 1 on khong 5cm lp v nha bc si cp UTP. Ch khng lm nh
hng n cc cp dy xon cng nh khng tut v nha bc cc si dy xon.
o Bc 2: g xon cc cp dy.
o Bc 3: da vo s mu dy phn l thuyt xp xp cc dy theo chun.
o Bc 4: sau khi xp xp dy xong, dng km ct dy, ct cho cc u dy bng nhau.
o Bc 5: a cc dy xp xp vo u RJ-45, kim tra sao cho cc tt c u dy chm
n y ca u ni v phn v nha bc si cp UTP nm trong u ni RJ-45

o Bc 6: dng km bm cp bm cp, hon tt mt u cp. Ch nhng l ng

ca u RJ-45 chm hn xung mi c tip xc tt vi cc dy cp UTP.
Lp li qu trnh trn cho u kia. Sau khi hon tt, dng my test cp kim tra cp
c bm ng hay cha.
Lu : sinh vin lu khi ct dy trnh lm ri vi ra ngoi khu vc th nghim, sau
khi bm dy phi dn dp sch s khu vc th nghim.
15

2. Xy dng mng Peer-to-peer

M hnh th nghim: Sinh vin dng loi dy thch hp va bm bc trc kt ni 2 my
tnh.
kt ni PC v PC ta cn dng loi cp no?...........................................................................

Gn a ch cho my A v my B theo bng sau:

My A

My B

a ch IP

192.168.1.10

192.168.1.11

Subnetmask

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0

Hy cho bit phn network v host ca my A v my B?

My A

My B

Phn network
Phn host
Ti sao phn network ca my A v my B ging nhau?

....

Ti sao phn host ca my A v my B khc nhau?

16

T PC A thc hin lnh ping 192.168.1.11 command prompt ca Windows, kt qu ping?

....................................................................................................................................................
T PC B thc hin lnh ping 192.168.1.10 command prompt ca Windows, kt qu ping?
....................................................................................................................................................

3. Xy dng mng Switch based

M hnh kt ni: sinh vin dng loi dy thch hp bm bc trc kt ni
kt ni PC v Switch ta cn dng loi cp no?....................................................................

So vi m hnh Peer-to-Peer th m hnh Switch based c u im v khuyt im g?

....

Vn dng a ch IP bc trc, sinh vin thc hin lnh ping t PC A n PC B v ngc

li:
T PC A thc hin lnh ping 192.168.1.11 command prompt ca Windows, kt qu
ping?..................................................................................................
T PC B thc hin lnh ping 192.168.1.10 command prompt ca Windows, kt qu
ping?..................................................................................................
17

4. Cu hnh c bn trn Router Cisco, xy dng mng router based

M hnh kt ni: Sinh vin dng loi dy thch hp bm bc trc thc hin ht
ni theo m hnh sau:
Hy cho bit loi dy ca tng kt ni?

Sinh vin thc hin cu hnh tn router v a ch IP cho router v cc PC nh hnh v, PC A

v B ly default gateway l a ch ca cng trn router kt ni vi n.
Hy cho bit cc lnh thc hin cu hnh ny:
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
Hy cho bit phn network v host ca my A my B v ca cc cng router?
My A

My B

Phn network
Phn host
18

Fast
Ethernet 0/0

Fast
Ethernet 0/0

Sinh vin thc hin lnh ping t PC A n PC B v ngc li:

T PC A thc hin lnh ping 192.168.2.2 command prompt ca Windows, kt qu ping?
.....................................................................................................................................................
T PC B thc hin lnh ping 192.168.1.2 command prompt ca Windows, kt qu
ping?..................................................................................................
So vi m hnh Peer-to-Peer th m hnh Switch based c u im v khuyt im g?

19

Phng TN Truyn s liu

Th nghim Truyn S Liu

Bi 2: PHN TCH CC PROTOCOL THNG DNG

CA TCP/IP

Mc tiu th nghim:
o Gip sinh vin lm quen vi cc giao thc thng dng ca TCP/IP:
ARP.
DHCP.
ICMP.
TELNET.
Phn tch qu trnh thit lp v kt thc mt kt ni TCP.
o Thc hnh phn tch protocol bng chng trnh Wireshark.
Ni dung th nghim:
o Phn tch cc giao thc ARP, DHCP, ICMP, TELNET.
o Tm hiu v qu trnh thit lp v gi ta mt kt ni TCP.
Thit b th nghim:
o 2 my tnh c card mng c ci h WINXP, chng trnh TFTPD32, chng trnh
Wireshark.
o 1 on dy cp mng (cp cho).

20

Phn 1: C s l thuyt
1. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
cc my c th trao i d liu c vi nhau th pha gi phi bit c thng tin v a
ch IP v a ch MAC ca my nhn. Trong khi a ch IP c th c c thng qua mt s
phng php nh DNS hay h thng tn thit b (devices name) th a ch MAC gn nh l
cha c bit trc. TCP/IPnh ngha mt giao thc thc hin vic tm a ch MAC
vi a ch IP bit, l ARP. Ni cch khc ARP cho php nh x mt a ch IP vi mt
a ch MAC tng ng, thng tin ny sau c lu vo trong mt c s d liu l bng
ARP (lu trong RAM) dng sau ny. Ta c th xem bng ARP h iu hnh Windows
bng lnh arp a du nhc DOS:

