Bài Thi Nghiem Qua Trinh Thiet Bi

GVHD: V PH
SVTT: TRN TH H
MSSV: 3004120

Tp.HCM, thng 06 nm 04
THC HNH CC QU TRNH V THIT B GVHD: V PHM PHNG TRANG

SV: TRN TH HNG PHNG Trang 1

BI 1: SY
1. Mc tiu.
- Vn hnh c h thng thit b sy.
- Tnh ton c cc thng s sy: tc sy ng tc, m ti hn,
m cn bng, thi gian sy ng tc v gim tc.
- Xy dng ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy da trn s liu
thc nghim.
2. s l thuyt.
2.1. nh ngha
- Sy l qu trnh lm bc hi nc ra khi vt liu bng nhit, nhit
c cung cp cho vt liu nh dn nhit, i lu nhit, bc x nhit
- Sy i lu l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu bng cch cp nhit
cho m bay hi.Trong , c hai qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn m u
c thc hin bng phng php i lu.
2.2. c trng ca qu trnh sy.
Qu trnh sy din ra rt phc tp, c trng cho tnh khng thun
nghch v khng n nh. N din ra ng thi 4 qu trnh: truyn nhit cho
vt liu, dn m trong lng vt liu, chuyn pha v tch m vo mi trng
xung quanh.
2.3. Tc sy theo cn bng nhit ca qu trnh sy.
Lng nhit do dng tc nhn sy cung cp cho khong thi gian d
dQ = F(t (1)
Nhit ny c tiu hao :
- un nng vt liu: ( (2)
- Bay hi m v qu nhit hi: (3)
rong :
: h s cp nhit t tc nhn sy vo vt liu sy (W/m
2
)


F: b mt vt liu (m
2
)
t, nhit tc nhn sy, vt liu v hi bo ha ()
: khi lng v nhit dung ca vt liu sy (kg; j/kg)
khi lng v nhit dung ca m (kg; j/kg)
r: n nhit ha hi ca m (j/kg)
nhit dung ring ca hi m (j/kg)
Lng m bc hi trong thi gian d:
(4)
U: hm m (hay m) ca vt liu, tnh theo vt liu kh (kg m/kg vt
liu kh)
T (1), (2), (3) v (4), thit lp cn bng nhit:
(5)
T (5) rt ra: c biu thc tc sy theo cn bng nhit

y l biu thc tc sy theo cn bng nhit
2.4. hng trnh c bn ca ng hc qu trnh sy.
Theo phng trnh truyn m t vt liu vo tc nhn sy:
(7)
Vi: : h s truyn m trong pha kh (kg/m
2
.h.p)
, p: p sut ca hi m trn b mt vt liu v trong pha kh (mmHg
hay at)
Thay vo (7) v bin i ta c:
(8)
Khi hi m khng b qu nhit (tc t=) th biu thc (5) c bin i
thnh:

q: cng dng in hay mt dng in


t:
- Vi: khi lng ring ca vt liu kh (kg/m
3
)
th tch vt kh (m
3
)
nhit dung ring ca vt liu m (j/kg)
bn knh quy i ca vt liu (m)
- Khi nu b qua nhit lm qu nhit hi m, ta c:
= (10)
- Vi : chun s Rebinde c trng cho ng hc qu trnh sy.
Biu thc (10) y l phng trnh c bn ca ng hc v sy.
2.5. ng nhit cp cho vt liu trong giai on sy gim tc (q2)
Trong giai on sy gim tc, ng cong tc sy c dng ng
thng, nn tc sy trong giai on ny c biu din:

K: h s t l, gi l h s sy. Ph thuc vo tc sy v tnh cht ca vt
liu m (l/s)
K: chnh l h s gc ca ng cong tc sy giai on sy gim tc
nn:
*
1
U U
th

= _

: h s sy tng i, ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu m
U
th
: m ti hn
U
*
: m cn bng
N: tc sy ng tc (kg m/(kg vt liu kh.s)
Tch phn phng trnh (11) ta nhn c:
) exp(
*
*
t _N
U U
U U
th
=
(13)
Hay logarit ha (8) ta c:
t _N U U U U
th
3 , 2
1
) lg( ) lg(
* *
=

(14)


Nh vy, nu bit c h s sy K, c th xc nh c thi gian cn
thit thc hin giai on sy gim tc.
H s tng i sy tng i c xc nh bng thc nghim v c th
tnh gn ng nh sau:
o
U
8 , 1
= _
(15)

o
U
: m ban u ca vt liu
T ta c:
* *
8 , 1
1
U
U
U U
o
th
+ = + =
_
(16)
Thay (12) v (15) vo phng trnh (11), ta c:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
U
U U
N
d
dU
*
8 , 1
t
(17)
Thay (17) vo (10) ta c:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o
o o
U
U U
N Rb r R q
*
1
8 , 1 ) 1 ( (18)
2.6. ng nhit cung cp cho vt liu trong giai on sy ng
tc (
1
q
)

Trong giai on sy ng tc, ton b lng nc cung cp t dng tc
nhn bng lng nhit bc hi m v nhit vt liu khng i nn:
rN R
d
dU
r R q
o o o o

t
= =
1
(19)

2.7. ng trao i nhit (q(x)) sy
) 1 (
*
8 , 1 ) (
2
1
Rb
U
U U
q
q
x q
o
+
= = (20)


Nh vy, theo biu thc (20), khi bit chun s Rb s tnh c cng
trao i nhit theo m ca vt liu.
2.8. ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy
th ng cong tc sy th ng cong sy
ng cong sy: l ng cong biu din s thay i ca i
m vt liu (U) theo thi gian sy (
t
)
) (t f U =
(21)
Dng ca ng cong sy:
Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh lien kt gi m v vt
liu, hnh dng kch thc, cu trc vt liu, phng
trnh v ch sy.
ng cong sy l hm ca qu trnh sy.V vy,
tuy ch v phng php sy khch nhau nhng dng
ng cong sy l tng t nhau.
ng cong tc sy: l ng
cong biu din mi quan h gia tc sy v
m (hm m) ca vt liu sy:
(22)
) (U g
d
dU
=
t

T biu thc (21) v (22), r rng ng
cong tc sy l o hm ca ng cong sy.
2.9. c giai on ca qu trnh sy.
iai on un nng vt liu (AB)
Giai on ny xy ra nhanh vi khong thi gian ngn khng ng
k.ton b nhit do dng tc nhn cp dng un nng vt liu t nhit
u (
o
u ) ln nhit bu t (
u
t
)


Trong giai on ny lng m tch ra khng ng k, m vt liu
gim khng nhiu v tc sy nhanh ln vi tc cc i (N) thng giai
on ny b qua trong tnh ton.
iai on sy ng tc (BC)
Trong giai on ny, tc khuch tn m t trong lng vt liu ra
b mt ln hn tc bc hi m t b mt vt liu, nn b mt vt liu lun
bo ha m.
Ton b lng nhit cung cp bc hi m b mt (m t do) v
b mt bc hi l b mt ngoi ca vt liu khng i nn cc thng s sy
sau y s khng i: nhit b mt vt liu v tc sy; v m vt
liu gim nhanh.
Thi gian sy trong giai on ny l thi gian sy ng tc (
t
)
c xc nh t:
const N
d
dU
= =
1
t
(23)
Nn tch phn (23) ta c:
1
1
N
U U
th o

= t
(24)
Vi
th
U
l m cui giai on sy ng tc.
iai on sy gim tc (CD)
Do bc hi ht m b mt ch cn m lin kt, nn b mt bc hi
b co hp li dn i su vo trong lng vt liu.
Tc khuch tn m trong vt liu chm lm gim tc chung.
Nhit ca vt liu tng dn t nhit bu t
( )
u
t
n nhit
dng tc nhn (t) nhit bu kh.
Trong vt liu xut hin 3 vng: m, bc hi v kh.


