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Concours 2008 de recrutement de traducteurs/rdacteurs de

comptes rendus analytiques de sance







EPREUVE N______________

Nom et Prnom________________



UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES





Concours 2008 de recrutement de traducteurs/rdacteurs de
comptes rendus analytiques de sance





PREMIERE EPREUVE

Dure : DEUX HEURES ET DEMIE (2H30)






INSTRUCTIONS

Traduire en franais le texte ci-joint. Ecrire LISIBLEMENT sur le fascicule de rponse fourni
cet effet.

Laisser une marge suffisante lintention du correcteur.



Texte gnral
Projecting their own experience onto the rest of the world, Americans generally belittle the role of ethnic
nationalism in politics. After all, in the United States people of varying ethnic origins live cheek by jowl
in relative peace. Within two or three generations of immigration, their ethnic identities are attenuated by
cultural assimilation and intermarriage. Surely, things cannot be so different elsewhere.
Americans also find ethnonationalism discomfiting both intellectually and morally. Social scientists go
to great lengths to demonstrate that it is a product not of nature but of culture, often deliberately
constructed. And ethicists scorn value systems based on narrow group identities
rather than cosmopolitanism. But none of this will make ethnonationalism go away. A
familiar and influential narrative of twentieth-century European history argues that nationalism twice led
to war, in 1914 and then again in 1939. Thereafter, the story goes, Europeans concluded that nationalism
was a danger and gradually abandoned it. Nationalism, in this view, had been a tragic detour on the road
to a peaceful liberal democratic order.
Yet, far from having been superannuated in 1945, in many respects ethnonationalism was at its apogee
in the years immediately after World War II.
In short, ethnonationalism has played a more profound and lasting role in modern history than is
commonly understood, and the processes that led to the dominance of the ethnonational state and the
separation of ethnic groups in Europe are likely to reoccur elsewhere.
Ethnonationalism draws much of its emotive power from the notion that the members of a nation are part
of an extended family, ultimately united by ties of blood. The central tenets of ethnonationalist belief are
that nations exist, that each nation ought to have its own state, and that each state should be made up of
the members of a single nation.
Today, people tend to take the nation-state for granted as the natural form of political association and
regard empires as anomalies. But over the broad sweep of recorded history, the opposite is closer to the
truth. Most people at most times have lived in empires, with the nation-state the exception rather than the
rule. So what triggered the change?
Ethnonationalist ideology called for a congruence between the state and the ethnically defined nation,
with explosive results. The process of "making the state and the nation commensurate" took a variety of
forms, from voluntary emigration (often motivated by governmental discrimination against minority
ethnicities) to forced deportation (also known as "population transfer") to genocide. Although the term
"ethnic cleansing" has come into English usage only recently, its verbal correlates in Czech, French,
German, and Polish go back much further. Much of the history of twentieth-century Europe, in fact, has
been a painful, drawn-out process of ethnic disaggregation.
Massive ethnic disaggregation began on Europe's frontiers. In the ethnically mixed Balkans, wars to
expand the nation-states of Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia at the expense of the ailing Ottoman Empire
were accompanied by ferocious interethnic violence.
The effects of ethnonationa1ism, of course, have hardly been confined to Europe. For much of the
developing world, decolonization has meant ethnic disaggregation through the exchange or expulsion of
local minorities.
The legacy of the colonial era, moreover, is hardly finished. When the European overseas empires
dissolved, they left behind a patchwork of states whose boundaries often cut across ethnic patterns of
settlement and whose internal populations were ethnically mixed. It is wishful thinking to suppose that
these boundaries will be permanent. As societies in the former colonial world modernize, becoming more
urban, literate, and politically mobilized, the forces that gave rise to ethnonationalism and ethnic
disaggregation in Europe are apt to drive events there, too.
Since ethnonationalism is a direct consequence of key elements of modernization, it is likely to gain
ground in societies undergoing such a process. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that it remains among
the most vital - and most disruptive - forces in many parts of the contemporary world.

UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES






Concours 2008 de recrutement de traducteurs/ rdacteurs de
comptes rendus analytiques de sance



DEUXIEME EPREUVE

Dure : UNE HEURE ET DEMIE (1H30)




INSTRUCTIONS

Traduire en franais UN TEXTE au choix parmi les quatre textes de troisime langue (arabe,
chinois, espagnol, russe) proposs.

Les candidats titulaires dun diplme de droit, qui ne justifient pas dune troisime langue
devront traduire, en lieu et place, le texte juridique.
Les candidats qui connaissent une troisime langue pourront choisir de traduire un texte dans
cette langue ou le texte juridique.

Ecrire LISIBLEMENT sur le fascicule de rponse fourni cet effet.

Prsenter la traduction en indiquant le texte choisi (par exemple, texte espagnol, texte chinois,
etc.)

Laisser une marge suffisante lintention du correcteur.
Texte espagnol
Desde el punto de vista del inmigrante, la lengua es un elemento ms, pero no el principal
determinante, en la eleccin del pas de destino. Todo indica que en esta decisin pesan ms factores
como la demanda de trabajo y las oportunidades de mejora en el pas de destino; las posibilidades de
admisin y permanencia; y la existencia de cauces de entrada y de redes de acogida.
Para el Estado receptor es a priori una ventaja que el inmigrante tenga su misma lengua y cultura cercana,
pues reduce determinados costes de integracin (retraso educativo, conflictos culturales). En Espaa, la
preferencia por la inmigracin de habla hispana se advierte en las polticas de admisin, aunque de forma
indirecta. Hay razones de peso para favorecer la naturalizacin de iberoamericanos y descendientes de
espaoles; pero a efectos de posibles polticas de gestin de los flujos no deben descuidarse otros criterios
de admisin que sirvan a objetivos nacionales tales como cumplir con la obligacin de dar asilo y refugio,
contribuir al desarrollo de los pases de origen 0 satisfacer las propias necesidades del mercado de trabajo
en Espaa.
Aunque hay evidencias de que hablar la misma lengua 0 tener cierta cercana cultural puede favorecer la
integracin del inmigrante en la sociedad de acogida, las medidas que emplean estos criterios en las
polticas de admisin e integracin son slo eficaces en situaciones de control estricto de los flujos; y
tienen efectos limitados sobre los verdaderos problemas planteados por la inmigracin (economa
sumergida, sobrecarga de los servicios pblicos, inseguridad ciudadana, marginacin socio-econmica) y
pueden entrar en contradiccin con la tradicin jurdica espaola.
Cabra concluir sealando una paradoja. La masiva emigracin de latinoamericanos a EEUU ha tenido
un efecto colateral inesperado: un impulso sin precedentes a la lengua espaola y la cultura "latina" en el
mundo, apoyado en la capacidad de irradiacin de la cultura estadounidense. Espaa ha sabido
aprovechar este impulso y desde hace quince aos utiliza con cierto xito la proyeccin internacional de
la lengua espaola para difundir su cultura y sus valores en el mundo, y promover en definitiva su
imagen en el exterior. Hasta ahora, sin embargo, la poltica exterior espaola no ha tenido tanto xito al
intentar crear una "relacin especial" con quienes de algn modo son, sin saberlo, protagonistas de todo
este auge: los hispanos de EEUU.




