Nghiên cứu cơ chế khôi phục trong mạng MPLS-TE

LI CM N
Li u tin, em xin by t n it n u ti thy ThS. T Tr Ngha, ni

th t ti tn tnh hn n h em tn u tnh nhin u hn
thnh un n
Em xin hn thnh m n th tn i h Bh Kha TPHCM,
th kha in in t tn tnh in tun t kin th h em
tn ut thi ian ua Em xin m n th h nhim Vn Pht quan tm gip
em th hn thnh tt un n tn h k n
Cn xin m n ia nh t iu kin tt nht n th chuyn tm h
t Gia nh un nun n in h a n h nht tinh thn trong
ut thi ian n h t
Tn u tnh m un n, em anh/h thu hn Tun n
n n a T n Bu hnh Vin thn Vit Nam VNPT-HCM t iu kin
thun i un nhn thn tin ti iu hu h Em xin t n it n ti
nhn i u u
Cui n, xin i i m n n tt n Minh t, Cn Phm,
Hu N Quan, Nun Cn Sn, H Quan nh, Tn H N Ph, Hunh Tin
Ti, N.T Thin Thanh n DD9DV un n h, n in tinh thn
ti trong ut u tnh hn thnh un n
Do hn h kin th nn un n khn tnh khi nhn thiu t, em t
mn nhn nhn a th n Xin hn thnh m n!

T H Ch Minh, thn nm

NGUYN ANH QUANC
nguyen_anhquang53@yahoo.com

MC LC

LI CII THIU ......................................................................................................................... 1
CHNC I ................................................................................................................................... 3
TNC QUAN V CHUYN MCH NHN A CIAU THC ................................................ 3
1.1 Cii tbiu MPLS .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Cc kbi nim c bn trong MPLS ........................................................................................ 5
1.2.1 Nin NPLS ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2 Lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC ................................................................................. 6
1.2.S Nhn v ngn xp nhn ........................................................................................................ 8
1.2.4 Bon i nhn ....................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.S ng chuyn mch nhn LSP ...................................................................................... 11
1.3 Mt pbng iu kbin va mt pbng cbuyn tip MPLS ............................................. 13
1.S.1 Nt phng iu khin ........................................................................................................ 14
1.S.2 Nt phng chuyn tip ...................................................................................................... 14
1.4 nb tuyn trong MPLS .......................................................................................................... 16
1.4.1 uiao thc nh tuyn ni min IuP .............................................................................. 16
1.4.2 uiao thc nh tuyn ngoi bin m ing NP-BGP .............................................. 16
1.4.S Cc giao thc nh tuyn ing buc v tng minh ............................................ 17
1.5 Cc giao tbc bo biu MPLS ................................................................................................ 19
1.S.1 uiao thc LBP ........................................................................................................................ 19
1.S.2 uiao thc CR-LDP................................................................................................................. 19
1.S.S uiao thc RSvP-TE .............................................................................................................. 21
1. u im va ng dng ca MPLS .......................................................................................... 22
1.6.1 n gin hoa chc nng chuyn tip .......................................................................... 22
1.6.2 ng ung k thut lu lng ......................................................................................... 23
1.6.S Xc nh ng un m bo QoS ti b nh tuyn bin ................................ 23
1.6.4 Nng iing o vPN .............................................................................................................. 23
1.6.S Phn cp ng un ........................................................................................................... 23
1.6.6 Kh nng m ing ............................................................................................................... 23
1.7 Kt lun cbng ....................................................................................................................... 24
CHNC II ................................................................................................................................ 25
K THUT LU LNC V CC C CH KHI PHC BU V C BN
TRONG MPLS ............................................................................................................................ 25
2.1 Tng quan v k tbut lu lng ....................................................................................... 25
2.1.1 Khi nim k thut lu lng ........................................................................................ 25
2.1.2 Bi ton tc nghn v k thut lu lng ................................................................. 26
2.1.S K thut lu lng ti lp lin kt u liu ............................................................... 27
2.1.4 K thut lu lng ti lp mng ................................................................................... 29
2.2 K tbut lu lng MPLS-TE ............................................................................................... 30

2.3 Bo v, kbi pbc trong MPLS-TE ....................................................................................... 33
2.S.1 S cn thit ca bo v, khi phc tiong mng NPLS ......................................... 33
2.S.2 Khi nim bo v, khi phc tiong NPLS-TE .......................................................... 35
2.S.S Pht hin, thng bo li tiong NPLS ........................................................................... 37
2.S.4 Phn loi cc c ch bo v, khi phc tiong NPLS-TE ..................................... 39
2.S.S K thut thit lp ng khi phc ............................................................................. 44
2.4 Cc m bnb kbi pbc trong mng MPLS ....................................................................... 44
2.4.1 M hnh Makam .................................................................................................................... 44
2.4.2 M hnh Haskin ..................................................................................................................... 45
2.4.3 M hnh Hundessa ............................................................................................................... 46
2.4.4 N hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast Reioute ............................................................ 46
2.5 Kt lun cbng ....................................................................................................................... 49
CHNC III .............................................................................................................................. 50
NNC CAU C CH KHI PHC TRUNC MPLS .............................................................. 50
3.1 M bnb kbi pbc tbc t .................................................................................................... 50
3.2 Nng cao c cb kbi pbc trong MPLS ............................................................................ 53
S.2.1 C ch ti nh tuyn nhanh tin cy RFR .................................................................. 53
S.2.2 N t gii thut RFR ........................................................................................................... 54
S.2.S C s tinh ton c ch khi phc RFR ........................................................................ 56
3.3 Kt lun cbng ....................................................................................................................... 59
CHNC IV ............................................................................................................................... 61
M PHNC V KHU ST MT S C CH BU V, KHI PHC NC
TRONG MPLS-TE ..................................................................................................................... 61
4.1 Pbn mm m pbng NS-2 .................................................................................................... 61
4.1.1 Kin tic mouule NNS v2.u ............................................................................................. 62
4.2 M pbng va kbo st mt s c cb bo v, kbi pbc ng trong k
tbut lu lng MPLS-TE ............................................................................................................. 66
4.2.1 Xy ung Topology m phng ....................................................................................... 66
4.2.2 N phng m hinh bo v ton cc ti nh tuyn (best-effort) .................... 68
4.2.S N phng m hinh bo v Nakam ............................................................................... 69
4.2.4 N phng m hinh bo v Baskin ci tin ................................................................ 70
4.2.S N phng m hinh ti nh tuyn cc b .................................................................. 71
4.2.6 N phng m hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one .......................................... 73
4.3 Pbn tcb va nb gi kt qu m pbng tng bp ...................................................... 74
4.4 Mt s gii pbp la cbn m bnb bo v, kbi pbc ng dn ......................... 78
4.5 Kt lun cbng ....................................................................................................................... 80
KT LUN .................................................................................................................................. 81
TI LIU THAM KHU ........................................................................................................... 83
PH LC: M NCUN CC CHNC TRNH M PHNC ........................................... 85

DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1: NPLS v m hinh tham chiu 0SI .................................................................................... 4
Binh 1.2: So snh gia chuyn tip IP v chuyn tip NPLS .................................................... 5
Binh 1.S: Nin chuyn mch nhn NPLS .......................................................................................... 6
Binh 1.4: Lp chuyn tip tng ng tiong NPLS .................................................................. 7
Hnh 1.5 : nh ngha ca mt thc th nhn tiong ngn xp nhn ...................................... 8
Hnh 1.6 : Ngn xp nhn (NPLS Label Stack) ................................................................................ 9
Binh 1.7: N hoa ngn xp nhn tiong ch khung (Fiame-Mode) .................................. 9
Binh 1.8: ng chuyn mch nhn LSP ....................................................................................... 11
Binh 1.9: Phn cp LSP tiong NPLS .................................................................................................. 12
Binh 1.1u: Kin tic chc nng ca cc b chuyn mch LERLSR ................................... 13
Binh 1.11: Bot ng tiong mt phng chuyn tip NPLS .................................................... 15
Binh 1.12: uiao thc nh tuyn ngoi bin BuPv4................................................................... 17
Binh 1.1S: Thit lp ng ing buc CR-LSP vi giao thc CR-LDP ............................... 20
Binh 1.14: Thit lp ng ing buc TE-LSP vi giao thc RSvP-TE ............................ 21
Binh 2.1: N hinh xp chng................................................................................................................ 27
Binh 2.2 : K thut lu lng ti lp 2 ............................................................................................ 28
Binh 2.S: K thut lu lng tiong NPLS ...................................................................................... 31
Binh 2.4: Tng quan c ch hot ng ca NPLS-TE ............................................................... 32
Binh 2.S : Sa cha ton cc ................................................................................................................ 40
Binh 2.6: Khi phc lin kt ................................................................................................................. 40
Hnh 2.7: Khi phc nt .......................................................................................................................... 41
Binh 2.8: Ti nh tuyn ......................................................................................................................... 42
Hnh 2.9: M hnh Makam ..................................................................................................................... 45
Hnh 2.10: M hnh Haskin ................................................................................................................... 46
Binh 2.11: Ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one ............................................................................... 47
Binh 2.12: Ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one sau khi tng hp ........................................... 48
Binh 2.1S: N hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh Facility ...................................................................... 48
Binh S.1: ng un lu lng ti lp li v lp tp tiung u liu .................................. 51
Binh S.2: ng un khi phc ti lp li v lp tp tiung lu lng ............................ 52
Binh S.S: N hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh tin cy .......................................................................... 53
Binh S.4: S ting thi ca gii thut RFR ............................................................................... 55
Binh S.S: S tinh ton c ch RFR ............................................................................................... 57
Binh S.6: S thi gian khi phc .................................................................................................. 59
Binh 4.1: Kin tic chc nng nt NPLS vi mouule NNSv2.u ........................................... 63
Binh 4.2: Qu tiinh x l unh iing ti nguyn ti mi nt ................................................. 64
Binh 4.S: Kin tic chc nng nt NPLS vi mouule NNSv2.u m ing ........................ 65
Binh 4.4 : Topology m phng bo v, khi phc ng ........................................................ 67
Hnh 4.5 : M hnh best-effort trong NAM ..................................................................................... 69

Hnh 4.6: M hnh Makam trong NAM ............................................................................................. 70
Binh 4.7: N hinh Baskin ci tin tiong NAN .............................................................................. 71
Binh 4.8: N hinh ti nh tuyn cc b tiong NAN ................................................................. 72
Binh 4.9: N hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one ................................................................. 73
Binh 4.1u: Biu tng hp s lng goi tin b mt tiong thi gian hi t ................... 74
Binh 4.11: Biu tng hp thi gian ngng uch v .............................................................. 76
Binh 4.12: Biu tng hp chim ung ti nguyn ......................................................... 77

THUT NG VIT TT
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer Lp tng thich ATN
AS Autonomous System B t ti
ASIC Application-Specific Integrated
Circuit
Nch tich hp ng ung xc nh
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode uiao thc tiuyn ti cn ng b
BGP Border Gateway Protocol uiao thc nh tuyn cng bin
CPU Central Processing Unit B x l tiung tm
CR Constraint-based Routing nh tuyn ing buc
CR-LDP Constraint-based Routing Label
Distribution Protocol
uiao thc phn phi nhn h ti
nh tuyn ing buc
CR-LSP Constraint-based Routing Label
Switched Path
ng chuyn mch nhn c
nh tuyn ing buc
CSPF Constraint-based Shortest Path
First
Thut ton tim ng un ngn
nht tic tin ua tin nh
tuyn ing buc
DiffServ Differentiated Service Phn bit uch v
DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier Thnh phn nhn ung giao uin
lin kt u liu
DSCP Differentiated Service Code
Point
N phn bit uch v
EBGP External Border Gateway
Protocol
uiao thc nh tuyn cng bin
ngoi min
EGP External Gateway Protocol uiao thc nh tuyn ngoi min
ER Explicite Route ng tng minh
ERO Explicite Route Object i tng ng tng minh
EXP Experimetal Bit Ting thc nghim
FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class Lp chuyn tip tng ng
FRR Fast Reroute Ti nh tuyn nhanh
FIB Forwarding Information Base C s thng tin chuyn tip
FIS Fault Information Signal Tin hiu thng bo xy ia li
FR Frame-Relay Cng ngh Fiame-Relay

FRS Fault Recovery Signal Tin hiu thng bo khi phc li
FTN FEC to NHLFE Map Anh x FEC sang NBLFE
GMPLS Generalized MPLS NPLS tp tiung
IBGP Internal Border Gateway
Protocol
uiao thc nh tuyn cng bin
ni min
IEEE Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
vin cc k s in v in t
nghin cu tiu chun quc t
IETF Internet Engineering Task
Force
Lc lng nghin cu Inteinet
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol uiao thc nh tuyn ni min
ILM Incoming Label Map Anh x nhn u vo
IP Internet Protocol uiao thc Inteinet
IPv4, IPv6 Internet Protocol version 4, 6 uiao thc Inteinet phin bn 4, 6
IS-IS Intermediate System
Intermediate System
uiao thc nh tuyn gia cc h
thng tiung gian
LC-ATM Label Controlled ATM uiao thc ATN iu khin nhn
LDP Label Distribution Protocol uiao thc phn phi nhn
LER Label Edge Router B chuyn mch nhn ti bin
LFIB Label Forwarding Information
Base
C s thng tin chuyn tip nhn
LIB Label Information Base C s thng tin nhn
LSA Link-State Advertisement Bn tin qung b ting thi lin
kt
LSP Label Switched Path ng chuyn mch nhn
LSR Label Switching Router B chuyn mch nhn
MNS MPLS module for NS Nouule m phng NPLS cho NS
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPLS-TE Multiprotocol Label Switching-
Traffic Engineering
K thut lu lng tiong chuyn
mch nhn a giao thc
MTU Maximum Transfer Unit n v tiuyn ti ti a
NAM Network Animator N hinh hoa mng m phng NS
NGN Next-Generation Network Nng th h k tip

NHLFE Next Hop Label Forwarding
Entry
Ch mc nhn chuyn tip k tip
NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol uiao thc phn gii a ch
NLRI Network Layer Reachability
Information
Thng tin kh ti ti lp mng
NS Network Simulator Phn mm m phng mng
OSI Open System Interconnection Kt ni h thng m
OSPF Open Shortest Path First uiao thc nh tuyn m ng
un ngn nht tic tin
PID Protocol Identifier Thnh phn nhn ung giao thc
PHP Penultimate Hop Popping u nhn chng cui
PIL Protection Ingress LSR LSR bo v u vo
PML Protection Merging LSR LSR khi phc
PNNI Private Network-to-Network
Interface
uiao thc nh tuyn link-state s
ung tiong mng ATN
POR Point of Repair im sa cha
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol uiao thc im-im
PSL Path Switch LSR LSR chuyn mch ng
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit Kt ni o tnh
RFC Request for Comment Cc khuyn ngh
RFR Reliable and Fast Rerouting Ti nh tuyn nhanh tin cy
RIB Routing Information Base C s thng tin nh tuyn
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol uiao thc unh iing ti nguyn
SONET Sychronous Optical Network Nng quang ng b
SPF Shortest Path First Thut ton nh tuyn ng un
ngn nht tic tin
TCP Transmission Control Protocol uiao thc iu khin tiuyn ti
TE Traffic Engineering K thut lu lng
TLV Type, Length, Value Loi, ui, gi ti
TTL Time to live Thi gian tn ti ca goi tin
ToS Type of Service Loi uch v ca goi tin
UDP User Datagram Protocol uiao thc u liu ngi ung
Lun vn tt nghip LI GII THIU

1
Nguyn Anh Quang, DD09DV1
LI GII THIU

Trong nhiu nm qua, vic s dng Internet ngy cng ph bin, cc dch v
thi gian thc ngy cng c s dng rng ri v cn phi c ci thin, pht trin
hn v tc , cht lng dch v. Tic y, mng my tnh thc hin k thut
chuyn mch knh truyn lin tc chui bit qua cc ng dn vt l. K thut
ny thch hp cho vic truyn d liu thoi v thi gian thc cho ngi ung u
cui, nhng khi co s c xy ra trn lin kt vt l s dn n vic gin on ca tt
c kt ni ang s dng lin kt li ny. Ngy nay, Internet l mng chuyn mch gi,
mng ny khc phc nhc im ca mng c bng cch chia d liu thnh nhiu
phn nh gi l goi tin v nh tuyn chng ring l trong mng. V vy, khi c s c
xy ra, gi tin c th tip tc nh tuyn n ich. c ting ny tiong mng chuyn
mch gi gi l khi phc resilient bi v n che giu s c mng i vi ngi dng
u cui. Ni cch khc, vic qun l lung d liu trong mng chuyn mch gi s
kho hn so vi mng chuyn mch knh v mi goi tin c x l ring l.
Trong mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc IP c thit k tt trong vic nh
tuyn, c th thit lp li kt ni sau khi s c xy ra trong mng. Mc d kt ni c
th thit lp li nhng thi gian thc hin vic ny c th s khng t yu cu i
vi cc dch v co u tin cao, khng th gin on tiong vi ms (nh voIP). Nu
mng cn khi phc s c cho cc loi dch v ny, cn phi co c ch thit lp li
kt ni nhanh hn so vi k thut nh tuyn c s dng hin nay trong Internet.
Vic nghin cu v vn ny i vi mng Inteinet tr thnh mt xu
hng tt yu hin nay. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) ung nhn thc
hin vic chuyn mch gi, tch hp cng ngh chuyn mch v cng ngh nh tuyn
IP xy dng mng th h mi co n nh cao hn, nhanh hn. Tuy nhin, nu
khng c mt ng dn LSP d phng khi ng dn LSP chnh b li, khung MPLS
khng th c chuyn tip n ich. V vy, khi phc s c ti thnh mt lnh
vc nghin cu quan trng trong k thut lu lng MPLS.

