INVITED PAPER

IETE Technical Review

Vol 23, No 4, July-August 2!, "" 2#3-2!#
$ou%th &ene%ation '4g( Netwo%)s*
Roa+,a"- -ig%ation to the $utu%e
.A/AN 01-AR RA/
De"a%t,ent o2 3o,"ute% science 4 enginee%ing, 5e%itage Institute o2 technology
0ol)ata 676, In+ia8
e,ail* %ays)9%e+i22,ail8co,
an+
ITI .A5A -I.TA
ET3E De"a%t,ent, Ja+av"u% unive%sity, 0ol)ata 6 32, In+ia8
e,ail* iti,is%a9cal8vsnl8net8in
The ,o:ile co,,unication gene%ations has t%ave%se+ a long way th%ough +i22e%ent "hases o2 evolution since its :i%th ea%ly in the 7;6s8
the stea+y glo:al :oo, in the nu,:e% o2 ,o:ile use%s each yea% has "e%io+ically s"u%ne+ the +evelo",ent o2 ,o%e an+ ,o%e
so"histicate+ technologies t%ying to st%i)e the %ight cho%+ "%i,a%ily in te%,s o2 "%ovision o2 sea,less glo:al %oa,ing, <uality se%vices an+
high +ata %ate8 to+ay nu,e%ous +i22e%ent gene%ation technologies with thei% in+ivi+ual "%os an+ cons a%e e=isting glo:ally8 the co,ing e%a
o2 4g syste,s is 2o%eseeing a "otential s,ooth ,e%ge% o2 all these hete%ogeneous technologies with a natu%al "%og%ession to su""o%t
sea,less cost-e22ective high +ata %ate glo:al %oa,ing, e22icient "e%sonali>e+ se%vices, ty"ical use%-cent%ic integ%ate+ se%vice ,o+el, high
?os an+ ove%all sta:le syste, "e%2o%,ance8 5oweve%, eve%y ste" in such technological a+vance,ents "%esents huge %esea%ch
challenges8 this a%ticle ai,s to 2ocus u"on so,e o2 these "otential challenges along with +i22e%ent "%o"ose+ 2easi:le an+ non-2easi:le
solutions in the a%eas o2 ,o:ile te%,inals an+ use%s, ,o:ile se%vices, ,o:ile an+ wi%eless access netwo%)s, an+ co,,unication, in o%+e%
to give an in+e"th view o2 the ne=t-gene%ation co,,unication syste,s8
1.INTRODUCTION
IMAGINE a situation whe%e while t%aveling in a vehicle in a la%ge
,et%o"olis with a s,all han+hel+ wi%eless +evice, a "e%son can
sea,lessly visuali>e the enti%e envi%on,ent ahea+ 'li)e
:uil+ings, st%eets, highways, an+ sho""ing ,alls( an+, at the
sa,e ti,e can t%ac) othe% vehicles that ,ay co,e in his way to
avoi+ any acci+ents8 E%a o2 ne=t gene%ation o2 intelligent
wi%eless syste,s ahea+, e22ectively te%,e+ as 4&, is slowly
ta)ing sha"e to ,a)e such highly intelligent, use%-2ocuse+
"e%sonali>e+ se%vice li)e vi%tual navigation a %eality8 Di22e%ent
in+ust%y an+ %esea%ch o%gani>ations wo%l+wi+e li)e NTT
Do3o-o, ?ual3o,,, No)ia, E%icsson, -oto%ola, Alcatel,
@@R$, IT1, IEEE, -o:ile V3E an+ 4&@-P33, to na,e a 2ew,
a%e all set to ,a)e 4& wi%eless syste,s hit the co,,e%cial
,a%)et :y 278
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Pa"e% No 3!-3B 3o"y%ight C 2! :y the IETE88

Netwo%) syste,s evolution sta%ting way :ac) at 7;6 when the
+esign o2 the analog-voice-o%iente+ $i%st &ene%ation '7&(
syste,s :egan8 The t%ansition to +igital voice an+ +ata-o%iente+
.econ+ &ene%ation '2&( syste,s in 7;;7 ,a%)e+ the :eginning
o2 a ,ulti-se%vice "lat2o%, 2%o, the "%evious ,ono-se%vice e%a8
Dow :it-%ate +ata an+ ,ono-,e+ia syste,s li)e &.-,
c+,aEne, I.-;# an+ TD-A a%e still e=isting in ,ulti"le glo:al
locations8 The 28#& syste,s 'li)e &PR.(, an inte%i, ste"
:etween 2& an+ 3&, "%ovi+e+ enhance+ channel ca"acity,
highe% +ata %ate an+ th%ough"ut an+ o"ti,i>e+ "ac)et-+ata
t%ans,ission enhancing Inte%net access 2%o, +i22e%ent wi%eless
+evices8 The co,,e%ciali>e+ t%ansition to 3& syste,s in 22
,a%)e+ the :eginning o2 a t%uly ,ulti,e+ia e%a F7G whe%e ,o%e
"e%son-to-,achine inte%actions than "e%son-to-"e%son
inte%actions a%e "%evalent8 3o%e "ac)et netwo%)e+ syste,s li)e
c+,a2 an+ @3D-A "%ovi+e highe% channel ca"acity,
:%oa+:an+ +ata u" to 2 -:"s, high s"ee+ ,ulti,e+ia
t%ans,ission an+ glo:al %oa,ing ac%oss a cellula% netwo%)8
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2#4 IETE TE35NI3AD REVIE@, Vol 23, No 4, 2!

This e%a ,a%)e+ the :eginning o2 2ull-2le+ge+ huge %evenue
gene%ating ,ulti,e+ia Inte%net a""lications an+ e-co,,e%ce8
5oweve%, with the huge wo%l+wi+e inc%ease in the nu,:e% o2
,o:ile use%s each +ay an+ with e,e%ging +e,an+s li)e totally
use%-cent%ic se%vices, high s"ee+ st%ea,ing Inte%net ,ulti,e+ia
se%vices 'tele,e+icine, tele-geo"%ocessing, vi%tual navigation an+
VoIP(, sea,less glo:al %oa,ing with u:i<uitous cove%age an+
unha,"e%e+ ?o. su""o%t, 3& syste,s have sta%te+ showing
thei% li,itations with :an+wi+th availa:ility, s"ect%u, allocation,
ai% inte%2e%ence stan+a%+s an+ lac) o2 sea,less t%ans"o%t
,echanis,s :etween +i22e%ent netwo%)s8 -o%eove%, +i22e%ent
sho%t %ange co,,unication syste,s li)e @DAN, Hluetooth an+
5IPERDAN as well as :%oa+cast co,,unication syste,s with
+i22e%ent 2eatu%es s"anne+ +u%ing this ti,e each with its own
,e%its an+ +e,e%its ta%geting +i22e%ent ty"es o2 use%s an+
+i22e%ent se%vice ty"es F2G ,a)ing the situation ,o%e co,"licate+
2o% 3& syste,s8
b. Migration to the Future
These li,itations an+ +%aw:ac)s have gene%ate+ the
%e<ui%e,ent 2o% an unive%sal 2%a,ewo%) enco,"assing all the
e=isting hete%ogeneous wi%e+ an+ wi%eless syste,s in use8 This
IPv!-:ase+ "otential 4& 2%a,ewo%), co,,only +esc%i:e+ as
-A&I3 F3G '-o:ile ,ulti,e+ia, Anyti,e anywhe%e access,
&lo:al ,o:ility su""o%t, Integ%ate+ wi%eless solution an+
3usto,i>e+ "e%sonal se%vice(, woul+ :e highly
+yna,ic an+ signi2icantly han+le the li,itations o2 3& syste,s8
.o, consoli+ate+ solutions that can sea,lessly o"e%ate on the
,ulti"le, +ive%se netwo%)s ,ig%ating to the 4& envi%on,ent
2ul2illing the "letho%a o2 ne=tgene%ation +%ea, visuali>ations on
i,"le,enting a t%ans"a%ent o"en wi%eless a%chitectu%e 'E@A(,
shoul+ :e i,"e%atively +esigne+8 This o:viously invites new
challenges on eve%y ste" an+ %esea%che%s wo%l+wi+e 2ace an
u"hill tas) o2 +esigning suita:le solutions8 $igu%e 7, shows such a
4& vision8
This "a"e% is +ivi+e+ into 2ou% sections* int%o+uction, ove%view o2
the "otential %esea%ch challenges, highlighte+ %esea%ch
challenges an+ conclusions8 @e have i+enti2ie+ a whole lot o2
"%o:a:le 4& %esea%ch challenges an+ have g%ou"e+ the, un+e%
2ou% %esea%ch a%eas* ,o:ile te%,inals an+ use%s, ,o:ile an+
wi%eless access netwo%)s, ,o:ile se%vices, an+ co,,unication
challenges8
2.OVERVIEW OF THE OTENTIA! RE"EARCH
CHA!!ENGE"
The +i22e%ent "otential challenges a%e su,,a%i>e+ in Ta:le 78
.ection 3 +iscusses in +etails on 2ew o2 the highlighte+ %esea%ch
challenge a%eas8 Ta:le 2 %e"%esents the a::%eviation use+ in this
a%ticle8