Hot ng ca ARP c th c tm tt nh sau: khi mt my A mun gi d liu n my

B ( bit a ch IP), n s tra a ch IP ny trong bng ARP tm a ch MAC. Nu
trong bng ARP cha c a ch ny th my gi s thc hin gi mt gi ARP request vi
a ch IP ngun v ch tng ng l ca my A v B, a ch MAC ngun l ca my A,
a ch MAC ch l a ch qung b (ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff). Do a ch MAC ch l a ch qung
b nn tt c thit b mng trn phn mng s nhn gi ARP request ny, cc my m gi
v kim tra a ch IP ch, my B kim tra thy a ch IP ch chnh l a ch IP ca n, gi
ARP request yu cu a ch MAC ca my B, do my B s tr li yu cu ny bng mt
gi ARP reply; tt c cc my khc c a ch IP khng ging vi a ch IP ch trong gi
ARP request s hy gi. Trc khi gi gi ARP reply, my nhn s trch a ch IP v MAC
ngun trong gi ARP request v lu vo bng ARP. Gi ARP reply c a ch IP v MAC
ngun v ch tng ng ca my B v A, trong phn d liu ca gi ARP reply bao gm a
ch IP v MAC ca c my A v B.

21

Trn y ch trnh by qu trnh ARP gia hai my trong cng mt phn mng, sinh vin t
tm hiu qu trnh ARP gia cc my nm cc mng khc nhau, proxy ARP, gratuitous
ARP v trnh by trong phn chun b.

2. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

mt my c th chuyn gi trn mng TCP/IP th nht thit n phi c nh danh bng
mt a ch IP. C hai cch cung cp a ch IP cho mt my:
Gn a ch tnh: ngi qun tr mng t gn a ch cho my.
Gn a ch ng: a ch c t ng cung cp cho cc my thng qua cc giao thc
nh RARP, BOOTP, DHCP
Trong bi ny ta s tm hiu v giao thc DHCP. DHCP hot ng theo m hnh
Server/Client, hot ng ca DHCP c th c tm tt theo my trng thi sau:

22

Boot

Inittializing

DHCP Discover

DHCP
Offer

Selecting

DHCP Request

Requesting

DHCP ACK
Lease Time 50% expire/
DHCP Request

Bound

Lease Cancelled/
DHCP Release
Lease Time Expired/
DHCP NACK

Renewing

DHCP ACK

DHCP ACK

Rebinding

Lease Time 87.5% Expire/

DHCP Request

_ Trng thi Initializing: Khi mt client DHCP c khi ng, n s vo trng thi
Initializing, client ny s gi mt gi DHCP DISCOVERY di dng mt gi qung b
(broadcast).
_ Trng thi Selecting: Sau khi gi gi DHCP DISCOVERY, client s vo trng thi
selecting v ch DHCP server tr li bng mt gi DHCP OFFER cha a ch IP,
subnetmask v mt s thng s khc dng gn cho client. Tng qut th trong mt mng
c th c nhiu DHCP server, do , client c th nhn c nhiu gi DHCP OFFER tr li
cho gi DHCP DICOVERY ca n. Client s chn mt gi DHCP OFFER (thng l gi
n sm nht), tr li bng gi DHCP REQUEST v chuyn sang trng thi Requesting. Nu
khng nhn c DHCP OFFER, client s gi DHCP DISCOVERY thm 4 ln na, cch
nhau 2 giy, nu vn khng c tr li, client s ngng 5 pht trc khi lp li qu trnh ny.
_ Trng thi Requesting: trng thi requesting, client ch nhn c s cho php s dng
a ch trn thng qua gi DHCP ACK t server.
_ Trng thi Bound: khi nhn c gi DHCP ACK t server, client s s dng a ch cc
thng s c gn bi DHCP server v vo trng thi Bound, bt u s dng a ch trn

23

nhn v gi d liu. Khi ang trng thi Bound, client c th hy, khng s dng a ch IP
ny na bng cch gi mt gi DHCP RELEASE v tr v trng thi Initializing.
_ Trng thi Renew: mt a ch IP c gn bi DHCP server lun c thi gian sng ca
n (lease time), sau khi vt qua 50% thi gian sng th client s vo trng thi Renewing,
lm mi thi gian sng v gi mt gi DHCP REQUEST. Nu sau client nhn c
gi DHCP ACK, c ngha l server cho php client tip tc s dng a ch IP ny th n s
chuyn v trng thi Bound v lm mi thi gian sng. Nu nh client khng nhn c
DHCP ACK th khi n 87.5% thi gian sng n s chuyn sang trng thi Rebinding.
_ Trng thi Rebinding: client s trng thi Rebinding cho n khi mt trong ba s kin
sau xy ra: nu client nhn c gi DHCP NACK hay thi gian sng ca a ch ht th n
s tr v trng thi Initializing v c gng ly mt a ch IP khc. Nu client nhn c gi
DHCP ACK th n s tr v trng thi Bound v lm mi thi gian sng.

3. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

Trong m hnh TCP/IP th IP cung cp phng php truyn khng ng tin cy, khng kt
ni (connectionless), n c thit k tn dng ti a ti nguyn mng. Tuy nhin, IP
khng c c ch bo li hay sa li, nh vy, chuyn g s xy ra nu nh c s c, chng
hn router loi b gi khi n khng tm thy ng n ch? ICMP c thit k hon tt
2 nhim v: bo li v query.
phc v nhim v ny, ICMP c 2 loi gi: gi bo li v gi query, mi loi c nhiu
thng ip mang ngha khc nhau:
Loi gi

M thng ip

Thng ip

Bo li

Destination unreachable

Source quence

11

Time exceeded

12

Parameter problem

Redirection

8 hay 0

Echo request or reply

13 hay 14

Timestamp request or reply

17 hay 18

Address mask request or reply

10 hay 9

Router solicitation or advertisement

Query

Trong phm vi bi th nghim ny ta ch xt n cc thng ip echo request v reply ca

ICMP m thi. Thng ip echo request v reply c thit kt cho mc ch pht hin v
chun on li. Hot ng ca cp thng ip ny ht sc n gin: ngi dng hoc ngi
qun tr gi mt thng ip echo request t mt h thng, h thng nhn c thng ip
echo request s gi phc p bng mt thng ip echo reply cho h thng gi. Cp thng
ip ny c th cho bit hai h thng c th lin lc c vi nhau lp 3 hay khng, ng
thi cng cho bit cc thit b trung gian (router, switch) nhn, x l v chuyn c
thng ip IP. Nu v mt l do no m my ch khng nhn c thng ip echo

24

request th ti thit b cui cng nhn c thng ip echo request s phc p bng mt
thng ip li cho bit li l g.