Trong giai on ny, nu ng cong tc sy c dng ng thng
(hoc quy i sang ng thng N
2
=ax=b) th ta c th phn tch tnh
thi gian sy giai on sy gim tc ny ) (
2
t :
'
2
'
1
'
2
ln
U U
U U
N
U U
th th

= t
(25)
Vi U: m cn bng, m kt thc giai on sy gim tc.
2.10. Thi gian sy vt liu.
Thi gian sy vt liu c tnh bng tng thi gian ca 3 giai on
sy: t nng vt liu
o
t
. Sy ng tc
1
t
v sy gim tc
2
t
. C th b qua giai
on t nng vt liu, v giai on ny xy ra rt nhanh. Biu thc tnh thi
gian sy nh sau:
( )
(
= + =
'
2
'
'
2 1
lg
3 . 2
U U
U U
U U
N N
U U
th
th
th o
t t t
(26)
Vi U
2
m vt liu cui qu trnh sy. Tng ng vi
2
t
. U
2
>
'
U v
thng c ly: (%)
3
2
'
2
+ =U U
3. S thit b:

1. Ca kh vo 5. Bung sy
2.Qut ly tm 6. Khy sy
3.Caloriphe 7. Ca ra kh thi


4. Cn
Nhn xt: Bi sy cha c hon chnh v khng thi gian nn
cha sy ti khi lng khng i sn phm vn cha kh hon ton v th
lm sai s nh hng n kt qu tnh ton.
CU HI CHUN B:
Cu 1: nh ngha qu trnh sy i lu?
Qu trnh sy din ra rt phc tp, c trng cho tnh khng thun nghch v
khng n nh. N din ra ng thi 4 qu trnh: truyn nhit cho vt liu,
dn m trong lng vt liu, chuyn pha v tch m vo mi trng xung
quanh.
Cu 2: Th no l truyn nhit v truyn m bng phng php i lu?
Truyn nhit l qu trnh phc tp xy ra ng thi bi 3 dng (3 phng
thc truyn nhit c bn) trao i nhit c bn:
- Trao i nhit bng dn nhit
- Trao i nhit bng i lu
- Trao i nhit bng bc x nhit
Cu 3: Nu cc giai on sy?
Gm c 3 giai on sy:
- Giai on un nng vt liu
- Giai on sy ng tc
- Giai on sy gim tc
Cu 4: C my qu trnh sy?
- Qu trnh sy c hi lu


- Qu trnh sy c t nng trung gian
Cu 5: K tn mt vi loi thit b sy?
- Thit b sy bng ti
- Thit b sy tng si
- Thit b sy kh ng (hay cn gi l thit b sy kh thi)
- Thit b sy phun loi thng
- Thit b sy bc x - i lu
- Thit b sy thng hoa
- Thit b sy in cao tn
Cu 6: Cc thng s cn o trong qu trnh th nghim?
- Khi lng
- Nhit bu kh
- Bu t
- Thi gian.
Cu 7: Ni dung th nghim?
Tin hnh sy bnh trng 2 ch ca Caloriphe: 40
0
C v 50
0
C. t
vt liu vo bung sy, ghi nhn khi lng vt liu sau khi lm m (G
1
).
Sau c 3 pht ghi nhn gi tr cn v gi tr nhit bu kh, bu t.
Tip tc n khi gi tr khi lng vt liu khng i trong vng 15 pht th
dng ch th nghim ny v chuyn sang ch th nghim khc.
Cu 8: Cch thc tin hnh th nghim?
Bc 1: Chun b th nghim:
- Xc nh khi lng vt liu kh ban u (G
0
) ca vt liu:
+ M ca bung sy ra, t cn thn


+ c gi tr cn (G
0
)
- Lm m vt liu:
Sau khi cn xong, ly vt liu ra v nhng nh nhng (trnh rch vt liu)
vo chu nc. Ch khong 30 giy cho nc thm u, ly vt liu ln v
ro nc sau xp vo gi.
- Chun b ng h eo tay o thi gian.
- Kim tra h thng:
+ Lp li ca bung sy.
+ M ht cc van ca hai ca kh vo ra
+ Chm y nc vo bu t (pha sau h thng)
Bc 2: Khi ng h thng:
- Khi ng qut: bt cng tc ca qut ht dng tc nhn vo v thi
qua caloriphe gia nhit dng tc nhn.
- Khi ng caloriphe, bt cng tc Caloriphe.
- Ci t nhit cho Caloriphe nhit th nghim.
Bc 3: Tin hnh th nghim
Ch h thng hot ng n nh khi: nhit ca Caloriphe t gi tr mong
mun ( C
0
2 1 ). Tin hnh sy vt liu nhit kho st.
o s liu trong ch th nghim.
- Cc s liu cn o: Khi lng, nhit bu kh, bu t v thi gian.
- Cch c:
+ Khi lng (gam) khi t gi vt liu sy, c s hin th trn cn.
+ Nhit (
0
C) : Nhn nt tng ng cc v tr cn o v c s trn ng
h hin s.
- Chuyn ch th nghim:


+ M ca bung sy, ly vt liu ra lm m tip (lp li nh ban u).
+ Ci nhit Caloriphe gi tr tip theo cho ch sy mi.
+ Ch h thng hot ng n nh.
+ Lp li trnh t nh ch u.
Bc 4: Kt thc th nghim
- Tt cng tt ca in tr Caloriphe.
- Sau khi tt Caloriphe c 5 pht, tt qut cho Caloriphe ngui.
Cu 9: Trnh by mc ch th nghim?
- Vn hnh c h thng thit b sy.
- Tnh ton c cc thng s sy: tc sy ng tc, m ti hn,
m cn bng, thi gian sy ng tc v gim tc.
- Xy dng ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy da trn s liu thc
nghim.
Cu 10: ng cong sy l g?
- L ng cong biu din s thay i ca m vt liu (U) theo thi
gian sy ) (t
- Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh lin kt gi m v vt liu, hnh dng
kch thc; cu trc vt liu, phng php v ch sy.
- ng cong sy l hm ca qu trnh sy
Cu 11: ng cong tc sy l g?
- L ng cong biu din mi quan h gia tc sy v m ( hm
m) ca vt liu sy
- ng cong tc sy l o hm ca ng cong sy.
Cu 12: Phng trnh c bn ca ng hc qu trnh sy
( )( )
t
u
t
u
d
dU
r R Rb
d
dU
r R
dU
d
r
C
d
d
R C
d
dU
r R q
O o O o O o O o
+ = |
.
|
\
|
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + = 1 1



Cu 13: Sy l g? S khc nhau gia sy v c c?
Sy l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu bng phng php nhit.Nhit
c cung cp cho vt liu m bngdan nhit, i lu, bc x hay nng
lng in trng c tn s cao.
S khc nhau gia sy v c c
Sy :
- L lm gim khi lng vt liu,tng bn v bo qun sn phm
- Theo phng php dn nhit,bc x,nng lng in trng
C c:
- L lm tng nng dung dch,tch rn ha tan d kt tinh hay tch
dung mi dang nguyn cht
- Theo phng php p sut kh quyn,chn khng v p sut d
Cu 14: Trnh by thi gian sy ca vt liu
Ta phi ph thuc vo ch sy ca vt liu m ta mi bit c
thi gian sy ca vt liu. V vy i vi mi vt liu c cc ch
sy khc nhau th thi gian sy cng khc nhau.



