EXPERIMENT # 1

OBJECTIVE:
The Basic DC Circuit and the use of an Instrument for the Measurement of
Voltage, Current and Resistance.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #1 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads.
Multimeter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1
THEORY:
Measuremen !" V!#a$e:
Voltage is measured using a multimeter set to a #oltage range, or using a dedicated
instrument called a #oltmeter. The meter is connected across $in %arallel &ith' the circuit
com%onent under test as sho&n in (ig 1.).
*ith analog meters, the meter leads must +e connected &ith the correct %olarit,, as
indicated in (ig 1.). If the lead %olarit, is incorrect, the %ointer &ill tr, to mo#e in the
&rong direction and the meter could +e %ermanentl, damaged. *ith digital multimeters
)
ho&e#er, should the meter +e connected &ith incorrect %olarit,, damage &ill not occur,
and a s,m+ol is sho&n on the dis%la,.
Measuremen !" Curren:
Current is measured using a multimeter set to a current range, or using a dedicated
instrument called an ammeter. The meter is connected in series &ith the circuit so that
the circuit current flo&s through the meter as sho&n in (ig 1.3.
Measuremen !" Res%san&e:
Resistance is measured using a multimeter set to a resistance range, or a dedicated
instrument called an ohmmeter. The meter is connected across the resistor +eing
measured as sho&n in (ig 1.-.
(or a resistor, the %olarit, of the lead connection does not matter +ut the resistor should
+e isolated from the remainder of the circuit if %ossi+le. This is +ecause the %resence of
other com%onents in the circuit &ill affect the reading o+tained. It is essential that the
%o&er su%%lied to the circuit is s&itched off to a#oid false readings and damage to
the meter.
3
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies .((, connect shorting lin"s +et&een soc"ets 1.)
/ 1.3 and +et&een soc"ets 1.- / 1.0 as sho&n in (ig 1.1a. This connects resistor
R1 to the #aria+le su%%l, source.
!et the multimeter control to its )0V DC range and then connect the meter to
soc"ets 1.1 / 1.2. 3nsure that the meter %olarit, is as indicated in (ig 1.1a.
!et the #aria+le DC #oltage out%ut control to minimum and then s&itch the
module %o&er su%%lies .4.
5raduall, increase the #oltage out%ut control and note that the meter reading
increases. Increase the #oltage to 10V as indicated +, the meter and lea#e the
control set at this #oltage. The 10V out%ut from the %o&er su%%l, is +eing a%%lied
to R1.
Remo#e the meter leads from soc"ets 1.1 / 1.2.
Remo#e the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 1.) / 1.3.
!et the multimeter to read DC current u% to )0m6.
Connect the meter +et&een soc"ets 1.) / 1.3 as sho&n in (ig 1.1+.
The meter &ill no& indicate the current flo&ing through the 1"7 resistor for an
a%%lied #oltage of 10V. 4ote the current #alue and record it in the a%%ro%riate
%osition in Ta+le 1.1.
Remo#e the shorting lin" from soc"ets 1.- / 1.0 and re%lace it +et&een soc"ets
1.8 / 1.2.
Remo#e the meter leads from soc"ets 1.) / 1.3, set the multimeter to read DC
current u% to )00m6, and reconnect in soc"ets 1.1 / 1.9 to measure the current
through R). 4ote the #alue and record it in Ta+le 1.).
Remo#e the shorting lin" and the meter leads. Both R1 and R) are no& com%letel,
isolated from the #aria+le DC su%%l,.
!et the multimeter to read resistance u% to )"7, and measure the resistance of R1
and R) +, connecting the meter leads to soc"ets 1.3 / 1.-, for R1, and to 1.9 /
1.8, for R). Record the #alues a%%ro%riatel, in Ta+le 1.1 and Ta+le 1.).
-
4ote that the resistance of R1 &ill %ro+a+l, not measure e:actl, 1"7. !imilarl, the
measured resistance of R) &ill %ro+a+l, not +e e:actl, 3307.
The reason for this is that no resistor can +e manufactured to ha#e an e:act #alue of
resistance. Instead, the resistor &ill ha#e a resistance #alue &hich lies &ithin a range of
allo&a+le resistance #alues.
Chec" that the measured resistance of R1 lies +et&een the u%%er and lo&er limits of the
resistance range gi#en in Ta+le 1.1. 6lso, chec" that the measured resistance of R) lies
+et&een the limits gi#en in Ta+le 1.).
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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1
EXPERIMENT # *
OBJECTIVE:
Verification of .hm<s =a&.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #1 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
9
THEORY:
.hm>s =a& states?
T+e ,!#a$e a&r!ss a &!n-u&!r %s -%re&#. /r!/!r%!na# ! +e &urren "#!0%n$
+r!u$+ %1
This can +e e:%ressed as follo&s?
V @ I
V 2 3&!nsan4 5 I
*here the constant is the resistance $R' of the conductor. Thus?
V 2 I R
&here?
V A Voltage $Volts'
I A Current $6m%eres'
R A Resistance $.hms'
This can also +e e:%ressed as?
8
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies .((, set the meter to read DC #oltage u% to
)0V, and connect the circuit &ith the shorting lin"s as sho&n in (ig ).1a.
!&itch the module %o&er su%%lies .4 and set the #oltage out%ut to 0V.
Remo#e the meter leads, set the meter to read DC current u% to )0m6, and
reconnect the circuit as sho&n in (ig ).1+.
4ote the current and record the #alue in Ta+le ).1.
Re%eat the entire %rocedure, setting the #oltage in ste%s to )V, -V, 9V, 2V, 10V
/ 1)V, noting the current at each ste% and recording the #alues in Ta+le ).1.
4o& re%eat the %rocedure &ith resistor R) connected in circuit instead of R1,
adBusting the meter current range as necessar,.
Construct a gra%h of current against #oltage for the readings o+tained for resistor
R1 on the a:es %ro#ided.
2
4ote ,ou should +e a+le to dra& a straight line through ,our %lotted %oints on the gra%h.
Cence, the gra%h is linear sho&ing that current is directl, %ro%ortional to the #oltage.
.n the same gra%h construct a second %lot of #oltage against current for the
readings o+tained for resistor R).
6gain ,ou should +e a+le to dra& a straight line through ,our %lotted %oints on the gra%h.