4. Qu trnh thit lp v gii ta mt kt ni TCP

TCP l mt giao thc lp 4, c chc nng m bo s chuyn vn ng tin cy ca d liu
qua mi trng mng, ngoi ra, TCP cn c thit k vi c chc nng kim sot lung v
kim sot li. Chi tit v TCP c cp nhiu trong cc gio trnh truyn s liu v h
thng vin thng, y ch tm tt qu trnh thit lp v gii ta mt kt ni TCP.
_ Qu trnh thit lp mt kt ni TCP: cn c gi l qu trnh bt tay ba chiu (threeway-handshake), c tin hnh trc khi d liu c th c huyn gia cc thit b nhm
ng b cc thng s ca kt ni. Qu trnh ny bao gm ba bc nh sau:
Bc 1: client khi to kt ni vi server bng cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN c
bt, thng bo cho server bit s th t x ca gi nhm ng b v thng s vi server.
Bc 2: server nhn c gi ny lu li s th t x, v tr li bng mt gi c th t
x+1, trong cha s th t y ca n vi c SYN v ACK c bt. Vic tr li bng
gi c s th t l x+1 nhm mc ch thng bo cho client bit c my nhn nhn
c tt c d liu cho n s th t l x v mong ch gi c s th t l x+1.
Bc 3: sau khi nhn c gi ny, client phc p bng mt gi TCP c c ACK c
bt v c s th t l y+1. Sau bc ny th d liu c th c chuyn gia client v
server

25

_ Qu trnh gii ta mt kt ni TCP: Qu trnh gii ta mt kt ni TCP bao gm bn bc

(four-way handshake) c tm tt nh sau:
Bc 1: client khi mun kt thc kt ni s gi mt gi TCP vi c FIN c bt nhm
thng bo cho server vic gii ta kt ni.
Bc 2: server tr li client bng mt gi TCP c c ACK c bt nhm xc nhn
nhn c gi trc ca client.
Bc 3: server gi tip mt gi c c FIN c bt nhm thng bo cho client bit vic
gii ta kt ni.
Bc 4: client tr li server bng mt gi c c ACK c bt xc nhn nhn c
gi FIN ca server, sau gi ny, c client v server u gii ta kt ni.

5. Dng chng trnh Wireshark phn tch giao thc mng

Wireshake l mt chng trnh gip phn tch giao thc mng, c cung cp min ph ti
a ch http://www.wireshark.org/
Sau khi ci t, chy chng trnh Wireshark, giao din chng trnh nh sau:

26

 bt u bt gi phn tch, t menu Capture, chn Interfaces

Ca s mi hin ra cho php chn cng bt u bt gi, ta chn card mng ang chy ca
my ri bm nt start bt u bt gi:

Sau khi bt gi xong, ta dng qu trnh bt gi bng cch t menu Capture chn Stop,
giao din chng trnh sau khi bt gi nh sau:

27

Giao din chng trnh gm c 3 phn:

Phn trn cng cho ngi dng thy thng tin tm tt ca cc gi bt c theo th t
thi gian.
Khi ta chon vo mt gi phn trn, phn gia gip ngi dng phn tch ton b thng
tin chi tit ca gi hin ti, bao gm tt c thng tin ng gi cc lp v thng tin v
cc trng trong header mi lp.
Phn th ba cho bit gi tr ca cc trng ca gi hin ti di dng s hex v m
ASCII.

6. S dng chng trnh TFTPD32 lm DHCP server

Chng trnh TFTPD32 l mt phn mm cho php dng TFTP server, TFTP client, DHCP
server v Syslog server. TFTPD32 c cung cp min ph ti a ch
http://tftpd32.jounin.net/
Trong bi ny ta ch s dng TFTPD32 dng DHCP server. Sau khi ci t, khi ng
chng trnh, giao din chnh ca chng trnh nh sau:

Ta chn tab DHCP server t giao din chnh ca chng trnh. ngha ca cc trng ch
yu nh sau:
IP pool starting address: a ch IP bt u cp pht cho cc client trong mng.
Size of pool: s lng a ch IP cung cp cho cc my.
WINS/DNS server: a ch ca WINS hay DNS server cung cp cho client.
Default router: a ch ca default gateway.
Mask: subnetmask cung cp cho client.

28

Sau khi in cc thng s, ta bm nt save kch hot cho DHCP server lm vic.

Phn 2: Cu hi chun b
Cu 1: Hy trnh by qu trnh ng gi (encapsulation) v g gi (de-encapsulation) ca d
liu khi gi qua mng.
Cu 2: Hy so snh cc phng thc truyn unicast, broadcast v multicast.
Cu 3: Trnh by vn tt qu trnh ARP gia cc my nm cc mng khc nhau, proxy
ARP, gratuitous ARP.
Cu 4: Hy so snh cch t a IP ch tnh, RARP, BOOTP v DHCP.
Cu 5: Hy trnh by cc trng trong khung Ethernet, gi IP v TCP.
Cu 6: Hy so snh gia TCP v UDP.