BI 2: TH NGHIM LC KHUNG BN
1. Mc ch th nghim
- Lm quen vi cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lc khung
bn.
- Bit ch vn hnh, kim tra trc khi vn hnh thit b.
- Vn hnh th nghim lc huyn ph CaCO
3
trong nc vi p sut
khng i.
- Xc nh cc h s lc theo s liu th nghim thu c.
2. s l thuyt
2.1. Lc cht lng
Lc l qu trnh c thc hin phn
ring cc hn hp nh mt vt ngn xp,
vt xp c kh nng cho mt pha i qua cn
gi pha kia li nn cn gi l vch ngn
lc.
2.2. Nguyn tc lc
To ra trn b mt huyn ph mt p sut P
1
di P
1
pha lng xuyn qua
cc l mao dn, pha rn b gi li. Chnh lch p sut gia hai bn vch
ngn lc c gi l ng lc ca qu trnh lc.
P= P
1
- P
2
(p sut to ra bng my bm, my nn, ct nc)
Lng li lc thu c ) / ( s m
t S
V V
W
s d
A
= {tc lc}


V: th tch nc lc thu c.
S: din tch b mt lc.
t: thi gian ly mu (k t lc bt u chy)
Tnh lng nc lc, lng b m, lng pha rn, lng pha lng.
V
h
=V
0
+V
1
=V
a
+V
G
h
=G
0
+G
1
=G
a
+G
Trong : V
h
, G
h
: khi lng v th tch hn hp huyn ph em i lc.
V
0
, G
0
: th tch v khi lng cht rn kh.
V
1
, G
1
: th tch v khi lng nc lc nguyn cht.
V
a
,G
a
: th tch v kh lng b m.
V, G: th tch v khi lng nc lc cha nguyn cht
m ca b:
a
a
a
G
G G
W
0
= (% kg m/kg vt liu t)
2.3 .p sut lc
2.3.1 Khi lc vi p sut khng i
t
. 2
. . 2 . .
2
0 0
2
S
V S R X r V
P
v
+
= A

Trong : nht (kg/ms)
V: th tch nc lc (m
3
)
S: din tch b mt lc (m
2
)


t : thi gian lc c n nh trc
r
0
: tr lc ring (1/m
2
), tr lc lp b to thnh (1kg b kh/1m
2
b mt)
X
0
= V
a
/V
0
: t s gia lng b m (m
3
/ lng nc lc (m
3
))
R
v
: tr lc vch ngn (1/m)
2.3.2 Lc vi tc khng i: W=const (km hiu qu)
t
.
. . . .
2
0 0
2
S
V S R X r V
P
v
+
= A
(N/m
2
)
2.4.Vt ngn lc
Phi c tnh cht ph hp vi huyn ph, gm cc loi vi c an bng
cc loi sau: si bng len polypropylene, clorinaxeton, pvc, si thy tinh
chu axit
2.5. Cht tr lc
Diatomit trng to t 94% SiO
2
, b mt ring 20 m
2
/g, bn axit, c s
dng rng ri, to xp 93%.
Perolit: to t sn phm ni la, cc cht tr lc khng c tan trong
dung dch lc.
3. My lc khung bn
3.1.Cu to
My lc khung bn gm c mt dy cc khung v bn cng kch thc
xp lin nhau, gia khung v bn c vi lc. Huyn ph c a vo rnh
di tc dng ca p sut ri vo khong trng ca khung. Cht lng qua vi


lc sang cc rnh ca bn ri theo van ra ngoi. Cc ht rn c gi li to
thnh b cha trong khung.
3.2. Qu trnh lc- tr lc ca vi lc v b lc
Lc p a ti kt qu l mt lp ht rn to thnh trn vi lc gm cc
mao qun ca b lc v vt ngn l chuyn ng dng cn phi c p sut
khc phc tr lc ca vt ngn v tr lc ca b lc. Tr lc ca ng dn
khng ng k.
3.2.1. Tr lc ca b lc
Phng trnh Kozeny-carman o hiu sut qua tng ht rn c dng chy
dng tnh hiu p sut qua lc.
t
.
. . .
2
2
0 0
S
V
X r P
b
= A
(1)
Trong : nht ca nc lc

V
V
X
a
=
0
; V
a
: th tch b lc; V: th tch nc lc.
S: din tch b mt lc.
t
: thi gian lc.
r
0
: tr lc b lc.
Tr lc b lc thay i ty theo tnh cht ca b lc.r
0
=r
0
. P
s
(2)
r
0
: hng s
s: ch s chu nn;


s=0 cho b lc khng nn c, thng thng s c gi tr t 0,1-1,0.
4.2.2.Tr lc ca vi lc
t
V
R P
v v
. = A
(3)
R
v
: tr lc ca vt ngn lc
3.3. Phng trnh lc tng qut
Phng trnh (1) v (3) a ti Phng trnh vi phn ca qu trnh lc.
|
.
|
\
|
+
AP
=
v
R
S
V
X r
d S
dV
0 0
.
.

t
(4)
Tch phn vi P= const thu c:
t
0 0
2
0 0
2
. .
. 2
.
. 2
X r
S
V
X r
S R
V
v
AP
= +
(5)
t
S
V
q =
:lng nc lc ring (m
3
/m
2
).
Phng trnh (5) c vit gn li nh sau: q
2
+2.C.q=K.
Trong :
0 0 0 0
. .
2
;
. X r
K
X r
R
C
v
AP
= =

4 Nguyn l lc 1 cp


S th nghim

Ch thch: 1. Khung khuy huyn ph 2. Bm huyn ph
3. Thit b lc khung bn 4. p k
Nhn xt :
u im:
B mt lc ln.
Dch lc trong v loi b c nm men.
Tm c th thay th d dng.
Lc c cn bn.
Khng cn ngi c chuyn mn cao.
Nhc im:
Cn nhiu thi gian v sinh.
Phi thay th tm theo chu k.
Gi thnh tm cao.
1
2
3
1


Dch chy nhiu, phn b khng ng u.
Phi tho khung bn khi cn gim p sut.
c phng php tng nng sut lc
- Tng p lc lc.
- Tng tc lc.
- Gia nhit trong qu trnh lc gim nht
Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh lc
- Vn tc lu cht lc.
- p sut lc.
- Lp b lc, tnh cht ca vch ngn.
- Lp vi lc.
- H thng lc hay thit b lc.
- Trng thi ca cht lc, tnh cht ca huyn ph.
- Nhit lc
TR LI CU HI CHUN B
Cu 1: Mc ch ca bi th nghim
- Trnh by c cu to, nguyn l lm vic v u nhc im ca thit b
lc khung bn.
- Vn hnh c thit b lc khung bn.
- Tnh ton c cc h s lc da trn s liu thc nghim v a ra
phng trnh lc tng ng.
Cu 2: Lc s dng phn ring cc hn hp nh mt vt ngn xp.


V d: Trong qu trnh sn sut bia, sau qu trnh nu dch nha, ngi ta thc
hin qu trnh lc nhit 76 78
0
C tch b b malt. Cn sau qu trnh
ln men ph, ngi ta tin hnh lc bia 2 4
0
C nhm mc ch tch b
cn men v cc hp cht l lng dng keo.
Cu 3: Cc phng php to chnh lch p sut khi lc.
- Thay i chiu cao ct p sut thy tnh
- Dng bm hay my nn a huyn ph vo
- Bm chn khng ht
Cu 6: Phng trnh phn lc v nghim ca n:
- Phng trnh vi phn lc:
- Nghim ca phng trnh lc:

0 0
v
R
C
r X
=

0 0
2
. .
P
K
r X
A
=

Cu 8: Nu cu to nguyn l hot ng, u nhc im v phm vi s
dng ca lc khung bn.
- Cu to:
+ Khung khy huyn ph
+ Bm huyn ph
+ Thit b lc khung bn
+ p k
- Nguyn l hot ng:
+ Huyn ph c a vo rnh ri vo khong rng ca khung di tc
dng ca p sut, cht lng chui qua vi lc sang cc rnh ri theo van ra
ngoi cn b b gi li trong khung.