Lun vn tt nghip LI GII THIU

2
Vic khi phc s c trong mng MPLS c rt nhiu phng php vi nhng
im mnh, im yu ring trong tng ting hp khc nhau. Lun vn ny co 4
chng vi ni dng chinh nh sau:
Cbng I Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc: Gii thiu tng quan cng
ngh MPLS, cc khi nim c bn, kin trc chc nng v c ch hot ng
ca MPLS, cc k thut nh tuyn c h tr bi MPLS, ch bo hiu v
mt s giao thc bo hiu phn phi nhn ca MPLS.
Cbng II K thut lu lng v cc c ch khi phc c bn trong MPLS.
Cbng III Nng cao c ch khi phc trong MPLS: Tiinh by c ch khi
phc hin nay trong mng MPLS ca vNPT BCN v sut m rng c ch
tng cht lng dch v, tp trung vo vn mt gi v th t gi trong
qu trnh truyn dn gi tin.
Cbng IV Xy dng chng tiinh m phng MPLS-TE: Trnh by kt qu
thc hin m phng MPLS trn my tnh vi phn mm NS-2 lm i c
ch m rng khi phc ca NPLS v nh gi.

Lun vn tt nghip CBNu I: CB0YN MCH NHN A uIA0 TBC

3
CHNC I
TNG QUAN V CHUYN MCH NHN A CIAU THC

1.1 Gii thiu MPLS
Tiong nh tuyn IP thng thng, mi b nh tuyn trong mng thc hin
vic nh tuyn c lp vi tng gi tin. Khi mt goi tin n b nh tuyn, b nh
tuyn phi tra cu bng nh tuyn tim im n tip theo ca gi tin da vo a
ch ich tiong phn header IP. Mi b nh tuyn phi chy cc giao thc nh tuyn
nh: BuP, 0SPF hoc ISIS.. xy dng bng nh tuyn. Do vic chuyn tip gi tin
ch da tin a ch ich nn cc lung lu lng co cng ich n s c tng hp
li. tn dng tt ti nguyn mng cn phi co c ch qun l lung IP nh kh
nng tp tiung lu lng vo lung co kich thc ph hp, kh nng thc hin nh
tuyn tng minh cc lung ny trong mng.
Vn m giao thc nh tuyn thng thng cha gii quyt c l vic
quyt nh nh tuyn cha ua tin c tinh lu lng, cha co kh nng p ung
iu kin rng buc cho tng lung lu lng. Tnh thng minh ca mng tp trung
ti khu vc mng li, qu tiinh nh tuyn xy ra trn tng thit b ring l, c ch
truyn ti gi tin ch da tin a ch IP ich dn n h qu l cc thit b ti khu vc
ny lun lun phi chu lng ti cao.
Phn ln k thut qun l lu lng c cc nh cung cp dch v ISP p dng
cho h tng kin trc mng l s dng mng lp 2 (ATM hoc FR). Xy dng m hnh
xp chng (overlay) gm nhiu mch o kt ni thnh dng li xy dng mng
trc IP. Trong m hnh ny, lung d liu c th c nh tuyn ring l thng qua
cu trc mng lp 2 v k thut lu lng c th c p dng. im yu ca cng
ngh ny l kh nng m rng km, lin kt gp s c c th lm ngng hot ng
mng, buc giao thc IP phi nh tuyn li. Mng ATN co c ch cp a ch v giao
thc nh tuyn ring so vi mng IP. Khng gian a ch ATM hon ton khc bit so
vi IP, v vy chng khng th c nh x trc tip ln nhau m phi thng qua mt
vi giao thc phn gii a ch.
Nhiu nghin cu v cc tiu chun c IETF v ATM Forum ph chun v
thc hin vic tch hp gia ATM v IP tt hn. Chng hn, vic tch hp gia IP v

4
ATM da theo RFC1483 [1], quy nh v phng php ong goi mang lung lu
lng qua ATM AAL5. Trong gii php ny, tt c mch ATM phi c thit lp th
cng v vic nh x gia a ch IP trm k tip v ATM trm cui cng phi cu hnh
th cng ti mi b nh tuyn s dng ATM. Mt phng php khc l thc hin
vic m phng mng LAN (LANE). LANE xy dng h thng mng, m phng nh
mng Etheinet, cc phn on mng Etheinet c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng
ATN WAN tiung tm nh b chuyn mch Etheinet. Tuy nhin, phng php ny
khng p ng c yu cu m rng v tin cy i vi mng li ngy cng ln
ca nh cung cp dch v ISP. Ngoi ia, phng php Multiprotocol over ATM
(MPOA) uo ATN Foium quy nh, cung cp kh nng tich hp cht ch gia IP v
ATN nhng y cng l phng php phc tp nht.
Gii php cho vn ny l phi hp cng ngh mng lp 2 v mng lp 3 IP.
Mng NPLS ia i kt hp cc u im hiu sut, QoS v qun l lu lng ca m
hnh chuyn mch lp 2; kh nng m rng v linh hot ca chc nng nh tuyn
lp S; tng kh nng tich hp gia IP v ATM.
MPLS l vit tt ca "Nuti-Protocol Label Switching". Thut ng Muti-Protocol
nhn mnh rng cng ngh ny p dng cho c tt c cc giao thc lp mng
ch khng phi ch ring cho IP. MPLS hot ng tt trn bt k cc giao thc lp lin
kt no. y l mt cng ngh lai kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca nh tuyn lp
3 (Layer 3 routing) v chuyn mch lp 2 (Layer 2 swithching) (hnh 1.1).

Hnh 1.1: MPLS v m hnh tham chiu OSI
Trong MPLS, vic nh tuyn goi tin c chuyn nh th no trong min MPLS
ch c thc hin mt ln khi gi tin bt u vo min MPLS. MPLS gn nhn c
chiu di c nh vo cc gi tin ti bin ca min MPLS v s dng nhn ny
chuyn tip goi vo ng dn n hng LSP c thit lp tic trong mng

5
MPLS. Tip o cc thit b tin ng dn ch cn c vo ni dung ca nhn thc
hin quyt nh chuyn tip gi m khng cn phi phn tich tiu goi tin nh k
thut truyn ti gi tin truyn thng. V vy, cc thit b trong khu vc mng li ca
min chuyn mch MPLS khng cn tiu tn mt lng nng lc x l vo cc th tc
oi hi nhiu CPU v b nh nh boc tch, phn tich v x l tiu ca cc gi tin.
T o gim c ti cho cc thit b ny v nng cao c hiu nng x l ca chng,
ci thin kh nng chuyn tip thng tin ca ton b h thng mng. Ta c th so
snh qu tiinh ong goi v gii ong goi tiong tiuyn ti lu lng ca cc b nh
tuyn trong min IP so vi min chuyn mch NPLS nh hinh 1.2.

Hnh 1.2: So snh gia chuyn tip IP v chuyn tip MPLS

1.2 Cc khi nim c bn trong MPLS
1.2.1 Min MPLS
Theo c t trong ti liu RFC 3031 [2] ca IETF th min chuyn mch nhn
NPLS l "mt tp cc nt trong mng thc hin hot ng nh tuyn v chuyn tip
NPLS". Nt min NPLS thng c qun l v iu khin bi mt nh qun tr.
Min NPLS c chia thnh 2 phn: phn mng li (core) v phn mng bin
(edge). Cc nt thuc min NPLS c gi l b nh tuyn/chuyn mch nhn LSR
(Label Switch Router). Cc nt phn mng li c gi l transit-LSR hay core-LSR

6
(thng c gi tt l LSR). Cc nt bin c gi l cc edge-LSR hay gi tt l
LER (Label Edge Router). i vi cc nh cung cp dch v mng th cc b nh
tuyn/chuyn mch ny thng c gi tng ng l cc b nh tuyn li P
(Provider Router) v cc b nh tuyn bin PE (Provider Edge Router). V d min
chuyn mch nhn NPLS nh hinh 1.S.

Hnh 1.3: Min chuyn mch nhn MPLS
Cc LER nhn vai tio a lu lng vo v a lu lng ra khi min chuyn
mch nhn MPLS. LER ong vai tio a lung lu lng vo c gi l LER li vo
(ingress-LER), v LER ong vai tio a lung lu lng ny ra c gi l LER li ra
(egress-LER). Do trong min MPLS, cc lung lu lng c truyn ti trn cc
ng dn n hng LSP c thit lp t qu tiinh nh tuyn ti cc khu vc
bin nn mt LER c th l ingress-LER i vi lung lu lng ny nhng cng
ng thi c th l egress-LER i vi lung lu lng khc.
Vai tr v nhim v ca cc nt trong min chuyn mch MPLS:
LSR thc hin nhim v chnh l tip nhn cc gi tin d liu c gn
nhn, thc hin quyt nh chuyn mch, gn nhn mi v chuyn tip cc gi
tin ra giao din lin kt d liu ph hp.
Edge-LSR hay LER thc hin nhim v gn nhn cho cc gi tin v chuyn tip
chng vo min chuyn mch MPLS hoc g b nhn cho cc gi tin v chuyn
tip chng ra khi min chuyn mch MPLS.
1.2.2 Lp cbuyn tip tng ng FEC
Theo c t trong ti liu RFC 3031 [2], lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC
(Forwarding Equitvalence Class) l mt nhm cc gi tin c chuyn tip trn cng
mt ng dn n hng LSP, c x l vi cng mt chinh sch nh
Label Switching
Router(core LSR)
Label Edge
Router (LER)

7
tuyn/chuyn mch xuyn sut trn tt c cc nt dc ng dn LSP. Tt c cc gi
tin c xp vo cng mt FEC s c cng mt nhn khi mt nt tip nhn v c khi
nt o chuyn tip chng ra giao din lin kt d liu. Tuy nhin cc gi tin c cng
mt nhn cha chc thuc cng mt FEC, tiong ting hp EXP nm tiong ngn
xp nhn ca chng mang gi tr khc nhau. Trong min chuyn mch MPLS, nt
quyt nh gi tin thuc FEC no l Ingress-LER, chng l thit b u tin tip nhn,
phn loi v gn nhn cc goi tin tic khi chuyn tip vo min MPLS. Vic tp
tiung lu lng s lm gim s lng nhn s dng cho vic gn gi tin, gim lu
lng iu khin cho vic phn phi nhn. Hnh 1.4 cho thy cc x l ny.

Hnh 1.4: Lp chuyn ti tn n tn MPLS
Nhn cha cc thng tin cn thit ca goi tin nh ich n, u tin, thng tin
QoS, thm ch ton b tuyn ng cho gi tin do Ingress-LER quyt nh da trn
chnh sch qun tr. i vi k thut MPLS, cc thit b khng ch ra quyt
nh/chuyn mch da vo a ch ich, chng con co th da vo mt s tiu ch
khc, chng hn :
a ch ich ung Unicast
a ch ich ung Multicast
Gi tr IP-PieceuenceBSCP tiong ting ToS ca gi tin IPv4
Gi tr IP-PieceuenceBSCP tiong ting Traffic Class ca gi tin IPv6
Gi tr EXP tiong ngn xp nhn MPLS
Gi tr vC (vPIvCI) tiong tiu ca t bo ATM
Gi tr a ch chng k tip tiong ting thng tin nh tuyn ca giao thc
BGP, MP-BGP

8
1.2.3 Nbn va ngn xp nbn
Theo ti liu RFC 3031 [2], nh ngha nhn l "mt b nhn dng co di
ngn c nh v thng nht trn ton min chuyn mch MPLS, c tnh cht cc b
ung nhn bit mt FEC". Nhn s c gn vo gn tin v tii sau tiu lp lin
kt d liu v tic tiu lp mng. Mt gi tin c th c gn nhiu, cc nhn s
c gn trong cng mt ngn xp nhn, cu trc ca tng nhn nh hinh 1.S

Hnh 1.5 : nh nha a mt thc th nhn tn nn xp nhn
Mt nhn co di 32 bit, bao gm 4 ting thnh phn nh sau :
Ting gi tr nhn (LABEL) co di 20 bit, l gi tr nhn thc s, s lng
nhn ti a l 2
20
nhn, tuy nhin cc nhn t 0 1S c dnh ring cho cc
tc v iu khin v khng c s dng chuyn tip trong min MPLS.
Ting Expeiimental (EXP) co di 3 bit, mang thng tin phc v cho cc
ng dng yu cu QoS, ting ny thng c s dng mang thng tin
tng ng v cc gi tr IPPrecedence/DSCP tiong ting ToS ca gi tin
IPv4 hoc tiong ting Traffic Class ca gi tin IPv6.
Ting Bottom-of-Stack (S) co ui 1 bit, c s dng nh uu nhn
v tr cui cng tiong ngn xp nhn, khi ny ting S s c gi tr bng 1.
Ting Time-to-live (TTL) co ui 8 bit, c s dng ngn nga vic gi
tin b nh tuyn/chuyn mch lp trong min NPLS, khi goi tin c gn
nhn i qua mt nt mng, gi tr ca ting ny s gim i 1 n v, khi gi
tr gim xung 0 th gi tin s b loi b.
Mt trong nhng im mnh ca NPLS l ngn xp nhn, cho php to nhiu
ng dn n hng LSP phn cp s dng cc ng dng ca mng MPLS, v d
MPLS VPN (2 nhn), MPLS-TE (2 nhn tr ln).. Ngn xp nhn l mt tp hp gm
mt hoc nhiu thc th nhn c t chc theo nguyn tc LIFO (Last In First Out).
Cc nhn c gn vo cc gi tin bi cc Ingress-LER tic khi chuyn tip vo
min chuyn mch nhn MPLS hoc c g ra khi cc gi tin bi cc Egress-LER
tic khi a ia khi min MPLS. Ti mi nt mng, ch x l duy nht thc th nhn
trn nh ngn xp, hay ni cch khc cc nt mng ch thc hin vic chuyn tip
da tin nhn u tin ca ngn xp nhn.

9

Hnh 1.6 : Nn xp nhn (MPLS Label Stack)
Nu goi tin cha co nhn thi ngn xp nhn l rng v su ca ngn xp nhn
bng 0. Nu ngn xp co su u u th mc 1 s l y ngn xp (bit S trong thc
th nhn t ln 1) v mc d s l nh ca ngn xp. Mt thc th nhn c th c
t thm vo (push) hoc ly ra (pop) khi ngn xp.
K thut MPLS c th hot ng theo hai ch l Frame-Mode v Cell-Mode,
ch Cell-Noue NPLS c s dng khi giao thc nn tng lp lin kt d liu l
ATM, vi cc giao thc nn tng lp lin kt d liu cn li nh PPP, BBLC, Fiame-
Relay, Ethernet,.. MPLS hot ng theo ch Frame-Mode.
i vi m hoa ngn xp nhn trong ch khung, ngn xp nhn c inh
km v tii sau tiu lp lin kt d liu v tic tiu lp mng, tr thnh gi
tin c gn nhn. Do vy nht thit phi co c ch thng bo v nhn dng cc
gi tin gn nhn ti mi nt. Thng thng mi giao thc lp lin kt d liu u c
mt ting Protocol-IB (PIB) c s dng nhn dng giao thc ca phn ti tin
m n truyn ti. nh ngn xp nm lin sau tiu lp 2 v y ngn xp nm lin
tic tiu lp 3.