Com%are the t&o slo%es of the straight lines of R1 / R). Dou should disco#er that the
lo&er #alue resistor, &hich %asses a higher current, has a stee%er slo%e.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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0
EXPERIMENT # 6
OBJECTIVE:
To Measure Eo&er Dissi%ated in a Resistor.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #1 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10
THEORY:
The %o&er in a DC circuit is gi#en +, Voltage : Current, the units +eing &atts?
In these e:%ressions, the #oltage units are #olts, current units are am%eres and the
resistance units are ohms, the resulting %o&er +eing in &atts.
The electrical %o&er dissi%ated in a resistor is con#erted to heat. The current flo&ing
through a resistor &ill cause its tem%erature to rise. This tem%erature rise must +e limited
or the resistor &ill +e damaged. 6ll resistors ha#e a s%ecified ma:imum %o&er rating
&hich must not +e e:ceeded. To ensure that the %o&er dissi%ated in a resistor does not
e:ceed the ma:imum %o&er rating it is im%ortant that the a%%lied #oltage and the circuit
current are limited to safe le#els. The %o&er rating for a resistor de%ends on the material
used for its construction and on its %h,sical siFe.
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies .((, set the meter to read DC #oltage u% to
)0V, and connect the circuit &ith the shorting lin"s as sho&n in (ig 3.1.
!&itch the module %o&er su%%lies .4 and set the #oltage to -V.
Disconnect the meter from the circuit.
Remo#e the lin" from soc"ets 1.1 and 1.9. !et the meter to read DC current u% to
)00m6, and connect it to soc"ets 1.1 and 1.9 $&ith the %ositi#e lead of the
ammeter connected to soc"et 1.1'.
4ote the current flo&ing and record the #alue in Ta+le 3.1.
=ea#e the circuit connected for a fe& minutes and feel the resistor R), &hich is
situated as indicated in (ig 3.1, noting &hether its tem%erature has increased. Do
11
not "ee% ,our finger on the resistor continuousl, as this &ill affect the
tem%erature.
Re%eat the entire %rocedure for #oltage settings of 2V and 1)V, each time feeling
the resistor for tem%erature change. Do not e:ceed 1)V. 4ote the current flo&ing
in each case and record the #alues in the a%%ro%riate %ositions of Ta+le 3.1.
Calculate the %o&er dissi%ated for each #oltage setting and record in Ta+le 3.1.
.+ser#e ,our ta+le of results. Dou should disco#er that the greater the current flo&ing
through the resistor, the greater &ill +e the %o&er dissi%ated. In fact the amount of %o&er
dissi%ated &ill increase +, the sGuare of the current $I
)
', since E @ I
)
from E A I
)
R.
The %o&er rating of R) is 1H)* $100m*' and ,ou should notice that for an a%%lied
#oltage of 1)V the resistor is hot since it is a%%roaching its ma:imum %o&er rating.
4o& measure the current through resistor R1, so that the %o&er dissi%ated in R1 can +e
calculated.
Remo#e the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 1.8 / 1.2 and re%lace it +et&een
soc"ets 1.- / 1.0.
*ith the su%%l, #oltage still set at 1)V, disconnect the meter from the circuit, set
to read DC current u% to )0m6, and reconnect +et&een soc"ets 1.) and 1.3.
Measure the current flo&ing through resistor R1 and record the #alue in Ta+le
3.).
1)
Calculate the %o&er dissi%ated in resistor R1 for the 1)V #oltage setting and
record in Ta+le 3.).
(or the a%%lied #oltage of 1)V com%are the amount of %o&er dissi%ated in resistors R1 /
R). Dou should disco#er that the lo&er #alue resistor dissi%ates more %o&er for a gi#en
a%%lied #oltage since it %asses more current.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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13
EXPERIMENT # 7
OBJECTIVE:
Resistor Value Identification from Color Coding and Verification +,
Measurement.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #) of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1-
THEORY:
Res%s!r T!#eran&e: It is not %ossi+le to manufacture a resistor so that it has an e:act
#alue of resistance. Instead the resistor is made to a tolerance, that is, the resistor can
ha#e an, #alue &ithin a gi#en range of resistance #alues.
The resistor manufacturer &ill normall, s%ecif, a nominal resistor #alue $for e:am%le
1"7' %lus a tolerance $for e:am%le I1J'.
To calculate the u%%er and lo&er limits of the resistance range, for a resistor &ith a
nominal #alue R and tolerance of I1J?
(or e:am%le, a resistor of nominal #alue 1"7 and a tolerance of I1J &ill ha#e a
resistance range &hose limits are?
The -Band Color Coding !,stem for =o& Eo&er Resistors? The nominal #alue of a
resistor and its tolerance on this #alue, are indicated +, a s,stem of four colored +ands
around the +od,. This is illustrated in (ig -.1.
11
The +ands ma, +e arranged at one end of the resistor +od, to indicate &hich &a, round
the #alue should +e read.
The 8IR(T +and $nearest the end of the resistor' indicates the first digit of the resistor
#alue.
The (ECOND +and indicates the second digit of the resistor #alue.
The THIRD +and indicates the num+er of 0>s after the t&o digits, that is, this re%resents
the multi%lier.
The 8OURTH +and indicates the tolerance on the nominal indicated #alue.
The resistor color code #alues are sho&n in Ta+le -.1 +elo&.
The GO'D multi%lier +and is to allo& the coding of resistors &ithin the range 1 107.
The (I'VER multi%lier +and is to allo& the coding of resistors &ithin the range 0.1
17.
*hen s%ecif,ing resistor #alues?
The s,m+ol M signifies millions
The s,m+ol " signifies thousands
The s,m+ol R $or 7' signifies ohms
The %osition of the s,m+ol ma, +e used to re%resent the %osition of the decimal %lace.
19
3:am%les?
),800,0007 A ).8M7 A )M8
9,2007 A 9.2"7 A 9"2
-807 A -80R
1.97 A 1R9
0.2)7 A R2)
PROCEDURE:
(or each of the resistors R3 to R10 note the colors of the four +ands, record them
in Ta+le -.) and hence identif, their nominal #alues and tolerances.
Calculate the u%%er and lo&er limits of the resistance range for each resistor, and
record these limits in Ta+le -.).
Measure the resistance of each resistor using the multimeter set to a suita+le
resistance range, or use autorange facilit, if a#aila+le. Record the #alues in Ta+le
-.).
Com%are the #alues identified from the color coding &ith the measured #alues.