+ Nc lc chy ra t bn qua h thng ng ng v ly ra ngoi. B c
gi li trn b mt vch ngn lc v c cha trong khung. Khi b trong
khung y th dng qu trnh lc tin hnh ra v tho b.
- u nhc im:
+ u im: B mt lc trn mt n v din tch sn xut ln, ng lc ca
qu trnh lc ln, d dng kim tra qu trnh lm vic.
+ Nhc im: thao tc ch yu bng tay, ra b cha hon ho, vi lc
nhanh b n mn.
- Pham vi s dng: c ng dng nhiu trong cng ngh thc phm, x l
mi trng.
Cu 9: Trnh t tin hnh th nghim
Pha 500g bt CaCO
3
vo 20 lt nc c dung dch huyn ph lc.
- ng van V1 v van V2.
- Cho dung dch pha vo bn cha.
- Bt cng tc my khuy, khuy u hn hp dung dch CaCO
3
.
- M van V3, V4, V5, V6.
- M bm, iu chnh p sut bng V4 khi ng h p sut ch mc mong
mun.
- ong dung dch lc u C1 v ghi nhn th tch trong mi thi gian 30
giy.
- Lm th nghim vi cc ch p sut khc nhau.
Cu 10: Phng php s l s liu th nghim
Tnh nng sut ca qu trnh lc(Q)


Q = V/t
Tnh lng nc lc ring(q)
Q = V/S
Trong :
V: Th tch nc thu c
S: Din tch b mt lc
t
: Thi gian lc
- Xc nh cc h s C, K v
0 r
trong phng trnh lc
- V th cho mi th nghim lc
+ V gin / q t A A theo q
Cu 11: Cc i lng cn o
- Thi gian lc t (s)
- Th tch nc lc thu c V(lt)
Cu 12: K tn mt vi thit b lc ngoi lc khung bn:
- Thit b lc tay o
- Thit b lc chn khng khung bn



BI 3: TH NGHIM HP TH ( M)
1.Mc ch th nghim
Kho st c tnh ng lc hc lu cht v kh nng hot ng ca ct
chm bng cch xc nh
nh hng ca vn tc dng kh v lng ln tn tht p sut ( gim
p) khi i qua ct.
S bin i ca h s ma st ct kh f
ck
theo chun s Reynolds (Re) ca
dng kh v suy ra cc h thc thc nghim.
S bin i ca tha s lin h gia gim p ca dng kh qua ct
kh v qua ct t theo vn tc dng lng.
2. s l thuyt
2.1 Khi nim qu trnh hp th (hp thu)
Qu trnh hp thu l qu trnh truyn vn cu t vt cht t pha kh vo
pha lng. nu qu trnh xy ra theo chiu ngc li, ngha l truyn vn cu
t t pha lng sang pha kh, ta c qu trnh nh hp thu.
Mc ch ca qu trnh hp thu l ha tan chn lc mt s cu t.
2.2 ng dng ca qu trnh hp thu
Cng ngh thc phm
Cng ngh ha hc
Cng ngh sinh hc
K thut mi trng
Ngnh cng nghip du kh
3 hng php la chn dung mi hp thu
Khi la chn dung mi cho qu trnh hp thu ngi ta da vo cc
tnh cht sau:


ha tan chn lc
bay hi tng i
Tnh n mn ca dung mi
Chi ph
nht
Cc tnh cht khc
4 hng php hp thu:
Gm hp thu xui dng v ngc vng.
c n v:
Sut lng mol: mol/h; (kmol/h.m
2
); (mol/h.m
2
).
Sut lng khi lng: kg/h; (kg/h.m
2
); (g/h.m
2
).
Phn mol v t s mol khng c n
3. S thit b
I-My thi kh 1,2 van1,2-Van iu chnh lu lng
dng kh
II-Lu lng k dng kh 3-Van x nc ng trong ng kh
III-Ct chem. 4,6-Van iu chnh lu lng dng
lng
IV-Bn cha 5-Van to ct lng ngn kh
V-Bm 7-Van iu chnh mc nc trong ct
chm
VI- Lu lng k dng lng 8-Van x nhanh khi lt ct chm
D-lp m vng s Raschig 9-Van x y bn cha


Hnh 3.1
1. ch vn hnh thp m
hun b
Kim tra xem tn cc van trn s hng dn
ng van VL6, m van VL 1 nc vo bn cha n mc
chy trn
ng tt c van VL1, VL3, VL4, VL5, VL6; m van kh VK2 v
m ti a van VK1
o ct kh
Kim tra p k
Kim tra mc nc lng y thp
Kim tra li VK2 trng thi ng. VK1 phi m hon ton
M in, qut


M t t VK2 chnh con i ln 2 fit
3
/pht c p k
M VK2 hon ton v ng VK1
o ct t
Kim tra li VK2 phi trng thi ng, VK1 phi m hon ton
M qut kh Qk, m VK2 v tr 1fit
3
/pht thng kh
VL2 v VL4 hon ton
M bm, kim tra nc trong bn c bm hon lu cha
M VL3 cho nc vo ct n khi khng c bt kh, ng thi
canh chng x VL5, duy tr mc nc O
Chnh VL3 v 4 fit
3
/pht(lit/p); chnh VK2, VK1 a con i
ln 2; 2,5; 3; 3,5; 4; 4,5 c p k . M li VK1, ng bt VK2
v v tr 1 fit
3
/p
Chnh VL3 v 3 (lit/p); 6(lit/p); 7(lit/p); 8(lit/p); 9 (lit/p);
Ghi li s liu o c.
2. hn xt da vo th
Sau bi th nghim gip ta bit cch vn hnh thp hp thu, bit c
nh hng ca vn tc dng kh v lng ln tn tht p sut ( gim p) khi i
qua ct thng qua cc th ct t, ct kh
Thng qua x l s liu s gip sinh vin nhn bit c sai s l thuyt
v thc t.


BI 4: TH NGHIM TRUYN NHIT NG KP
c ch th nghim
- Lm quen vi thit b truyn nhit ng lng ng, cc dng c o nhit
v lu lng lu cht.
- Xc nh h s truyn nhit trong qu trnh truyn nhit gia hai dng
lnh v nng qua vch kim loi cc ch d chy khc nhau.
- Thit lp cn bng nhit lng.
s l thuyt
2.1 Cc khi nim
Truyn nhit
Truyn nhit l mt qu trnh phc tp xy ra ng thi 3 dng trao i
nhit: trao i nhit bng dn nhit, trao i nhit bng i lu nhit v trao
i nhit bng bc x nhit.
Chiu qu trnh
Trong t nhin qu trnh truyn nhit ch xy ra theo mt chiu t ni
c nhit cao ti ni c nhit thp.
Cht ti nhit
Cht ti nhit l cht mang nhit t ni ny ti mi trng khc theo quy
lut t nhin.
Truyn nhit trc tip
Truyn nhit trc tip l qu trnh truyn nhit m cht ti nhit tip xc
trc tip vi vt liu.