Hnh 7: M ha nn xp nhn trong ch khung (Frame-Mode)
Gi tr PIB tiong cc ting nhn dng ti tin ca mt s giao thc lin kt d liu
ph bin c s dng truyn ti cc khung d liu NPLS nh tiong bng 1.1


10
Bng 1.1: Gi tr PID nhn dng phn ti tin MPLS trong cc giao thc lin kt
d liu
Ciao tbc lp lin kt d
liu
Trng nbn dng giao
tbc
Ci tr PID
(hexa)
PPP PPP Protocol 0x0281
Ethernet/802.3 LLC/SNAP Ethernet 0x8847
HDLC Protocol (Cisco HDLC) 0x8847
Frame-Relay NLPID 0x80
Ch t bo (Cell-Mode) c s dng dnh ring khi trin khai MPLS vi
giao thc lp lin kt d liu nn tng l ATM do giao thc ny c mt s c tnh
khc bit so vi cc giao thc lp lin kt d liu khc. Trong mng ATM, cc thit b
chuyn mch ATM c th cu hinh chy cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc giao thc
tiao i thng tin VPI/VCI thay cho bo hiu ATM vi mc ich tiin khai Cell-Mode
MPLS. ATM s dng n v truyn ti dng t bo (53 byte c nh vi S byte tiu
v 48 byte ti trng), mt gi tin c th ong goi tiong nhiu t bo (nu ti trng gi
tin o ln hn 48 byte). Do mt t bo co kich thc c nh nn khng th gn trc
tip nhn mt cch thng thng ln cc t bo v bn thn nhn s lm tng kich c
ca t bo. Theo ti liu RFC 3035 [3] k thut MPLS trin khai trn mng ATM c
mt s c im sau y:
Cell-Mode MPLS s dng tiu vPIvCI nh mt nhn MPLS, cc thit b
nh tuyn/chuyn mch ca mng ATM s s dng vPIvCI chuyn tip.
Ngn xp nhn thng thng vn c s dng tiong ATN, c gn ngay sau
ting tiu AALS nhng s ch c gn trong t bo u tin v khng
c s dng trong mng ATM.
1.2.4 Hon i nbn
Bon i nhn (Label Swapping) l phng thc dng cc th tc g b
nhn ban u v tio i vo o mt nhn mi truyn ti ra giao din lin kt d
liu mi. LSR s kim tra nhn trn nh ngn xp, truy xut cc bng FIB/LFIB v
dng nh x ILN (Incoming Label Nap) nh x nhn ti mt thc th chuyn tip
nhn NHLFE (Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry). S dng thng tin trong NHLFE,
LSR xc nh c ni dung tc v cn phi thc hin tin ngn xp nhn bao gm:

11
gi tr nhn mi hoc g b nhn, giao din lin kt d liu u ra tip theo dc
ng dn n hng LSP Sau o LSR s m hoa ngn xp nhn mi cho gi tin v
chuyn gi tin i.
Chuyn tip goi cha co nhn cng tng t nhng xy ra ingress-LER. LER
phi phn tich tiu lp mng xc nh FEC ri s dng nh x FTN (FEC-to-
NBLFE) nh x FEC vo mt NHLFE.
1.2.5 ng cbuyn mcb nbn LSP
ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label Switched Path) l mt ng dn t u
vo Ingress-LER qua cc LSR ti u ra Egress-LER, c thit lp bi cc nt MPLS
chuyn cc gi tin qua mi ting MPLS. ng dn ca mt LSP qua mng c
nh ngha bi s hon i nhn cc LSR dc theo LSP (hnh 1.8).

Hnh 1.8: ng chuyn mch nhn LSP
Tiong min NPLS, cn thit phi co mt giao thc nh tuyn ni min ung
Link-State IuP hoc Bistance vectoi IuP xy ung hon chnh ng un gia tt
c cc LER xuyn qua min NPLS nhm mc ich thit lp ng un LSP t u vo
Ingress-LER ti u ia Egiess-LER (iing i vi ng ung NPLS-TE, giao thc nh
tuyn ni min NPLS bt buc l ung Link-State co th qung b y thng tin
ing buc ca tt c cc lin kt tiong ni min NPLS, gip cho qu tiinh nh tuyn
ing buc tinh ton cc ng un LSP tha mn yu cu ing buc). Tip o cn
thit phi co mt giao thc phn phi nhn nh LBPTBP qung b cc nhn gip
cho qu tiinh thit lp LSP v gi ti hon i nhn ti mi nt mng.
Nh vic tiin khai ca giao thc nh tuyn ni min IuP, mi LERLSR xc
nh c ng un ti u nht n tt c cc LERLSR khc tiong min NPLS, kt
hp vi giao thc phn phi nhn LBPTBP, mi LERLSR cng thit lp c

12
ng un n hng LSP n tt c cc LERLSR con li tiong min NPLS. Nh
vy, mt mng li full-mesh LSP s c to thnh tiong min NPLS.
K thut g nhn chng cui PBP (Penultimate Bop Popping) co th c s
ung ti nt p chot tic khi goi tin n nt Egiess-LER ca mt ng un LSP
nhm ti u hoa hot ng nh tuyn ca Egiess-LER, tinh tinh ting tia cu
thng tin nh tuynchuyn mch 2 ln cho goi tin gm: tia cu bng chuyn tip
NPLS thc hin tc v g nhn v tia cu bng nh tuyn lp S chuyn tip n
nt tip theo. thc hin PBP, Egiess-LER yu cu nt p chot tin hnh tc v g
nhn trn nh ngn xp nhn tic khi chuyn tip goi tin. Sau o, Egiess-LER nhn
goi tin IP khng nhn v tic tip tia cu bng nh tuyn lp S.
Cc ng un LSP co tinh cht n hng, lu lng tiuyn ti gia cc LER
theo hai hng i v v s c tiuyn tin hai LSP khc bit nhau, mc u co th
chui ng tiuyn vt l khng thay i nhng gi ti hon i nhn ca mi LSP
ti mi nt LERLSR khc nhau un ti s tch bit thnh hai LSP.
Ngn xp nhn ca MPLS |4j cho php phn cp cc LSP tng t nh ATN s
ung cc ch s nh ung vPI v vCI to cc phn cp knh o (vC) nm tiong
ng o (vP), mt ng o co th cha nhiu knh o vC. Tuy nhin tiong ATN
ch tn ti 2 phn cp, tiong NPLS vic phn cp cc LSP l it ln. Theo ti liu RFC
3031 [2j thi s lng cc nhn tiong ngn xp nhn l khng gii hn nn v mt l
thuyt ta co th phn cp cc LSP khng gii hn. Tuy nhin tin thc t, s lng
cc nhn tiong ngn xp nhn ph thuc vo gi ti n v tiuyn ti u liu ti a
NT0 ca giao uin lin kt u liu. Phn cp LSP c c t nh hinh 1.9
LSP1
LSP3
L1 IP L3
L2 IP L3
L1 IP
L2 IP
L1 IP
L2 IP LSP2

Hnh 1.9: Phn cp LSP trong MPLS
Phn cp LSP l mt c tnh quan trng tiong NPLS, c tinh ny thng c s
dng trong cc ng dng nh NPLS vPN v NPLS-TE. i vi NPLS vPN, ngn xp
nhn thng yu cu co 2 nhn, nhn tin nh ngn xp (thng c gi l LDP
Label) c s dng chuyn tip trong min MPLS xuyn sut t LER ny ti LER
ng xa, nhn k tip (thng c gi l vPN Label) c s dng phn bit

13
cc mng ring o khc nhau. i vi MPLS-TE, ngn xp nhn c th yu cu c 2
nhn tr ln, nhn tin nh ngn xp (thng c gi l TE Label) c bo hiu
bng giao thc RSVP-TE chuyn tip rng buc trong min MPLS gia cc LER,
tuy nhin cc LSR hon ton c th gn thm ln tin nh ngn xp mt nhn khc
tiong ting hp LSP ang hot ng gp s c, nhn gn thm ny c s dng
a lu lng qua mt LSP rng buc khc vong qua im gp s c nhng vn
n c LER ng xa.
1.3 Mt phng iu khin v mt phng chuyn tip MPLS
Trong kin trc MPLS, hai thnh phn c bn nht ca h thng mng l cc b
nh tuyn/chuyn mch trong mng li LSR v cc b nh tuyn/chuyn mch ti
khu vc mng bin LER. Kin trc chc nng ca cc b nh tuyn/chuyn mch
ny tng i ging nhau v bao gm 2 phn l:
Mt phng iu khin (Control Plane)
Mt phng chuyn tip (Forwarding Plane)
Ta xt kin trc chc nng chung ca b nh tuyn/chuyn mch LER v LSR
trong min chuyn mch NPLS nh hinh 1.10

Hnh 1.10: Kin trc ch nn a cc b chuyn mch LER/LSR


14
1.3.1 Mt pbng iu kbin
Mt phng iu khin c 3 nhim v c bn l:
Thu nhp thng tin: S dng giao thc nh tuyn IGP dng Link-State (OSPF,
ISIS) hoc dng Distance-Vectoi (RIP, EIuRPIuRP) xy dng bng nh
tuyn RIB (Routing Information Base), t o thu nhp thng tin v ton b
mng trong min MPLS. Cc thng tin ny v cng quan trng cho vic tnh
ton cc ng dn ti u nht ti cc mng trong min MPLS phc v cho
vic thit lp ng dn n hng LSP xuyn sut t LER ny xuyn qua
mng li ti LER kia. Bn na, cc giao thc dng Link-State (OSPF, ISIS) cn
c m rng RFC 3630, RFC 3784 [5][6] mang thm thng tin ti nguyn
ca cc lin kt trong mng, t o co th p dng k thut lu lng trong
min MPLS.
La chn ng dn: S dng nh tuyn tng chng (hop-by-hop) hoc nh
tuyn tng minh la chn ng dn ti u nht ti cc mng trong min
MPLS. nh tuyn tng chng cho php mi nt xc nh FEC v chn chng k
tip cho tng FEC mt cch c lp, ging nh nh tuyn trong mng IP. nh
tuyn tng minh xc nh mt danh sch vn tt cc nt m mt ng dn
n hng LSP phi i qua, do Ingress-LER quyt nh da trn cc tiu ch
hoc chnh sch ca ngi qun tr.
Thit lp ng dn: S dng mt giao thc bo hiu (LDP, CR-LDP hoc
RSvP) thng bo cho tt c cc b nh tuyn dc theo ng dn n
hng la chn. Giao thc bo hiu chu trch nhim gn/phn phi nhn
cng nh tha thun nhn gia cc LSR/LER lin k v cc mng trong min
NPLS cu hnh bng FIB v LFIB trong mt phng chuyn tip; cc giao
thc phn phi nhn trn mi LSR/LER xy dng bng thng tin nhn LIB
(Label Information Base)
1.3.2 Mt pbng cbuyn tip
Mt phng chuyn tip c 2 nhim v c bn l:
Tng hp thng tin t cc bng RIB xy dng nn bng chuyn tip FIB
(Foiwaiuing Infoimation Base) c ung chuyn tip nhanh cc gi tin
lp mng m khng cn phi s dng CPU ca b nh tuyn, thng thng
bng FIB ch xut hin ti cc LER hoc cc b nh tuyn/chuyn mch thun
IP, cc LER cn c bng FIB c th chuyn pht gi tin vo/ra min MPLS
hoc chuyn pht goi tin theo phng thc truyn thng.

15
Tng hp thng tin t bng RIB, LIB xy dng nn bng chuyn tip LFIB
(Label Foiwaiuing Infoimation Base) c ung chuyn tip nhanh cc gi
tin c gn nhn m khng cn phi s dng CPU ca b nh tuyn,
thng thng bng LFIB xut hin ti LER ln LSR.
Theo ti liu RFC 3031 [2], bng LFIB l thnh phn ch cht ca cc LER v
LSR, bao gm hai loi thc th ILN v FTN, tiong o NBLFE l thc th con cha cc
ting nh a ch chng k tip, cc tc v lin quan n ngn xp nhn (gn nhn,
g nhn, hon i nhn), giao din u ia v thng tin tiu lp 2. ILM nh x mt
nhn n mt hoc nhiu NHLFE. Nhn tiong goi n s ung chn ra mt thc
th ILM c th nhm xc nh NHLFE. Cn FTN nh x mi FEC vo mt hoc nhiu
NHLFE. Nh cc thc th FTN, goi cha co nhn c chuyn thnh gi c nhn. Nh
vy, khi mt gi khng nhn thuc mt FEC i vo min MPLS, Ingress-LER s s
dng mt thc th LFIB loi FTN chuyn gi khng nhn thnh gi c nhn, cc
LSR trong mng li s s dng mt thc th LFIB loi ILN thc hin vic hon i
nhn. Cui cng, ti Egress-LER s dng mt thc th LFIB loi ILN g b nhn
n v chuyn tip goi khng nhn n b nh tuyn k tip nm ngoi min MPLS.
Vic ILM hoc FTN c th nh x ti nhiu NHLFE c th dng trong cn bng ti, h
tr tinh nng cn bng ti trn nhiu ng c metric bng nhau hoc thm ch
khng bng nhau ca cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP. V d v hot ng trong
mt phng chuyn tip NPLS nh hinh 1.11

Hnh 1.11: Hot ng trong mt phng chuyn tip MPLS


16
Cng theo ti liu RFC 3031 [2], cc nt MPLS s dng gi tr nhn trong cc gi
n lm ch mc tra bng LFIB. Khi tm thy thc th tng ng vi nhn n, nt
MPLS s thay th nhn trong gi bng nhn ra v gi n vo giao din u ia n nt
k tip c c t trong thc th con NHLFE. Vi ng dng MPLS QoS thc th con
c th c ch nh hng i u ra, nt MPLS s t gi trn hng i ch nh.
Tiong ting hp nt MPLS duy tr mt LFIB ring cho mi giao din, n s dng
LFIB ca giao din u vo ca goi tin n tra cu tham s u ra v chuyn tip
gi. Nt MPLS c th ly nh v c cc thng tin chuyn tip cn thit trong LFIB
ch trong mt ln truy xut b nh m khng cn s dng n CPU ca LER/LSR, tc
thc thi c y cao nh cc chip chuyn dng ASIC gn trc tip ti cc giao
din lin kt d liu ca LER/LSR.

1.4 nh tuyn trong MPLS
Tinh nng nh tuyn l mt thnh phn khng th thiu trong kin trc chc
nng ca NPLS, nh tuyn nm trong mt phng iu khin vi nhim v c bn l
thu nhp v phn phi thng tin cn thit v cc tuyn ng ni min NPLS cng
nh tha thun gn nhn cc tuyn ng ny cho mi LSRLER xy dng cc
ng dn LSP xuyn sut gia cc LER hay tiao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc
min bn ngoi MPLS.
1.4.1 Ciao tbc nb tuyn ni min ICP
i vi k thut MPLS, yu cu nht thit phi c mt giao thc nh tuyn ni
min c th trin khai dng Bistance vectoi nh RIP, IuRPEIGRP hoc dng Link-
State nh 0SPF, IS-IS cc b nh tuyn/chuyn mch LER/LSR c th xy dng
cc ng dn n hng LSP gia cc LER vi nhau.
Theo ti liu RFC 3031 [2] th giao thc nh tuyn ni min NPLS i vi k
thut NPLS c bn khng bt buc l dng Distance Vector hay Link-State, tuy nhin
vi ng dng nng cao MPLS-TE th giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP bt buc phi
l dng Link-State (OSPF, IS-IS) tt c cc LER/LSR c th tiao i v nm c
cc thng tin rng buc v ti nguyn ca ton b min MPLS.
1.4.2 Ciao tbc nb tuyn ngoi bin m rng MP-BGP
Cc giao thc nh tuyn lin min hay con c gi l giao thc nh tuyn
ngoi bin c s dng ph bin trong cc mng thun IP nhm mc ich tiao
i thng tin nh tuyn v kt ni cc vng t tr AS (c nh ngha l mt tp

17
hp cc b nh tuyn thc hin cng mt chinh sch nh tuyn thng nht). Cc
nh cung cp dch v thng trin khai giao thc nh tuyn ngoi bin kt ni vi
cc nh cung cp dch v mng ln cn v cc nh cung cp dch v mng cp cao hn
nhm thit lp cc kt ni ra mng quc t v mng Internet.