29

Phn 3: Th nghim
SV thc hin th nghim v tr li cc cu hi trong phn th nghim, sau khi hon thnh
xong phn th nghim, sinh vin np li cu tr li cho gio vin hng dn th nghim.
Ngy th nghim:.
Nhm: .....
1/..
2/..
3/..
4/..

1. Dng Wireshark phn tch qu trnh ARP v ICMP

M hnh kt ni: kt ni hai my, gn IP cho hai my nh m hnh sau:
A

192.168.1.1/24

192.168.1.2/24

Chy chng trnh Wireshark, bt u cho bt gi trn c hai my.

T du nhc DOS xa bng ARP ca c hai my bng lnh arp d, kim tra li rng bng
ARP ca hai my l trng bng lnh arp a.
Thc hin ping t my A n my B bng cch t du nhc DOS ca my A g lnh ping
192.168.1.2. Qu trnh ping c thnh cng khng?.......................... (Nu qu trnh ping khng
thnh cng, sinh vin lin h vi gio vin ng lp nh gip ).
Sau khi thc hin xong ln ping, dng qu trnh bt gi trn c hai my.
Xem bng ARP trn c hai my bng lnh arp a ti du nhc DOS. Ghi li bng ARP ca
hai my:

Xem a ch MAC v a ch IP ca hai my bng lnh ipconfig /all ti du nhc DOS. Nhn
xt v s tng quan gia bng ARP v a ch ca cc my.

30

Phn tch gi ARP request v ARP reply, in vo bng sau:

Gi ARP request:
Layer 2 Dest address _________________
Layer 2 Src Address _________________
Layer 2 code for encapsulated data ____________________________________________
Hardware Type _____________________
Layer 3 Protocol Type _______________
Hardware Addr Length _______________
Layer 3 Addr Length ________________
Arp Operation Code and Name ______________ ________________________________
Sender Hardware address ____________________________________________________
Sender IP address ______________. _____________. ______________. ______________
Target Hardware Address ____________________________________________________
Target IP Address ______________. _____________. ______________. ______________
Gi ARP reply:
Layer 2 Dest address _________________
Layer 2 Src Address __________________
Layer 2 code for encapsulated data _____________________________________________
Hardware Type ______________________
Layer 3 Protocol Type ________________
Hardware Addr Length ________________
Layer 3 Addr Length _________________
Arp Operation Code and Name __________________ ______________________________
Sender Hardware address _____________________________________________________
Sender IP address ______________. ______________. ______________. _____________
Target Hardware Address ____________________________________________________
Target IP Address ______________. ______________. ______________. _____________
Phn tch qu trnh gi v nhn gi gia hai my thng qua cc gi bt c.

Phn tch cc trng lp 2 v lp 3 ca gi ICMP echo request v ICMP echo reply. D liu
trong gi ICMP echo request v reply l g? C ging nhau hay khng? Mc ch ca d liu
ny l g?

31

2. Dng Wireshark phn tch qu trnh DHCP

M hnh kt ni: y my A ng vai tr l DHCP server, trn my B, sinh vin b vic
gn a ch tnh, cho php my B ly a ch IP ng t DHCP server

Chy chng trnh TFTPD32 trn my A, in cc thng s sau vo tab DHCP server ri
bm save (Nhng trng no khng cp, sinh vin trng):
IP pool starting address: 192.168.1.2
Size of pool: 100
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Domain name: TNTSL
Chy chng trnh Wireshark, bt u cho bt gi trn c hai my.
T du nhc DOS trn my B, cho my B thc hin ly a ch IP ng bng lnh ipconfig
/renew. Sau khi my B ly xong a ch IP t DHCP server th ngng bt gi.
Trn my B, du nhc DOS dng lnh ipconfig /all, ghi li gi tr kt qu ca lnh:

a ch v cc tham s ca my B c ging c gn trn DHCP server khng?..........

Phn tch qu trnh ly a ch IP t DHCP server thng qua cc gi bt c:

.............................................................................................................................................

32

3. Phn tch qu trnh thit lp v kt thc mt kt ni TCP

M hnh kt ni: thc hin m hnh kt ni sau

Trn my A, kch hot chc nng Telnet: chn Start>Run, trong ca s mi g vo lnh
services.msc ri nhn Ok. Trong ca s mi hin ra, click phi vo dng Telnet, chn
Properties, tab General, chn Startup type l Manual, ri bm vo nt Start. Ch cho
qu trnh kch hot telnet thnh cng.
Chy chng trnh Wireshark, bt u cho bt gi trn c hai my.
T my B, thc hin telnet ti my A bng cch du nhc DOS, dng lnh telnet
192.168.1.1.
Sau khi telnet thnh cng, g mt lnh DOS bt k du nhc trong ca s telnet (sinh vin
c th dng lnh help). Sau , thot khi kt ni telnet bng lnh exit. Dng qu trnh bt
gi.
Chn vo mt gi ca kt ni telnet, chn menu Statistics>Flow graph, trong ga s mi
hin ra, sa phn Choose flow type thnh TCP type. Tr li cc cu hi sau: (sinh vin c
th dng cc thng tin chi tit v cc trng ca cc gi trong giao din chnh ca chng
trnh tr li)
Da vo cc gi Wireshark bt c, phn tch qu trnh thit lp kt ni ca mt kt ni
TCP ( y l telnet):
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Da vo cc gi Wireshark bt c, phn tch qu trnh gi d liu ca mt kt ni TCP (
y l telnet):
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