Truyn nhit gin tip
Truyn nhit gin tip l qu trnh truyn nhit m cht ti nhit khng
tip xc trc tip vi vt liu m thng qua vt ngn.
Truyn nhit n nh
Truyn nhit n nh l qu trnh truyn nhit m nhit ch thay i
theo khng gian m khng thay i theo thi gian.
Truyn nhit khng n nh
Truyn nhit khng n nh l qu trnh truyn nhit m nhit thay
i c theo khng gian v thi gian.
rng nhit
Trng nhit c trng cho nng ca vt l nhit (t
o
C, t
o
K). Tp
hp tt c nhng gi tr nhit ca vt hoc mi tng gi l trng nhit.
Nhit trng n nh
Nhit trng n nh l nhit trng m nhit ch thay i theo khng
gian m ch thay i theo thi gian. t=f(x,y,z)
Nhit trng khng n nh
Nhit trng khng n nh l nhit trng m nhit thay i theo c
khng gian v thi gian. t=f(x,y,z,t)



Mt ng nhit
Mt ng nhit l tp hp cc im c nhit bng nhau. Qu trnh dn
nhit khng xy ra trn mt mt ng nhit, m ch dn nhit t mt ng
nhit ny n mt ng nhit kia.
2.2 Cc qu trnh truyn nhit
Trong thc t qu trnh truyn nhit din ra theo 3 phng thc truyn
nhit c bn sau.
Dn nhit
Dn nhit l s truyn nhit nng t ni c nhit cao n ni c nhit
thp. do s truyn ng nng hoc dao ng va chm vo nhau, nhng
khng c s chuyn ri v tr gia cc phn t vt cht. dn nhit ch xy ra
khi truyn nhit ca cc cht rn hoc truyn nhit ca cht lng, cht kh
ng yn hay chuyn ng dng.
nh lut Fourien
Xt trn mt mt phng c din tch F c dng nhit dn qua theo
phng vung gc vi mt phng, nh lut Fourien pht biu nh sau:
Mt dng nhit truyn qua bng phng thc dn nhit theo phng
quy nh t l thun vi din tch vung gc vi Phng truyn nhit v
gradian nhit theo phng y.
x
T
F Q
x
c
c
= (W)
x
T
F
Q
q
x
x
c
c
= =
(W/m2)
Q
x
: dng nhit truyn qua din tch F (j/s)


q
x
: mt dng nhit (W/m
2
)
F: din tch b mt truyn nhit vung gc vi phng x (m
2
)
: h s dn nhit W/m.
Thc nghim chng t l mt thng s vt l biu din kh nng dn
nhit ca vt liu.
H s dn nhit ph thuc vo p sut, nhit , vt liu, cu trc vt
liu.
H s dn nhit ca cht kh trong khong 0,006 0,6 (W/m.)
H s dn nhit ca cht kh trong khong 0,007 0,7 (W/m.)
H s dn nhit ca cht rn ph thuc vo kt cu, xp v m ca
vt liu.
T nh lut Fourien c bn ngi ta a ra cc dng phng trnh
truyn nhit cho cc trng hp c th.
y ta ch nu trng hp dn nhit n nh qua ng
Dn nhit n nh qua ng
Nghin cu qu trnh dn nhit qua vch tr (ng) nhit b mt
vch trong t
1
, nhit vch ngoi t
2
khng thay i. vt liu c h s dn
nhit khng i.
Ta c phng trnh dn nhit nh sau:
( )
1
2
2 1
2 1
1
2
ln
2
1
ln
. . 2
d
d
L
t t
t t
d
d
L
Q
t
t
= =
(W)


L: chiu di ca ng (m)
d
1
, d
2
: ng knh trong v ngoi ca ng (m)
Cn
2
1 2
d d
= o (m)
V din tch b mt trung bnh:
1
2
2 1
ln
) (
d
d
L d d
F

=
t
(m
2
)
T s d
2
/d
1
2 th F tnh bng cng thc sau:
2
) (
2 1
L d d
F
+
=
t
(m
2
)
thun tin cho vic tnh ton ta tnh
1
2
2 1
ln
2
1
d
d
t t
L
Q
q
t
t

= =
(w/m)
Nhiu lp
Vi tng hnh ng nhiu lp vt liu khc nhau
i
i
n
i
n
d
d
t t
L
Q
q
1
1
1 1
ln
2
1
+

= =
t
t
n: s lp
t
1
: nhit vch trong (
o
C)
t
n
+1: nhit vch ngoi th n+1 (
o
C)


i lu nhit
Nhit i lu l s truyn nhit m cc phn t lng hoc kh nhn nhit
ri i ch cho nhau; s i ch do chnh lch khi lng ring hay do cc
tc ng c hc nh: bm, khuy.
Qu trnh ta nhit i lu xy ra khi c s trao i nhit gia cht
lng, cht kh v b mt rn.
nh lut Newton
tnh nhit i lu ngi ta dng cng thc Newton
Q= .F.(t
r
-t
v
) (w)
Trong : h s ta nhit (W/m.) ph thuc vo rt nhiu thng s
=f(t
v
,t
f
, , , c
p
, , ,l)
t
f
: nhit lu cht
t
v
: nhit vch
: tc truyn nhit ca cht lng
l: kch thc b mt troa i nhit
q= (t
r
-t
v
) (W/m2)
tnh ton c phng trnh trn ta cn phi xc nh c
2.3 Cc chun s
V qu trnh ta nhit i lu ph thuc vo nhiu chun s do mun xc
nh ta cn tnh cc chun s sau:


Chun s Nusselt:
r
Nu
o .
=
Chun s Prandtl:
a
= Pr
Chun s Reynolds:
e .
Re =
Chun s Grashof:
2
3
. . .
| t g
Gr
A
=

: vn tc chuyn ng ca lu cht (m/s)
a: h s dn nhit
.
p
c
a =
(m2/s)
c
p
: nhit dung ring ng p (j/kg.
o
C)
g: gia tc trng trng (m/s
2
)
l: kch thc hnh hc (c th l ng knh nu l ng) (m)
t: k hiu nhit vch v nhit lu cht (
o
C)
: h s gin n th tch (1/
o
K; 1/
o
C) vi cht kh =1/T
4 c phng trnh thc nghim cho cc loi lu cht chuyn ng
tnh ngi ta dng chun s Nu v trong tng trng hp c
th th Nu c biu thc ring
Ngoi ra ngi ta tnh trc mt s trng hp c th, ta c th tra
bng cho tng trng hp y
2.5 Cc kiu truyn nhit trong thit b v ng
Kiu xui chiu: 2 dng lu cht lnh v nng chuyn ng cng
chiu. Khi b tr kiu ny th hiu qu truyn nhit u vo l rt cao v
u ra l thp.


Kiu ngc chiu: 2 dng lu cht lnh v nng chuyn ng ngc
chiu, kiu b tr ny thng c dng, s trao i nhit c phn b u
trn khp chiu di ca thit b .
2.6. T chc dng chy trong thit b v ng
T chc dng chy phi m bo iu kin: hiu qu qu trnh trao
i nhit l cao nht. trong gm: dng nng v dng lnh.
Dng nng v dng lnh c th b tr bn trong hay bn ngoi v ng
dng lu cht cng chiu hay ngc chiu.
2.7. Nhit ra ca cc dng chy
Trng hp xui chiu: 2 u thit b nhit nng ra ln hn lnh ra
3 nh ton th nghim
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng cho 2 dng lu cht nng v lnh c
dng
Q= G
N
.C
N
(t
NV
-t
NR
)=G
L
.C
L
(t
LR
-t
LV
)
Trong
G
N
, G
L
: lu lng khi lng ca dng nng v dng lnh (kg/s)
C
N
, C
L
: nhit dung ring ng p ca nc nng v nc lnh
(J/kg.)
t
NV
, t
NR
: nhit vo, ra ca dng nng (
o
C)
t
LV
, t
LR
: nhit vo, ra ca dng lnh (
o
C)
Qu trnh truyn nhit c biu din bng phng trnh sau:


Q= K
L
. tlog.L
Trong : Q: nhit lng trao i (W hoc j/s)
K
L
: h s truyn nhit di (W/m.)
t log: hiu nhit logarit c hai dng lu cht (
o
C)
L: chiu di ng, bi th nghim ny ta ly L=1050mm
Hiu nhit ca 2 lu cht
min
max
min max
ln
t
t
t t
tl
og
A
A
A A
= A

H s truyn nhit di K
L
:
+ + +
=
ng b
b
tr
ng
inox tr
L
d d
r
d
d
d
K
.
1
ln .
2
1
.
1
2 1
o o
t
Trong :
d
tr
, d
ng
: ng knh trong v ng knh ngoi ca ng truyn nhit
(m).
inox
: h s dn nhit ca kim loi ch to ng (w/m.)
1
,
2
: h s cp nhit ca dng nc nng, dng nc lnh
(w/m
2
.)
r
b
: h s nhit ca cn bn (m
2
./w)
d
b
: ng knh lp bn (m)
K
L
: h s truyn nhit di (w/m.)
H s cp nhit
1
,
2
gia vch ngn v cc dng lu cht c
tnh t chun s Nusselt (Nu)


Phng trnh tng qut ca chun s Nusselt l:
P L
n m
t
A Nu c c . .
Pr
Pr
. Pr . Re .
25 , 0
(
=

Trong :
Cc h s: A, n, m, L, P l cc h s thc nghim ph thuc cc yu
t sau:
Ch chy ca cc dng lu cht .
S tng quan gia cc dng chy v b mt truyn nhit.
c im ca b mt truyn nhit ( nhm, hnh dng ,)
Ta c cc phng trnh Nusselt cho dng chy ngang ng nh sau:
Khi 5 Re 10
3
:
25 , 0
38 , 0 5 , 0
Pr
Pr
. Pr . Re . 5 , 0
(
=
t
Nu

Khi 10
3
Re 2.10
5
:
25 , 0
38 , 0 6 , 0
Pr
Pr
. Pr . Re . 25 , 0
(
=
t
Nu

Khi 2.10
5
Re 2.10
6
:
25 , 0
37 , 0 8 , 0
Pr
Pr
. Pr . Re . 023 , 0
(
=
t
Nu

Ta c phng trnh tnh Nusselt cho ch chy dc theo thn ng:
Ch chy mng Re 2320
L
t
Gr Nu c ..
Pr
Pr
. . Pr . Re . 15 , 0
25 , 0
1 , 0 43 , 0 33 , 0
(
=
Ch chy chuyn tip 2320 Re 10000:


L
t
C Nu c .
Pr
Pr
. Pr .
25 , 0
43 , 0
(
=
Ch chy ri Re 10000:
P
t
Nu c .
Pr
Pr
. Pr . Re . 021 , 0
25 , 0
43 , 0 8 , 0
(
=
Trong gi tr C ph thuc Re theo bng sau:

Gi tr L ph thuc vo t l L/d khi Re 10000
L/d 1,0 2,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 29,0 30,0 40,0
50,
0
L 1,9 1,7 1,44 1,28 1,18 1,13 1,05 1,02 1,00

Khi Re 10000 th h s
P
ph thuc vo Re v L/d nh sau:
L/d
Re
10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0
50
1.104 1,23 1,13 1,07 1,03 1,00
2.104 1,18 1,10 1,05 1,02 1,00
5.104 1,13 1,08 1,04 1,02 1,00
1.105 1,10 1,06 1,03 1,02 1,00
1.106 1,05 1,03 1,02 1,01 1,00

Re 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
C 1,9 2,2 3,3 3,8 4,4
Re 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000
C 6,0 10,3 15,5 19,5 27,0 33,0


Chun s Grashof (Gr)
Chun s Grashof c trng cho quan h gia lc ma st phn t v
lc ko do t trng khc nhau, nhng im c nhit khng ging nhau
trong cng mt dng lu cht (nc).
2
2
3
2
3
. . . . . . .
|
v
| t d g t d g
Gr
td td
A
=
A
=

Trong Gr: chun s Grashof
: nht ng hc ca lu cht (m
2
/s)
d
td
: ng knh tng ng ca tit din dng chy (m)
: khi lng ring ca lu cht (nc), (kg/m
3
)
: nht ng lc hc ca nc (N.S/m
2
).
t: hiu nhit gia lu cht v thnh ng, trong bi th nghim ny
ta ly t=6
o
C
: h s gin n th tch (ph thuc vo nhit ), (1/
o
C)
T(
o
C) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
(1/
o
C) -0,6.10
-
4

2,1.10
-4
3,9.10
-4
5,3.10
-4
6,3.10
-4
7,5.10
-4
8,6.10
-4

2
2
3
2
. . ). ( 6 ). / ( 81 , 9
|
td
o
d C s m
Gr =



Thit b th nghim: H thng thit b th nghim c cc thit b thnh
phn sau:
Ni un nc nng c gia cng bng thp khng g c dng lng tr
ng vi ng knh D=395mm, chiu cao ni l H=500mm
Thnh ni c lp bo n dy 30mm, trong ni c hai in tr gia nhit
un si nc.
Mt bm nc nng c cng sut 0,5 HP dng bm nc nng t ni
un h thng trao i nhit.
Hp iu khin h thng thit b.
ng kp chy ngang l loi ng lng ng m lu cht lnh chy ngang
mt ngoi ca ng trong .
ng kp chy dc l loi ng lng ng n gin, lu cht nng chy dc
mt trong ca ng trong v lu cht lnh chy dc trong khong khng gian
gia hai ng.
Mt lu lng k dng phao dng o lu lng ca nc nng v
nc lnh.
Loi ng Kch thc
ng trong (mm)
Kch thc
ng ngoi (mm)
Chiu di
(mm)
Chy dc 18/22 30/34 1050
Chy ngang 18/22 30/34 1050



Bi 5: TH NGHIM M T
1. Mc ch th nghim
Kho st s lu chuyn ca nc nhit phng ths nghim trong h
thng thit b mng ng vi nhiu ng ng c ng knh khc nhau, trn
ng ng c lp ventury, mng chn, co ni, van kim, bm, ng o ct p.
2. s l thuyt
2.1.nh hc lu cht
Phng trnh thy tnh :
Khi khi lng ring thay i khng ng k ta xem =const, phng trnh
thy tnh c dng:
p+ .g.z= const (1.1)
p: p sut ti im ang xt
g: gia tc trng trng
z: chu cao ca im ang xt so vi gc ta ta chn


Pht biu: vi mt im bt k trong lng lu cht u tun theo phng
trnh (1.1)
Xt mt im B bt k trong lng lu cht th ti B p sut, KLR quan h
theo pt:
pB+ .g.zB= const
V ti im A no th p sut, KLR cng c pt:
p
A
+ .g.z
A
= const
Lc : p
B
+ .g.z
B
=p
A
+ .g.z
A

p
B
p
A
= .g.(z
A
-z
B
)
p
AB
= .g.h
AB
(1.2)
p
AB
: l chnh p gia v tr A v B trong lng cht lng
T (1.2) ta thy khi z
A
=z
B
th p
AB
= 0 hay p
B
=p
A

p sut thy tnh ti mt im trong lng cht lng
p
A
-p
0
= .h (kg/m.s
2
= N/m
2
)
Trong :
= .g : trng lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m
2
.s
2
)
: l khi lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m
3
)
h: chiu cao t A n mt thong (m)
p0: p sut trn mt thong


i t m cht lng (du, ru...) so vi mH
2
O
pdu ==
pcht lng==
2.2. o p sut
o p sut kh quyn
p sut kh quyn c tnh theo p sut tuyt i
P
kq
= .g.h (N/m
2
)
Trong :
: l khi lng ring ca thy ngn (kg/m
3
)
g: gia tc trng trng (m/s
2
)
h: chiu cao ct thy ngn (m)
o p sut cht kh
Trong bnh ang c p sut tuyt i l p, p sut d trong bnh so vi
kh quyn l:
p
d
= p p
0
= .g.h
L
(N/m
2
)
: Khi lng ring ca cht lng vo manometter (kg/m
3
)
hL: chiu cao ct cht lng chnh trong manometer (m)
o p sut chn khng ca kh trong bnh ta dng Vacumeter
o p sut chn khng
Trong bnh ang c p sut tuyt i l p, p sut chn khng trog bnh
l:
p
ck
= p
0
p= .g.h
L

o p sut lu cht ang chuyn ng
p k o chnh
Trng hp 1:h=h
1
= (z
A
+ (z
B
+ ) (m)