Chec" that each resistor is &ithin its s%ecified tolerance $that is, the measured
resistance #alue lies +et&een the calculated u%%er and lo&er tolerance limits'.
18
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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EXPERIMENT # 9
OBJECTIVE:
To Measure 3Gui#alent Resistance, Voltages and Currents in !eries Resistor
Circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #3 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
12
10
THEORY:
E:u%,a#en Res%san&e !" Res%s!rs C!nne&e- %n (er%es:
(ig 1.1 sho&s three resistors R1, R) / R3 connected in series, the com+ination +eing
eGui#alent to a single resistor RT. The eGui#alent resistance?
RT 2 R1 ; R* ; R6
)0
V!#a$e D%,%-%n$ 0%+ (er%es Res%s!rs:
(ig 1.3 sho&s three resistors connected in series. The current I is the same through each
resistor, %roducing #olt dro% V
1
across R
1
, V
)
across R
)
and V
3
across R
3
. This circuit is
referred to as a %otential di#ider or #oltage di#ider, since the su%%l, #oltage is di#ided
into a num+er of %otential differences or #oltage dro%s.
6 %otential difference $%d' is the #oltage difference +et&een one end of a resistor and the
other.
The sum of the #oltage dro%s is eGual to the source #oltage V?
V 2 V
1
; V
*
; V
6
This fact is often stated as Kirchhoff>s Voltage =a&?
<T+e sum !" +e ,!#a$e -r!/s ar!un- a &#!se- &%r&u% %s e:ua# ! +e a//#%e-
,!#a$e1<
It is %ossi+le to calculate the #oltage dro% across each resistor in a series connected
circuit. *e "no& that the total circuit resistance is?
R
T
2 R
1
; R
*
; R
6
and that the su%%l, current I is the same through each resistor. Therefore +, a%%l,ing
.hm>s la&?
V 2 I 5 R
T
)1
V
1
2 I 5 R
1
V
*
2 I 5 R
*
V
6
2 I 5 R
6
T!a# P!0er D%ss%/a%!n %n a (er%es Res%s!r C%r&u%:
The total %o&er dissi%ation in a series resistor circuit is eGual to the sum of the %o&er
dissi%ation of the indi#idual resistors.
(or the circuit of (ig 1.3, the total %o&er dissi%ation is?
P
T
2 I
*
R
1
; I
*
R
*
; I
*
R
6
2 I
*
3R
1
; R
*
; R
6
4 2 I
*
R
T
so the total %o&er dissi%ation can also +e e:%ressed as?
These formulas for total %o&er dissi%ation hold true for an, series resistor circuit?
&here I is the su%%l, current, V is the su%%l, #oltage and RT is the total circuit
resistance.
PROCEDURE:
T+e E:u%,a#en Res%san&e !" Res%s!rs C!nne&e- %n (er%es:
Connect t&o shorting lin"s as sho&n in (ig 1.).
Measure the resistance of each indi#idual resistor R11 R19 +, connecting a
multimeter set to measure resistance to suita+le soc"ets and record the #alues in
Ta+le 1.1.
))
Measure the resistance of R11 / R1- connected in series +, %lacing the meter
+et&een soc"ets 3.3 / 3.19 and record the #alue in Ta+le 1.) +elo&.
Calculate the e:%ected eGui#alent resistance RT A R11 L R1- +, adding together
the t&o measured #alues recorded in Ta+le 1.1 and record this in Ta+le 1.).
Re%eat the %rocess for all the series com+inations sho&n in Ta+le 1.), connecting
the ohmmeter and shorting lin"s to suita+le soc"ets for each com+ination. 6lso
calculate the total resistance for each com+ination +, adding together the
a%%ro%riate measured #alues recorded in Ta+le 1.1 and enter in Ta+le 1.).
V!#a$es an- Currens %n a (er%es C!nne&e- C%r&u%:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((, connect the shorting lin"s as
sho&n in (ig 1.-. This connects resistors R11, R1- / R11 in series to the #aria+le
#oltage source.
!et the meter to read DC #oltage u% to )0V, and connect to 3.1 / 3.)0.
)3
The circuit &hich ,ou ha#e constructed is illustrated +, the schematic diagram in (ig 1.1
+elo&.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies and set the #oltage to 10V.
V!#a$e Measuremens:
Determine the #oltage dro%s across R11, R1- / R11. Record the #alues in Ta+le
1.3.
!tud, the reading o+tained. The di#ision of the su%%l, #oltage is %ro%ortional to the #alue
of each resistor in circuit. Dou should o+ser#e that the #oltage dro% is greatest across the
largest resistor, R1- and least across the smallest resistor R11.
Chec" that Kirchhoff>s Voltage =a& a%%lies to the sum of #olt dro%s $or %ds' in this
circuit.
)-
Curren Measuremens:
4o& remo#e the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 3.) / 3.3.
!et the meter to read DC current u% to )0m6, and connect it to soc"ets 3.) / 3.3
&ith the L lead to 3.). The meter indicates the circuit current. Record the current
#alue in Ta+le 1.-.
Remo#e the meter and re%lace the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 3.) / 3.3.
Re%eat the %rocedure &ith the other three shorting lin"s in turn, measuring the
current +et&een soc"ets 3.2 / 3.11, 3.1) / 3.13 / 3.1- / 3.10. Record the
#alues in Ta+le 1.-.
Msing .hm>s =a& calculate the measured #oltage dro%s across each resistor as
follo&s?
Voltage dro% across R11? V11 A I : R11 A............ : ............ A NNNV
Voltage dro% across R1-? V1- A I : R1- A............ : ............ A NNNV
Voltage dro% across R11? V11 A I : R11 A............ : ............ A NNNV
*here? I is the su%%l, current
Calculate?
V11 L V1- L V11 A NNN.V
The total should eGual the su%%l, #oltage.
Calculate?
RT A R11 L R1- L R11 A NNN.."7
Msing this #alue calculate?
V A I RT A NNN.V
&here I is the su%%l, current.
)1
The calculated #alue should eGual the su%%l, #oltage.
T!a# P!0er D%ss%/a%!n:
(inall,, use ,our measured su%%l, current I and total resistance RT to calculate the total
%o&er dissi%ation?