$ig 7 4& vision 27

2## RA/ 4 -I.RA * 4& NET@ER0.
TA#!E 1 "u$$ar% o& the 'i&&erent (G re)ear*h *ha++enge)
Ai$
Vita++% i$,ortant *ha++enge) an'
,rob+e$)
Mobi+e Ter$ina+) an' U)er)
-ultistan+a%+I-ulti,o+e 1se% Te%,inals A single wi%eless use% te%,inal shoul+ :e
+esigne+, which can auto,atically o"e%ate
in +i22e%ent hete%ogeneous access
netwo%)s8
P%o:le,s %elate+ to high cost,
li,itations in te%,inal si>e, high "owe%
consu,"tion, high ci%cuit co,"le=ity,
an+ uni,"%ove+ analog-to-+igital
conve%te% 'AD3( "e%2o%,ance in
so2twa%e +e2ine+ %a+io '.DR(-:ase+
i,"le,entations8
The +i22e%ent so2twa%e +ownloa+ing
sche,es %elate+ to %econ2igu%a:le
te%,inals have got thei% own "%o:le,s8
Auto,atic Netwo%) T%ac)ing an+ .election A %oa,ing use% in a hete%ogeneous
envi%on,ent shoul+ :e a:le to auto-
,atically t%ac) an+ select the availa:le
un+e%lying wi%eless netwo%)8 In each
co,,unication session 2o% a "a%ticula%
se%vice the ,ost a""%o"%iate un+e%lying
netwo%) shoul+ :e chosen8
The +i22e%ent so2twa%e +ownloa+ing
sche,es %elate+ to %econ2igu%a:le
te%,inals have got thei% own "%o:le,s8
Mobi+e "er-i*e)
Pe%sonal an+ .ession
-o:ility
P%ovision o2 "e%sonali>e+ se%vices th%ough
+i22e%ent "e%sonali>e+ o"e%ating
envi%on,ents to the sa,e a++%ess8
3on2usions %ega%+ing the choice o2
eithe% -IP o% .IP as the co%e "%otocol
an+ also whethe% the i+eal 2%a,ewo%)
:e Netwo%) laye%-:ase+ o% A""lication
laye%-:ase+8
.t%ea,ing ,ulti,e+ia :ase+ se%vices* To "%ovi+e ve%y high s"ee+ 'st%ea,ing(
vi+eo a""lications ensu%ing high ?o. an+
:an+wi+th usa:ility8
1DP su22e%s 2%o, acute congestion
%elate+ "%o:le,s, so T3P is gaining
i,"o%tance as the i+eal t%ans"o%t laye%
"%otocol 2o% vi+eo st%ea,ing8
E""o%tunistic sche+uling :ase+ vi+eo
st%ea,ing nee+s ,o%e attention8
-ultio"e%ato%-o%iente+ intelligent :illing
syste,
1se%s su:sc%i:ing to ,ulti"le se%vice
o"e%ato%s 2o% ,ulti"le +i22e%ent se%vices
shoul+ i+eally :e cha%ge+ a single :ill
cove%ing all the +i22e%ent :illing sche,es
involve+8 1se%s nee+ not wo%%y a:out the
+i22e%ent :illing sche,es8
Designing new "ac)et-switche+ o%iente+
:illing an+ accounting "olicies 2o% 4&
use%s8 $%o, custo,e%s an+ o"e%ato%s
"oints o2 view han+ling issues li)e ?o.
+e"en+ant cha%ging, %eal-ti,e :illing
in2o%,ation su""o%t, inte%wo%)ing
"%e"ai+ syste,s su""o%t an+ :illing
su""o%t to +ive%se se%vice accesses as
well as cost calculation 2le=i:ility, IP
t%a22ic :illing su""o%t, instant
+iscontinuation o2 se%vice i2 any 2%au+ is
+etecte+ an+ co%%ect ,aintenance o2
custo,e%Js "%o2ile, a%e the %eal
"%o:le,s8
Mobi+e an' Wire+e)) A**e)) Net.or/)
.ea,less Te%,inal -o:ility ,anage,ent 1se%s shoul+ :e a:le to %oa, 2%eely an+
sea,lessly ac%oss the va%ious glo:al
geog%a"hic locations8 Docation an+
han+o22 ,anage,ents shoul+ :e +one
"%o"e%ly8
-aintaining high +ata %ate, :est "ossi:le
?o., %e+ucing "ac)et loss an+ signaling
ove%hea+ a%e the "%i,a%y challenges8
The syste, th%ough"ut shoul+ :e
inc%ease+ with low han+ove% latency8 In
location ,anage,ent, issues li)e
o"ti,ally han+ling +ive%se use% calling
an+ ,o:ile "atte%ns, an+ :ette% inte%-
netwo%) location coo%+ination shoul+ :e
han+le+ "%o"e%ly8 In han+ove%

2#! IETE TE35NI3AD REVIE@, Vol 23, No 4, 2!
TA#!E 1 0Cont'...1
Ai$
Vita++% i$,ortant *ha++enge) an'
,rob+e$)
Mobi+e Ter$ina+) an' U)er)