Trng hp 2: h=h
1
. (m)
h: l chnh p sut gia hai im A,B
2.3. Ch chy trong ng
- Chun Renolds :
Re= =
d: ng knh ng trong, hoc ng knh tng ng ca knh
(m)
: vn tc dng chy (m/s)
: nht ng lc hc ca lu cht (N.s/m
2
; kg/m.s)
: nht ng hc (m
2
/s)
Nu Re 2300 th ch chy l chy tng
Nu Re > 2300 th ch chy l chy ri
2.4. Tr lc v ma st
Khi chuyn ng trong ng lu cht tip xc vi ng ng dn s lm cn
tr tc chy ca lu cht. Mt khc khi i qua nhng ch quanh co, khp
ni ng, nhng ch thu hp, phnh to...cht lng b cn tr lm vn tc chy
chm li v p sut cng gim.
- Cc k hiu:
: h s tn tht dc ng hoc h s ma st
: h s tn tht cc b
- Tn tht dc ng c tnh theo cng thc Darcy:
Tn tht dc ng gy ra bi chiu di ng ng :
h
L
= . (m c.lng)
Nu ng ng trn


h
L
= . (m c.lng)
Trong :
L: chiu di ng
v: vn tc lu cht trong ng (m/s)
D: ng knh ng trn
R: bn knh ng trn hoc bn knh thy lc
R= S/ (m)
S: Tit din mt ct t (m
2
)
: chu vi t
Chy tng Re 2300: =
Chy ri : = f(
Nu 3000 < Re < 100000 : =
Re > 100000 : =
- Tn tht cc b
Tn tht cc b gy ra bi cc im co, ngoc, t thu, t m, cc
van...
hcb=
v: vn tc lu cht trong ng (m/s)
2.5. hng trnh becnuli cho cht lng ng yn v chuyn ng
Phng trnh becnuli cho mt ct A-A v B-B l:
zA +
Phng trnh becnuli c dng :
z1 + = z2 + + H (m c.lng)
: h s hiu chnh ng nng
H: mt nng ( tn tht nng lng hoc ct p) = h
L
+ h
CB



z: v nng (m)
: p nng (m)
: ng nng (m)
v
1
, v
2
: vn tc lu cht ti cc mt ct
2.6. Tn tht nng lng dng chy
- Tn tht nng lng dc ng ng:
- Khi dng lu cht chy dc trong ng ng thng th c s mt mt nng
lng do lu cht ma st vi thnh ng. Tn tht nng lng ny c tnh
ton nh sau:
h
d
= . ta li c : h
d
=
Trong :
: h s ma st ph thuc vo Re v nhm ca ng
L: Chiu di ng thng (m)
d: kch thc ng (m)
: tc chy ca lu cht (m/s)
P: Tn tht p sut (N/m
2
)
Tn nng lng cc b:
Khi dng lu cht chy qua van, b t thu, t m, b i hng t ngt
khi qua co th dng lu cht b mt mt nng lng. Tn tht nng lng
ny gi l tn tht nng lng cc b v c tnh ton nh sau:
h
CB
= . trong : h s tr lc cc b
- ng ventury l ng c tit din trn tht dn v sau tng dn
tr li kch thc ban u
- Mng chn l a kim loi mng co ng knh bng vi ng
knh trong ca ng t vung gc vi trc ng, trn a c gia cng mt l
hnh trn, tm l nm trn trc ng


- ng ventury v mng chn mc ni tip vi ng dn lu cht
lm cho dng lu cht khi qua n b tn tht p sut, thay i tc chy.
- Phng trnh becnuli gia hai mt ct t:
z
1
+ + = z
2
+ + + h
= d
v
/d=d
m
/d
Trong :
- d: l ng knh trong ca tit din ng. (m)
- d
v
,d
m
: l ng knh l ventury hay mng chn. (m)
Gi h s co tht dng ca ventury v mng chn ln lt l C
V
v C
m.

- K : l hng s i vi mt loi ng knh ng xc nh.
Ta c cng thc tnh lu lng chy qua ng.
Q = C.K.
K =
2.7. Chiu di tng ng ca van
L chiu di ca ng ng c tn tht nng lng dc ng bng vi tn
tht nng lng cc b ca van.
h
CB
= .L
E
.
2
/(2.g.d)
- Trong :
L
E
l chiu di tng ng ca van (m
Nhn xt biu
Qua kt qu th nghim ta thy, tn tht p sut cng ln khi m tit
din ng cng nh, lc ny cht lng chim y ng ti a v tr lc ma s t
gy ra cng ln nhiu.


ng ch l, i vi trng hp cht lng chy qua ch t thu th
tn tht p sut tng ln ng k, do lc ny, tit din ng bt ng b thu hp.
Qua bi th nghim trn gip ta thit lp dng lu cht chy qua thit
b bng cch ng m cc van, chnh lu lng bng cc van iu khin, o
gim p sut thy tnh bng p k ct nc.
Xc nh tn tht p sut ca dng chy qua cc ventury v mng
chn.
Thit lp mi quan h gia:
- Tn tht p sut ct p ca ventury v mng chn vi lu lng chy
- H s co tht ca ventury v mng chn vi ch dng chy
- H s ma st ca ng ng vi ch dng chy
- Chiu di tng dng ca van vi ch chy
C th:
Th nghim 1
Thit lp mi quan h gia tn tht ct p ca dng chy qua ventury
v mng chn vi lu lng th tch. Biu din quan h ny trn gin

Th nghim 2
o gi tr tn tht p sut ca dng chy qua cc on ng thng c
kch thc 32/34 v mng chn. Xc nh h s ma st trn ng
ng, nhm ca ng. Biu din quan h gia h s ma st v ch
dng chy ln gin .
Th nghim 3
o gi tr tn thp p sut ca dng chy qua cc on ng thng c
kch tht 25/27 v mng chn. Xc nh h s ma st trn ng


dng chy ln gin .
Th nghim 4
o gi tr tn thp p sut ca dng chy qua cc on ng thng c
kch tht 14/16 v mng chn. Xc nh h s ma st trn ng
dng chy ln gin .
Th nghim 5
Xc nh chiu di tng dng ca van 9.