33

Da vo cc gi Wireshark bt c, phn tch qu trnh gii ta kt ni ca mt kt ni TCP

( y l telnet):
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Chn vo mt gi ca kt ni telnet, chn menu Analyze>Follow TCP stream, Follow TCP
stream l chc nng ca Wireshark, dng li thng tin trao i ca kt ni TCP da vo d
liu nhn c trong cc gi.
Hy nhn xt v thng tin nhn c t vic dng li kt ni telnet va thc hin vi thng
tin nhn c t kt ni tht.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Rt ra kt lun v hot ng chuyn d liu ca telnet, ti sao telnet c gi l mt teminal
emulator?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

34

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

35

Phng TN Truyn s liu

Th nghim Truyn S Liu

Bi 3: M NG TRUYN

Mc tiu th nghim:
o Gip sinh vin lm quen vi cc loi m ng truyn.
o Thc hnh quan st cc tn hiu trc v sau khi m ha.
Ni dung th nghim:
o Quan st cc loi m ng truyn RZ, NRZ, Manchester, Biphase, Duo-Binary.
o Quan st cc tn hiu khi i qua knh truyn c v khng c nhiu.
o Gii iu ch cc tn hiu c iu ch.
Thit b th nghim:
o Kit DL 2560A.
o Kit DL 2560B.
o 1 Oscilloscope.
o 1 ngun cung cp DC.

36

Phn 1: Cu hi chun b
Cu 1: S nguyn l iu ch Duo-Binary? V tn hiu sau khi iu ch Duo-Binary cho
chui bit 110100010011110.
Cu 2: Nguyn l gii iu ch ca cc loi m NRZ (polar). Mc tn hiu tham chiu nh
hng th no ti vic gii m?
Cu 3: V s b PLL? Gii thch cch PLL hot ng?
Cu 4: Ti sao cn c PLL trong b gii iu ch?

Phn 2: Th nghim
SV thc hin th nghim v tr li cc cu hi trong phn th nghim, sau khi hon thnh
xong phn th nghim, sinh vin np li cu tr li cho gio vin hng dn th nghim.
Ch : sinh vin kim tra tht k cc dy ni ngun trc khi bt ngun. Nu xy ra
tnh trng h hng cc thit b th nghim do li sinh vin, ton b nhm th nghim s
khng c tip tc hc th nghim na.
Ngy th nghim:.
Nhm: .....
1/..
2/..
3/..
4/..

37

1. Kim tra tn hiu:

Hnh 1
Mc mch nh hnh 1. Chnh CK RATE gi tr 2400 v WORD LENGTH gi tr 24 1.
Quan st tn hiu Data. Chui d liu: .
V tn hiu ca chui Data:

V tn hiu sau khi iu ch NRZ:

V tn hiu sau khi iu ch RZ:

V tn hiu sau khi iu ch Manchester:

38

V tn hiu sau khi iu ch Biphase:

a CH1 v v tr ca TX CK. a CH2 v v tr ca RX CK (ng ra ca b PLL). iu

chnh nt f-ADJ cho ti khi n CLOCK sng.
iu chnh nt xoay PHASE cho ti khi nhn c RX CK ging vi TX CK.
Gii thch c ch hot ng ca b PLL.

a ng ra ca RX CK vo b JITTER METER. Quan st ng ra ca b ny khi iu chnh

cc nt f-ADJ v PHASE. Gii thch c ch hot ng ca b ny.n

2. Gii m cc tn hiu c m ha:

39

Hnh 2
Sinh vin tin hnh mc mch nh hnh 2.
Quan st tn hiu RX CK. iu chnh nt PHASE tn hiu RX CK trong 1 chu k c 50%
dng v 50% m.
Gii thch mc ch ca iu ny trong gii iu ch RZ v MANCHESTER.

V dng tn hiu tn hiu DATA v tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch RZ:

V tn hiu Data v tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch MANCHESTER

40

3. nh hng ca nhiu ln tn hiu:

Hnh 3
Thay v cho tn hiu c iu ch ti thng cc b gii m, sinh vin cho tn hiu iu ch
i qua knh truyn cho nhiu trng, sau cho tn hiu i n b gii m.
Cho tn hiu iu ch NRZ. B to nhiu: t ln bin nhiu mc 25%, OUTPUT
LEVEL mc 50%.
Quan st tn hiu iu ch NRZ trc v sau khi i qua knh truyn c nhiu:

41

t li b to nhiu vi bin nhiu nh nht v ng ra l 100%. Ti b n BER, t ch

m 10-4 bit.
m s bit li.
Thay i cc thng s ca b nhiu, v tin hnh li cc bc.
Nhn xt.

42

Phng TN Truyn s liu

Th nghim Truyn S Liu

BI 4 : SI QUANG
Mc tiu th nghim:
Gip sinh vin lm quen vi si cp quang.
Thc hnh quan st tn hiu khi truyn dn bng si quang.
Ni dung th nghim:
Quan st cc loi m NRZ / BIPHASE / MANCHESTER.
o tr ng truyn khi thay i chiu di si quang.
Thit b th nghim :
Kit DL 2570
1 Oscilloscope
1 b ngun DC
1 b ngun cp sng SIN

43

1. GII THIU
Kit DL 2570 bao gm nhng MODULE th nghim sau :
S dng si quang nh l phng tin truyn dn thng tin.
S dng nh sng cho vic m ha v truyn thng tin.
Tm hiu v lm quen nhng tnh cht ca thit b thu/pht bc x quang.
Thc hin kt ni F.O cho vic truyn dn k thut s.
Thc hin kt ni F.O cho vic truyn dn tng t.
Lm quen vi cc m khc nhau c s dng cho vic m ha v truyn dn tn
hiu s.
Cc MODULE th nghim gm:
LED diode pht quang 660nm.
PIN diode thu quang vi khuch i tr khng truyn t.
Transmitter k thut s vi ON/OFF cho b truyn quang.
Digital receiver/regenerator ca d liu TTL.
Analog transmitter cho php iu khin dng BIAS ca b optotransmitter.
Analog receiver cho php iu khin li b thu.
2 si quang vi chiu di khc nhau: 50cm v 5m.
Bi th nghim dng Kit DL 2570 vi ngun n nh +15V v -15V v nhng thit b sau:
Oscilloscope 40Mhz.
Ngun sng vung ti thiu 20Mc/s.
Ngun sng sin ti thiu 50Mhz.