ET A I
)
RT A NNN..m*
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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)9
EXPERIMENT # =
OBJECTIVE:
To Measure 3Gui#alent Resistance, Voltages and Currents in Earallel Resistor
Circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #3 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
)8
THEORY:
T+e E:u%,a#en Res%san&e !" Res%s!rs C!nne&e- %n Para##e#:
)2
(ig 9.1 sho&s three resistors R1, R) / R3 connected in %arallel and the eGui#alent single
resistor RT. The in%ut su%%l, current IT s%lits into com%onents I1, I) / I3.
IT 2 I1 ; I* ; I6
This is often stated as >%r&++!""<s Curren 'a0. Because the su%%l, current is di#ided
into a num+er of com%onents, this t,%e of circuit is sometimes referred to as a &urren
-%,%-er circuit.
>%r&++!""<s Curren 'a0:
<T+e a#$e?ra%& sum !" +e &urrens ener%n$ a a /!%n %n a &%r&u% %s e:ua# ! +e
a#$e?ra%& sum !" &urrens #ea,%n$ +e /!%n1<
Kno&ing that the su%%l, #oltage V is a%%lied across all three resistors in the a+o#e
e:%ression &e can a%%l, .hm>s =a& and &rite?
Therefore the total resistance of resistors connected in %arallel is?
(or the case of t&o resistors in %arallel?
)0
This eGuation ma, +e e:%ressed as
T!a# P!0er D%ss%/a%!n %n a Para##e# Res%s!r C%r&u%:
The total %o&er dissi%ation in a %arallel resistor circuit is eGual to the sum of the %o&er
dissi%ations of the indi#idual resistors.
(or the circuit sho&n in (ig 9.1, the total %o&er dissi%ation is?
4o& V A IT RT, so the total %o&er dissi%ation can also +e e:%ressed as?
These formulas for total %o&er dissi%ation hold true for an, %arallel resistor circuit?
30
&here V is the su%%l, current, IT is the total $su%%l,' current and RT is the total circuit
resistance.
PROCEDURE:
E:u%,a#en Res%san&e !" Res%s!rs C!nne&e- %n Para##e#:
4ote the #alues of the indi#idual resistances R1) to R19. Record the #alues in
Ta+le 9.1.
Connect four shorting lin"s to Circuit #3 as sho&n in (ig 9.). This effecti#el,
connects R13 / R1- in %arallel and also R11 / R19 in %arallel.
Measure the resistance of R13 / R1- in %arallel +, connecting the multimeter
configured to measure resistance to soc"ets 3.1 / 3.19 and resistance of R11, R19
in %arallel +, connecting the meter to soc"ets 3.13 / 3.18. Record the #alues in
Ta+le 9.1.
4o& connect a shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 3.9 / 3.0. This effecti#el, connects
R1), R13 / R1- in %arallel. Measure the circuit resistance +et&een soc"ets 3.1 /
3.19 and record the #alue in Ta+le 9.1.
31
Calculate the eGui#alent resistance of the %arallel circuits using the indi#iduall,
measured #alues and record in Ta+le 9.1.
!tud, ,our results, ,ou should o+ser#e that the calculated and measured #alues for each
%arallel com+ination are eGual.
(or t&o resistors of the same #alue connected in %arallel, RT is al&a,s half the #alue of
one resistor.
V!#a$e an- Curren Re#a%!ns+%/s "!r Para##e# C!nne&e- C%r&u%s:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((, connect the circuit as sho&n in
(ig 9.3. This connects R1), R13 / R1- in %arallel to the #aria+le #oltage su%%l,.
The circuit connected is sho&n in (ig 9.-.
!et the meter to read DC #oltage set to suita+le range, s&itch .4 the module
%o&er su%%lies and set the su%%l, #oltage to 10V.
Measure the #oltage across resistors R1), R13 / R1-. 4ote that, in each case, the
#oltage is eGual to the su%%l, #oltage.
4o& measure the current through all sections of the circuit +, remo#ing the
shorting lin"s one at a time and inserting the meter set to read DC current at a
suita+le range $start &ith the highest range and &or" do&n'. Record the #alues in
Ta+le 9.).
3)
!tud, ,our readings. Dou should disco#er that the #oltage across all resistors is eGual to
the su%%l, #oltage.
6dd u% the currents flo&ing through each resistor. The sum of the +ranch currents should
+e eGual to the su%%l, current O this demonstrates Kirchhoff<s Current =a&.
Msing .hm>s =a&, chec" the measured current flo&ing through each resistor, as follo&s?
The #alues should com%are &ith those measured.
*here t&o resistors in %arallel are of eGual #alue, the current di#ides eGuall, +et&een
them. (or uneGual #alues in %arallel, the largest current flo&s through the smallest #alue
resistor.
T!a# P!0er D%ss%/a%!n:
(inall, calculate the total %o&er dissi%ation?
ET A I
T
)
RT A NNN..m*
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________
33
EXPERIMENT # @
OBJECTIVE:
To !tud, the Characteristics of !eriesEarallel Connected Circuits
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #3 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3-
PROCEDURE:
E:u%,a#en Res%san&e !" Res%s!rs C!nne&e-:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies .((, connect the shorting lin"s as sho&n in (ig
8.1. This connects R11 in series &ith the %arallel com+ination R1), R13, R1- and in
series &ith the %arallel com+ination R11, R19.
*ith the multimeter, measure the resistance of the com%lete series%arallel circuit
+, connecting the meter to soc"ets 3.3 / 3.18. Record the #alue in Ta+le 8.1.
6lso measure the resistance of R11, the resistance of R1), R13, R1- in %arallel and
the resistance of R11, R19 in %arallel and record the measurements in Ta+le 8.1.
31
The resistance of the com%lete circuit should eGual the sum of the three series sections
$R11', $R1), R13, R1- in %arallel', and $R11, R19 in %arallel'.
V!#a$e an- Curren Measuremens:
Disconnect the meter from the circuit.
4o& connect a shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 3.) / 3.3. The circuit is no&
connected to the #aria+le %o&er su%%l,.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies and set the #aria+le su%%l, #oltage to 10V.
Measure the currents for all sections of the circuit and record the #alues in Ta+le
8.).
Calculate the sum of currents through resistors R1), R13 and R1- and record the
#alue in Ta+le 8.).
Measure the #oltages for all sections of the circuit and record the #alues in Ta+le
8.3.
39
Msing the #alues of Ta+le 8.) / Ta+le 8.3 carr, out the calculation?
Com%are the calculated #alue of total circuit resistance &ith the measured total circuit
resistance recorded in Ta+le 8.1. Dou should o+ser#e that the t&o #alues are eGual.