Texte juridique I
Under international law, states and other international legal persons enjoy certain immunities from the
exercise of jurisdiction. In addition, such immunities may be granted by municipal law. Of course, when
an immunity exists under international law, its denial by municipal law may create a claim for violation
of international law. But nothing prevents a state from granting more extensive immunities than those
granted by international law. Consequently, in determining the jurisdictional immunities to which an
international legal person is entitled, both international and municipal law must be studied.
Since jurisdiction may be exercised on the legislative, the judicial, and the enforcement level,
immunities from jurisdiction may also operate on these three levels. However, traditionally, primary
consideration has been given to immunity from judicial and enforcement jurisdiction.
Originally, jurisdictional immunities were regarded as being absolute. A state could invoke them,
irrespective of the nature of its sovereign activities. But as states have become increasingly involved in
commercial activities, the pressures towards limiting jurisdictional immunities have grown apace. At
present, the absolutist approach to jurisdictional immunities is in general decline. A restrictive doctrine
has emerged, which denies immunity when a foreign state claims it in regard to an activity or property
that is commercial rather than public, that belongs to the sphere of ius gestionis rather than to that of ius
imperii. This development has greatly enhanced the significance of distinguishing between the three
types of jurisdiction against which a plea of immunity is advanced. For since the factual premises for the
exercise of these types of jurisdiction may differ, the propriety of a claim of immunity may depend on the
particular form of jurisdiction from the exercise of which immunity is sought.
Problems of jurisdictional immunities arise when an action is brought in the tribunals of one state against
another state or its instrumentalities or property. When such an action is brought, the first question that
arises is whether the local tribunal has judicial jurisdiction over the foreign state. This question is one of
immunity from judicial jurisdiction. The second question that arises is whether the forum has the
authority to evaluate the foreign state's conduct under the rules of law applicable to such conduct. This
raises a question of immunity from legislative jurisdiction. The final question, one of immunity from
enforcement jurisdiction, that arises is whether a judgment rendered by the local tribunal may be enforced
against the foreign state or its property.





Texte Russe

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UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES



Concours 2008 de recrutement de traducteurs/rdacteurs de
comptes rendus analytiques de sance




TROISIEME EPREUVE

Dure : UNE HEURE (1H00)




INSTRUCTIONS


Rsumer en franais le texte en anglais ci-joint.

Le rsum doit tre rdig au style indirect, la troisime personne du singulier. Sa longueur
devra reprsenter le tiers au plus de celle du texte original. Les candidats devront faire preuve de
jugement pour dgager les ides essentielles, choisir les lments qui mritent d'tre mis en relief
et respecter l'quilibre gnral du discours original.

Ecrire LISIBLEMENT sur le fascicule de rponse fourni cet effet.