Hnh 1.12: Giao th nh tuyn ngoi bin BGPv4
Ti liu RFC3107 [7j m rng giao thc nh tuyn BGP h tr phn phi
nhn NPLS c th thit lp cc ng dn n hng LSP lin mng. Bn tin cp
nht trong BGP-4 ung phn phi cc ng dn BGP c th mang thm cc nhn
MPLS nh x vi tng ng dn BuP tng ng. Thng tin nhn ny s c cc b
nh tuyn ni min AS s dng trong ngn xp nhn chuyn lu lng ti vng
AS khc mong mun. Giao thc ny cc k quan trng trong ng dng mng ring o
NPLS vPN, c s dng lan truyn khi lng ln cc Prefix ca khch hng qua
mng li m vn m bo s iing t. Ngoi ia, giao thc BGP gip cc LER c th
phn bit c cc goi tin gn nhn n t cng mt LSP nhng thuc v cc
khch hng khc nhau da vo vic s dng ngn xp nhn.
1.4.3 Cc giao tbc nb tuyn rang buc va tng minb
1.4.3. nh tuyn rng buc
Trong mng thun IP, cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min IuP c s dng
tinh ton cc ng dn ti u nht n tt c cc mng da trn thng tin v cu
trc mng, tt c cc lu lng n mt mng nht nh t mt nt c nh tuyn

18
theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) v u c truyn theo cng mt ng dn n
ich, iu ny dn n nhc im i vi cc mng s dng nh tuyn truyn
thng thng thng l mt vi ng dn ti u tiong mng lun lun phi chu
lng ti rt cao c th vt kh nng tiuyn ti ca chng v khi y cn phi trin
khai mt lot cc k thut hng i v cc k thut QoS phc tp khc nhm gim t
l mt goi v m bo cht lng dch v cho cc lu lng truyn ti; trong khi y
cc ng truyn khng ti u con li th ch c s dng rt t, thm ch khng s
dng, iu ny gy lng ph ti nguyn ca h thng mng, ng thi gy ra tc
nghn trong mng.
Nhc im trn vn xy ia i vi k thut chuyn mch nhn NPLS c bn s
dng k thut nh tuyn tng chng nh giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP thng
thng. Mt ng dng nng cao ca k thut NPLS o l k thut lu lng MPLS-TE
xut mt phng php nh tuyn ti u hn nh tuyn thng thng, o l
phng phc nh tuyn rng buc CBR (Constraint-Baseu Routeu). CBR cng l
phng thc nh tuyn ng nh nh tuyn thng thng nhng khc phc
nhc im lng ph ti nguyn mng ca giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng. CBR s
dng thut ton CSPF (Constraint-Based Shortest Path First) hay cn gi l PCALC
(Path Calculation). Thut ton CSPF xc nh cc ng dn truyn lu lng
khng ch da trn cu trc mng nh thut ton SPF thng thng thc hin m
cn da vo cc tham s c ting khc ca tng lin kt nh bng thng ti a (ua
tin Cost), bng thng kh dng hin thi (Available-BW), s chng (Hop-Count),
tr (Delay), bin ng tr (Jitter).. Tiu ch chn ng c bn cho mt lung lu
lng ca thut ton CSPF l chn ng ti u nht (t Hop nht, bng thng ti a
cao nht) trong s tt c cc ng co bng thng kh dng hin thi tha mn yu
cu ca lung lu lng o.
1.4.3.2 nh tuyn tng minh
nh tuyn tng minh ER (explicit routing) l mt tp con ca nh tuyn rng
buc CBR, trong o vic tnh ton rng buc c thc hin vi cc i tng ng
dn tng minh ER. ng dn tng minh ER l mt danh sch vn tt cc "nt
tru tng" (abstiact noue) m mt ng dn n hng rng buc CR-LSP phi
i qua. Nt tiu tng c th l mt nt hoc mt nhm nt trong min MPLS. Nu
ER ch quy nh CR-LSP ch i qua mt nhm trong s cc nt thi no c gi l
ng dn tng minh lng lo. Ngc li, nu ER quy nh CR-LSP phi i qua ton
b cc nt trong tp cc nt cu hnh thi c gi l tuyn tng minh nghim
ngt.

19
nh tuyn tng minh ER m ha v thit lp cc CR-LSP theo mt chui cc
ER-NextHop cha trong cc bn tin ph tr TLV (Type-Length-Value) rng buc. CR-
LSP s c thit lp i ti nhm cc nt theo th t ER-NextHop c xc nh
tic.

1.5 Cc giao thc bo hiu MPLS
Bo hiu l cch thc cc b nh tuyn tiao i thng tin vi nhau. Trong
mng MPLS, loi thng tin tiao i ph thuc vo giao thc bo hiu c s dng,
chng hn i vi mng MPLS c bn nht, nhn phi c phn phi cho tt c b
nh tuyn LER/LSR c th chuyn tip d liu ca mt lp FEC c th v thit lp
cc ng dn n hng LSP.
1.5.1 Ciao tbc LDP
LDP (label distribution protocol) l mt chun giao thc ca IETF v c c
t trong RFC 3036 [8]. Nguyn tc hot ng c bn ca LDP l mi LER/LSR ban
u thc hin vic gn nhn ni b (Local Binding) cho tt c cc mng trong bng
RIB, sau o thit lp phin lm vic LDP vi cc LER/LSR ln cn v qung b cc
nhn ni b ti cc LERLSR xc lp phin. Mi LERLSR lu ti cc nhn ni b
v cc nhn nhn c vo bng c s d liu nhn LIB. Nhn ni b Local Binding
ca LER/LSR qung b i s l nhn t xa Remote Binuing i vi LER/LSR nhn
c. Mt LER/LSR c th nhn c nhiu nhn Remote Binuing, nhng no s
chn ia nhn Remote Binuing no c qung b bi LER/LSR thuc ng xung
ca LSP gn vi FEC c ch ra trong bng RIB.
LDP phn phi nhn da vo c ch nh tuyn tng chng (hop-by-hop) ca
cc giao thc IGP nn khng h tr k thut lu lng. Vic la chn ng dn vt
l cng tng t nh giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng thc hin, khng khc
phc c nhc im ca mng IP. Ngy nay, do s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc
cng ngh nh tuyn oi hi phi s dng ti nguyn mng tt hn nn LBP khng
con c s dng trong vic phn phi nhn. Tuy nhin, mt phin bn m rng t
giao thc LDP h tr thm chc nng mi l giao thc CR-LDP c s dng trong
MPLS.
1.5.2 Giao tbc CR-LDP
CR-LDP (constrain-based routing LDP) [9] l giao thc m rng t LDP nhm
h tr c bit cho nh tuyn rng buc, k thut lu lng v cc hot ng d tr

20
ti nguyn. Cc hot ng chnh ca CR-LDP bao gm tha thun cc tham s lu
lng nh cp pht bng thng, thit lp v nm gi quyn u tin. Cc th tc mi
ca CR-LDP bao gm bo hiu ng; nh ngha cc tham s lu lng; qun l LSP
vi quyn u tin v cc tha thun qun tr
Nguyn tc hot ng ca CR-LDP s dng c ch gn nhn theo yu cu v
iu khin tun t. Mt LSP thng thng c thit lp khi mt chui cc bn tin
CR-LDP-Label-Request lan truyn t Ingress-LSR n Egress-LSR, nu LSP yu cu
tha mn cc rng buc (v d nh bng thng kh dng), th cc nhn mi c
cp pht v phn phi bi mt chui cc bn tin CR-LDP-Label-Mapping lan truyn
ngc v Ingress-LSR. Vic thit lp mt ng dn CR-LSP c th tht bi, li v chi
tit li s c bo hiu bng bn tin CR-LDP-Notification.
thit lp mt CR-LSP theo mt ng dn gm tp cc nt LERLSR xc nh
tic, CR-LDP s dng i tng tuyn tng minh ER cha ng cc bn tin CR-
LDP-Label-Request nh hinh 1.13 . Khi mt nt nhn LER/LSR nhn c bn tin
CR-LDP-Label-Request, n thc hin th tc kim sot truy nhp (Admission
Control) trong CR-LBP kim tia xem no co m bo c cc ti nguyn c
yu cu bi trung k lu lng hay khng. Nu m bo, th tc kim sot truy nhp
s d tr n bng cch cp nht bng ti nguyn (Resource Table) v bn tin CR-
LDP-Label-Request c chuyn tip n nt tip sau trong danh sch ER.

Hnh 1.13: Thit l ng rng buc CR-LSP vi giao thc CR-LDP
Khi mt nt LER/LSR nhn c mt bn tin CR-LDP-Label-Mapping, n s
thc hin mt lot cc th tc sau:
Lu thng tin nhn mi v giao din nhn c vo bng LIB.
Lu thng tin CR-LBP c yu cu vo bng c s thng tin tuyn tng
minh ERB (Explicit RIB).

21
S dng th tc kim sot ti nguyn (Resource Control/Manager) trong CR-
LBP khi to mt hng i phc v cho CR-LSP va yu cu thit lp ng
thi lu Seivice-ID ca CR-LSP vo bng ERB.
Chuyn tip bn tin CR-LDP-Label-Mapping ti nt MPLS tip sau trong danh
sch ER theo chiu ngc li.
1.5.3 Ciao tbc RSVP-TE
RSVP-TE [10] l phin bn m rng ca giao thc d tr ti nguyn RSVP [11]
nhm h tr cc phng thc nh tuyn rng buc, k thut lu lng v cc hot
ng cp pht ti nguyn dnh cho min chuyn mch MPLS thc hin k thut lu
lng MPLS-TE. RSVP-TE l mt giao thc soft state, vic d tr ti nguyn s t
ng gii phng sau mt khong thi gian xc nh nu cc nt MPLS khng nhn
c cc bn tin cp nht nh k t cc nt khc trong mng MPLS. Cc hot ng
c bn ca RSVP-TE l:
Gn nhn cho LSP rng buc.
nh tuyn tng chng hoc nh tuyn tng minh.
Bo hiu dnh ring ti nguyn cho LSP rng buc.
Ti nh tuyn LSP rng buc sau s c.
iu khin chng ca LSP.
Cc c ch ln chim.
Nguyn tc hot ng c bn ca RSVP-TE h tr nh tuyn rng buc c
c t nh tin hinh 1. 14

Hnh 1.14: Thit l ng rng buc TE-LSP vi giao thc RSVP-TE


22
Headend-LER gi bn tin RSVP-PATH c cha cc ting Label_Request,
Explicit_Route, Record_Route, Session_Attribute dc theo ng dn LSP rng buc
tinh ton tic o ti Tailend-LER. Mi nt tiung gian tin ng dn TE-LSP
gia Headend-LSR v Tailend-LSR tip nhn bn tin RSVP-PATH v thc hin th
tc kim sot truy nhp Aumission Contiol kim tra thuc tnh rng buc yu cu
ca TE-LSP v so snh vi ti nguyn ca bn thn no, lng ti nguyn ny chnh l
cc thuc tnh rng buc ca cc lin kt. Nu kt qu th tc ny chp nhn, nt
trung gian s cho php TE-LSP c thit lp v dnh ring phn ti nguyn yu cu
ca TE-LSP o. Tip o, nt tiung gian s tip tc gi bn tin RSVP-PATH ti nt
trung gian kt tip cho ti khi goi tin ny n Tailend-LSR.
Tailend-LSR tip nhn bn tin RSVP-PATB v cng thc hin th tc kim sot
truy nhp nh cc nt tiung gian. Khi nhn ra rng mnh l nt cui cng trong
chui Explicit_Route, Tailend-LSR gi tr v bn tin RSVP-RESV cha ting Label
v Recoiu_Route, ng i ca bn tin ny theo danh sch Explicit_Route vi chiu
ngc li. Ting Label cha gi tr nhn mi dnh cho TE-LSP m cc nt trung
gian v Headend-LSR c th s dng truyn lu lng ca trung k lu lng.
Khi mt nt trung gian nhn c bn tin RSVP-RESV, nu c yu cu ln chim, cc
nt ny s thc hin hy cc TE-LSP co u tin thp nhng ti nguyn cho
cc TE-LSP co u tin cao hn.
Tiong ting hp c li xy ra trong hot ng thit lp v bo hiu TE-LSP,
bn tin RSVP-PATHERR s ra thng bo li v chi tip li tng ng. Tiong ting
hp TE-LSP khng cn ti nguyn ca mng hay TE-LSP b ln chim bi mt TE-LSP
khc c u tin cao hn thi bn tin RSVP-PATHERR s ra thng bo hy phin
lm vic ca TE-LSP v l do chi tit tng ng.

1.6 u im v ng dng ca MPLS
1.6.1 n gin ba cbc nng cbuyn tip
MPLS s dng c ch chuyn tip gi tin da vo nhn, quyt nh chuyn tip
c th xc nh ngay ch vi mt ln tra cu ch mc trong bng LFIB. C ch ny n
gin v nhanh hn nhiu so vi gii thut "longest piefix match" ung tiong chuyn
tip gi IP thng thng.

23
1.6.2 ng dng k tbut lu lng
u im ln nht ca MPLS l kh nng thc hin k thut lu lng TE, m
bo lu lng c nh tuyn qua mng li mt cch tin cy v hiu qu nht. K
thut lu lng TE cho php cc nh cung cp dch v ISP nh tuyn lu lng theo
nhng phng php khc nhau c th cung cp dch v tt nht cho khch hng
m bo cc tiu ch v thng lng, tr MPLS-TE cho php lu lng c
phn b hp l qua ton b h tng mng, ti u hoa hiu sut s dng mng. y
cng l i tng nghin cu chnh ca ti ny v s c trnh by k cc
chng tip theo.
1.6.3 Xc nb ng dn m bo QoS ti b nb tuyn bin
K thut MPLS thc hin vic xc nh cc ng dn n hng LSP da trn
ti nguyn kh dng trong mng v cc yu cu QoS ca lung lu lng ti cc b
nh tuyn bin Ingress-LER thay vi m bo QoS ti cc b nh tuyn trong ton b
mng li. Tiu ch chn ng ti b nh tuyn bin Ingress-LER c m rng bao
gm thm cc tham s QoS nh bng thng kh dng, tr, bin ng tr chn
ia ng dn ti u nht cho lung lu lng.
1.6.4 Mng ring o VPN
VPN l ng dng cho php khch hng thit lp mng ring ging nh knh
thu ring nhng vi chi ph thp hn bng cch s dng h tng mng cng cng.
K thut NPLS p ng c tt c cc yu cu cn thit h tr VPN bng cch
thit lp ng dn LSP gia cc mng ca khch hng s dng ngn xp nhn.
1.6.5 Pbn cp ng dn
Vic phn cp ng dn trong mng MPLS cho php ong goi mt ng dn
n hng LSP vo trong mt ng dn LSP khc bng cch s dng ngn xp
nhn. Thc ra, phn cp ng dn khng phi l k thut mi, ATN cung cp c
ch phn cp 2 mc da vo khi nim ng o (VP) v knh o (VC). Tuy nhin,
MPLS cho php lng nhiu ng dn LSP vo nhau mt cch ty , t o tiin khai
cc ng dng nh NPLS vPN v NPLS-TE.
1.6. Kb nng m rng
Trong k thut chuyn mch nhn, nh tuyn lin min (inter-domain) tch
bit hon ton i vi nh tuyn ni min (intra-uomain), iu ny ci thin ng k
kh nng m rng mng MPLS. Bn na, kh nng m rng ca MPLS cn da vo
qu tiinh xc nh FEC tp trung d liu; v s dng ngn xp nhn tng hp

24
hoc lng cc ng dn LSP vi nhau. Bo o, nhiu ng dn LSP thuc cc FEC
khc nhau c th c tng hp vo mt ng dn LSP duy nht, tng kh nng m
rng ca MPLS.