T!a# P!0er D%ss%/a%!n %n a (er%esAPara##e# Res%s!r C%r&u%:
.nce the total circuit resistance of a series%arallel circuit is "no&n, the total
%o&er dissi%ation can +e easil, calculated using the formulas?
*here I is the su%%l, current, V is the su%%l, #oltage and RT is the total circuit resistance.
ET A I
T
)
RT A NNN..m*
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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EXPERIMENT # B
OBJECTIVE:
38
To !tud, the Varia+le Resistor Characteristics and its 6%%lications.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #- of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
32
THOERY:
The #aria+le resistor consists of a trac" &hich is the resisti#e material and a slider &hich
is in contact &ith the trac" and a+le to mo#e along the &hole length of the trac". 6s the
slider mo#es the resistance +et&een the slider and a trac" end terminal &ill #ar,.
30
In (ig 2.1 there &ill +e a constant resistance +et&een connections 1 / ). The resistance
+et&een connections 1 / 3 and ) / 3 &ill #ar,, de%ending u%on the %osition of the
slider. 6s the resistance +et&een 1 / 3 increases, so the resistance +et&een ) / 3
decreases +, the same amount.
There are t&o t,%es of construction?
*ith the trac" in the form of an arc, the slider control rotates.
*ith the trac" in the form of a straight line, the slider then mo#es in a
straight line.
There are t&o t,%es of trac" resistance characteristics?
6 linear trac" &here the resistance is directl, %ro%ortional to the slider mo#ement.
6 logarithmic trac" &here the resistance is 4.T directl, %ro%ortional to slider
mo#ement.
T+e Use !" a Var%a?#e Res%s!r ! Pr!,%-e a Var%a?#e Ou/u V!#a$e:
(ig 2.-a sho&s the /!en%!meer connection. The out%ut #oltage is #aria+le from Fero
to the #alue of the in%ut #oltage.
(ig 2.-+ sho&s the r+e!sa connection. The out%ut #oltage is #aria+le from a certain
minimum #alue $&hich de%ends u%on the #alue of the load resistance connected and that
of the #aria+le resistance' to the #alue of the in%ut #oltage.
(ig 2.-c sho&s the use of a series resistor R to limit the ma:imum #alue of the #aria+le
out%ut #oltage.
The slider of a logarithmicall, #aria+le resistor &ill di#ide the trac" resistance in half
&ith su+stantiall, less than half the slider tra#el, resulting in a nonlinear scale.
-0
PROCEDURE:
Var%a%!n !" Res%san&e 0%+ C!nr!# P!s%%!n "!r a Var%a?#e Res%s!r:
!et the resistor control full, counter cloc"&ise.
Measure the resistance +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.8, -.1 / -.9 and -.9 / -.8. 3nter
the #alues in Ta+le 2.1.
Re%eat the %rocess for the control settings 1H-, 1H), 3H- and full, cloc"&ise,
recording the #alues in Ta+le 2.1.
The resistance +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.8 should remain constant for all settings and the
resistance +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.9 and -.9 / -.8 #aries &ith the control setting.
Elot the characteristic of resistance against control %osition, for measurements
+et&een soc"ets -.9 / -.8, on the a:es %ro#ided.
-1
The gra%h should +e linear since the resistor is a linear t,%e. The sha%e &ill de%end u%on
the accurate setting of the control %osition.
.n the same gra%h, %lot the characteristic of resistance against control setting for
measurements +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.9.
The second %lot should com%lement the first. *hile the first %lot sho&s an increase in
resistance &ith control %osition, the second %lot decreases +, the same amount.
Var%a?#e Ou/u V!#a$e Us%n$ +e P!en%!meer C!nne&%!n:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((, connect the shorting lin"s and
meter as sho&n in (ig 2.1. !et the resistor control full, counter cloc"&ise and set
the meter to measure DC #oltage.
!&itch the module %o&er su%%lies .4, note the out%ut #oltage measured +et&een
-.9 / -.10 and enter the #alue in Ta+le 2.).
-)
!et the resistor control in turn to its 1H-, 1H), 3H- and full, cloc"&ise settings, at
each ste% note the out%ut #oltage and enter the #alue in Ta+le 2.).
4o& remo#e the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets -.3 / -.- to insert R18 in series
&ith the #aria+le resistor R12.
Re%eat the %rocedure, noting the out%ut #oltage for the indicated control settings
and enter the #alues in Ta+le 2.).
4ote that &ith R18 short circuited, the out%ut #oltage is #aria+le o#er the full in%ut
#oltage range. *ith R18 in circuit the ma:imum out%ut #oltage is limited.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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-3
EXPERIMENT # C
OBJECTIVE:
Controlling a =am% &ith a Varia+le Resistor.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #- of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
--
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((, connect the shorting lin"s and
meter as sho&n in (ig 0.1. !et the multimeter to measure DC #oltage, and set the
#aria+le resistor, R12, control full, counter cloc"&ise.
!&itch the module %o&er su%%lies .4, note the #oltmeter reading and record the
reading in Ta+le 0.1. This re%resents the #oltage that is a%%lied to the lam%.
4o& set the resistor control in turn to each of the settings 1H-, 1H), 3H- / full,
cloc"&ise, noting the #oltage reading at each setting. Record the #alues in Ta+le
0.1.
(or each control setting, measure and record the current through the lam%
$multimeter set to measure current +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.)'.
6s the control setting is increased ,ou should o+ser#e an increase in lam% +rightness.
Construct a gra%h of lam% current against lam% #oltage for the readings ta"en on the a:es
%ro#ided. Remen+er that &hen the current through the lam% is Fero, the #oltage across the
lam% &ill also +e Fero, and ,ou can therefore %lot this %oint on ,our gra%h.
-1
The gra%h is nonlinear, that is, the %lotted %oints do not follo& a straight line. Chec"
,our gra%h to #erif, this.
Remo#e the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.). 6llo& the lam% to cool
do&n. Measure the offload lam% resistance +, connecting a multimeter +et&een
soc"ets -.8 / -.0.
Msing the #oltage and current measurements in Ta+le 0.1 for the full,cloc"&ise control
setting, calculate the fullload lam% resistance?
-9
Com%are the offload lam% resistance and the fullload lam% resistance. The t&o #alues
are different, again sho&ing that the lam% resistance is not constant. Dour results should
indicate that the fullload lam% resistance is much higher.