,anage,ent, challenges li)e %e+ucing
call +%o""ings an+ +is%u"tions, %e+ucing
han+ove% ti,e, an+ o"ti,i>ing e22ective
call co,"letion ti,e nee+ ,o%e
attention8
Integ%ation an+ Inte%o"e%a:ility o2 +ive%se
netwo%)s
.ea,less integ%ation an+ inte%wo%)ing o2
the ,ulti"le hete%ogeneous e=isting an+
new wi%eless access technologies to
"%ovi+e unha,"e%e+ connectivity, 2ully
:%oa+:an+ access, unha,"e%e+ glo:al
%oa,ing, "e%2ect ?o. an+ use% cont%olle+
se%vices8
P%o:le,s owing to +ive%se natu%e o2 the
constituent access technologies in
te%,s o2 va%ying :it %ates, :an+wi+th
allocation, channel cha%acte%istics, 2ault-
tole%ance levels an+ han+o22
,anage,ent ,echanis,s a%e the )ey
ones8
?o. -aintenance 1na22ecte+ ?o. shoul+ :e "%ovi+e+
:etween the en+ use%s an+ en+-to-en+
se%vices8
.igni2icant ove%hea+ "%o:le,s still
"e%sist in +i22e%ent ?o. sche,es li)e
t%a22ic cont%ol, +yna,ic %esou%ce
%ese%vation an+ ?o. %enegotiation8
I+eal ,i=ing o2 "ac)et level an+ non-
"ac)etlevel ?o. ,echanis,s shoul+ :e
+one8
De"en+a:ility To ensu%e 2ully 2ault-tole%ant an+
su%viva:le 4& syste,s8
I+eal 2ault +iscove%y, noti2ication se%vice
4 %ecove%y sche,es shoul+ :e
+esigne+ to ,ini,i>e 2ailu%es an+ thei%
"otential i,"acts on any level o2 the
hie%a%chical to"ologies o2 the 4&
netwo%)s8
.ecu%ity as"ects .t%onge% en+-to-en+ secu%ity se%vices a%e
nee+e+ to get c%e+entials o2 the
co,,unicating "a%ties '%esi+ing in
+i22e%ent envi%on,ent( authenticate+
without even )nowing each othe%8
.t%onge% levels o2 "%otection is nee+e+
against eaves+%o""ing, ,alicious calls,
an+ se%vice +enials8 A+a"tive an+
lightweight secu%ity ,echanis,s shoul+
:e i,"le,ente+8
Routing To i,"le,ent intelligent "ac)et an+ call
%outing techni<ues enhancing syste,
"e%2o%,ance8
Dowest Powe% 3onsu,"tion an+ :est
?o. a%e the )ey att%i:utes to :e
a++%esse+ while +e2ining a K:est "athL
%outing techni<ue8 E22icient glo:al an+
a+-hoc %outing techni<ues, an+
se,antic %outing :ase+ content +elive%y
techni<ues nee+ to i,"le,ente+8 -esh
netwo%) %outing techni<ues a%e also
ina+e<uately a++%esse+8
P%otocol Re<ui%e,ents 1ni2ie+ netwo%)ing "%otocol stac) an+
ve%tical "%otocol integ%ation ,echanis,s
a+a"ting to the 4& constituent netwo%)s
%e<ui%e,ents shoul+ :e +esigne+8
E22icient 4& ,o:ile netwo%) an+ secu%ity
"%otocols ca"a:le o2 +yna,ically
a+o"ting to va%iant channel con+itions
an+ secu%ity %e<ui%e,ents shoul+ :e
i,"le,ente+8 New a+-hoc "%otocols 2o%
sel2-o%gani>ation to :e +esigne+8
Co$$uni*ation Cha++enge)
Enhancing s"ect%u, e22iciency an+
channel ca"acity along with u:i<uitous
cove%age8
To enhance s"ect%al e22iciency an+
channel ca"acity with wi+e a%ea cove%age
"%ovi+ing cost-e22ective ve%y high +ata
%ate8 Inc%easing :an+wi+th usa:ility an+
,ini,i>ing ,ulti-"ath e22ects8
5an+ling the +i22e%ent +%aw:ac)s %elate+
to E%thogonal $%e<uency Division
-ulti"le=ing 'E$D-(-:ase+ ai%
inte%2aces, 1lt%a-@i+e:an+ '1@H( %a+io
t%ans,ission technology '1@HRT( an+
s,a%t antenna technology8

2#6 RA/ 4 -I.RA * 4& NET@ER0.
385I&5DI&5TED RE.EAR35 35ADDEN&E.
Due to s"ace li,itation, we have 2ocuse+ ou% +etaile+
+iscussions on 2ive ,ost i,"o%tant %esea%ch challenge a%eas8 A
:unch o2 i,"o%tant "%o"ose+ "otential solutions to those
challenge a%eas a%e +iscusse+ an+ new as well as less accesse+
challenges +e,an+ing 2u%the% %esea%ch attentions a%e "ointe+ out
un+e% su:-sections 3 'A(, 'H( an+ '3(8
A. Mobi+e Ter$ina+) an' U)er)
A.1. Auto$ati* Net.or/ tra*/ing an' )e+e*tion
-ulti"le hete%ogeneous wi%e+ an+ wi%eless netwo%)s each having
own its uni<ue 2eatu%es an+ o22e%ing uni<ue se%vices constitute
the 4& envi%on,ent8 $o% e22icient sea,less glo:al %oa,ing
ac%oss the 4& E@A, use%s with ,ulti,o+e te%,inals shoul+ :e

auto,atically a:le to t%ac) an+ select a "a%ticula% ta%get wi%eless
syste, su""ose+ly the ,ost a""%o"%iate one in a s"eci2ic
location o22e%ing the nee+e+ se%vice8 3hoosing the :est suita:le
netwo%) is %e<ui%e+ to o"ti,i>e the syste, "e%2o%,ance, ?o.,
%esou%ces accessi:ility, costs an+ se%vice ca"a:ilities in that
"a%ticula% session F2,3G8 .u""ose an use% visits a sho""ing cente%
in the city whe%e the wi%eless access netwo%) is @DAN o% @DD to
get so,e vegeta:les Auto,atically his %econ2igu%a:le te%,inal
t%ac)s an+ connects to the availa:le local high-s"ee+ wi%eless
access syste,8 A2te%wa%+s, when the use% is +%iving ac%oss a
highway, say, his sa,e te%,inal again selects an+ auto,atically
switches to the a""%o"%iate wi%eless ,o:ile netwo%), say &PR.
o% 3D-A28 5oweve% in this enti%e netwo%) selection
,echanis, t%ans"a%ent to the en+ use%s, the ,o:ile te%,inal
"lays a signi2icant %ole8

2#M IETE TE35NI3AD REVIE@, Vol 23, No 4, 2!