1.7 Kt lun cbng
Chng I thc hin tm hiu mt s ni dung v kin tic c bn ca k thut
chuyn mch nhn NPLS nh sau:
Cc khi nim c bn trong MPLS.
Kin trc v chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mt nt chuyn mch nhn
LSR/LER.
Cc vn trng tm trong nguyn l hot ng ca MPLS.
o Cc giao thc nh tuyn v vai tr ca chng trong MPLS.
o Cc giao thc phn phi nhn v tiao i nhn trong MPLS.
Vi kin trc ca k thut MPLS, chc nng iu khin v chc nng chuyn
tip c tch bit, iu ny cho php nng cao hiu nng chuyn tip lu lng ca
cc b nh tuyn/chuyn mch LSR trong khu vc mng li ca min NPLS, ng
thi cho php h tr cc dch v t u cui ti u cui. K thut chuyn mch
NPLS c bn cho php m rng trin khai nhiu loi ng dng nng cao v tin ch
nh NPLS-VPN, MPLS-TE, MPLS-QoS, MPLS-AToN
Cng nh s tch bit gia chc nng iu khin v chc nng chuyn tip m
min MPLS c kh nng m rng rt tt. Cc loi dch v, cc loi lu lng, cc loi
giao thc mng c th thay i dn ti s thay i cc thnh phn ca mt phng
iu khin, tuy nhin nn tng mt phng chuyn tip vn c gi nguyn. Bo o
cc thnh phn trong min chuyn mch MPLS khng cn thit phi nng cp hay
thay th khi c s thay i trn mt phng iu khin.
Chng I ca lun vn tp trung nghin cu l thuyt v cc khi nim v cc
thnh phn c bn cng nh kin trc v nguyn l hot ng ca k thut chuyn
mch nhn MPLS, to c s v kin trc nn tng cho vic i su nghin cu v thuc
tnh khi phc ca k thut lu lng trong MPLS (MPLS-TE) chng II.

Lun vn tt nghip CBNu II: K THUT L0 LNG MPLS-TE

25
CHNC II
K THUT LU LNG V CC C CH KHI PHC BO V C
BN TRONG MPLS

2.1 Tng quan v k thut lu lng
2.1.1 Kbi nim k tbut lu lng
gii quyt bi ton ti u hot ng ca mng v ti u hoa vn s dng
cc ngun ti nguyn trong mng, thng thng c hai k thut c th c p dng
v trin khai, o l:
K thut mng (Network Engineering): l dng k thut iu chnh h tng
kin trc mng nh Topology, loi thit b, loi lin kt tiong mng nhm ti
u hoa hot ng ca mng.
K thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering): l dng k thut iu chnh cch
thc truyn ti lu lng ca mng nhm ti u hot ng mng.
K thut lu lng l qu tiinh iu khin cch thc cc lung lu lng i qua
mng nhm ti u hoa vic s dng ti nguyn v hiu nng ca cc lin kt trong
mng. K thut lu lng tin hnh o c, m hinh hoa, c ting hoa cc tham s
c th ca cc ngun ti nguyn trong mng t o iu khin lu lng nhm s
dng mt cch ti u nht cc ngun ti nguyn ny.
Khi trin khai k thut lu lng trong mng, co hai phng thc trin khai tp
trung vo hai mc tiu nh sau:
K thut lu lng hng lu lng (Traffic-Oriented)
K thut lu lng hng ti nguyn (Resource-Oriented)
K thut lu lng hng lu lng bao gm mt lot cc phng thc gii
quyt nhng vn ny sinh t yu cu p ng cht lng dch v QoS cho tng
loi lu lng c th nh bng thng, tr, bin ng tr, t l mt gi, v hai m
hnh QoS ph bin l IntServ (Integrated Service) v DiffServ (Differentiate Service).
Tiong o m hinh IntSeiv p ung cho cc gi tin theo tng lung, trin khai bo
hiu t u cui n u cui, cn m hnh DiffServ ch yu p dng cho tng loi
dch v v c kh nng m rng cao hn it nhiu so vi IntServ, dn dn thay th

26
IntSeiv. N hinh ny c trin khai ng thi ti cc nt trong mng nhm h tr
v b sung cho nhau. K thut lu lng hng lu lng ch yu ti u hoa hot
ng ca mng tiong iu kin c xy ra tc nghn cc b v tm thi trong mng
hoc ni cch khc l x l trong qu trnh bng n lu lng v tc nghn vi thi
gian ngn. K thut ny c trin khai v pht trin mnh m trong cc mng IP
truyn thng thng c gi l cc k thut IP QoS.
K thut lu lng hng ti nguyn thc hin o lng, m hinh hoa, c
ting hoa cc ngun ti nguyn trong mng, t o a ia phng thc iu khin
cch thc truyn ti lung lu lng ti thi im c th nhm ti u hoa hot ng
ca mng. Cc ngun ti nguyn ca mng bao gm: bng thng ti a, bng thng
kh dng hin thi, tr ng truyn, bin ng tr, suy hoa ng truyn, nng
lc chuyn mch ca thit b, t l mt goi tiung binh Tiong o bng thng l mt
ti nguyn ct yu ca mng, uo o chc nng ting tm ca k thut lu lng
hng ti nguyn l qun l v a ia cc phng thc iu khin lu lng s
dng hiu qu ti nguyn ny.
2.1.2 Bai ton tc ngbn va k tbut lu lng
Tc nghn l tnh hung xy ra trong mng khi kh nng tiuyn ti lu lng
ca mng khng p ng c nhu cu truyn ti lu lng i qua mng o. Tc
nghn c th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn mang tnh vt l nh lin kt, nt v cng co
th xy ra uo cc nguyn nhn mang tinh logic, iu khin:
Tc nghn xy ra trn mt lin kt khi tc truyn ti vt l ca lin kt
khng p ng c uung lng d liu truyn ti yu cu trn lin kt o.
Tc nghn cng co th xy ra trong ni b mt thit b khi nng lc chuyn
mch ca thit b khng p ng c yu cu. Nng lc chuyn mch ca
thit b ph thuc vo ting chuyn mch ca thit b o, khi nhiu u vo
cng yu cu chung mt u ia tng ng thi ting chuyn mch s b tc
nghn.
Tc nghn xy ia khi cc uong lu lng c nh x khng hiu qu ln cc
ti nguyn lm cho mt s tp con cc ti nguyn lun lun phi hot ng vi
cng ti cao tiong khi o s khc hot ng rt t hoc thm ch khng
hot ng. Tc nghn loi ny thng xy ra do s hot ng khng ti u ca
cc giao thc iu khin nh cc giao thc nh tuyn, bo hiu.
gii quyt bi ton tc nghn, ta c th gii quyt theo hai hng sau:

27
Tng cng uung lng, tc vt l ca cc lin kt, m rng nng lc x l
ca cc nt trn mng, hoc ng dng cc phng thc ca k thut lu lng
hng lu lng (Traffic-Oriented).
S dng k thut lu lng hng ti nguyn (Resource-0iienteu) iu
chnh cc nh x gia lu lng v ti nguyn trong mng t o cp pht cc
ti nguyn sao cho ti u v hiu qu cao.
Vi iu kin bng n lu lng tm thi, k thut lu lng hng lu lng
hon ton c th tr thnh mt gii php hp l cho mng, tuy nhin tiong iu kin
bng n lu lng xy ra thng xuyn th k thut ny khng th gii quyt trit
vn tc nghn. K thut lu lng hng ti nguyn l gii php cho vn tc
nghn ko ui hay thng xuyn xy ra ti mt khu vc no o tiong mng trong khi
cc khu vc khc hot ng ui hiu nng kh dng.
2.1.3 K tbut lu lng ti lp lin kt d liu
K thut lu lng ti lp lin kt d liu (lp 2 tiong m hinh 0SI) c
trin khai t lu, ch yu trong cc mng s dng cc kt ni o PvC v SvC nh
Frame-Relay hay ATM. Trong m hnh chuyn tip lp lin kt d liu, cc thit b
nh tuyn hay cc thit b hot ng lp S c t trn cu trc lin kt ca lp
2. Cc thit b nh tuyn hot ng lp 3 s khng c kin thc v cu tic u ni
vt l c th v bng thng kh dng hin thi trn mi lin kt. Cc giao thc nh
tuyn s nhn din cc PvC v SvC nh cc ng dn im-im v a ia cc
quyt nh nh tuyn/chuyn mch tng ng. Nu mng lin kt d liu cung cp
full-mesh cc kt ni dng logic PVC/SVC gia cc thit b trong mng, cc giao thc
nh tuyn ti lp 3 s nhn din cc kt ni ny nh cc kt ni trc tip gia cc
nt v s s dng cc lin kt ny truyn ti lu lng, m t trong hnh 2.1
L2 L2
L2 L2
L2 L2
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3

Hnh 2.1: M hnh xp chng


28
K thut lu lng c trin khai hon ton lp 2, lu lng s c truyn
trn cc PVC v SvC, hng i ca chng c thit k cn thn v c nh tuyn
ngun ti lp 2 cho php nh iu hnh mng iu khin mt cch chnh xc khng
ch ng truyn, lng nt m lu lng s c truyn qua, m con l uung lng
m lung lu lng s s dng. Cc PvC v SvC c qun l bi mt h thng qun
l ngoi bng, c thit lp t ng hoc tnh bng cc giao thc bo hiu v thit
lp ng tch hp lp 2 nh PNNI.
Trong cc mng Frame-Relay, vn thit lp cc PvC thng c s dng
bi cc cng c qun l cho php nh qun tr tinh ton ng dn ti u nht ti
lp 2 da tin bng thng kh dng hin thi v mt s tham s rng buc khc ca
tng lin kt. Trong mng ATM, c th thit lp cc PvC nh Fiame-Relay nhng
ATM cn cho php s dng cc giao thc bo hiu v thit lp ng t ng nh
PNNI xy dng cc ng SvC ng.
K thut lu lng trong mng lin kt d liu s dng cng ngh ATM hoc
Frame-Relay c m t trong hnh 2.2. Nh qun tr mng c th s dng cc
phng thc thit lp PvC v SvC iu chnh sao cho lu lng t R1 n R6 s i
qua PvCSvC co hng R1-R2-R5-R6 (ng dn ti u nht t R2 n R6); con lu
lng t R7 n R6 s i qua PvCSvC co hng R7-R2-R3-R4-R6. Qua o lm gim
tc nghn tiong ng dn (2, 5, 6) v s dng hiu qu ng dn (2, 3, 4, 6), trnh
lng phi bng thng nhn ii trn cc lin kt ny tiong iu kin nh tuyn/chuyn
mch binh thng.
R4
R6
R5
R3
R2
R7
R1
PVC
R1R2R5
R6
PVC
R7R2R3R4
R6
ATM/Frame-Relay
Network

Hnh 2.2 : K thut u ng ti lp 2


29
K thut lu lng c th c trin khai ti lp 2 v ti u c ng truyn
ca lu lng trong mng, tuy nhin n vn mang nhiu nhc im:
Cn nhiu thit b lp 2, cc thit b trong mng lc ny s khng c u ni
trc tip vi nhau m cn thit phi c nhiu cc thit b chuyn mch lp 2
nh cc b chuyn mch ATM/Frame-Relay.
Cn mt c ch qun l mng phc tp, lc ny ngoi vic phi qun l cc
thit b mng hot ng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn lp 3, cn thit phi
xy dng mt h thng qun l ngoi bng cho cc thit b hot ng ti lp 2.
Pht sinh nhiu vn m rng i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn do s lng
qu ln cc phin thit lp quan h lin k khi mng lin kt d liu c trin
khai dng full-mesh.
Tn km bng thng cho lng tiu ca ATM v Frame-Relay.
Khng h tr m hnh cht lng dch v DiffServ QoS do mi dch v c
phn bit lp 3 da vo cc gi tr DSCP/IP-Precedence ca ting ToS
tiong tiu goi tin IP u c a xung chung qua lp tng thich AALS
ca ATM.
Cc vn kh nng m rng O(N
2
) v O(N
3
) i vi cc mng ATM/Frame-
Relay trong m hnh full-mesh PVC/SVC. Vi mt mng N nt, khi mt lin kt
im-im gp s c, hai nt trn lin kt o cn thng bo cho tt c cc nt
cn li bng cc bn tin iu khin/bo hiu, t o gy ia 0(N
2
). Khi mt nt
gp s c, (N-1) nt cn li u tin hnh thng bo cho tt c cc nt cn li
bng cc bn tin iu khin/bo hiu, t o gy ia 0(N
3
).
2.1.4 K tbut lu lng ti lp mng
i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng ti lp mng (lp 3 trong m
hinh 0SI), c ch nh tuyn ch yu da tin a ch ich, tiu chi nh tuyn ch
da trn gi tr chi ph (Cost) cho mi ng truyn trong mng hoc tnh ton s
chng (Hop Count) cn phi truyn t ngun n ich. Cc gi ti ny c gn tnh
vi tng giao din lin kt vt l m khng th hin c bng thng kh dng hin
thi ca lin kt, uo o khng th gii quyt c bi ton tc nghn ti mt khu vc
trong mng trong khi cc khu vc khc th hot ng t hoc khng hot ng.
K thut lu lng c th c trin khai ti lp 3 bi mt s k thut nh nh
tuyn ngun, nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn theo chnh sch, tuy nhin tt c nhng
k thut o u mang nhiu nhc im:

30
nh tuyn ngun c th c s dng thay th cc tuyn ng c tnh
ton bi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng truyn ti tuy nhin yu cu cn
thit b ngun phi gi cc bn tin yu cu, k thut ny rt it c trin khai.
nh tuyn tnh co th c s dng dn lu lng i theo hng khc so
vi hng c tnh ton bi cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng, tuy vy
hai nhc im ln nht ca nh tuyn tnh l khng phn bit c cc loi
lu lng khc nhau n t cng mt ngun v khng tng thich c trong
ting hp cc lin kt gp s c.
nh tuyn theo chnh sch PBR (Policy-Based Routing) cho php phn bit
c cc loi lu lng khc nhau n t cng mt ngun nhng kh nng
m rng khng kh thi do PBR yu cu lng cu hnh v thit lp cc nt rt
nhiu, tuy nhin PBR vn mang nhc im khng tng thich c trong
ting hp cc lin kt gp s c.

2.2 K thut lu lng MPLS-TE
K thut lu lng MPLS-TE (MPLS Traffic Engineering) l mt trong nhng
ng dng nng cao ca chuyn mch nhn MPLS, mang nhiu u im vt tri so
vi k thut lu lng truyn thng ti lp lin kt d liu hay ti lp mng. Trong
min chuyn mch NPLS c trin khai k thut lu lng MPLS-TE, cc LER/LSR
nh tuyn/chuyn mch theo chuyn mch nhn MPLS vi ng dng k thut lu
lng MPLS-TE vi mc tiu iu khin ng dn lu lng ph hp vi thuc
tnh ca lung lu lng.
MPLS-TE s dng cc ng hm (Tunnels) hay cn gi l cc trung k lu
lng (CR-LSP/TE-LSP) iu khin ng dn lu lng, mt ng hm MPLS-
TE l mt tp hp cc lung lu lng c cng chung cc thuc tnh v c cng mt
Ingress-LER v mt u ra Egress-LER. Mt ng hm MPLS-TE c gn vo mt
ng dn n hng LSP bng cch so snh cc thuc tnh yu cu ca ng hm
ny vi cc thuc tnh ca cc ng dn LSP kh dng, c thc hin bi cc thut
ton tnh ton v thit lp ng rng buc. Nh tin hinh 2.3, cc b nh tuyn
trong min MPLS-TE tiao i thng tin rng buc v lin kt, sau o PE1 ty vo
thuc tnh rng buc yu cu ca lu lng t CE1 v CE2 m xy dng CR-LSP1 v
CR-LSP2 l cc LSP rng buc, sau o chn la ng i ph hp nht cho cc lung
lu lng.