Disconnect the multimeter from the circuit, and re%lace the shorting lin" +et&een
soc"ets -.1 / -.).
P!0er D%ss%/ae- %n a 'am/ C%r&u%
Refer +ac" to Ta+le 0.1, and using the recordings of #oltage and current, calculate
the %o&er +eing dissi%ated in the lam% for each control setting. Record the #alues
in Ta+le 0.1.
=am% %o&er A lam% #oltage : lam% current
6s the control setting is rotated cloc"&ise the lam% %o&er increases and the lam%
+ecomes +righter. Therefore electrical %o&er dissi%ated in the lam% is con#erted to light.
This is not the onl, form in &hich the %o&er is dissi%ated. The lam% also dissi%ates
%o&er as heat.
6dBust the control for ma:imum lam% +rightness. 6fter a%%ro:imatel, one minute
touch the lam%.
4otice that the lam% is &arm. This indicates that some of the lam% %o&er is +eing
dissi%ated as heat. In fact, most of the %o&er dissi%ated in a lam% is con#erted into heat.
The lam% is not #er, efficient at %roducing light.
Calculate the %o&er from the source for the control setting of 1H).
Eo&er from source A source #oltage : lam% current
A 1)V : lam% current
*here lam% current is the current for the control setting 1H) in Ta+le 0.1.
Com%are the calculated %o&er from the source &ith the lam% %o&er for the control
setting 1H). 4otice that the lam% %o&er is less than the %o&er from the source. This is
+ecause the #aria+le resistor is also dissi%ating %o&er.
Total %o&er A lam% %o&er L #aria+le resistor %o&er
-8
*here?
Varia+le resistor %o&er A I
)
: R
The resistance R is the resistance #alue of R12 configured in the rheostat connection and
set to the 1H) control %osition.
Remo#e the lin" +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.). !et the control to 1H) and measure
the resistance of R12 +, connecting a multimeter +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.8.
Disconnect the meter, and re%lace the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets -.1 / -.).
Msing this measured resistance #alue and the current #alue for the control setting 1H) in
Ta+le 0.1, calculate the %o&er dissi%ated in the #aria+le resistor.
Calculate?
Total %o&er A lam% %o&er L #aria+le resistor %o&er
Com%are the total %o&er &ith the %o&er from the source calculated %re#iousl,. The
#alues should a%%ro:imatel, +e the same.
This demonstrates that the %o&er from the source is eGual to the %o&er dissi%ated in the
resistor %lus the %o&er dissi%ated in the lam%.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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-2
EXPERIMENT # 1D
OBJECTIVE:
The *heatstone Bridge and its 6%%lication to Resistance Measurement.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #9 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
-0
THEORY:
The schematic diagram a+o#e sho&s the construction of a *heatstone Bridge,
com%rising four resistors. The +ridge is constructed +, connecting t&o series resistors in
%arallel &ith a second %air of series resistors.
6 DC su%%l, and a sensiti#e meter $M' are connected as sho&n. .ne of the resistors
$sho&n as R3' is #aria+le and is cali+rated so that its set #alue can +e read.
T&o of the other resistors, R) / R-, are fi:ed and of "no&n #alues and the other resistor,
R1, is of an un"no&n #alue &hich is to +e found.
*ith the circuit connected as sho&n, the #alue of R3 is adBusted until no current flo&s
through the meter. This is referred to as the ?a#an&e- condition, the +ridge is said to +e
+alanced. (or a +ridge circuit to +e +alanced, there must +e eGual %otentials $#oltages' on
+oth the terminals of the meter.
*hen +alanced?
The current through R1 is the same as that through R3 and the current through R)
is the same as that through R-.
The #oltage across R1 is the same as that across R) and the #oltage across R3 is the
same as that across R-.
10
(or a+o#e circuit? R)- re%resents R)P R)1 re%resents R-P R)9 re%resents R3P and the
un"no&n resistors, Ra, R+ / Rc are arranged to re%resent resistor R1.
The %ur%ose of R)3, the 1"7 resistor, is to %rotect the meter from e:cessi#e current &hen
the +ridge is un+alanced.
The e:%ression for determining the un"no&n resistor for the a+o#e circuit is thus?
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((, connect the shorting lin"s as
sho&n in (ig 11.1.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies, and using the multimeter, set the #aria+le
su%%l, to 10V. Disconnect the meter from the circuit.
!et the meter range to measure DC current u% to )m6 and connect +et&een 9.0
and 9.11.
11
The +ridge is no& arranged to determine the resistance of resistor Ra.
6dBust the #alue of R)9 so that the current indicated +, the meter is Fero. 4ote the
#alue of R)9 for this +ridge +alanced condition. Record the #alue of R)9 at
+alance in Ta+le 11.1.
Remo#e the shorting lin" from soc"ets 9.1 / 9.9 and connect +et&een soc"ets 9.-
/ 9.9 for measurement of resistance R+. Re%eat the %rocedure, noting the #alue of
R)9 for the +alanced +ridge condition and record the #alue in Ta+le 11.1.
Re%eat the %rocedure &ith the shorting lin" +et&een soc"ets 9.9 / 9.8 to
determine Rc.
It &as sho&n earlier that?
!ince the #alues of R)- / R)1 are eGual, the #alue of R)9 at +alance re%resents the #alue
of the un"no&n resistor.
Record the un"no&n resistance #alues of Ra, R+ / Rc in Ta+le 11.1.
Remo#e the t&o shorting lin"s and the meter. Msing a multimeter, measure the
#alues of the un"no&n resistors directl,.
1)
The #alues should com%are &ith those o+tained using the *heatstone +ridge. Chec" ,our
readings to confirm this.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
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13
EXPERIMENT # 11
OBJECTIVE:
To Become (amiliar *ith Branch Current, Mesh and 4odal 6nal,sis TechniGues.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuits of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT # 1:
CIRCUIT # *:
CIRCUIT # 6:
1-
THEORY:
Bran&+ Curren Me+!-:
The first and most straightfor&ard net&or" anal,sis techniGue is called the Branch
Current Method. In this method, directions of currents in a net&or" are assumed, then
eGuations are &ritten descri+ing their relationshi%s to each other through Kirchhoff>s and
.hm>s =a&s. .nce one eGuation for e#er, un"no&n current is o+tained, the simultaneous
eGuations can +e sol#ed to determine all currents, and therefore all #oltage dro%s in the
net&or".