Hase+ on use% "%e2e%ences 'use% +eci+es the location to visit an+
se%vices to acce"t at any "a%ticula% ti,e( the algo%ith,s on the
,o:ile te%,inals +etect an+ select the ,ost suita:le un+e%lying
access netwo%) that "%ovi+e :ette% lin) laye% connectivity at that
"a%ticula% location an+ %econ2igu%es itsel2 as "e% the chosen
netwo%)Js nee+s an+ %egulations8 $igu%e 2 shows how the
"%o,ising 4& 2eatu%e o2 auto,atic netwo%) t%ac)ing an+ selection
will :e 2%uit2ul to the use%s8
3u%%ent .tate o2 Resea%ch* The 2eatu%e o2 on-the-2ly auto,atic
netwo%) t%ac)ing an+ selection is co,"licate+ in 4&
envi%on,ents +ue to its hete%ogeneous natu%e8 In this conte=t,
one o2 the "%o"ose+ solutions is Access Netwo%) .election F3G
whe%e 2o% each "a%ticula% co,,unication session the ,ulti,o+e
te%,inal collects a+e<uate in2o%,ation 'li)e use% su:sc%i"tion,
su""o%te+ se%vice ty"es, costs, ?o., :an+wi+th %e<ui%e,ents,
cove%age an+ "%icing "olicies( o2 the availa:le un+e%lying
netwo%)s an+ sto%es the, in the .e%vice Plat2o%, '.P(8 The
+ecision o2 which netwo%) to choose +e"en+s on the sto%e+
in2o%,ation8 5oweve% li,ite+ availa:ility o% non-availa:ility an+
inaccu%acy in gathe%ing the un+e%lying netwo%) %elate+
in2o%,ation a%e the ,aNo% +%aw:ac)s o2 this a""%oach8 1nli)e this
a""%oach whe%e use% "%e2e%ences on netwo%) selection is
o"tional, the A+o"tive .e%vice Access .olution 'A.A-( F4G
signi2icantly consi+e%s use% "%e2e%ences while selecting a
"a%ticula% access netwo%)8 Re2e%ence F#G +esc%i:es a call
a+,ission "olicy-:ase+ a""%oach, which selects the least loa+e+
availa:le netwo%) in any "a%ticula% situation8 5oweve% this
a""%oach +e,an+s 2o% ,o%e accu%ate loa+ :alancing a""%oach8
In s"ite o2 all these %esea%ch activities in this +o,ain, till +ate the
,ost success2ul a""%oach is the use o2 so2twa%e %a+io +evices
that scan the availa:le netwo%)s an+, a2te% +ownloa+ing the
a""%o"%iate so2twa%e's( %econ2igu%e the,selves as "e% the
selecte+ netwo%) 2eatu%es8 Di22e%ent %econ2igu%ation an+
+ownloa+ing ,o+es e=ist each having its own a+vantages an+
+isa+vantages8 $ew o2 the, "%o"ose+ in F!G a%e* (i)
Re*on&iguration o-er the air2 In this a +e+icate+ channel
:%i+ges :etween use% te%,inal an+ :ase station 2acilitating
in2o%,ation e=change an+ e%%o%-2%ee +ownloa+ing o2 the
%e<ueste+ so2twa%e ,o+ule8 5oweve% this a""%oach su22e%s 2%o,
the "%o:le,s o2 han+ling the va%ying :an+wi+th %e<ui%e,ents
ove% na%%ow-:an+ channels an+ also o2 %ealistically allocating a
+e+icate+ "hysical channel 2o% +ownloa+ing8 (ii1
Re*on&iguration u)ing a'-an*e' "I$ Car')2 5e%e :ase+ on
the "%io% sto%e+ in2o%,ation %ega%+ing the %econ2igu%a:le so2twa%e
,o+ules on the s,a%t ca%+s, +ownloa+ing an+ con2igu%ing o2 the
a""%o"%iate se%vices on the te%,inals ta)e "lace on inse%tion o2
the ca%+s on the te%,inals8 5oweve% this a""%oach is ,ostly
suita:le 2o% stan+-alone te%,inals8
(iii) Internet Do.n+oa': 5e%e so2twa%e ,o+ules +ownloa+e+
2%o, Inte%net :y ,eans o2 a ,o+e,, a P3 an+ a te%,inal a%e
%econ2igu%e+ on the use%Js te%,inal8 (iv) O-er3the3air 0OTA1
'o.n+oa' 4562 In this a""%oach ,ulti,o+e use% te%,inals
constantly ,onito% the "%e+e2ine+ :%oa+casting glo:al "ilot an+
+ownloa+ channel '&PD35( an+, on +etection o2 any availa:le
netwo%), the te%,inals +eci+e whethe% to switch o% not8 This
a""%oach su22e%s 2%o, slow s"ee+ o2 &PD35 an+ long
+ownloa+ing ti,e8
Possi:le Resea%ch Di%ections* Auto,atic netwo%) t%ac)ing an+
selection in the 4& conte=t is a "%i,a%y %esea%ch challenge8 The
i+ea o2 sea,less glo:al %oa,ing is ,uch +e"en+ent on this8
Nee+s a%e the%e in 2%a,ing out an unive%sally acce"te+ netwo%)
t%ac)ing an+ selecting solution, which on the :asis o2 o"ti,al
%esou%ce usage, ?o. %e<ui%e,ents an+ use% "%e2e%ences woul+
select the ,ost a""%o"%iate availa:le netwo%)8 In this %ega%+
"%o:le,s +iscusse+ +u%ing the +i22e%ent +ownloa+ing sche,es
shoul+ :e ta)en ca%e o28 5oweve%, itJs a :ig challenge to gathe%
a+e<uate )nowle+ge o2 each netwo%) :e2o%e any selection is
,a+e8 To conclu+e in :%ie2, 2utu%e %esea%ches shoul+ 2ocus on
the "%o:le, a%eas %elate+ to* Discove%ing the availa:le access
netwo%)s an+ thei% %es"ective "oints o2 "%esence 'PoPs(,
selecting the "%o"e% authentication i+enti2ie% 2o% each PoPs an+
e22iciently 2igu%ing out the :est "ossi:le AAA %outing an+ "ayloa+
%outing ,eans 2o% sea,less e=change o2 the authentication
conve%sation an+ "ayloa+ "ac)ets :etween the en+"oints8
b. Mobi+e "er-i*e)
b.1. er)ona+ an' "e))ion Mobi+it%
In 4& e%as it is c%itical to ensu%e that use%s get convenient access
to the se%vices nee+e+ at any given situation8 In this conte=t use%
,o:ility has :eco,e an i,"o%tant as"ect in the +esign o2 ne=t-
gene%ation wi%eless co,,unication syste,s8 Resea%che%s have
2ocuse+ on th%ee such ,o:ility-%elate+ %esea%ch a%eas* te%,inal
,o:ility +eals with ,o:ility o2 use%s having a single +evice
'+iscusse+ un+e% su:-section 38387(, session ,o:ility +eals with
use% in a PAN having ,ulti"le "e%sonal +evices to "%ovi+e a live
session an+ "e%sonal ,o:ility concent%ates on "%ovision o2
"e%sonali>e+ o"e%ating envi%on,ents 2o% use%s along with use%
,ove,ents F2G8 In "e%sonal ,o:ility a se%vice %e<ui%e+ :y the
use% will :e instantaneously +elive%e+ i%%es"ective o2 the use%Js
location, +evice an+ +evice location, o"e%ato%I"%ovi+e% +o,ain
an+, ty"e o2 netwo%)8 .o, unli)e te%,inal ,o:ility, session an+
"e%sonal ,o:ility concent%ate ,o%e on use% ,ove,ents %athe%
than te%,inal ,ove,ents8
2#; RA/ 4 -I.RA * 4& NET@ER0.

