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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
PROJECT

Elimination of ISI Using LMS Based Decision
Feedback Equalizer

SUBMITTED BY
DODDA PAVAN KUMAR (11BEC0044)
AKILESH ARIGELA (11BEC0086)
D MOHAN ANANTH REDDY (11BEC0210)
GROUP ID :16

SUBMITTED TO
PROF. PAVITHRA BALAJI


SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (SENSE)
NOVEMBER 14, 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
CONTENT.2
ABSTRACT3
PROJECT DESIGN3
THEORY.3
i. BASIC DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM...3
ii. DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZER.4
iii. LMS ALGORITHM.5
SIMULATION.6
REFERENCES..10


























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ABSTRACT:
This project deals with the implementation of Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm in Decision
Feedback Equalizer (DFE) for removal of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) at the receiver. The
channel disrupts the transmitted signal by spreading it in time. LMS algorithm is robust and reliable,
but it is slow in convergence.


PROJECT DESIGN: SOFTWARE
The project is implemented in Matlab software using Simulink .

THEORY:
The field of digital communication is increasing day by day. There have been vast changes going
on. Digital communication has proved itself to be more reliable and to have advantages over the
analog communication system. The achievements made by digital communication are robust and
reliable. However, this field suffers from a major problem at the receiving end, which is known as
Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) due to which one symbol overlaps with the subsequent symbols. A
very common approach to overcome this problem is by using Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE).
The filters used here are adaptive filters where the coefficients get updated with the help of Least
Mean Square (LMS) algorithm. The LMS algorithm is convenient due to its computational
simplicity. The main aim of this project is to use algorithm in a way to produce a better mean square
error. This is done by implementing some constrains in the filter coefficients updating criteria.
According to simulation results, the improvements provide low mean square error.


BASIC DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:



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The received Signal is the transmitted signal, convolved with the channel and added with AWGN
(Neglecting HTx, HRx)




The above equation is the result of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) due to which one symbol overlaps
with the subsequent symbols.

NON LINEAR EQUALIZATION-DFE (DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZER):



The basic idea of Decision Feedback Equalizer is that the values of previously detected symbols are
known then ISI contributed by these symbols can be cancelled out exactly at the output of the
forward filter by subtracting the past symbol values with appropriate weighting. The forward and
feedback tap weights can be adjusted simultaneously to fulfill the criteria such as minimizing the ISI.
The ISI being removed was caused by tails of previous pulses, in affect the distortion of current pulse
by previous pulses is subtracted. The non linearity of DFE arises from non linear characteristic of the
detector that provides an input to the feedback filter. The basic idea of decision feedback equalizer is

+ =
k
i b i k i
t n kT t p A t Y ) ( ) ( ) (
0

( ) ( ) | | ( )
t n T A i b
i K
k
i
i
r t c
k i p A t Y
t h t h t h t p
0
) ( * ) ( ) ( ) (
+ + =
- =

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that if the values of the previously detected symbols are known then the ISI contributed by these
symbols can be cancelled exactly at the output of the forward filter by subtracting the past symbol
values by appropriate weighting. The additional advantage of DFE is that the feedback filter,
working to remove ISI.

Module of decision feedback equalizer

LEAST MEAN SQUARE ALGORITHM:
The problem with the steepest descent algorithm is that it requires exact knowledge of set of
gradients at each iteration. In reality exact measurements are not possible and this set of gradients
must be estimated from limited number of input sample values, introducing errors.. So LMS
algorithm helps us to derive estimates for set of gradients from available data .The LMS algorithm
uses instantaneous estimates of set of gradients

() by using sample values of estimation error

and corresponding tap inputs

Let
n
e denote the sample value of estimation error

. Similarly let
k n
x

denote the sample value of
the tap input
k n
X

.
In mathematical terms we express the steepest descent algorithm for filter coefficient as







| | ) (
2
1
) ( ) 1 ( n n h n h
k k k
V + = +

() = 2

()

() =

()


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Now LMS algorithm can be formulated by using gradient estimate

() in place of actual gradient

(n) in steepest descent algorithm

SIMULATION:


The above block diagram in Simulink helps us to reconstruct the symbols at the equalizer output of
the Decision Feedback Equalizer.

=

=
M
k
k n k n n
X n h D
0
) ( c

()
=

| | ) ( 2 2 ) ( k R X E n
EX k n n k
= = V

c
| | ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( k R n h n h
EX k k
+ = +
( )
k n n K
x e n

= V 2

k n n k k
x e n h n h

+ = + ) (

) 1 (

=

=
M
k
k n k n n
x n h d e
0
) (

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Random integer generator:
The Random Integer Generator block generates uniformly distributed random integers in the range
[0, M-1], where M is the M-ary number defined in the dialog box.
Rectangular QAM Modulator Baseband:
The Rectangular QAM Modulator Baseband block modulates using M-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation with a constellation on a rectangular lattice. The output is a baseband representation of
the modulated signal.
Digital filter:
The block independently filters each channel of the input signal with a specified digital IIR or FIR
filter. The block can implement static filters with fixed coefficients, as well as time-varying filters
with coefficients that change over time.
Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel:
The Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel block implements a baseband simulation of a multipath
Rayleigh fading propagation channel.
Discrete-Time Scatter Plot Scope:
The Discrete-Time Scatter Plot Scope block displays scatterplots of a modulated signal, to reveal the
modulation characteristics, such as pulse shaping or channel distortions of the signal.
Discrete-Time Eye Diagram Scope:
The Discrete-Time Eye Diagram Scope block displays multiple traces of a modulated signal to
produce an eye diagram.
LMS Decision Feedback Equalizer:
The LMS Decision Feedback Equalizer block uses a decision feedback equalizer and the LMS
algorithm to equalize a linearly modulated baseband signal through a dispersive channel.








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RESULTS: SCATTER PLOT

Equalizer Output

Response with ISI

Input side

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DISCRETE EYE SCOPE:

Input side.

Added with noise.

Equalizer output.


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REFERENCES:
John G.Proakis Digital Communications.
John G.Proakis Communication Systems Eng.
Bernard Sklar- Digital Communications.
IEEE Paper- Elimination of ISI using Improved LMS based Decision feedback Equalizer.