44

2. PHN TCH L THUYT TNG QUT H THNG

TRUYN DN QUANG
2.1. Tng quan
Trong h thng thng tin trn cc si quang hc, thng tin c truyn bi trung
bnh cc xung tia sng iu ch m c li vo cc si quang hc nh nh si tc.
T s mong ch u tin, nm 1966, da trn kh nng s dng cc si quang trong
lnh vc vin thng (Kao v Hockham), c si quang nhanh chng tr thnh ngha
vt l a thch trong cc ng dng truyn dn.
Nhng ng dng ny i t vic thc hin nhng mng phn b trao i s liu
trong cc ta nh, cho ti cc h thng truyn tin quc t tu ngm.
Cng ngh truyn dn quang ang pht trin nhanh chng. Nm 1970 si quang
tn hao thp u tin c gii thiu, ph hp cho vin thng (Kapron).
Mt tn hiu qua mt qung di mt kilomet trong si ny s b suy yu, suy gim
khong 99% tn hiu gc. Ngy nay cc si c sn xut sao cho suy yu t hn
4,5% mi kilomet.
Nhng tia laser bn dn u tin dnh cho h thng thng tin si quang c gii
thiu nm 1970 (Panish). Thi gian sng trung bnh (thi gian trung bnh trc khi li
MTBF) ch 2 gi.
Cha ti mi nm, cng ngh laser bn dn cho php sn xut, mt s laser
c sn vi MTBF cao hn mt triu gi (hn mt trm nm) trong mi trng
kim sot nhit (Hartman 1977). Thi gian gia kt qu th nghim u tin v
sn xut trn kch c cng nghip vi cng c tnh l chng 5 nm.
Nm 1979 v 1980, h thng truyn quang u tin tc 45 Mbit/s, vi bc
lp t 5 ti 10 kilomet. H thng truyn xa c vn tc t 400 ti 600 Mbit/s vi bc
lp 40 kilomet.
Trong mt s h thng th nghim, tc c th t c ti 4Gbit/s trn mt
khong cch 117 kilomet si quang.
Bn cnh vic tng klha3 nng truyn dn v bc lp (quan trng cho truyn dn
khong cch xa), c mt tin trnh to ln trong vic tch hp chc nng quang v in
t (integrated optoelectronics), v trong kh nng x l tn hiu d quang (quang tch
hp).
Gc nhn th hai m bo chc nng cn thit v gi r ca thit b u cui, iu
ny l u th c trng trong ng dng truyn ngn.

45

u im chnh ca truyn dn tn s quang l c th m rng bng tn cho php

kh nng truyn dn ln. V d, chiu di song 7.5 10 mete ti tn s 4 10 Hz.
V vy rng bng tn bng 10% tn s trung tm 4x10 Hz. Bng ny c th to
mi triu knh tivi 4Mhz, hoc 10 t knh in thoi 4kHz.
u im khc c th nhn thy l gim cc kch thc. Cc chm tia phat quan
cc mng c th to ra nhng ngun sng rt nh.
Cc si quang c ng knh nh hn nhiu v chng suy gim t hn cht dn
kim loi. Bn cnh nng lng hon ton gii hn trong si: khng c crosstalk v
khng nhiu tch ly. Ch c mt bt li c bn ca truyn thng trn song mang
quang l nng lng lng t tn s quang cao.
iu nay bao gm nng lng nhn c, yu cu cho mi bit thng tin, ln hn
trong h thng vi song nhiu thp. Bn cnh , ngun ca h thng si quang c
gii hn vi miliwatt.
V vy h thng khai thc song mang quang b gii hn cng sut, nhng bng tn
th nhiu hn. Trong trng hp cc k thut iu ch bng ln c dng trong trao
i chim dng bng tn xem xt, nng lng c s dng hiu qu.
Tn hiu tng t PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) th ph hp thc hin vic
trao i ny. Cc si c kch thch mt xu hng tng theo s lng ca tt c loi
tn hiu.

2.2. Thit b quang cho my pht

Vic xy dng cc thit b quang hc u cui ( pht v thu ) nhn mnh vic s
dng cc k thut phc tp v khng hon ton hp nht.
Cc thit b quang hc u cui cn phi c thc hin theo cch m tia sng bc
x c pht ra tp trung mt cch chnh xc trn nhng chiu di sng ring bit
m si cp quang trnh by cc gi tr suy hao ti thiu.
Nhng chiu di sng ring bit c gi l WINDOWS
Tht ra h si cp quang s dng 3 Windonws chnh:
Window th 1 : dnh cho tia sng bc x c chiu di bc sng tng ng
950nm. Nhiu h thng vin thng cp quang tht s hot ng vi window ny bi
v h thng v s tin cy ca cc thnh phn c pht trin v th nghim rng ri.
Window th 2 : dnh cho tia sng bc x c chiu di bc sng tng ng
13000nm. S sn xut ca cc thnh phn quang in t m hot ng vi windown
ny hn ch hn so vi window u.
Window th 3 : cho tia sng bc x c chiu di bc sng tng ng 1500nm.
Nhng thnh phn quang in t hot ng vi window ny c s dng thc tin
46