Current State of Research: Insigni2icant volu,e o2 %esea%ch
wo%)s %elate+ to "e%sonal ,o:ility 2%a,ewo%)s 2o% 4& syste,s
have ta)en "lace till +ate8 In this %es"ect, two ,o:ile agent-
:ase+ "e%sonal ,o:ility 2%a,ewo%)s nee+ ,entioning8 These
agents :%i+ge the use%s an+ the Inte%net8 The 2i%st o2 these
integ%ate+ "e%sonal ,o:ility a%chitectu%es "%o"ose+ :y Thai et al
F;G, uses ,o:ile agents an+ signaling "%otocols to 2acilitate
signi2icant o"tional usage o2 the co,,unication channels8 This
i,"%oves the syste, usa:ility an+ allows accessi:ility o2 %e<ui%e+
se%vices anyti,e glo:ally8 5oweve% though integ%ating "e%sonal
co,,unication an+ "e%sonali>e+ o"e%ating envi%on,ent, this
2%a,ewo%) su22e%s 2%o, consi+e%a:le cost ove%hea+8 The secon+
2%a,ewo%) 2acilitates use%s "%ovi+ing assistance in :%owsing,
accessing e,ails, accessing 2iles an+ in $TP %elate+
,echanis,s F7G8 .o,e %esea%ches on .ession Initiation
P%otocol '.IP(-:ase+ 2%a,ewo%)s su""o%ting :oth "e%sonal an+
session ,o:ility :y aug,ente+ signaling ,echanis,s a%e also
:eing ca%%ie+ out8
Possible Research Directions: Hoth "e%sonal an+ session
,o:ility have +%awn li,ite+ %esea%ch attentions until now an+
,uch nee+e+ to :e +one8 The whole ga,ut o2 wo%)s +one till
+ate towa%+s a co,"lete solution :etween the hete%ogeneous
natu%e o2 the 4& syste,s an+ the "e%sonal an+ session ,o:ility
,anage,ent issues is yet to achieve any signi2icant :%ea)
th%ough8
-aNo% con2usions %ega%+ing the choice o2 -o:ile IP '-IP( o% .IP
as the co%e "%otocol an+ whethe% the i+eal 2%a,ewo%) shoul+ :e
Netwo%) Daye%:ase+ o% A""lication Daye%-:ase+ in case o2
"e%sonal an+ session ,o:ility still "e%sist with each having its
own "%os an+ cons8
b.2. "trea$ing Mu+ti$e'ia #a)e' "er-i*e)2
4& wi%eless ,ulti,e+ia co,,unication ai,s at e22icient
t%ans,ission o2 st%ea,ing +ata 2o% vi+eo a""lications such as
tele,e+icine, ,ulti,e+ia vi+eo con2e%encin, 3D vi%tual %eality,
vi%tual navigation, which account 2o% la%ge "o%tion o2 2utu%e t%a22ic,
an+ nee+s ove%co,ing the const%aints li)e sca%ce syste,
%esou%ces, high ?o. an+ :an+wi+th %e<ui%e,ents, va%iations in
+elays an+ "ac)et loses F77G8 Hu%sting an+ st%ea,ing vi+eo
se%vices a%e the two ty"es o2 vi+eo se%vices to have gaine+
"o"ula%ity in 4& syste,s8 5oweve%, while ,e,o%y %e<ui%e,ent
2o% :u%sting is ,uch la%ge, st%ea,ing lac)s in :an+wi+th usa:ility8
.o i,"le,entation o2 new st%ea,ing vi+eo a""lication sche,es
,a)ing o"ti,u, use o2 the availa:le :an+wi+th in li,ite+
availa:le ,e,o%y is the %esea%ch activity o2 the 2utu%e8 3hoice o2
a""%o"%iate "%otocols is i,"o%tant in this conte=t8 1DP an+ T3P
a%e the two i,"o%tant t%ans"o%t laye% "%otocols 2o% vi+eo
st%ea,ing8 5oweve% 1DP su22e%s 2%o, acute congestion %elate+
"%o:le,s 'li)e congestion colla" an+ un2ai% :an+wi+th allocation(,
which ,ay :e ,o%e conveniently han+le+ :y the T3P8
$ig 2 'a( 1se% is con2use+ with the un+e%lying technology to chooseB ':( -ulti,o+e te%,inal hel"s hi, to auto,atically t%ac) an+ select the availa:le
technology a""%o"%iate 2o% his se%vice
2! RA/ 4 -I.RA * 4& NET@ER0.

3u%%ent .tate o2 Resea%ch* In this %es"ect, an e22icient sche,e
2acilitating vi+eo st%ea,ing at ve%y high +ata %ate has shown that
signi2icant i,"%ove,ent in cellula% ca"acity an+ vi+eo <uality can
:e achieve+ 2o% close+-loo" %ate cont%olle+ enco+e+ vi+eo F72G in
a cellula% -ulti-3o+e 3D-A '-3-3D-A( wi%eless syste, using
T3P as the t%ans"o%t laye% "%otocol an+ si,ultaneous -A3
Pac)et T%ans,ission '.-PT( techni<ues8 $o% o"en-loo"
enco+e+ vi+eo, howeve%, this sche,e 2aile+ to "%ove its
suita:ility8 Achieving high "e%2o%,ance gain is an i,"o%tant 2o%
st%ea,ing vi+eo a""lications8 1se o2 o""o%tunistic sche+uling
techni<ues "%ove+ 2%uit2ul in this %ega%+8 Re2e%ence F77G consi+e%s
:oth channel va%iation an+ :u%stiness o2 vi+eo t%a22ic an+ shows
that signi2icant "e%2o%,ance gain 2o% st%ea,ing vi+eo a""lications
is still achieva:le8 Ve%y high <uality we: se%vice, achieva:le
th%ough the use o2 Java-:ase+ i-,o+e an+ i-a""li "%og%a,s, a%e
suita:le 2o% e-co,,e%ce an+ ,o:ile :an)ing a""lications8
Possi:le Resea%ch Di%ections* @o%) +one till +ate on
o""o%tunistic sche+uling :ase+ vi+eo st%ea,ing ove% wi%eless
netwo%)s is negligi:le an+ nee+s signi2icant %esea%ch attention8
-o%e T3P 2%ien+ly vi+eo st%ea,ing sche,es ove% wi%eless
netwo%)s a%e +esi%a:le to ,a)e T3P an auto,atic choice as the
t%ans"o%t laye% "%otocol ove% 1DP :ecause with enhance+
st%ea,ing vi+eo a""lications all set to 2loo+ the co,ing
gene%ation o2 wi%eless netwo%)s 1DP ,ay lea+ to the insta:ility
o2 the Inte%net F72G8 En anothe% 2%ont, "%o"e% ,anage,ent o2
:an+wi+th an+ e22icient sche,es 2o% "%ovi+ing <uality ?o.
:etween the en+-syste,s a%e two ve%y i,"o%tant c%ite%ia 2o%
<uality ,ulti,e+ia se%vices8 Issues li)e "%o"e% t%a22ic cont%ol,
a+,ission cont%ol an+ ?o. signalling sche,es %e<ui%e ,o%e
attention in this %ega%+8
C. Mobi+e an' Wire+e)) A**e)) Net.or/)
C.1. "ea$+e)) ter$ina+ $obi+it% $anage$ent
1se%s shoul+ :e a:le to %oa, 2%eely an+ sea,lessly ac%oss the
geog%a"hic :oun+a%ies o2 +i22e%ent 4& constituent netwo%)s
,aintaining high +ata %ate, :est "ossi:le ?o. an+ satis2acto%y
connectivity with the a""lication se%ve%s8 -ulti,o+e te%,inals
ca"a:le o2 auto,atically t%ac)ing an+ selecting the a""%o"%iate
availa:le un+e%lying netwo%) "lay an i,"o%tant %ole in this
conte=t8 A,"le %esea%ch activities in this 2iel+ have ta)en "lace
with "%i,e conce%ns a:out %e+ucing "ac)et loss, signaling
ove%hea+ an+ han+ove% latency
a"a%t 2%o, inc%easing the th%ough"ut8 IPv!, "%ovi+ing lin)-laye%
in+e"en+ent ,o:ility ,anage,ent solutions, is unani,ously
acce"te+ as the "%i,e :ac):one o2 the 2utu%e 4& co%e netwo%)8
$u%the% "%otocol a+vance,ents in this conte=t have i,"le,ente+
-o:ile IPv! '-IPv!( an+ 5ie%a%chical -o:ile IPV! '5-IPv!(8
E22ect o2 othe% "%otocols li)e Docation In+e"en+ent Netwo%)
A%chitectu%e 2o% IPv! 'DIN!(, T%ans,ission 3ont%ol P%otocol
'T3P(, 1se% Datag%a, P%otocol '1DP(, .t%ea, 3ont%ol
T%ans,ission P%otocol '.3TP(, Datag%a, 3ongestion 3ont%ol
P%otocol 'D33P(, -ulti"le A++%ess .e%vice 2o% T%ans"o%t
'-A.T(, .ession Initiation P%otocol '.IP( an+ Dyna,ic Do,ain
Na,e .yste, 'DDN.( at the +i22e%ent laye%s a%e also :eing
stu+ie+ F73G in +e"th8 .low inc%ease in the nu,:e% o2 e22ective
Pe%sonal A%ea Netwo%)s 'PANs( have u%ge+ ,o%e %esea%ch
activities in tac)ling issues %elate+ to ,o:ility ,anage,ent o2
%oa,ing netwo%)s F74G8 In this "a"e% we have 2ocuse+ ou%
+iscussions on location ,anage,ent an+ han+o22 ,anage,ent
scena%ios as the "%i,a%y challenges %elate+ to sea,less glo:al
te%,inal ,o:ility8
C.1.1. !o*ation Manage$ent
The "%ocess o2 t%ac)ing an+ ,aintaining the e=act whe%ea:outs
o2 wi%eless te%,inals :y the un+e%lying syste, 2o% "ossi:le
connections when "owe%e+-on, "owe%e+-o22 o% on the ,ove is
location ,anage,ent, which is a two "hase techni<ue8 Docation
t%ac)ing +eals with t%ac)ing the e=act location o2 the te%,inals
an+ location in2o%,ation sto%age F7#G then ,aintains othe%
location in2o%,ation li)e ?o. ca"a:ilities, authentication an+
t%a22ic8 Roa,ing th%ough +ive%si2ie+ %ange o2 netwo%)s have given
%ise to the nee+ 2o% e22icient an+ integ%ate+ location ,anage,ent
sche,es8
Current State of Research: Till +ate ,any e22ective location
,anage,ent sche,es have :een "%o"ose+8 An integ%ate+
location ,anage,ent a%chitectu%e 2o% inte%-netwo%) %oa,ing is
+iscusse+ in F7#G8 5e%e the un+e%lying netwo%)s can coo%+inate
a,ongst the,selves, t%ac) whethe% te%,inals a%e locate+ within
cove%age an+ thus %oute inco,ing "ac)etsIcalls ,eant 2o%
in+ivi+ual te%,inal8 Though u:i<uitous cove%age an+ high
+e"en+a:ility a%e the :iggest a+vantages he%e, yet this sche,e
,ay su22e% 2%o, enhance+ cost o2 co,"licate+ "%og%a,,a:le
+evices an+ intelligent ha%+wa%e8 Docation o2 the coo%+inating
se%ve%s in the un+e%lying netwo%)s also "lay an i,"o%tant %ole in
han+ling the location ,anage,ent "%o:le,s8 P%o"ose+ location
,anage,ent a%chitectu%es ,ay :e cent%ali>e+, +ist%i:ute+ o%
hy:%i+ +e"en+ing on whethe% all the un+e%lying coo%+inating su:-
netwo%)s a%e cent%ally,anage+ 'enti%e syste,Js location
,anage,ent