6 C
1. Mc tiu th nghim
Trnh by c cu to, nguyn l lm vic v u nhc im thit b c
c gin on 1 ni, hot ng trong iu kin chn khng.
Vn hnh c h thng c c.
Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht, cn bng nng lng v cc i lng
c trng cho qu trnh c c.
2. s l thuyt
2.1. Cc khi nim trong c c
Khi nim c c


C c l qu trnh lm tng nng ca dung dch bng cch tch mt
phn dung mi nhit si, dung mi tch ra khi dung dch bay ln gi l
hi th.
Mc ch ca qu trnh c c
- Lm tng nng ca cht ha tan trong dung dch.
- Tch cht rn ha tan dng rn (kt tinh).
- Tch dung mi dng nguyn cht (ct nc)
2.2. c phng php c c
C c p sut kh quyn: l phng php n gin nhng khng tinh
t.
C c p sut chn khng: dng cho cc dung dch c nhit si
cao, d phn hy v nhit,
C c p sut d: dng cho cc dung dch hng phn hy nhit
cao, s dng hi th cho cc qu trnh khc.
2.3. Cn bng vt liu trong h thng c c 1 ni
Xt h thng mt ni
Trong
G
- khi lng nguyn liu, [kg]; kg/s

G
c
- khi lng sn phm. [kg]; kg/s
W- lng hi th, [kg]; m/s
x
- nng cht kh trong nguyn liu, [phn khi lng]

x
c
- nng cht kh trong sn phm, [phn khi lng]
Theo nh lut bo ton vt cht.


Bo ton khi lng G
=G
c
+W
Bo ton cht kh G
.x
=G
c
.x
c

Gii ra ta c
Lng hi th:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
x
x
G W 1

Nng sn phm
cui
W G
x G
G
x G
x

c

c
= =
. .

2.4. Cn bng nhit lng
K hiu t
: nhit nguyn liu. [].

t
c
: nhit sn phm, [].
t
n
: nhit nc ngng, [].
c
: nhit dung ring nguyn liu, [J/kg.].

c
c
: nhit dung ring sn phm, [J/kg.].
c
n
: nhit dung ring nc ngng, [J/kg.].
i: hm nhit trong hi t, [J/kg].
i: hm nhit trong hi th, [J/kg].
Q
c
: tn tht nhit c c, [J]; Q
c
=0,01. q.G
c
.
q: tn tht nhit c c ring, [L/kg].
Q
mt
: tn tht nhit ra mi trng, [J].
Theo nh lut bo ton nhit
Q
v
= Q
r



G
.c
.t
+D.i=G
c
.c
c
.t
c
+W.i+D.c
n
.t
n
+Q
c
+Q
mt

Rt ra Lng hi t tiu tn
n n
mt c c c c
t c i
Q Q t c G t c G i W
D
.
. . . . ' .
+ + +
=

Trong qu trnh tnh ton nhit c th xem c
c
c

Tnh b mt truyn nhitQ=K.F. . t
hi
=D.(i-c
n
.t
n
)
Trong
Q: lng nhit truyn, [J].
K: h s truyn nhit, [W/m
2
.].
F: Din tch b mt truyn nhit
: thi gian c c, [s].
t
hi
: hiu s nhit hu ch, [].
Rt ra b mt truyn nhit
hi
n n
t K
t c i D
F
A
=
.
) . .(
, [m].
Thit b th nghim
Dung dch c c c theo tng m, nhp liu mt ln t thng cha dung
dch u. dung dch si trong bung bc hi do nhit truyn t nc nng bn
v ngoi. Hi th bc ln t dung dch si c dn qua thit b ngng t ng
xon ngng t thu hi v nh lng. Mt bm chn khng loi vng nc
c s dng to chn khng cho h thng.
H thng c c gm cc thit b chnh sau:
- Ni c c 2 v cnh khuy.


- My khuy trn.
- Thit b ngng t ng xon.
- Bnh cha nc ngng.
- Bm chn khng loi vng nc.
- p k o chn khng.
- Nhit k in t.
- H thng in.
- X nha cha dung dch u.
Ni c c 2 v
Ni cha dung dch ng c ng knh D=250mm, cao H=500mm, b
dy = 5mm.
Ni c ch to bng thp khng g AISI304.
Thit b ngng t ng xon
ng xon c ng knh 16 c qun thnh cc vng xon c ng
knh D= 150mm. ng xon cj gia cng bng thp khng g AISI304.
m chn khng
H thng s dng bm chn khng loi vng nc 1HP.
TR LI CU HI CHUN B:
Cu 1: Mc tiu bi th nghim:
- Trnh by c cu to, nguyn l lm vic v u nhc im thit b c
c gin on mt ni, hot ng trong iu kin chn khng.
- Vn hnh c h thng c c.


- Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht, cn bng nng lng v cc i lng
c trng cho qu trnh c c.
Cu 2: C c l g?
C c: l qu trnh lm tng nng ca dung dch bng cch tch mt
phn dung mi nhit si, dung mi tch ra khi dung dch bay ln gi
l hi th.
Cu 3: Trnh by mc ch ca qu trnh c c:
- Lm tng nng ca cc cht ha tan trong dung dch.
- Tch cht rn ha tan dng rn /kt tinh).
- Tch dung mi dng nguyn cht / ct nc).
Cu 4: Cc bc chun b tin hnh th nghim:
- Tm hiu h thng thit b, cc van v tc dng ca n.
- Tm hiu vi thit b o nhit , cc v tr o v cch iu chnh cng
tc o nhit .
- Tm hiu vi thit b o nng cht kh/ Brix k).
- Xc nh cc i lng cn o.
- Chun b dung dch ng em c dc.
- Chun b bng s liu th nghim.
Cu 5: Bx l g? Cc phng php o nng ca dung dch ng?
Brix: biu th t l % khi lng cc cht ha tan so vi nc ma hay
dung dch ung.
Cc phng php o nng ca dung dch ng:
- Phng php t trng
- Phng php pha long


- Phng php chit quang
Cu 6: Cc bc tin hnh th nghim.
- Chy nc nng.
- C dc dung dch.
- V sinh thit b.
Cu 7: Tnh p sut tuyt i da vo ch s p k?
=
M t h thng thit b c c dng trong th nghim:
- Ni c c hai ve c cnh khuy.
- Thit b ngng t c ng xon.
- Bnh cha nc ngng.
- Bm chn khng.
- p k o chn khng.
- H thng in.
Cu 8: M t h thng thit b c c dng trong th nghim:
- Ni c c hai ve c cnh khuy.
- Thit b ngng t c ng xon.
- Bnh cha nc ngng.
- Bm chn khng.
- p k o chn khng.
- H thng in.
Cu 9: Cc dng cu to thit b c c khc nhau:
- Thit b c c c ng tun hon trung tm.
- Thit b c c tun hon cng bc.


- Thit b c c c bung t ngoi.
- Thit b c c loi mng.
Cu 10: Cc thng s cn o:
- Nhit nc vo, ra.
- Nhit hi th.
- Nhit dung dch.
- Nhit nc ngoi v.
- Khi lng nguyn liu.
- Thi gian.
Cu 11: Cn bng nng lng cho qu trnh c c:
G
+ D.i
c
= G
c
C
c
t
c
+ DC
n
t
D
+ W.i
W
+ Q
tt
Cu 12: Cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh c c:
G
= G
c
+ W
G
.x
= G
c
.x
c
Cu 13: u nhc im ca phng php c c gin on:
- u im:
- Gi c cht lng, tnh cht sn phm, hay cc cu t d bay hi.
- Nhp liu v tho sn phm n gin, khng cn n nh lu lng.
- Thao tc d dng.
- C th c c n cc nng khc nhau.
- Khng cn phi gia nhit ban u cho dung dch.
- Cu to n gin, gi thnh thp.
- Nhc im:


- Qu trnh khng n nh, tnh cht ha l ca dung dch thay i lin tc
theo nng , thi gian.
- Nhit hi th thp, khng dng c cho mc ch khc.
Kh gi c chn khng trong thit b.

Bài Thi Nghiem Qua Trinh Thiet Bi

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Bài Thi Nghiem Qua Trinh Thiet Bi

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GVHD: V PH

- khi lng nguyn liu, [kg]; kg/s

- nng cht kh trong nguyn liu, [phn khi lng]

: nhit nguyn liu. [].

: nhit dung ring nguyn liu, [J/kg.].

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