31
P
CE1
CE2
MPLS-TE
CE3
Lu lng
20Mbps ti CE3
Lu lng
40Mbps ti CE3
CR-LSP 1
CR-LSP 2
P
P
PE1 PE2
40Mbps
55Mbps 55Mbps
40Mbps 40Mbps
Min MPLS

Hnh 2.3: K thut u ng trong MPLS
Trung k lu lng phn bit vi cc ng dn n hng LSP, cc LSP s l
ng cho trung k lu lng i xuyn qua. Ti nhng thi im khc nhau, mt
trung k lu lng c th i qua cc ng dn LSP khc nhau. Ty tng thi im
m LSP no bao gm tp cc lin kt c cc thuc tnh rng buc tha mn cc thuc
tnh rng buc ca trung k lu lng thi LSP o s c la chn v s dng. Ngoi
ra khi mt LSP thit lp v c s dng bi mt trung k lu lng m vn cn
u ti nguyn thi LSP o hon ton co th c mt trung k lu lng khc thit
lp v s dng. Trung k lu lng truyn ti tin cc ng dn n hng LSP
nn chng cng co tinh cht n hng, uo o truyn ti c lu lng theo hai
chiu gia mt cp LER th cn thit phi c t nht hai trung k lu lng ti mi
LER c th m bo c k thut lu lng hoa cho lu lng gia hai nt ny.
K thut chuyn mch MPLS cn c trin khai trong mng tic khi ng
dng k thut lu lng MPLS-TE. Trong h thng mng s dng k thut MPLS,
mt LER xy dng cc ng dn n hng LSP ti cc LER cn li, cc LSR trong
khu vc mng li ch thc hin qu trnh chuyn mch nhn MPLS.
K thut lu lng MPLS-TE cho php thc hin k thut lu lng ti LSR
u ngun ca mt ng dn LSP, nt ny tinh ton ng dn hiu qu nht qua
mng truyn lu lng ti LSR u xa ca ng dn LSP o. thc hin
c iu ny LSR u ngun cn phi nm c cu trc lin kt ca ton b
mng cng nh thuc tnh v bng thng kh dng hin thi v cc thuc tnh khc
ca tng lin kt trong mng. Bo o giao thc nh tuyn c s dng gia cc u
cui MPLS-TE hay gia LSR u ngun v LSR u cui ca mt LSP bt buc phi l

32
giao thc nh tuyn dng Link-State. K thut chuyn mch MPLS cho php nh
tuyn theo ngun SBR, LSR ti u ngun ca LSP s c quyn s dng LSP no
ti c LSR ti u ia. LSP ny c gi l LSP c lu lng ha hay cn gi
l trung k lu lng hoc ng hm TE. Cc lu lng co chung cc c tinh c
ghp vo trong mt trung k lu lng c iu khin bi nh qun tr mng. Cc
lu lng ny s c truyn ti t Headend-LSR ti Tailend-LSR theo mt LSP ph
hp ti mi thi im.
Ba vn c bn trong vn thc hin k thut lu lng ca k thut lu
lng MPLS-TE l:
nh x loi lu lng ln cc lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC)
nh x cc FEC ln cc lp trung k lu lng (Traffic Trunk)
nh x cc trung k lu lng ln cu trc lin kt ca mng vt l thng qua
cc LSP rng buc
P
PE1 P
P
P
PE2
MPLS-TE
MPLS
OSPF-TE / ISIS-TE
P PE3
PCALC/CSPF
Headend-LSR
CR-LSP 1
RSVP-PATH
RSVP-RESV
Tailend-LSR
Cc thuc tnh rng
buc ca lin kt
Trung k lu lng

Hnh 2.4: Tn uan h hot ng ca MPLS-TE
thc hin bi ton c bn ca MPLS-TE, cc thnh phn ca k thut lu
lng MPLS-TE c trin khai trong mng bao gm:
Xc lp v gn cc thuc tnh rng buc cho tng lin kt (bng thng ti a,
bng thng kh dng hin thi, tr, bin ng tr..)
Phn phi thng tin rng buc ca lin kt bng giao thc OSPF/IS-IS m rng
cho MPLS-TE
Khi to cc trung k lu lng cng cc thuc tnh rng buc yu cu ca n

33
Thc hin tnh ton ng rng buc bng thut ton CSPF/PCALC ti nt
Headend-LSR
Thit lp v bo hiu ng rng buc bng giao thc CR-LDP/RSVP-TE
Thc hin mt loi c ch ghp lu lng ln tin ng dn lu lng va
tnh ton v thit lp, bo hiu thnh cng.

2.3 Bo v, khi phc trong MPLS-TE
K thut lu lng MPLS-TE co cc c ch bo v, khi phc nhm gim thiu
ti a hu qu ca cc s c trong min chuyn mch MPLS-TE, t o cung cp kh
nng tiuyn ti lu lng tin cy. Lu lng trong min chuyn mch MPLS-TE i
tin cc ng dn LSP rng buc bao gm mt tp cc lin kt i qua cc nt, khi co
s c xy ra vi cc nt v lin kt tng ng ca mt LSP rng buc thi LSP o
khng th tip tc truyn ti lu lng nh binh thng. V nguyn tc c bn ca
bo v, khi phc trong MPLS-TE l ngay lp tc chuyn lu lng ca LSP rng
buc gp s c sang mt LSP rng buc khc m bo kh nng tiuyn ti trong
mng.
2.3.1 S cn tbit ca bo v, kbi pbc trong mng MPLS
Cc nh iu hnh mng phi ng u vi cc s c v lin kt v nt
trong mng t khi h thng mng ia i. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP
thng thng co cc phng thc thch nghi v nhanh chng phc hi sau khi gp
s c. Qu trnh t lc pht hin s c cho ti khi khc phc hon ton s c c
gi l qu trnh hi t. Trong mng cn phi m bo thi gian hi t thp gim
thiu thi gian xy ra vn mt gi. Tuy nhin kh nng hi t ca cc giao thc
IGP c mt s nhc im nh:
Trong mt mng ln, thi gian hi t tng i ln, trong thi gian hi t mt
gi xy ia, thng thng khi phc mt lin kt b "flapping" tiong mng li
c th cn ti 5-10 giy.
Mt lin kt b s c c th dn ti tc nghn ti mt s khu vc trong mng,
trong khi mt s khu vc khc thi khng c s dng.
Nu cu hnh gim thi gian hi t xung thp th c th lm cho mng qu
nhy cm vi cc s c nh nh tinh ting lin kt b "flapping".

34
Vi cc giao thc nh tuyn IGP dng Link-State nh 0SPFIS-IS, b nh tuyn
s dng timei pht hin s c. Cc b nh tuyn trong mng s gi cc bn tin
hello nh k ti cc nt ln cn. Nu nt ln cn khng nhn s lng bn tin
hello trong mt khong thi gian xc nh, b nh tuyn s kt lun lin kt hoc
nt gp s c, gi bn tin LSA (Link State Advertisement) thng bo cho tt c cc
nt khc trong mng v thc hin thut ton SPF. Tiong ting hp xu nht, lin
kt b hin tng "flapping" (up, uown xy ra lin tc) th thut ton SPF s phi thi
hnh nhiu ln dn n tnh trng mt n nh trong mng v tiu th nng lc x l
ca nt. K thut MPLS-TE oi hi s c mt ca cc giao thc nh tuyn loi ny,
tnh hnh cn ti t hn, khi mt lin k xy ra s c, qu trnh hi t thng thng
s din ra vi cc s kin nh sau:
1. Lin kt gp s c, cc ng dn LSP thng thng tng ng b hy, thut
ton SPF thi hnh li tnh ton li cc bng nh tuyn, giao thc LDP thc
hin gn nhn li cho cc LSP mi.
2. Cc LSP rng buc tng ng vi lin kt gp s c s b hy, cc Headend-
LSR c cc LSP rng buc b hy phi thi hnh li thut ton CSPF tnh ton
ng LSP rng buc mi.
3. CR-LDP/RSVP-TE phi thc hin thit lp v bo hiu LSP rng buc mi.
4. Headend-LSR phi thc thi phng thc ghp lu lng ca trung k lu
lng ln LSP rng buc mi.
Bo o thi gian hi t trong min MPLS-TE khi xy ra s c c th din ra vi
thi gian lu hn it nhiu so vi nh tuyn IP truyn thng, tiong o thi gian pht
hin s c da vo c ch hello l ln nht. gim thi gian khi phc h thng, cc
nh qun tr mng c th gim thi gian pht nh k cc bn tin hello. Tuy nhin,
tiong ting hp nghn dn n mt nhiu gi tin hello lin tip, b nh tuyn c
th nhm ln trong vic kt lun c s c xy ra. Ngay c khi h thng mng li s
dng cc phng thc chuyn mch bo v t ng APS (AutoProtection Switching)
nh tiong mng SONET cho php chuyn i lin kt b hng sang lin kt d phng
vi thi gian tr nh hn Sums thi thi gian hi t ca min MPLS-TE vn b nh
hng do cc giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF/IS-IS) vn phi thit lp cc mi quan h
ln cn mi.
Tuy cc giao thc nh tuyn c kh nng khc phc nhiu s c xy ra trong
mng, nhng thi gian khi phc h thng khng c m bo. Thi gian ny ph
thuc rt nhiu vo kich thc mng v giao thc nh tuyn c s dng. Ngoi ra,

35
hin ti cha co c ch chun thc hin vic tiao i thng tin trng thi mng gia
lp IP v cc lp thp hn, lp IP ch nhn bit c s tn ti ca s c da vo
hin tng mt bn tin hello hoc keep alive, lp IP khng th bit i tng gp s
c l lin kt hoc l nt. Tuy nhin, lp IP c th bit c loi lu lng no cn
phi c khi phc nhanh v d tr tic bng thng m bo cht lng dch
v.
Mt s c ch pht hin s c ti lp thp nh tiinh qun l phn cng, thit b
nhn bit mt kt ni in hoc quang gip thi gian pht hin s c trong mng
nhanh hn so vi c ch ca cc giao thc nh tuyn. Tiong ting hp khi phc
cc b, nt pht hin s c c th trc tip chuyn i lung lu lng sang ng
khi phc thit lp tic m khng cn phi thng bo li cho cc nt khc, vic
khi phc h thng s din ia nhanh hn. Tuy nhin, cc c ch ny yu cu cc phn
cng chuyn dng v tn km, mt s m hnh s dng ti nguyn khng hiu qu
chng hn nh: trong m hnh mng Ring ca SONET/SDH, vic d tr bng thng c
th chim hn mt na bng thng kh dng ch phc v cho vic khi phc;
trong m hnh mng mesh, c rt nhiu ng dn c th phc v cho qu trnh khi
phc dn n vic u tha ti nguyn hoc s dng ng dn khi phc khng ti
u. Ngoi ia, c ch khi phc ti lp thp khng th phn bit cc lung lu lng
co u tin khc nhau, khng th khi phc cc knh ring v m bo cht lng
cho tng loi lu lng.
Bo o nht thit phi co c ch bo v, khi phc trong MPLS-TE m bo
kh nng tiuyn ti tin cy ca k thut ny. Mc tiu ca cc c ch bo v, khi
phc trong MPLS-TE l gim thiu nhiu nht c th t l mt gi, thi gian gin
on dch v, lng ti nguyn unh iing cho ng dn tic thi im xy ra s
c, m bo QoS v bng thng ca ng khi phc tng ng vi ng lm
vic gc, m bo cht lng cho cc lung lu lng u tin.
2.3.2 Kbi nim bo v, kbi pbc trong MPLS-TE
Khi nim cc c ch bo v, khi phc trong MPLS-TE [12] [13] l tp cc th
tc cho php p dng i vi mt hoc nhiu ngun ti nguyn ca mng mt cch
c chn la nhm m bo t l mt gi thp tic s c trong mng. Ti nguyn
c bo v c th l cc ti nguyn mang tnh vt l nh lin kt, nt, hoc cng c
th l cc ti nguyn mang tinh logic nh cc ng dn LSP rng buc i tin mt
lin kt hoc i qua mt nt. Khi mt lin kt gp s c, cc LSP rng buc i tin
lin kt hoc i qua nt ny cng s gp s c, uo o bo v, khi phc ti nguyn vt
l cng chinh l bo v ti nguyn logic. Thng thng ti nguyn c la chn bo

36
v, khi phc l lin kt, nt hoc ng TE-LSP. Cc khi nim c bn s dng trong
khi phc MPLS:
ng TE-LSP lm vic: l ng chuyn ti trung k lu lng khi xy ra
li. y l ng c bo v bi c ch khi phc.
ng TE-LSP khi phc: l ng m trung k lu lng s c ti nh
tuyn sau khi xy ra li, c thit lp bo v cho ng lm vic.
PSL (Path Switch LSR): l b nh tuyn LSR ng tic v tr li tin ng
lm vic chu trch nhim chuyn mch hoc ti to lu lng sang ng
khi phc.
PML (Path Merge LSR): l b nh tuyn LSR chu trch nhim nhn lu
lng tin ng khi phc v s hp nht lu lng tr v ng lm vic
hoc chuyn lu lng ra khi min MPLS nu bn thn no l ich.
POR (Point Of Repair): POR l mt b nh tuyn LSR chu trch nhim sa
cha mt ng dn LSP, n c th l PML hoc PSL ty theo c ch khi phc
no c dng.
FIS (Fault Indication Signal): l bn tin ch th c li xy ia tin ng,
chng c chuyn tip bi cc b nh tuyn LSR trung gian cho ti khi n
n c P0R. FIS c pht i theo chu k bi cc nt k cn v tr li trong
khong thi gian c cu hinh tic hoc cho n khi nhn c xc
nhn t cc nt ln cn ca n.
FRS (Fault Recovery Signal): l bn tin ch th li tin ng lm vic
c sa cha xong. FRS c chuyn tip cho n khi no n c mt LSP
m nhn cng vic chuyn tr li ng lm vic gc. FRS cng c pht i
theo nh k tng t nh FIS.

Thng thng, vic khi phc s c trong h thng mng gm co 4 bc:
H thng mng phi c kh nng pht hin s c.
Nt pht hin s c phi thng bo s c cho cc nt khc trong mng, nt
thng bo li ph thuc vo c ch khi phc s dng.
Thc hin tnh ton thit lp ng khi phc trong mng.
Thc hin chuyn i lu lng sang ng khi phc.