2!7 RA/ 4 -I.RA * 4& NET@ER0.

+ecisions a%e coo%+inate+ :y a cent%al se%ve%( o% in+ivi+ually-
,anage+ 'each su:-netwo%) ,anage its own +ecision( o% "a%t
cent%ally "a%t in+ivi+ually,anage+ 'location ,anage,ent
+ecisions Nointly ta)en :y cent%al se%ve% an+ in+ivi+ual netwo%)s(8
Though the cent%ali>e+ scena%io see,s o"ti,al :ut it nee+s
close inte% su:-netwo%) coo%+ination an+ chances o2 signaling
:ottlenec)s a%e always the%e8 The secon+ a""%oach has the
+isa+vantage o2 highe% u"+ate cost :ut has ,uch less "aging
ove%hea+ than the thi%+8
Possi:le Resea%ch Di%ections* Resea%ch analysis has shown that
nea%ly all the "%o"ose+ T%ans"o%t laye% "%otocols 2o% wi%eless
,o:ility ,anage,ent li)e T3P, 1DP, .3TP an+ D33P have
"%ove+ ine22ective in han+ling "%o:le,s %elate+ to location
,anage,ent8 5oweve%, nea%ly all Netwo%) laye% an+ highe% laye%
"%otocols F73G su""o%ts e22icient location ,anage,ent 2eatu%es
an+ ,ight "lay 2%uit2ul %oles in 2utu%e location in2o%,ation
,anage,ent %esea%ches on issues li)e location esti,ation,
location "%e+iction an+ location "%ivacy8 Ethe% %elate+ challenges
which nee+s attention a%e "%ovision o2 :ette% location
coo%+ination a,ong the +i22e%ent +ive%se su:-netwo%)s, an+
o"ti,ally ,atching call to ,o:ility %atio an+ location u"+ate %ate8
Dastly, s"ecial ,entioning is %e<ui%e+ a:out the challenges
%elate+ to ,anaging the location o2 2utu%e ,o:ile so2twa%e
,o+ules that will "lay an i,"o%tant %ole in the ne=t gene%ation
netwo%) e%a8
C.1.2. Han'o&& $anage$ent
E22icient han+o22 o% han+ove% ,anage,ent is anothe% "%i,a%y
a%ea o2 conce%n 2o% ,aintaining glo:al ,o:ility8 @hile %oa,ing,
s,ooth han+ove% o2 the ,o:ile te%,inals is necessa%y 2o%
sea,lessly ,aintaining the ongoing co,,unication8
A+vance,ents in the va%ious "%otocols +esigne+ "lay a "%i,e
%ole in this conte=t8 Though -IPv! was +esigne+ as the 2utu%e
stan+a%+ ,o:ility "%otocol it su22e%s 2%o, +%aw:ac)s li)e high
"ac)et loss, inc%ease+ syste, loa+, high han+ove% latency F2G
an+ signaling scala:ility ,ainly +ue to a:sence o2 location
,anage,ent hie%a%chy, a:sence o2 "aging su""o%t an+ wastage
o2 ,o:ile no+eJs :atte%y "owe%8 5-IPV! "%o,ote+ :y the
Inte%net Enginee%ing Tas) $o%ce 'IET$( as a 2u%the%
a+vance,ent to -IPv! has till now "%ove+ to :e a "%o,ising
technology 2o% the ne=t gene%ation wi%eless netwo%)s e22iciently
tac)ling the -IPv! +%aw:ac)s8 5oweve%, e22ects o2 5-IPv! on
4& secu%ity as"ects 'li)e AAA( an+ %oa,ing PANs have not :een
stu+ie+ in +e"th8 .ea,less han+ove%s in a 4& scena%io %e<ui%es
to han+le challenges %elate+ to :oth int%a-netwo%) inte%-cellula%
'ho%i>ontal(
han+ove% an+ inte%-netwo%) inte%-cellula% 've%tical( han+ove%
,echanis,s an+ is thus co,"licate+8 $igu%e
3 F2G shows the conce"t o2 ho%i>ontal an+ ve%tical han+ove%
,echanis,s o2 a ,o:ile te%,inal8 P%o:le,s li)e "%ovision o2
en%iche+ ?o. su""o%t, %e+ucing call +%o""ings an+ +is%u"tions,
%e+ucing han+ove% ti,e, ensu%ing co%%ect han+ove% co,"letion
ti,e, an+ o"ti,i>ing e22ective call co,"letion ti,e a%e t%ic)y to
han+le an+ all the IP-:ase+ a+vance+ "%otocols shoul+ :e
tho%oughly ensu%e+ o2 ,eeting the challenges8 3u%%ent .tate o2
Resea%ch* &lo:al %oa,ing with ,ulti,o+e te%,inals is su""o%te+
:y IPv! 2o% :oth int%a an+ inte% technology han+ove%
,echanis,s8 5-IPv! also su""o%ts :oth ty"e o2 han+ove%s8 It
%e+uces ove%loa+ing an+ i,"%oves the han+ove% s"ee+ F73G8 $ast
5an+ove%s 2o% -IPv! '$-IPv!( F7!G is a new "%o"osal t%ying to
o"ti,i>e -IPv!8 It g%eatly %e+uces "ac)et loss an+ han+ove% ti,e
in :oth ty"es o2 han+ove%8 The othe% netwo%), t%ans"o%t an+
highe% laye% "%otocols 'e=ce"t DDN.( e22ectively su""o%ts
han+ove% ,echanis,s8
$ig 3 Ve%tical an+ ho%i>ontal han+ove% o2 a ,o:ile te%,inal F2G
5oweve%, unli)e ho%i>ontal han+ove%s, +ealing with ve%tical
han+ove% ,echanis,s is ,uch co,"licate+8 Re2e%ences F#G an+
F76G +esc%i:es e22ective 4& ve%tical han+ove% ,anage,ent
a%chitectu%es, which %e+uces unnecessa%y han+ove% atte,"ts
an+ si,"li2ies the signaling e22ect8
Possi:le Resea%ch Di%ections* -uch sco"e 2o% 2u%the% signi2icant
%esea%ch in +evelo"ing a glo:ally acce"te+ han+ove%
,anage,ent 2%a,ewo%) 2o% 4& syste,s is the%e8 Though seve%al
solutions co,:ining -o:ile IP with %outing at lowe% laye% a%e
"%o"ose+ to signi2icantly ,anage han+ove% %elate+ +i22iculties 2o%
+i22e%ent netwo%)s :ut "letho%a o2 challenges still e=ist in eve%y
as"ect8 Di)e +esigning o2 new han+ove% +ecision "olicies an+
algo%ith,s %elating to so2t, ha%+ an+ hy:%i+ han+ove%s an+
e22icient han+ove% selection "olicies 2o% o"ti,al c%oss-laye%
"e%2o%,ance in ,ulti%a+io envi%on,ents, to na,e a 2ew8