!te%s to follo& for the Branch Current Method are?
Choose a node $Erinci%al node' in the circuit to use as a %oint of reference for
un"no&n currents. 6%%l, Kirchhoff<s Current =a& $KC=' at this node.
=a+el all #oltage dro% %olarities across resistors according to the assumed
directions of the currents.
*rite KV= eGuations for each loo% of the circuit, su+stituting the %roduct IR for
V in each resistor term of the eGuations.
!ol#e for un"no&n +ranch currents $simultaneous eGuations'.
If an, solution is negati#e, then the assumed direction of current for that solution
is &rongQ
!ol#e for #oltage dro%s across all resistors $VAIR'.
D%sa-,ana$es:
In a more com%le: net&or", the +ranch current method is difficult to a%%l,
+ecause it does not suggest either a starting %oint or a logical %rogression through
the net&or" to %roduce the necessar, eGuations.
It also results in more inde%endent eGuations than either the mesh current or node
#oltage method reGuires1
Mes+ Ana#.s%s Te&+n%:ue:
Mesh anal,sis is a sim%ler techniGue as com%ared to +ranch current method. This method
is usuall, em%lo,ed to find the un"no&n currents in the circuit.
!te%s to follo& for the Mesh 6nal,sis are?
Clearl, la+el all circuit %arameters and distinguish the un"no&n %arameters from
the "no&n.
Identif, all meshes of the circuit.
6ssign mesh currents and la+el %olarities.
11
6%%l, KV= at each mesh and e:%ress the #oltages in terms of the mesh currents.
!ol#e the resulting simultaneous eGuations for the mesh currents.
4o& the mesh currents are "no&n, the #oltages ma, +e o+tained from .hm<s la&.
N!-a# Ana#.s%s Te&+n%:ue:
This method is usuall, em%lo,ed to find the un"no&n #oltages in the circuit.
!te%s to follo& for the 4odal 6nal,sis are?
Clearl, la+el all circuit %arameters and distinguish the un"no&n %arameters from
the "no&n.
Identif, all nodes of the circuit.
!elect a %rinci%al node as the reference node $ground is usuall, selected as
reference'. 6ssign #oltages to other %rinci%al nodes in the circuit &ith res%ect to
the reference node.
6%%l, KC= at each %rinci%al node and e:%ress the +ranch currents in terms of the
node #oltages.
!ol#e the resulting simultaneous eGuations for the node #oltages.
Branch currents ma, +e o+tained using .hm<s =a&.
PROCEDURE:
Bran&+ Curren Me+!-:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((E Connect the circuit as sho&n in
circuit diagram # 1.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies, and using the multimeter, set the meter to
measure DC current and measure the currents through R1, R) and R3. 4ote these
o+ser#ations.
!et the meter range to measure #oltage and find #oltage across R3. 4ote this
#alue.
4o& find +ranch currents and #oltage across R3 +, calculations. 4ote these
calculated #alues.
Com%are ,our e:%erimental readings &ith the calculated ones and calculate the
%ercentage error.
OB(ERVATION( AND CA'CU'ATION(:
E5/er%mena##. Deerm%ne-: B. Ca#&u#a%!ns:
I
1
A ;;;;;;; m6 I<
1
A ;;;;;; m6
I
)
A ;;;;;;; m6 I<
)
A ;;;;;; m6
I
3
A ;;;;;;; m6 I<
3
A ;;;;;; m6
V
R3
A ;;;;;; V V<
R3
A ;;;;;; V
19
Mes+ Ana#.s%s Te&+n%:ue:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((E Connect the circuit as sho&n in
circuit diagram # ).
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies, and using the multimeter, set the meter rto
measure DC current and measure the currents through R1, R) and R3. 4ote these
o+ser#ations.
4o& find mesh currents +, calculations. 4ote these calculated #alues.
Com%are ,our e:%erimental readings &ith the calculated ones and calculate the
%ercentage error.
OB(ERVATION( AND CA'CU'ATION(:
E5/er%mena##. Deerm%ne-: B. Ca#&u#a%!ns:
I
1
A ;;;;;;; m6 I<
1
A ;;;;;; m6
I
)
A ;;;;;;; m6 I<
)
A ;;;;;; m6
I
3
A ;;;;;;; m6 I<
3
A ;;;;;; m6
N!-a# Ana#.s%s Te&+n%:ue:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((E Connect the circuit as sho&n in
circuit diagram # 3.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies, and using the multimeter, set the meter rto
measure #oltage and measure the #oltage Va. 4ote this o+ser#ation.
4o& find node #oltage Va +, calculations. 4ote this calculated #alue.
Com%are ,our e:%erimental reading &ith the calculated one and calculate the
%ercentage error.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
OB(ERVATION( AND CA'CU'ATION(:
E5/er%mena##. Deerm%ne-:
Va A ;;;;;; V
B. Ca#&u#a%!ns:
Va A ;;;;;; V
CONC'U(ION ) COMMENT(:
18
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EXPERIMENT # 1*
OBJECTIVE:
To !tud, !ource Transformation method.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuits of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
(inding a solution to a circuit can +e some&hat difficult &ithout using tric"s or methods
that ma"e the circuit a%%ear sim%ler. Circuit solutions are often sim%lified, es%eciall,
&ith mi:ed sources, +, transforming a #oltage into a current source, and #ice #ersa. This
%rocess is "no&n as a s!ur&e rans"!rma%!n, and is an a%%lication of The#enin>s
theorem and 4orton>s theorem.
Eerforming a source transformation is the %rocess of using .hms =a& to ta"e an e:isting
#oltage source in series &ith a resistance, and re%lace it &ith a current source in %arallel
&ith the same resistance. Remem+er that .hms la& states that a #oltage in a material is
eGual to the material>s resistance times the amount of current through it. !ince source
transformations are +ilateral, one can +e deri#ed from the other. !ource transformations
are not limited to resisti#e circuits ho&e#er. The, can +e %erformed on a circuit in#ol#ing
ca%acitors and inductors, as long as the circuit is first %ut into the freGuenc, domain. In
12
general, the conce%t of source transformation is an a%%lication of The#enin>s theorem to a
current source, or 4orton>s theorem to a #oltage source.