trong nhng ng dng c bit ( i vi nhng h thng vin thng cng sut ln v
h thng qun i )
Trong vi trng hp bo co hiu lc vic sn xut cc si cp quang dn u
theo nh mt phn ca thnh phn quang in t bi v nhng thit b to ra cc
ngun sng lun lun l yu t quan trng nht ca h thng si quang.
thc hin khp ni tt gia ngun sng v si quang, nhng k thut xy dng
c bit c ph bin :
Khu vc pht phi nh v thp hn so vi li si quang.
Phn c kh cha ng ca ngun sng phi c thc hin vi vt liu cho php
vic khp ni hon ho, gim ti thiu s mt mt pht sng.
ng dng ca khi cu vi thu knh m hi t s pht ra ngun sng trn si
quang.
Nhng thng s chnh nhn din ngun quang:
S pht sng
Bng thng
Cng sut ng ra
Tn tht lp ghp
Nhng thnh phn khuch tn pht quang cho F.O :
LED diodes
PIN diodes
LASER diodes

2.3. Cc thnh phn quang hc v mch cho nhng b thu

B thu quang c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu in t c soi sng t ngun
sng ca trm truyn v truyn i trong si quang.
Tn hiu in t c pht bi b d sng sau c khuch i bi mch in
t c th ph hp vi tn hiu vi nhng mch cho vic x l thng tin.
C nhng dng khc nhau ca b tch sng, nh l photodiode v phototransistor.
Tht ra, photodiode l cc thit b quang in t c th hin tnh cht ph hp
hn cho s dng trong h thng F.O.
Nhng Photodiode c s dng trong thc t :
PIN diode : Pin diode c hp thnh bi s ni lin ca PN ni m c 2 phn khc
nhau, mt bn mng cht bn dn tinh khit c t vo gia. i vi nhng tn
hiu tn s thp, PIN diode hot ng nh l mt diode chnh lu bnh thng.
Trong vi trng hp thc t mch hot ng tn s cao, cao hn 1Mhz, PIN

47

diode hot ng nh mt in tr thay i c. Mt cch chnh xc, tn s cao,

in tr ca PIN diode t l ngch vi dng chy qua n.
APD diode : (Avalanche Photo Detector ) Thit b tng t PIN diode vi 1 s khc
bit duy nht l s cn thit cung cp in p cao hn rt nhiu ti APD diode (
cao hn gp 10 ln: 100-200V).
Trong cch ny, nh c s hin din tim nng in t rt mnh, electrical charges,
electrons v holes, to ra bi chm sng lin quan, t c ngun nng lng
ln lao.
Chc nng v tnh cht ca mi khi :
Pseudo casual digital signal generator : Thit b pht ny hot ng da vo vic
c theo chu k ca th nh EPROM ni m chui k t 0 v 1 c ghi nh.
Chui ny c lp li c th hin th hnh nh n nh trn oscilloscope.
Tn hiu ph hp ti Trigger to ra khung hnh ti thi im bt u ph hp, cn thit
ng b thit b.
Optotransmitter :
y l vn ca diode hunh quang in khi pht ra nh sng 660nm ( ).
Thuc tnh in V/I ca diode ny tng t LED ph bin, vi in p ngng
khong 1.4V.
Thuc tnh V/I duy nht tuyn tnh trong khng trung xa t cong ban u,
cao cho dng dch chuyn. y s l ch ca cc bi th nghim.
Diode pht c s dng trong nhiu cch theo nh tn hiu c truyn l digital hay
analog.
Optoreceiver
B thu ca tn hiu quang bao gm mt diode PIN cp vi b khuch i tr khng v
lp t cng mt hp.
Kch c nh ca mch thu v vic lp t tip xc vi diode m bo cho thit b ny
hiu sut chng nhiu, tnh tuyn tnh, tn s ct trn tt hn trong mch m thc
hin vi cc thnh phn ri rc v k thut c.
Ti liu bao gm ghi ch v thng tin v cc v d mch thu ca cc li ch c th.
Phi nh rng cht lng ca h thng truyn F.O. ph thuc phn ln vo cht lng
mch u cui, m b thu l phc tp nht.
B pht s
Nh ni, trong trng hp b pht s, diode pht c li gia chuyn mch trong
in kin v im ct tng ng mc 0 v mc 1 c truyn.
Vn chnh trong s dng diode cho F.O. bao gm tr khng thp v s chm bn
trong ca hin tng chuyn t nng lng thnh photon.