2!2 IETE TE35NI3AD REVIE@, Vol 23, No 4, 2!

P%o:le,s %elatingto %e+ucing han+ove% +elays an+ ?o.
va%ia:ility in hete%ogeneous syste,s nee+ the +evelo",ents o2
enhance+ "%io%ity :ase+ algo%ith,s an+ locationawa%e a+a"tive
a""lication techni<ues8 Anothe% ongoing %esea%ch a%ea is to
2in+ing out whethe% Vi%tual 3onnectivity -anage% ,ay e,e%ge as
a :ette% o"tion than -o:ile IP in te%,s o2 Inte%net ,o:ility in
2utu%e8 5oweve% it woul+ ta)e consi+e%a:le a,ount o2 ti,e :e2o%e
a signi2icant han+ove% ,anaging 2%a,ewo%) coul+ :e
success2ully +evise+8
C.2. Integration an' Intero,erabi+it% o& 'i-er)e net.or/)2
4& syste,s inten+ to 2acilitate the sea,less integ%ation an+
inte%o"e%ation o2 a :%oa+ %ange o2 e=isting syste,s li)e satellite
:%oa+:an+, 3& syste,s, @DD, 2i=e+ wi%eless access syste,s,
@DAN, PAN, a+-hoc syste,s, @i-AO an+ the new t%uly
:%oa+:an+ wi%eless access technologies with IP as the
in2%ast%uctu%e :ac):one8 .uch an o"en wi%eless a%chitectu%e
inten+ing to "%ovi+e unha,"e%e+ connectivity, 2ully :%oa+:an+
access, unha,"e%e+ glo:al %oa,ing, glo:al Inte%netI +ataIvoice,
"e%2ect ?o. an+ use% cont%olle+ se%vices is %eally +i22icult to
achieve owing to +ive%se natu%e o2 the constituent access
technologies in te%,s o2 va%ying :it %ates, :an+wi+th allocation,
channel cha%acte%istics, 2ault-tole%ance levels an+ han+o22
,anage,ent ,echanis,s8 $igu%e 4 F7;G shows the "%o:a:le 4&
inte%wo%)ing a""%oach8

Current "tate o& Re)ear*h2 A "letho%a o2 glo:al +ive%si2ie+
%esea%ch activities e=ists, which e=a,ine+ how an+ to what
e=tent the sea,less ,e%ge% o2 the +ive%si2ie+ access netwo%)s
shoul+ :e ca%%ie+ on8 The ,e%ge+ I"v!-:ase+ coo"e%ative,
hete%ogeneous in2%ast%uctu%e woul+ allow use%s with ,ulti,o+e
te%,inals to %oa, glo:ally, accessing any se%vice anywhe%e
without the ?o. getting a22ecte+8 In %e2e%ence F7MG Va%sney an+
Jain have +iscusse+ th%ee such "%o:a:le ,e%ge+ a%chitectu%es
'shown in $ig # F7MG(8 In the 2i%st integ%ate+ 2%a,ewo%) ,ulti,o+e
+evices access the +ive%se se%vices o22e%e+ :y the +i22e%ent
un+e%lying netwo%)s8 This a%chitectu%e "%ovi+es :ette% call
co,"letion an+ a%ea cove%age :ut is not cost-e22ective8 The
secon+ integ%ate+ 2%a,ewo%) is ove%lay netwo%)-:ase+ whe%e the
+i22e%ent unive%sal access "oints '1APs( in the ove%lay netwo%)
select the availa:le a""%o"%iate un+e%lying netwo%) 2o% the use%8
This a%chitectu%e is co,"le= :ut su""o%ts :ette% :illing an+
su:sc%i"tion8 The thi%+ a%chitectu%al 2%a,ewo%) uses co,,on
access "%otocol an+ hence is less co,"licate+ :ut is 2easi:le
only in case o2 wi%eless AT-s8 Resea%che%s have "ointe+ out
that the e=tent to which an integ%ation shoul+ :e ca%%ie+ out
+e"en+s on whethe% it is "ossi:le to integ%ate the su:syste,s
within the e=isting stan+a%+s o% it nee+s ,o+i2ications8 &ene%al
t%en+ o2 integ%ation an+ inte%o"e%ation-o%iente+ %esea%ches have
i+enti2ie+ loose cou"ling, tight cou"ling an+ ve%y tight cou"ling as
the th%ee "otential integ%ation o% cou"ling sche,es 2o% hot-s"ot
e=tensions 'li)e @DAN( to 3& netwo%)s 8 Doose cou"ling
"%ovi+es authenticate+ :illing :ut "oo%
2!3 RA/ 4 -I.RA * 4& NET@ER0.