37
2.3.3 Pbt bin, tbng bo li trong MPLS
2.3.3.1 C ch m rng Hello RSVP-TE
C ch ny do Martin Petersson xut [12] cho php b nh tuyn LSR pht
hin vic mt lin lc vi cc nt k cn trong mng. C ch m rng ny thm mt
bn tin Hello trong giao thc RSVP-TE cha i tng yu cu HELLO REQUEST v
i tng xc nhn HELLO ACK. Thi gian pht nh k bn tin Hello ti b nh
tuyn LSR c th c cu hnh ty thuc vo ngi qun tr, mc nh l 5ms. Vic
pht hin li da trn vic thu nhn v lu ti gi tr "instance" ca nt k cn, v d:
B nh tuyn A gi bn tin Hello cha i tng HELLO REQUEST vi gi tr
"instance A" ca chnh n v gi tr "instance B" ca nt k cn B. Khi nt k cn nhn
bn tin ny, n thc hin vic so snh gi tr "instance A" vi gi tr nhn c tic
o, ng thi no cng kim tra pha gi A c tr li ng gi ti "instance B" ca mnh
hay khng. Nu cc gi tr ny khc nhau th nt A c phng on ang thit lp
li. Nt nhn BELL0 REQ0EST sau o s to bn tin HELLO ACK. Nu vic kim tra
chnh xc, bn tin ACK s cha gi tr "instance" ca c pha gi v pha nhn, nu
khng th pha gi ACK s t gi tr "instance" ca pha nhn l u ch ra kt ni
tng b mt. Nu khng c bn tin Hello no c nhn trong mt khong thi gian
xc nh th b nh tuyn LSR kt lun nt k cn mt lin lc, mc nh gp 3.5
ln khong thi gian pht bn tin Hello (5 * 3.5 = 17.5 ms).
2.3.3.2 RSVP-TE Softstate
Vic s dng cc bn tin cp nht PATH v RESV ca giao thc RSVP-TE c th
ung pht hin s c trong mng MPLS. Nu bn tin PATH hoc RESV gp li
trong qu trnh cp nht, bn tin PathErr hoc ResvErr s ra thng bo li v chi tit
li tng ng gi tr v b nh tuyn Ingress-LSR. Thi gian cp nht cc bn tin
ny thng c thit lp gi tr ln gim lu lng iu khin trong mng, mc
nh l 30s. V vy, c ch ny khng thch hp trong vic khi phc nhanh s c
trong mng MPLS.
2.3.3.3 LSP Ping/Traceroute
C ch ny ung kim tra hot ng ca mt phng chuyn tip ca b nh
tuyn LSR tiong ng dn n hng LSP, kim tra cc gi tin thuc lp FEC c
thc s chuyn tip chnh xc n b nh tuyn Egress-LSR hay khng.
Trong c ch Ping, mt goi tin c ong goi trong mt gi UDP v chuyn vo
ng dn LSP nh cc goi tin khc thuc cng lp FEC. Khi gi tin n b nh
tuyn Egress-LSR, n c i chiu li vi mt phng iu khin, kim tra b nh

38
tuyn LSR ny c phi l b nh tuyn Egress-LSR thuc lp FEC hay khng. Sau o,
mt gi tin phn hi cha kt qu c gi ngc li b nh tuyn yu cu. Trong
c ch Traceroute, gi tin c i chiu vi mt phng iu khin ti mi b nh
tuyn LSR dc theo ng dn n hng LSP kim tra b nh tuyn ny c phi
l b nh tuyn tham gia chuyn tip cho lp FEC hay khng. Nu gi tin Ping gp
li, c ch Traceroute c th c s dng xc nh v tr s c xy ra trong mng,
kim tra s thng nht gia mt phng iu khin v mt phng chuyn tip. Tuy
nhin, cc c ch ny lm tng thm nng lc tnh ton ca cc thit b nh tuyn
LSR trong mng. Qu trnh tiao i cc bn tin pht hin s c tn nhiu thi gian
nn c ch ny khng thch hp trong vic khi phc nhanh h thng mng MPLS.
Ngoi ra, mt c ch khc uo IETF sut l Bi-directional Forwarding
Detection (BFD) c th gim thi gian pht hin s c ca mt phng chuyn tip.
Tuy nhin, cn phi lu khi s dng c ch BFD cng vi c ch ti nh tuyn
nhanh cho lin kt hoc nt trong mng MPLS, khong thi gian pht hin s c ca
c ch BFD phi ln hn thi gian chuyn mch sang ng khi phc nhm trnh
vic phng on sai s c xy ra ti mt phng chuyn tip ca cc b nh tuyn
LSR.
2.3.3.4 Tng kt
Giao thc RSVP-TE c s dng phn phi nhn trong mng MPLS, c th
s dng thuc tnh "soft-state" pht hin li. Tuy nhin, khong thi gian cp nht
cc bn tin tiong ng dn LSP thng c t cao lm gim lu lng iu
khin, v th n khng thch hp cho vic khi phc nhanh trong mng.
S c lin kt c th c pht hin nhanh da vo phn cng v thng bo cho
MPLS hoc da vo c ch Hello trong RSVP-TE. Mc d vic pht hin s c da vo
phn cng nhanh hn so vi c ch Bello, nhng cn thit phi c mt c ch pht
hin s c ring trong MPLS c lp vi cc c ch pht hin s c trong trng hp
lp ui khng h tr c ch pht hin li hoc khng pht hin s c lin quan n
nt.
Vic pht hin s c lin quan n mt phng d liu thng pht hin chm.
pht hin cc li ny, c ch Ping v Traceroute c th c s dng nhng
khng thch hp cho vic pht hin nhanh s c. Chnh v th, BFD c IETF xut
pht hin s c trong mt phng d liu nhanh hn.

39
2.3.4 Pbn loi cc c cb bo v, kbi pbc trong MPLS-TE
C ch khi phc MPLS chuyn tip lu lng vo ng dn mi tng t
nh cc c ch ca cc lp khc. Vic quyt nh im khi phc, tnh ton v cch
thc xy dng ng dn khi phc ph thuc vo c ch s dng.
Nu khng co c ch khi phc c s dng trong min MPLS th vic khi
phc c thc hin mc nh bi giao thc bo hiu ung thit lp v duy tr
ng dn LSP, gi l khi phc dng best-effort. Vic pht hin s c c th ung c
ch Hello hoc c ch soft-state RSVP-TE v thng bo cho b nh tuyn Ingress-LSR
c gng thit lp li ng dn LSP. Thi gian khi phc ca c ch ny thng
ln v ch p dng cho cc lu lng dng best-effort.
Nu mun khi phc nhanh tiong NPLS, cc c ch khc cn phi ti thiu thi
gian thng bo li hoc thi gian tinh ton ng khi phc. C hai phng thc
phn loi cc c ch bo v, khi phc trong k thut MPLS-TE, o l:
Phn loi da trn v tr bo v, khi phc kt hp loi ti nguyn c la
chn bo v, khi phc. Vi phng thc ny ta co cc c ch:
o Bo v, khi phc dng sa cha ton cc.
o Bo v, khi phc dng sa cha ton cc.
Phn loi da tin c im ca ti nguyn d phng. Vi phng thc ny ta
co cc c ch:
o Bo v, khi phc dng ti nh tuyn.
o Bo v, khi phc dng chuyn mch bo v.
2.3.4.1 Sa cha ton cc v sa cha cc b
2.3.4.1.1 Sa cha ton cc
Sa cha ton cc l bo v, khi phc khi c s c bt k xy ra tin ng
lm vic, ngoi tr s c xy ra ti cc b nh tuyn Ingress-LSR v Egress-LSR ca
ng dn LSR. im sa cha POR ( y chinh l Ingress-LSR) thng cch xa v
tr li v thng c thng bo bng tn hiu FIS. Vic khi phc ng c tnh cht
end-to-enu, tiong o ng lm vic v ng bo v tch bit nhau hon ton.
u im ca sa cha ton cc l tt c cc lin kt v nt tiong ng lm vic
c bo v bng 1 ng khi phc duy nht. Nhc im l tn hiu FIS phi lan
truyn v b nh tuyn Ingress-LSR tic khi khi phc bt u.

40

Hnh 2.5 : Sa cha ton cc
2.3.4.1.2 Sa cha cc b
Sa cha cc b nhm bo v khi s c lin kt hoc nt nhng khi phc
nhanh hn uo vic sa cha c thc hin cc b ti thit b pht hin s c. Nt
lin k trc tip tic v tr li s ong vai tio PSL khi to cng tc khi phc. Sa
cha cc b c th c thit lp theo hai ting hp:
Khi phc lin kt: bo v lin kt tin ng lm vic. Nu mt li xy ra
trn ng lin kt, khi phc s kt ni PSL v PML hai u lin kt li
bng mt ng khi phc tch bit vi ng lm vic cha lin kt li.

Hnh 2.6: Khi phc lin kt
Khi phc nt: bo v nt tin ng lm vic. ng khi phc phi tch
bit vi ng lm vic cha nt li v cc lin kt ni vi nt ny. Trong khi
phc nt, c th c mt hoc nhiu nt gia PSL v PML.

41

Hnh 2.7: Khi phc nt
u im ca sa cha cc b l tn hiu FIS khng cn phi lan truyn v b
nh tuyn Ingress-LSR tic khi khi phc bt u. Ngay khi pht hiu s c, khi
phc c th bt u, thi gian khi phc s ngn hn. Nhc im l ch c mt on
ng lm vic c bo v.

2.3.4.2 Ti nh tuyn v chuyn mch bo v
ng khi phc c th c tnh ton, thit lp ti thi im pht hin s c,
hoc tic khi s c xy ia. iu ny dn n co 2 c ch khi phc khc nhau: Ti
nh tuyn v chuyn mch bo v.
2.3.4.2.1 Ti nh tuyn
i vi khi phc bng ti nh tuyn (re-route), ng khi phc c thit
lp theo yu cu sau khi xy ra s c da trn thng bo li, chinh sch nh
tuyn, thng tin cu trc h thng mng. Khi pht hin s c tin ng lm vic,
mt LSR ng tic v tr li c vai tr l POR bt u bo hiu mt ng khi phc
i vong qua im li v ni vo mt nt sau im li ca ng lm vic. ng khi
phc ny c th c b nh tuyn PSL tnh ton sn tic hoc tnh ton sau khi
pht hin s c hoc sau khi nhn tn hiu FIS thng bo v s c. Khi ng khi
phc c thit lp xong, PSL bt u chuyn lu lng tin ng ny.
Ti nh tuyn vi ng khi phc tnh ton sn s nhanh hn so vi ng
khi phc tnh ton theo yu cu, uo ng khi phc c tnh ton v la chn
tic khi s c xy ra. Tuy nhin, ng khi phc c th l ng dn khng ti u
ngay ti thi im xy ra s c. ci thin vn ny, mt c ch c xut [14]
cho php tnh ton li ng khi phc mi khi b nh tuyn LSR nhn c cc

42
bn tin cp nht. V vy, b nh tuyn LSR s co ng khi phc hiu qu hn,
nhng c ch ny oi hi ti nguyn x l nh b nh, CPU v ch bo v cho cc s
c lin quan n lin kt.
Mt c ch khc c xut [15] nhm bo v cc s c lin quan n nt. Cc
nt trong mng u c thit lp l im thc hin khi phc POR v c kh nng
nhn bit c tt c cc nt phia sau n b nh tuyn Egress-LSR da vo gi tr
Record_Route trong bn tin RSVP-RESV trong qu trnh thit lp ng lm vic. Khi
pht hin s c, b nh tuyn LSR s tinh ton ng khi phc ti cc nt pha sau
v la chn mt ng khi phc ti u nht v tha mn cc yu cu rng buc
tng ng vi ng lm vic gc. Ta xt mt ting hp nh hinh 2.8, khi LSR 5
gp s c, LSR 2 s c gng tim ng khi phc n LSR 8 v LSR 10. Nu la chn
ng dn da trn s Hop nh nht thi ng khi phc LSR 2 LSR 4 LSR 7
LSR10 s c chn.

Hnh 2.8: Ti nh tuyn
u im khi phc bng ti nh tuyn l khng s dng ti nguyn d tr
trong mng tic khi bo hiu ng khi phc. Nhc im l ti nguyn c th s
khng p ng yu cu ca lu lng ti thi im ng khi phc thit lp hoc
co u tin thp hn so vi lu lng ang s dng trong ng dn ny, uo o
ng khi phc c th thit lp khng thnh cng.

43
2.3.4.2.2 Chuyn mch bo v
Trong chuyn mch bo v, ng khi phc c tnh ton v thit lp tic
khi s c xy ra trn ng lm vic. PLS c cu hinh chuyn mch lu lng
sang ng khi phc ngay khi n bit c li tin ng lm vic (trc tip pht
hin li hoc nh nhn c FIS). vi ng khi phc thit lp tic nn chuyn
mch bo v nhanh hn so vi khi phc bng ti nh tuyn.
Khi ng khi phc c thit lp tic vi ti nguyn d tr (bng thng, b
m, kh nng x l), ng khi phc c th s dng chuyn tip bn sao lu
lng ca ng lm vic hoc lu lng co u tin thp hn. Tiong ting hp
xy ra chuyn mch bo v, lu lng co u tin thp s b loi nu khng ti
nguyn kh dng cho ng khi phc. C 2 loi bo v chuyn mch:
Bo v 1+1: Ti nguyn tin ng khi phc c d tr v cng mang lu
lng tng t nh ng lm vic. Vic khi phc ch yu cu im PML
nhn lu lng t ng khi phc thay v ng lm vic khi n nhn c
tn hiu li FIS t im pht hin s c. y l c ch khi phc nhanh, nhng
ti nguyn s dng cho c ch ny tn km v khng hiu qu.
Bo v 1:1: Ti nguyn cp pht cho ng khi phc c th c cc lung
lu lng co u tin thp s dng. ng khi phc ch c s dng khi
PSL nhn c tn hiu FIS, lu lng c chuyn sang ng khi phc v
lu lng co u tin thp c th khng c php s dng ti nguyn ca
ng dn ny. C ch ny c th m rng thnh bo v 1:N v M:N.

2.3.4.2.3 So snh gia ti nh tuyn v chuyn mch bo v
Chuyn mch bo v cung cp kh nng khi phc nhanh nhng s dng ti
nguyn d tr km hiu qu. Ti nh tuyn c th ti u hoa ng khi phc v
khng s dng ti nguyn d tr trong mng tic khi c s c xy ia, nhng vic
khi phc s c din ra chm hn.
Chuyn mch bo v trong MPLS tng t nh c ch khi phc ca cc lp
thp. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch bo v c kh nng phn bit cc loi lu lng co
u tin khc nhau v tin hnh khi phc nhanh nu ti nguyn d tr cn kh dng.
Ti nh tuyn tng t nh c ch khi phc lp IP. im khc bit chinh l ti nh
tuyn thc hin vic khi phc m khng cn i cc bn tin cp nht LSA phn phi,
v th c ch ny nhanh hn s vi c ch khi phc ca lp IP.

44
2.3.5 K tbut tbit lp ng kbi pbc
K thut thit lp ng khi phc c 2 loi: K thut ni v k thut xp
chng. C 2 k thut ny u thit lp ng dn t PSL n PNL, nhng khc nhau
v cch s dng nhn. Trong k thut ni, PSL thay i bng chuyn tip, dng giao
din ng ra mi v nhn mi chuyn tip gi tin vo ng khi phc. Khi PML
nhn gi tin vi t ng khi phc ti giao din mi, n hp nht lu lng ca
ng khi phc vi ng lm vic c.
Trong k thut xp chng, PSL cng cp nht bng chuyn tip s dng nhn
mi v giao din ng ra mi cho ng dn LSP gp s c, nhng nhn mi cho
ng khi phc c y ln trn ca ngn xp nhn. Sau o, b nh tuyn k cui
trong tuyn khi phc s g nhn, li nhn c tic khi chuyn tip gi ti PML.
PML nhn gi tin ny v khng nhn bit c li xy ra trong ng dn v n cng
nhn nh cc gi tin khc tiong ng lm vic. thc hin k thut ny, cn phi
co 2 iu kin:
PML phi dng khng gian nhn ton cc v lung lu lng t ng khi
phc tic khi n PML s c cng nhn tng t lu lng ca ng lm
vic gc nhng khc giao uin nhn. iu ny cho php PML c th tip tc
phn tch, x l gi tin MPLS.
PSL phi bit c nhn m nt k tic PML s dng chuyn tip gi tin
ti PML. Nu RSVP-TE c s dng phn phi nhn th PSL c th s dng
i tng Record_Route v Session_Attribute tm nhn m cc b nh
tuyn pha sau s dng.
K thut xp chng con c gi l k thut ng hm. K thut ny c th
khi phc mt hoc nhiu ng dn LSP v PML phn bit cc lung lu lng khc
nhau nhn c t ng hm. K thut ni ch c th s dng thit lp khi
phc cho mt ng dn LSP duy nht vi ng khi phc ch mang duy nht lu
lng ca mt ng lm vic.

2.4 Cc m hnh khi phc trong mng MPLS
2.4.1 M hnh Makam
y l m hinh khi phc trong NPLS u tin c xut (hnh 2.9). N cung
cp bo v ton cc cho mt ng LSP bng cch thit lp ng khi phc gia
Ingress-LSR v Egress-LSR. ng lm vic v khi phc tch ri nhau hon ton c

45
v lin kt v nt. Khi pht hin li bt k v tii no tin ng lm vic, tn hiu FIS
c ung chuyn thng bo li v Ingress-LSR (l PSL). Ingress-LSR s thc hin
chuyn mch lu lng sang ng khi phc. M hnh ny h tr c cc ng khi
phc thit lp sn (chuyn mch bo v ) v ng khi phc thit lp ng (ti nh
tuyn).