48

Phn hin nhin ca iu ny l khng suy gim tc th ca sng khi dng cung
cp hon tt, m gii hn tc ln nht ca truyn d liu.
Mch s dng trong b pht s ch trong hnh 12 dng n gin. N l vn mch
v cng ln trong thc t.
Diode c cp dng im s dng tt nht. Mt transistor, dng nh chuyn mch,
ngn mch diode theo cc mc cao ng vo.
Mch rt n gin th rt hiu qu: trong chuyn mch t on sang off, tr khng bn
trong rt thp nhanh chng x lng in lu tr trong diode (ci sau xut hin
tng ng t in).
Trong chuyn mch t off sang on, b to dng chuyn dng phn cc, khng cn
thay i trng thi lm hot ng chm hn.
Ngay c t cm ca kt ni, thng khng mong mun, ng vai tr hu ch trong
lc u sau khi chuyn mch, cho php phun nhanh chng vo diode ca dng m
trc khi qua transistor.
B nhn s
B nhn s tip nhn tn hiu u RX-DTAT OUT ca optoreceiver v truyn
nhng tn hiu ny vo cc tn hiu c dng TTL.
Mch ny bao gm mt b khuch i v mt b xc nh ngng ti to cc tn
hiu cc mc logic tiu chun.
B xc nh ngng khng hot ng ng nu cc tn hiu bi optoreceiver suy
gim nhiu hoc cc tn hiu gy ra bi bn truyn h thng F.O.m khng phi
tn hiu s cc mc TTL.
Cng lu cho cc trng hp khn cp xy dng (amplifier autobias), mc ni b
pht s vi ngun (optoreceiver) qua mt t in.
Vic truyn cc tn hiu tn s rt thp, v d b hn 500 Hz, s khng hot ng
ng.
B truyn tng t
Mch ny c cu trc nh hnh 13. V c bn , c mt vn vi b khuch i ni
m diode pht ni vi cc thu ca transistor T2.
V vy T2 hot ng nh ngun pht dng, gi tr ca n c chnh bng phn th
P2 t 0 ti 40 mA.
Tn hiu truyn c t trn T2, v vy n iu chnh dng phn cc ca diode pht.
Cng ca chm sng pht v vy c iu chnh.
B nhn tng t
Mch ny c cho bi hnh 14. Vn khuch i vi sai m li thay i nhng
bc bng switch m ni mt s in tr ca mch pht ca transistor T4. Ch
l T4 c im hot ng m c th sp t vi phn th (P4).
49

iu chnh ny c mc ch b phn dung sai ca phn cn li ca h thng v khng

th s dng nu khng g b lp bao ph trong.

Cu hi chun b:
Cu 1: Cho chui bit 1101000100111101. V cc tn hiu NRZ (polar), NZ (polar &
unipolar), Manchester, Biphase.
Cu 2: u, khuyt im ca m ha Manchester so vi NRZ, RZ?

50

3. THC HNH TH NGHIM

3.1. B TO TN HIU S

Hnh 1
Hnh 1 cho thy kt ni thc hnh th nghim:
Ba u cp ngun (+15,0,-15) ni vi cp ngun.
Osciloscope u d 1 ca knh 1 ni TLL DATA v ca knh 2 ni ng ra th ba
ca b pht (NRZ/ BIPHASE/MANCHESTER).
Chnh kho chn xung clock ti b pht ni. Osciloscope, cng mt lc quan st tn
hiu TTL v ng ra ca b pht chn bi switch NRZ/ BIPHASE/MANCHESTER
xut hin.
C th iu chnh v thc hnh cc lut coding ca cc tn hiu ny nh sau:
NRZ code (Non-Return to Zero):
Chui bit ca TTL DATA l: .
Quan st tn hiu TTL v tn hiu c iu ch NRZ

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BIPHASE code:
Quan st tn hiu TTL v tn hiu c iu ch BIPHASE

MANCHESTER code:
Quan st tn hiu TTL v tn hiu c iu ch MANCHESTER

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3.2. QU TRNH TRUYN TN HIU S

Hnh 2
Hnh 2 cho thy nhng kt ni c thc hin:

Ba u cp (+15,0,-15) ni vi cp ngun.
B to tn hiu s kt ni ng vo pht b pht s.
Ng ra tn hiu s kt ni ng vo optotranmitter.
Optotranmitter v optoreceiver kt ni bng si quang.
Ng ra Optoreceiver ni vo ng vo ca b nhn s.

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 Oscilloscope ni vi knh 1 trn tn hiu ng vo ti b pht v knh 2 vo ng

ra ca b nhn. Lm cch ny s hin th cng lc tn nhn truyn nhn.
Thay i tn s ca CLOCK FREQUENCY tn s MAX v MIN. o tr ca
ng truyn.

Tn s MAX:

5cm
50cm

Kt lun:

3.3. QU TRNH TRUYN TN HIU TNG T

54

Tn s MIN:

Hnh 3
Hnh 3 ch kt ni c thc hin:

Ba u cp (+15,0,-15) ni vi cp ngun.
B to tn hiu sin ni vi ng vo pht b pht tng t.
Ng ra tn hiu tng t kt ni ng vo optotranmitter.
Optotranmitter v optoreceiver kt ni bng si quang.
Ng ra Optoreceiver ni vo ng vo ca b nhn tng t.
Oscilloscope, ni vi knh 1 trn tn hiu ng vo ti b pht v knh 2 vo ng
ra ca b nhn.
Chnh b pht sng sin 0.5 Vpp v 100KHz KHz. t in th k iu khin dng
phn cc diode cc pht ti 35% v nm chn li b thu ti v tr theo chiu kim hon
ton ( li nh nht).
Tng dn ln tn hiu ng vo cho ti khi tn hiu ng ra b xn (trn hoc di).
Sau iu chnh nm iu khin phn cc pht cho ti khi tn hiu ra t c hnh SIN
tr li. (Thc hin cho gio vin xem).
iu chnh tn hiu vo cc i (2Vpp) v xoay nm iu khin phn cc sao cho tn
hiu ng ra hnh SIN. Sau gi nguyn v tr ny, iu khin nm GAIN CONTROL
ca b thu. Tng GAIN t v tr 1 ti 5, ti mi v tr, gim tn hiu ng v v iu chnh
nm phn cc tn hiu ra hnh SIN.
Ghi li bin tn hiu vo vo ti mi v tr GAIN:

Thay i tn hiu vo ln lt: 100KHz, 500 KHz, 1Mhz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 20

MHz. vi mi tn s, thc hin truyn tn hiu vi 2 loi Cable: 5cm v 50cm.
Vi mi tn s, thc hin vic thay i GAIN tm hiu s thay i GAIN nh
hng nh th no ti tr ca tn hiu ng vo ng ra

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