sea,less connectivity an+ ?o. su""o%t, tight cou"ling su""o%ts
e22icient ve%tical han+o22s :ut is co,"licate+ as well as +elay
"%one an+ the ,uch co,"licate+ ve%y tight cou"ling a%chitectu%e
can e22iciently "%ovi+e %a+io %esou%ce ,easu%e,ent 'RR-( an+
:ette% ?o. su""o%t8 In this conte=t, +ive%sity o2 %esea%ch activities
stu+ying the +i22e%ent "otential integ%ation an+ inte%o"e%ation
techni<ues o2 @DAN an+ 3& netwo%)s have ta)en "lace8
Re2e%ences F2-24G +iscusses e22ective integ%ation techni<ues
:etween @DAN an+ 1-T.I&PR.I@@AN each with its own "%os
an+ cons i,"%oving the ove%all syste, "e%2o%,ance8 The
a,:ient netwo%)s "%o"ose+ :y Nie:a%t et al F2#G is anothe% ,ulti-
o"e%ato% cont%olle+, 2le=i:le, ,ultinetwo%) integ%ation techni<ue
2acilitating %ich en+-toen+ ?o. su""o%t8 An uni<ue conve%gence
2%a,ewo%) o2 TV :%oa+cast an+ ,o:ile cellula% technologies
%eally en%iching the 4& In2o%,ation .ociety is +esc%i:e+ in
%e2e%ence F2!G8
Possi:le Resea%ch Di%ections* Des"ite all these 2%uit2ul %esea%ch
e22o%ts the%e is still a long way to go :e2o%e an unive%sally
acce"te+, co,"letely t%ans"a%ent, use%-2ocuse+, coo"e%ative
"u:lic-"%ivate wi%eless :%oa+:an+ co,,unication 2%a,ewo%) can
:e +esigne+, which will "%ovi+e sea,less, u:i<uitous

cove%age to the "u:lic netwo%) using ,ulti"le +i22e%ent "%ivate
syste,s F26G8 This envisione+ IPv! :ase+ co,"letely "ac)et-
switche+ 2%a,ewo%) shoul+ :e +yna,ically laye%e+ an+
%econ2igu%a:le as well as +yna,ically sel2-o%gani>e+ an+
coo"e%ative in te%,s o2 netwo%) o"e%ations, cont%ol, ,aintenance
an+ %euse o2 in+e"en+ent ,o+ula%i>e+ 2unctional netwo%) :loc)s
F2MG8 Resea%ch on these as"ects a%e cu%%ently channeli>e+ to
+ive%si2ie+ +i%ections8 .eve%al %esea%ch g%ou"s wo%l+wi+e li)e
IET$, IEEE, 3&PP an+ 3&PP2, @i-AO $o%u, to na,e a 2ew
a%e co,"eting against each othe% to "%ovi+e 2ast, easy an+ cost
e22ective inte%o"e%a:le solutions :etween the +i22e%ent e=isting
stan+a%+s8 5uge %esea%ch a+vance,ents a%e ca%%ie+ out each
+ay in te%,s o2 +esigning ,o%e en%iche+ integ%ate+ @i$i-3&
cellula% netwo%)s, @i$i-@i-AO netwo%)s, 3&-@i-a= netwo%)s
an+ @i$i-Dist%i:ute+ @i%eless 3o,,unication .yste,s 'D@3.(
F2;G8 As a %esult each +ay +i22e%ent "%o+ucts with +i22e%ent
e,:e++e+ 2eatu%es co,"liant with the +i22e%ent technologies a%e
2loc)ing the glo:al ,a%)et :ut wait is still on 2o% t%uly 4& +evices
that woul+ :e unive%sally co,"liant with all the +i22e%ent e=isting
technologies8
$ig # Possi:le 4& wi%eless a%chitectu%es F7MG
2!4 IETE TE35NI3AD REVIE@, Vol 23, No 4, 2!
(. CONC!U"ION
@ith the "letho%a o2 "%o,ising 2eatu%es 4& is t%uly ,oving
towa%+s getting unive%sally acce"te+ as the i+eal ne=t gene%ation
co,,unication syste,8 4& is visuali>e+ as a conglo,e%ation o2
+i22e%ent hete%ogeneous access technologies8 @ith this view, this
a%ticle +iscusse+ the "%o:a:le %esea%ch challenges un+e% the
+i22e%ent hea+ings o2 ,o:ile te%,inals an+ use%s, ,o:ile
se%vices, ,o:ile an+ wi%eless access netwo%)s, an+
co,,unication challenges along with thei% "%o"ose+ "otential
solutions8 @hile so,e o2 these challenges li)e ,ulti,o+e use%
te%,inals, auto,atic netwo%) selection, sea,less ,o:ility
,anage,ent an+ s,ooth inte%wo%)ing o2 +i22e%ent
hete%ogeneous access netwo%)s have +%awn ,uch %esea%ch
attentions, othe%s li)e %outing, "%otocol %e<ui%e,ents, se%vices
an+ the +i22e%ent co,,unication-%elate+ challenges +e,an+
,uch ,o%e %esea%ch enhance,ents8 The a%ticle also i+enti2ie+
the +i22e%ent unaccesse+ o% less accesse+ %esea%ch to"ics, which
nee+ signi2icant cont%i:utions 2o% the 4& visions to co,e t%ue :y
278
AC7NOW!EDGEMENT
The autho% Iti .aha -is%a is than)2ul to AI3TE, In+ia 2o% the
2inancial su""o%t o2 this %esea%ch un+e% 3A/T8
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AUTHOR
Iti "aha $i)ra is "%esently hol+ing the
"ost o2 Rea+e% in the De"a%t,ent o2
Elect%onics an+ Teleco,,unication
Enginee%ing, Ja+av"u% 1nive%sity,
0ol)ata, In+ia8 .he %eceive+ he% HTech
+eg%ee in Ra+io Physics an+ Elect%onics
2%o, 3alcutta 1nive%sity '7;M;( an+
-aste%s in Teleco,,unication
Enginee%ing 2%o, Ja+av"u% 1nive%sity
'7;;7(, 0ol)ata8 .he co,"lete+ PhD in
Enginee%ing in the 2iel+ o2 -ic%ost%i" Antennas 2%o, Ja+av"u%
1nive%sity '7;;!(8 5e% cu%%ent %esea%ch inte%ests a%e in the a%eas
o2 -o:ility -anage,ent Netwo%) A%chitectu%e an+ "%otocols,
Integ%ation A%chitectu%e o2 @DAN an+ 3& Netwo%)s, Docation
-anage,ent 2o% 3ellula% @i%eless Netwo%)s8 5e% othe% %esea%ch
activities a%e %elate+ to -ic%ost%i"8 Antennas, Design E"ti,i>ation
o2 @i%e Antennas using Nu,e%ical Techni<ues8 D% .aha -is%a
has autho%e+ seve%al Nou%nal an+ Inte%national 3on2e%ence
"a"e%s8 .he is the %eci"ient o2 the "%estigious 3a%ee% awa%+ 2o%
/oung teache%s :y All In+ia 3ouncil 2o% Technical E+ucation
'AI3TE( 2o% the 2inancial yea% 23-248
Q Q Q

"a%an 7u$ar Ra% is cu%%ently a PhD schola% in the Netwo%)
Resea%ch &%ou" in De"a%t,ent o2 3o,"ute% .cience an+
.o2twa%e Enginee%ing in the 1nive%sity o2 3ante%:u%y,
3h%istchu%ch, New Pealan+8 5e co,"lete+ his HE 2%o, &ul:a%ga
1nive%sity, 0a%nata)a in 3o,"ute% .cience an+ Enginee%ing in
7;;; an+ -Tech 2%o, 1nive%sity o2 3alcutta in 3o,"ute%
.cience an+ Enginee%ing in 228 5e has wo%)e+ in ,ulti"le
so2twa%e co,"anies a2te% HE an+ "%io% to -Tech se%ve+ as
Dectu%e% in cou"le o2 %e"ute+ enginee%ing colleges 'Na%ula
Institute o2 Technology - 22 to 23 an+ 5e%itage Institute o2
Technology - 23 to 2!( in 3alcutta in the De"t o2 3o,"ute%
.cience an+ Enginee%ing8 5is %esea%ch inte%ests is in the a%ea o2
4& netwo%)s8
Q Q Q
htt"*II2ol)8uio8noI"aalee