Laisser une marge suffisante lintention du correcteur.
Rsum
Mr. President
Distinguished Members of the General Assembly,
Excellencies,
Ladies and gentlemen,
We meet at a time when the situation in Myanmar is attracting unprecedented world attention. The fast-
moving developments have brought into sharp focus the international context in which Myanmar finds
itself today and the role the United Nations is expected to play through its good offices efforts in
addressing the multiple challenges faced by the country.
It is in this context that I have the honour to present the report of the Secretary-General on the human
rights situation in Myanmar today. This report is mandated by general Assembly resolution 61/232
which, inter alia, asks the Secretary-General to continue to provide his good offices and to pursue his
discussions on the situation of human rights and the restoration of democracy with the Government
and the people of Myanmar. While the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human
rights in Myanmar, Mr. Paolo Sergio Pinhero, addressed the human rights aspects of the resolution,
the Secretary-General's report focuses on the good offices aspects of the resolution covering the period
since October 2006 until October 2007.
Efforts to engage the Myanmar authorities through the good offices have continued since October last
year, including a second visit to Myanmar by then Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, Mr.
Ibrahim Gambari, from 9 to 12 November 2006. On 22 May 2007, the Secretary-General designated Mr.
Gambari to continue to pursue the good offices mandate. The present report details the activities
undertaken on behalf of the Secretary-General since last year, including cooperation extended by the
Government of Myanmar to the United Nations system by engaging in a dialogue with several senior
officials, and the agreement reached between the International Labour Organization and the Government.
In the interest of time, however, my introductory remarks will focus mainly on recent developments
which led to more intense activities by the Secretary-General and his designated Special Envoy in pursuit
of the good offices mandate.
Mr. President,
The sudden decision by the Government of Myanmar, on 19 August 2007, to sharply Increase fuel prices
directly affected the livelihood of the entire population in a dramatic way. This triggered peaceful
demonstrations against the Government's economic policies and overall political and socio-economic
conditions in the country. The demonstrations, while small in scale, spread from Yangon to other cities,
and the Government arrested several "88 Generation Students" leaders, activists and members of the
opposition. The demonstrations quickly grew in size when monks and nuns started marching in protest
against the Government's initial response and, by some reports, between fifty thousand and one hundred
thousand people demonstrated peacefully in the streets of Yangon, Mandalay and other cities. After
showing initial restraint,
the authorities moved forcefully to suppress the peaceful protests by deploying security units
throughout the cities and declaring a ban on public assembly and a curfew.
By 24 September, reports indicate the authorities used lethal force to disband the peaceful protestors.
The number of casualties among the demonstrators clearly suggest an excessive use of force by the
security forces. The incidents shocked the world and the Secretary-General was among the first to
express his concern, calling for maximum restraint and dialogue. His call for the release of all those
arrested during the demonstrations and for an end to the use of force against peaceful demonstrators was
joined by the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights
situation in Myanmar.
On 26 September, the Secretary-General dispatched Mr. Gambari to the region in anticipation of an
invitation from the Government to visit Myanmar. Mr. Gambari visited the country from 29 September
to 2 October. By the time his mission started, the protests on the streets had been largely put down but he
delivered clear and strong messages to the senior most leadership on behalf of the Secretary-General. In
the strongest possible terms, Mr. Gambari expressed the Secretary-General's and the international
community's deep concern about the events of the preceding weeks and made specific recommendations
for immediate steps to de-escalate the situation.
The situation in Myanmar remains of serious concern in light of continuing reports of human rights
violations by security and non-uniformed personnel, particularly at night. These have included raids on
private homes, intimidation, beatings, arbitrary arrests, and disappearances. A consensus resolution
adopted by the HumanRights Council on 2 October deplored the violent repression of peaceful
demonstrations and urged the Government to release detainees and other long-term political prisoners.
On 11 October, the Security Council issued a Presidential statement deploring the violence used against
peaceful demonstrations and stressed the need for the Government of Myanmar to create the necessary
conditions for a genuine dialogue.
The Government has since announced that the curfew has been completely lifted and that some 2,677
demonstrators have been released. It has also announced that it would welcome the visits of the
Secretary-General's Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, and a return visit
by Mr. Gambari.
Mr. President,
During his short visit following the crisis, Mr. Gambari was also tasked by the Secretary-General to
promote dialogue with the opposition as the best path to ending the crisis and to achieve national
reconciliation. He was able to resume the role he had started to play during has last visits to Myanmar by
conveying messages between the senior leadership and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the detained leader of
the National League for Democracy (NLD). The Government of Myanmar publicly announced on 4
October that Senior General Twan Shwe was prepared to meet with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on certain
conditions and on 8 October it announced the appointment of the Minister of Labour as the liaison officer
to facilitate relations with her. The first meeting between Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the Labour
Minister has since taken place.
The Secretary-General and the international community share the belief that a return to the status quo is
no longer an option, nor is it sustainable. Since the issuance of the present report, the Secretary-General
has asked Mr. Gambari to return to the region for consultation with the leaders of the region and to return
quickly to Myanmar. We are pleased that leaders in the region and the entire international community are
united in its support to the good offices efforts of the United Nations. The guiding principles for the
implementation of the good offices remain the
same as outlined in the report, and have been further strengthened by the following key
objecti,:,es: (a) to follow-up on the implementation of the immediate steps recommended to the
Government to de-escalate the crisis; (b) to facilitate the implementation and recommendations
made by the Government to pursue an exclusive, participatory and transparent national
reconciliation process; and (c) to facilitate the implementation of the recommendations made to
the Government to address the socio-economic and humanitarian factors underlying the crisis.
Ultimately, the responsibility for the future of Myanmar rests with the Government and people of
Myanmar. The United Nations and the world is watching closely how that responsibility will be
exercised in the interest of all the people in Myanmar. The Secretary-General is committed to
making every effort, including by intensifying his good offices efforts, to work in partnership
with Myanmar for a peaceful and prosperous Myanmar. We will support efforts towards
national reconciliation, the transition to democracy and full respect for human rights as the
necessary foundation for Myanmar's for Myanmar's long-term stability and prosperity. We will
count on the continued support of the international community, including the General Assembly
as represented by this Committee. A renewed mandate from the General Assembly for the
Secretary-General's good offices would contribute to enhancing the efforts of the Secretary-
General and the United Nations. The more united the international community is, the better the
prospects for arriving at the shared goals of peace, democracy and prosperity for the people of
Myanmar.
Thank you Mr. President.


UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES






Concours 2008 de recrutement de traducteurs/rdacteurs de
comptes rendus analytiques de sance



QUATRIEME EPREUVE

Dure : UNE HEURE ET DEMIE (1H30)




INSTRUCTIONS

Traduire en franais UN TEXTE au choix parmi les quatre textes suivants (conomique,
juridique, social ou scientifique) proposs.

Les candidats titulaires dun diplme de droit devront IMPERATIVEMENT choisir le
texte juridique.

Ecrire LISIBLEMENT sur le fascicule de rponse fourni cet effet.

Prsenter la traduction en indiquant le texte choisi (par exemple, texte conomique, texte
juridique, etc.)

Laisser une marge suffisante lintention du correcteur.
Texte conomique
After maintaining strong momentum for six years, growth for the least developed
countries as a ""hole is expected to reach 7 per cent in 2007, up from the 6.6 per cent recorded
in 2006, although the expected acceleration reJ1ecls mostly the increase in the growth of
Angola and Equatorial Guinea.
In general, oil-exporting least developed countries continue to grow more strongly than
oil-importing countries. With the notable exception of Chad, other oil-exporting economics will
expand at a brisk pace owing not only to rising oil productions and increased public spending
but also to the remarkable performance of non-oil sectors such as mining and agriculture.
Some of the oil-importing least developed countries have also sustained relatively high
GDP growth over an extended period of time. Owing partly to increasing aid and/or continued
political and economic reforms, such countries as Cape Verde, Madagascar, Senegal, the
United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia will continue to grow at almost or more than 6 per
cent in 2007. Also, recovery is gaining traction in Nepal, where the still-fragile process of
political reform and stabilization is under way and public spending is rising.
Fiscal policies are expected to be relatively expansionary as most Governments step
up efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to invest in infrastructure.
Despite an increase in public spending, especially in infrastructure and human capital, many
least developed countries continue to post fiscal surpluses or moderate fiscal deficit.
Bangladesh, where the fiscal deficit is forecast to widen, is one of the few exceptions,
however. Monetary policies will remain relatively tight, or at best neutral, as many countries
try to limit the potential inJ1ationary pressures associated with buoyant domestic demand
and/or attempt to synchronize their monetary policies with those of countries whose
currencies are used as pegs.
Many least developed countries have enjoyed preferential trade schemes in recent
years, contributing to rising export earnings. The trade preferences have not, however,
addressed some of the obstacles that limit exports, such as overly complex rules of origin and
quotas on products of interest to the least developed countries. More importantly, these
schemes have underestimated structural supply constraints in these countries. Thus, harnessing
potential benefits of trade preferences would require the international community to promote.
and to implement mechanisms through which to strengthen the production and trading
capacity of the least developed countries.


Texte juridique II
The view that in the last analysis there is no rule of international law from which States cannot at
their own free will contract out has become increasingly difficult to sustain, although some jurists deny
the existence of any rules of jus cogens in international law, since in their view even the most general
rules still fall short of being universal.
Moreover, if some Governments have expressed doubts as to the advisability of such a rule
unless it is accompanied by provision for independent adjudication, only on
r
questioned the existence of
rules of jus cogens in the international law of today. Accordingly, it was concluded that in codifying the
law of treaties one must start from the basis that today there are certain rules from which States are not
competent to derogate at all by a treaty arrangement, and which may be changed only by another rule of
the same character.
The formulation of such a provision is not free from difficulty, since there is no simple criterion
by which to identify a general rule of international law as having the character of jus cogens. Moreover,
the majority of the general rules of international law do not have that character, and States may contract
out of them by treaty. It would therefore be going much too far to state that a treaty is void if its
provisions conflict with a rule of general international law.
Nor would it be correct to say that a provision in a treaty possesses the character of jus cogens
merely because the parties have stipulated that no derogation from that provision is to be permitted, so
that another treaty which conflicted with that provision would be void. Such a stipulation may be inserted
in any treaty with respect to any subject matter for any reasons which may seem good to the parties. The
conclusion by a party of a later treaty derogating from such a stipulation may, of course, engage its
responsibility for a breach of the earlier treaty. But the breach of the stipulation does not, simply as such,
render the treaty void. It is not the form of a general rule of international law but the particular nature of
the subject matter with which it deals , that may, in the opinion of the Commission, give it the character
of jus cogens.