!%ecificall,, source transformations are used to e:%loit the eGui#alence of a real current
source and a real #oltage source, such as a +atter,. 6%%lication of The#enin>s theorem
and 4orton>s theorem gi#es the Guantities associated &ith the eGui#alence. !%ecificall,,
su%%ose &e ha#e a real current source I, &hich is an ideal current source in %arallel &ith
an im%edance. If the ideal current source is rated at I am%eres, and the %arallel resistor
has an im%edance R, then a%%l,ing a source transformation gi#es an eGui#alent real
#oltage source, &hich is ideal, and in series &ith the im%edance. This ne& #oltage source
V, has a #alue eGual to the ideal current source>s #alue times the resistance contained in
the real current source . The im%edance com%onent of the real #oltage source
retains its real current source #alue.
In general, source transformations can +e summariFed +, "ee%ing t&o things in mind?
.hm>s =a&
Im%edances remain the same
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((E Connect the circuit as sho&n in
circuit diagram.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies, and using the multimeter measure the
current through and #oltage across R3. 4ote these o+ser#ations in the follo&ing
ta+le.
4o& find the current and #oltage across R3 +, using source transformation
calculations. 4ote these calculated #alues in the ta+le.
Com%are ,our e:%erimental readings &ith the calculated ones and calculate the
%ercentage error.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
10
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90
EXPERIMENT # 16
OBJECTIVE:
To %ro#e that Eo&er !u%%lied is 3Gual to Eo&er Dissi%ated in Resisti#e Circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Circuit #3 of D3000 1.1 DC Circuits1 Module
!horting lin"s and connecting leads
Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
P!0er C!nser,a%!n T+e!rem:
It states that?
In any circuit, Power Supplied must equal the Power Consumed
P!0er (u//#%e- 2 P!0er C!nsume-
In sim%le form &e can sa, that in an, s,stem, Eo&er In%ut must eGual the Eo&er .ut%ut.
P
%n
2 P
!u
91
If &e are dealing &ith a resistor, then &e sa, the %o&er is dissi%ated, or there is a heating
loss. .f course the %o&er is not lost, +ut is con#erted into heat. .r more general
statement &ould +e?
P
%n
2 P
!u
; '!ss
PROCEDURE:
*ith the module %o&er su%%lies s&itched .((E Connect the circuit as sho&n in
circuit diagram.
!&itch .4 the module %o&er su%%lies, and using the multimeter measure the
currents through R1, R) and R3. 4ote these o+ser#ations in the follo&ing ta+le.
4o& calculate %o&er dissi%ated in the circuit. 4ote these #alues in the ta+le.
(ind the %o&er su%%lied +, the sources.
Com%are %o&er su%%lied and %o&er dissi%ated and calculate %ercentage error.
Remo#e an, circuit and test instrument connections from the D3000 circuit +oard.
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9)
EXPERIMENT # 17
OBJECTIVE:
To Measure Eo&er in DC Circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Eo&er !u%%l,
*attmeter
6mmeter
Voltmeter
=oad
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
3lectric %o&er is measured +, means of a &attmeter. This instrument is of the
electrod,namic t,%e. It consists of a %air of fi:ed coils, "no&n as current coils, and a
mo#a+le coil "no&n as the %otential coil. $!ee fig. 1' The fi:ed coils are made u% of a
fe& turns of a com%arati#el, large conductor. The %otential coil consists of man, turns of
fine &ire. It is mounted on a shaft, carried in Be&eled +earings, so that it ma, turn inside
the stationar, coils. The mo#a+le coil carries a needle &hich mo#es o#er a suita+l,
mar"ed scale.
93
The current coil $stationar, coil' of the &attmeter is connected in series &ith the circuit
$load', and the %otential coil $mo#a+le coil' is connected across the line. *hen line
current flo&s through the current coil of a &attmeter, a field is set u% around the coil. The
strength of this field is %ro%ortional to the line current and in %hase &ith it. The %otential
coil of the &attmeter generall, has a highresistance resistor connected in series &ith it to
reduce the current that flo&s through it. This is for the %ur%ose of ma"ing the %otential
coil circuit of the meter as %urel, resisti#e as %ossi+le. 6s a result, current in the %otential
circuit is %racticall, in %hase &ith line #oltage. Therefore, &hen #oltage is a%%lied to the
%otential circuit, current is %ro%ortional to and in %hase &ith the line #oltage.
(igure 1 6 sim%lified electrod,namic &attmeter circuit.
The actuating force of a &attmeter comes from the field of its current coil and the field of
its %otential coil. The force acting on the mo#a+le coil at an, instant $tending to turn it' is
%ro%ortional to the instantaneous #alues of line current and #oltage in a DC circuit. .n an
ac circuit the deflection is %ro%ortional to the %roduct of rms #alues of #oltage and
current
The &attmeter consists of t&o circuits, either of &hich &ill +e damaged if too much
current is %assed through them. This fact is to +e es%eciall, em%hasiFed in the case of
&attmeters, +ecause the reading of the instrument does not ser#e to tell the user that the
coils are +eing o#erheated. If an ammeter or #oltmeter is o#erloaded, the %ointer &ill +e
indicating +e,ond the u%%er limit of its scale. In the &attmeter, +oth the current and
%otential circuits ma, +e carr,ing such an o#erload that their insulation is +urning, and
,et the %ointer ma, +e onl, %art &a, u% the scale. This is +ecause the %osition of the
%ointer de%ends u%on the %o&er factor of the circuit as &ell as u%on the #oltage and
current. Thus, a lo& %o&erfactor circuit &ill gi#e a #er, lo& reading on the &attmeter
e#en &hen the current and %otential circuits are loaded to the ma:imum safe limit. This
safe rating is generall, gi#en on the face of the instrument. 6 &attmeter is al&a,s
distinctl, rated, not in &atts +ut in #olts and am%eres.
E#e&r!-.nam%& Insrumen: 6n instrument that de%ends for its o%eration on the
reaction +et&een the current in one or more mo#a+le coils and the current in one or more
9-
fi:ed coils. 6lso "no&n as electrod,namometer. 3lectrod,namic &attmeter is also called
mo#ing coil &attmeter.
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit as sho&n in circuit diagram.
!&itch on the %o&er su%%l, and note the readings on &attmeter, ammeter and
#oltmeter.
Ta"e at least three readings using a+o#e %rocedure and note them in the follo&ing
ta+le.
Calculate %o&er +, using formula and com%are this #alue to the e:%erimentall,
determined readings.
Calculate the %ercentage error.
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