Texte social
A UNI CEF report documents a rise in the incidence of child marriage among poor peoples in some
communities in Africa and Asia. The report was issued at a time when the marriage age has generally
been on the rise throughout the world. However, according to UNICEF, in a number of countries at least
half of all girls are married off before they reach the age of 18.
The report lists poverty as the primary reason for early marriage. In Bangladesh, for example, poverty-
stricken parents who can no longer afford to take care of their daughters are persuaded to part with them
through marriage, which is often a means of recruiting young girls into a life of prostitution abroad.
Out-of-wedlock pregnancies are yet another factor in the rush to marry early. In Niger, a recent survey
found that 44 percent of 20 to 24 year-old women were married before they reached the age of 15
because their fathers were concerned about the potential of pregnancies outside of marriage.
The report goes on to examine many of the implications of child marriage, from restrictions of personal
freedom to its impact on health and education. For both boys and girls, early marriage has devastating
physical, emotional, and intellectual consequences. The practice virtually ends a child's chances of
pursuing an education or exploring professional and social life opportunities. For girls, the end result of
child marriage has almost invariably been premature pregnancy. Girls aged 15 to 19 give birth to 15
million babies a year. Many of them do so without attending an ante-natal clinic or receiving the help of
a professional midwife. The consequences of early pregnancy include higher rates of maternal mortality
worldwide.
Child marriage also increases the risk of exposure to HIV / AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases
for teenage girls. And beyond the physiological damage of child marriage, girls are also more likely to
face a lifetime of domestic and sexual subservience.
Prevention of the practice comes through education of parents and children--married or not-about the
dangers of early marriage. In South Asia, UNI~EF runs an initiative which educates people about the
danger of preferring male babies and focuses on the unfair treatment girls receive in the family as well
as their lack of access to healthcare and education. The initiative also attempts to raise consciousness
about harmful traditional practices such as dowry, sexual harassment and early marriage.


Texte scientifique
It is hard for some people to see the small cluster of cells known as a blastocyst as a human
being. Yet, all being well, it will become one - for a blastocyst is an early stage of embryonic
development. For that reason, other people regard the deliberate destruction of human blastocysts
as wrong.
Those who cleave to the latter view include many conservative American politicians. That has
caused problems for American scientists who would like to study human embryonic stem
cells. These have the potential to generate any of the 220 or so sorts of specialised cell that
make up the human body. That pluripotency, as it is called, makes them of great scientific
interest. It holds the promise of important medical breakthroughs, such as the ability to grow
from scratch bodily organs destined for transplant.
Reserchers at the laboratories of Advanced Cell Technology think they have discovered a
technique that might allow the creation of new embryonic stem-cell lines without destroying
the embryo they are derived from.
The technique is derived from a procedure already used during in vitro fertilization. One
reason a couple might choose a Petri dish to unite their eggs and sperm rather than the
traditional method, is if one of them carries the gene for a disease. Once a fertilized egg has
divided into eight cells, one of those cells can be removed in a biopsy without reducing the
chance of a successful pregnancy. The removed cell can be examined and, if the gene in
question is present, the embryo it came from will not be implanted into the mother.
ACT's reserchers were not the first to think that such biopsied cells might, instead, be
encouraged to reproduce - thus generating a line of stem cells. But they are the first to have
succeeded. The trick was to culture the individual cells separately while allowing them to share
the same liquid medium. Previous attempts had isolated the cells. Culturing them together in
this way allowed them to encourage each other's growth by chemical signals through the
medium.