Hnh 2.9: M hnh Makam
u im: ch cn mt ng d phng cho mi s c tin ng lm vic v
ch cn mt LSR c chc nng lm PSL.
Nhc im: M hnh ny cn mt khong thi gian tr tn hiu FIS truyn
ngc v PSL. Nu s c xy ra cng xa im khi phc th s lng gi tin b
mt cng nhiu.
2.4.2 M hnh Haskin
M hnh Haskin cn gi l m hnh d phong o (Reverse Backup) khc phc
c nhc im mt gi m hnh Makam (hnh 2.10). Ngay khi mt LSR pht hin
s c tin ng lm vic, n chuyn hng lu lng n tin ng lm vic sang
mt ng d phng o i ngc v PSL. Khi quay tr v n PSL, lu lng c
chuyn sang ng khi phc ton cc. ng d phong o v ng khi phc
phi thit lp sn nn cch ny tn km ti nguyn, hn na trong m hnh Haskin
ny, lu lng s c truyn trn mt chng ui hn bao gm ng lm vic gc
t Ingress-LSR n im s c, ng d phong o v ng khi phc ton cc.
Bo o tr trung bnh ca gi tin s tng ln ng k, lu lng vn phi i mt
chng kh di sau thi im s c gy lng ph ti nguyn ca h thng mng.

46

Hnh 2.10: M hnh Haskin
Mt ci tin khc cho php PSL chuyn trc tip lu lng sang ng khi
phc ton cc ngay khi n thy ng d phong o c ung. Cc goi u tin
trong phn lu lng c o chiu c tc dng nh tin hiu FIS. Cch ny ti u
hn vi ng i ca lu lng c bo v ngn hn. Tuy nhin tiong thi gian u,
lu lng mi chuyn vo ng khi phc s trn ln vi phn lu lng c o
chiu lm thay i th t goi ban u.
2.4.3 M hnh Hundessa
M hnh Hundessa [16] ging nh m hinh Baskin ci tin nhng khc phc
c vn xo tin th t goi. Khi goi u tin quay tr v PSL tin ng d
phong o c tc dng nh tin hiu FIS bo cho PSL bit co s c xy ra. PSL nh
du gi cui cng truyn ia ng lm vic (ang co li) bng cch t mt bit trong
ting EXP ca nhn, sau o ngng y goi ia ng li. Cc gi tin n t ng
lm vic s c PSL lu tm thi vo b m buffei cho n khi gi nh uu quay
tr v PSL tin ng d phng o. Lc ny, PSL mi tip tc chuyn cc gi t b
m buffer trc tip ia ng khi phc.
2.4.4 M hnh ti nb tuyn nbanb Fast Reroute
K thut thit lp tic ng khi phc, sa cha cc b gi l ti nh tuyn
nhanh Fast Reroute. Thi gian khi phc s c nhanh hn uo k thut ny tin hnh
khi phc ti PSL ngay khi pht hin s c m khng cn thc hin bo hiu. Nu ti
nh tuyn nhanh s dng bo v ton b ng dn LSP (end-to-end), mi nt

47
trung gian LSR phi c kh nng khi to, thit lp tic ng khi phc cho lin
kt hoc nt tiong ng lm vic. Vic thit lp ng dn LSP cng ng hm
khi phc trong ti nh tuyn nhanh c thc hin da vo phn m rng ca giao
thc RSVP-TE. C 2 k thut c m t l: m hnh khi phc one-to-one, m hnh
khi phc Facility.
2.4.. M hnh ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one
K thut ny s dng cc ng vong c tnh ton ti mi b nh tuyn LSR
tiong ng lm vic khi phc nt hoc lin kt.

Hnh 2.11: Ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one
Hnh 2.11 co 4 ng vng bo v cho ng lm vic (1,2,S,4,S). Tiong o,
ng vng 1, 2, 3 bo v nt v ng vng 4 bo v lin kt. Khi pht hin li trn
ng lm vic, b nh tuyn c th chuyn lu lng vo ng vng cc b m
khng cn phi gi tn hiu FIS cho cc b nh tuyn phia tic. ng vng ny
c thit lp bng phng php ni nn ch bo v duy nht cho mt ng dn
LSP c th. M hnh ny dng phn m rng ca giao thc RSVP-TE xy dng v
thit lp t ng cc ng vng cng thi im thit lp ng lm vic.
Vic s dng bo v cc b ti mi b nh tuyn LSR tiong ng lm vic
chim nhiu ti nguyn d tr cho vic khi phc. Mc d ch c mt ng lm vic
nhng c mt s lin kt phi d tr ti nguyn cho hai ng khi phc (chng hn
lin kt LSR7 LSR8 v LSR9 LSR5). Bai ng khi phc ny c th khng c
s dng ng thi khi c s c xy ia tin ng lm vic, chng c th tng hp
dng chung ti nguyn d tr ca lin kt ny. ng khi phc ca LSR1 c th hp
nht vi ng khi phc ca LSR2 ti LSR7 vi ng khi phc ca LSR2 co ng
dn ngn hn Egress-LSR (8, 4, 5 thay v 8, 3, 4, 5).


48
Hnh 2.12: Ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one sau khi tng hp
Sau khi tng hp, c ng khi phc ca LSR1 v LSR2 s s dng ng dn
(7, 8, 4); c ng khi phc ca LSR3 v LSR4 s s dng ng dn(9, 5). Lin kt
d tr ti nguyn cho qu trnh khi phc gim t 12 xung cn 9 lin kt.
2.4.4.2 M hnh ti nh tuyn nhanh Facility
Trong m hnh ny, mt ng dn LSP c thit lp khi phc cho nhiu
ng dn LSP khc. Tt c cc ng dn LSP co lu lng qua im khi phc v
n cng mt b nh tuyn LSR c th c bo v bng ng hm. M hnh ny
s dng c ch bo v 1:N
ng hm bo v c xy dng bng phng php xp chng nhn phn
bit gia cc ng dn LSP vi nhau khi n PML.

Hnh 2.13: M hnh ti nh tuyn nhanh Facility
Hnh 2.13 co S ng dn LSP c bo v bi mt ng hm, s dng c ch
khi phc cc b, bo v nt LSR3. Nu s dng m hnh one-to-one, th cn S ng
vong bo v S ng lm vic LSP. N hinh ny ung gim thiu lu lng
iu khin.


49
2.5 Kt lun cbng
Chng II tp trung nghin cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut lu
lng trong MPLS v cc c ch bo v, khi phc trong k thut ny. Chng II thc
hin xy dng t vic so snh cc u nhc im v k thut lu lng ca cc lp,
t o tiinh by s cn thit ca MPLS-TE, cch thc thc hin k thut lu lng
trin khai cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn. Nguyn l hot ng ca k
thut MPLS-TE bao gm tinh ton ng dn rng buc, thit lp v bo hiu ng
dn ny cng nh mt s phng php ghp lu lng vo cc ng dn rng
buc.
K thut MPLS-TE cho php la chn ng dn ti u nht v ph hp nht
cho lu lng i qua min MPLS, t o s dng ti u cc ngun ti nguyn ca h
thng mng, gim thiu tnh trng tc nghn hay hot ng thiu hiu qu trong
mng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh xy dng ng dn rng buc cho lu lng ca MPLS-
TE kh phc tp v gm nhiu thnh phn. Bo o khi xy ra s c h hng nt hoc
lin kt co lin quan n hot ng ca mt ng dn rng buc no o s gy ra
tnh trng gin on v ngng uch v. Nhm gii quyt vn ny, chng II
trnh by mt s m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn trong MPLS-TE.
Sau y l ni uung m chng II tp trung tm hiu v nghin cu:
Tng quan v bi ton tc nghn v k thut lu lng.
Cc thnh phn trong kin trc hot ng ca MPLS-TE.
S cn thit ca cc phng thc bo v, khi phc trong MPLS-TE.
Cc c ch pht hin s c, k thut thit lp ng khi phc trong MPLS-TE.
Hot ng ca cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng trong MPLS-TE.
Chng II tp trung nghin cu l thuyt v k thut lu lng MPLS-TE v
cc m hnh bo v, khi phc trong k thut ny. Vic trin khai cc m hnh trong
thc t hin nay v xut c ch khi phc mi nhm nng cao cht lng dch v
lung lu lng s c tiinh by tiong chng III.
Lun vn tt nghip CBNu III: NNu CA0 C CB KHI PHC

50
CHNC III
NNC CAU C CH KHI PHC TRONG MPLS

3.1 M hnh khi phc thc t
Hin nay, s bng n v dch v mng v vin thng thc y cc nh cung
cp dch v phi pht trin mt nn tng c s h tng vin thng c kh nng p
ng v c tnh m rng. Cc dch v bng ing v h tng mng cung cp dch v
bng ing t c nhng thnh tu ng k. p ng c yu cu v truyn
ti bng ing Tp on Bu chinh vin thng Vit Nam tiin khai mng MAN-E
da trn cng ngh MPLS ti cc VNPT tnh thnh.
Cng vi s pht trin v dch v th yu cu v cht lng dch v ca ngi
ung cng cao. Bng thng ng lin kt ca cc b nh tuyn trong mng li
MPLS c th ln n 40Gbps. Nu vic khc phc s c din ra chm tr th s lng
gi tin b mt mt l v cng ln, nht thit cn phi trin khai m hnh khi phc
nhanh m bo cht lng dch v. Mng MPLS ca vNPT pht tiin v khai
thc ng dng nng cao MPLS-TE ti u hoa ng truyn lu lng, s dng
hiu qu ti nguyn trong mng. K thut ny c trin khai vi hai mc ich:
m bo thi gian hi t nh hn Sums tiong ting hp xy ra s c ng
lin kt vt l.
Ti u hoa vic s dng bng thng i vi tng loi lu lng.
Vic khi phc s c trong mng MPLS ca vNPT c thc hin theo gii php ca
Tp on B thng Cisco [17], p dng m hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast Reroute s
dng k thut xp chng thit lp ng khi phc. Lung lu lng c
chuyn tip sang ng hm khi phc ngay khi pht hin s c xy ra bng cch
gn thm nhn mi vo ngn xp nhn. iu ny cho php cc giao thc IuP co
thi gian hi t v chn ng dn khc thch hp hn nu c. Khi s c c khc
phc, ng lm vic gc c th thit lp li nu yu cu.
Trong mng BCNPT NANE, c ch ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast Reroute c s
dng bo v cho tt c cc lin kt vt l ti lp li v lp lin kt d liu. Hnh 3.1
m t cc ng dn lu lng ti lp li v lp lin kt d liu.


51

Hnh 3.1: ng dn u ng ti lp li v lp tp trung d liu
M hnh lp li gm 2 vng Ring, mi nt li c 2 loi ng dn TE gm:
ng dn Tu101, Tu102, Tu103 truyn ti lu lng gia cc b nh tuyn
li
ng dn Tu201 & Tu202 truyn ti lu lu lng t b nh tuyn li n
b nh tuyn thuc lp tp tiung lu lng.
Cc ng lm vic ny s dng nh tuyn tng minh truyn ti lu lng. C
ch ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast Reioute c trin khai to cc ng hm khi
phc bo v tt c ng lin kt trong vng Ring. Khi c s c xy ra trong vng
Ring, lu lng s c chuyn i sang ng khi phc thit lp sn (hnh 3.2)

52

Hnh 3.2: ng dn khi phc ti lp li v lp t tun u ng
ng khi phc bo v ng dn Tu1xx co tn l TuSxx, ng khi phc
bo v ng dn Tu2xx c tn l Tu4xx.
N hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh FFR c t l mt gi thp, thi gian khi phc s
c nhanh hn so vi cc m hnh khc (Makam, Haskin..). Tuy nhin, s lng ng
khi phc s tng ln khi thm ng lm vic LSP mi vo trong mng, dn n u
tha ng dn gy lng ph ti nguyn mng.
Bn cnh o, gim ti a t l mt gi, loi b tnh trng xo trn gi trong
qu trnh khi phc, ta c th trin khai c ch khi phc nng cao RFR[18].


53
3.2 Nng cao c cb khi phc trong MPLS
Vic mt gi s nh hng n cc dch v quan trng, c bit l cc ng dng
TCP, dn n yu cu truyn li gi tin lm gim thng lng ca lung TCP. Khi trt
t goi tin n pha nhn khng chnh xc, pha nhn s gi cc gi ACK yu cu cc
gi cn thiu. Nu TCP s dng c ch truyn li nhanh Fast Retransmit, khi nhn
c ba gi ACK ging nhau, pha gi s kt lun c nghn xy ia tin ng truyn
v thc hin vic kim sot lung, gim tc truyn tin.
V vy, mt c ch khi phc mi [18] c xut s dng b m ti mi nt
LSR tiong ng lm vic loi b hin tng mt gi v xo trn gi trong qu
trnh khi phc, ci thin thng lng ca cc lung lu lng quan trng.
3.2.1 C cb ti nb tuyn nbanb tin cy RFR
C ch xut c m t nh hinh 3.3. Tiong o, LSRu v LSR4 ln lt l
Ingress-LSR v Egress-LSR. ng lm vic l LSR0-LSR1-LSR2-LSR3-LSR4, ng
o l LSR3-LSR2-LSR1-LSRu, ng khi phc l LSR0-LSR5-LSR6-LSR7-LSR8-
LSR4. C hai ng o v ng khi phc u c thit lp tic. B m ti
mi nt tiong ng lm vic lu ti bn sao cc gi tin v chuyn tip chng
n nt tip theo. Kich thc b m phi gp hai ln s lng gi tin truyn trong
mt lin kt ca ng lm vic v s c c th xy ra ti nt hoc lin kt.

Hnh 3.3: M hnh ti nh tuyn nhanh tin cy


54
... Hot ng ca nt pht hin s c
Khi pht hin s c xy ra, nt LSR ngay lp tc thc hin vic chuyn i, tt
c gi tin trong b m c gi vo ng o LSP. Bt k goi tin tiong ng lm
vic n nt LSR ny u c chuyn i sang ng o gi ngc li im
khi phc. Hot ng chuyn i ti nt LSR ny l hon i nhn cho cc gi tin t
ng lm vic sang ng o. vi nt ny co bn sao cc gi tin b mt do s c
nn khng xy ra hin tng mt gi.
... Hot ng ca cc nt trong ng o
Gi tin gi ngc li tin ng o c coi nh tin hiu thng bo s c.
Ngay khi mi nt nhn c goi tin u tin t ng o, n s tip tc chuyn tip
gi tin v im khi phc v xa ton b bn sao goi tin lu ti trong b m. Gi
tin tip theo t nt LSR k tic ca ng lm vic s c gn th v chuyn vo
ng lm vic nhm trnh tnh trng xo trn goi. y l goi tin cui cng c gi
vo ng lm vic. Tt c gi tin tip sau s c nt ny lu tr trong b m.
Khi nt LSR nhn c gi tin gn th t ng o, n nhn nh tt c cc gi
tin c gi tr li ton b v bt u gi cc goi tin lu ti trong b m. Vic
gn th c th ch nh mt nhn mi hoc s dng mt bit tiong ting Exp thc
hin. V vy, th t gi khng b thay i, ton b ng khi phc ngn hn so vi
m hnh Haskin, loi b hin tng mt gi.

3.2.2 M t gii tbut RFR
S trng thi ca gii thut RFR c tiinh by nh hinh S.4. Gii thut RFR
xut thm mt ting mi trong bng thng tin nhn LIB m t trng thi lm
vic ca nt LSR, gm 5 trng thi: NORMAL, FAULT DETECT, ALTERNATE DETECT,
STORE BUFFER v SEND BUFFER.
Khi hot ng binh thng NORMAL, cc nt LSR s lu ti bn sao ca cc gi
tin nhn vo b m. B m ny phi co kich thc hp l trnh tnh trng mt
gi do xy ra li ti nt hoc lin kt.
Khi s c xy ra, nt LSR (LSR3 trong hnh 3.3) pht hin s c s thc hin qu
trnh chuyn i, hon i nhn cho tt c gi tin t ng lm vic sang ng o.
Trng thi lm vic ti nt LSR ny chuyn t NORMAL sang FAULT-BETECT. Sau o,
n bt u gi ton b goi tin lu tr trong b m vo ng o. Tt c gi tin
tip theo n t ng lm vic u c gi ngc li im khi phc.

55

Hnh 3.: S trng thi ca gii thut RFR


56
Cc nt LSR trung gian (chng hn, LSR2 trong hnh 3.3) ngay khi nhn gi tin
u tin t ng o, trng thi lm vic trong bng thng tin nhn LIB chuyn
sang ALTERNATIVE-DETECT. Nt LSR s xa ton b bn sao d liu lu ti
tic o, b m rng s c ung lu ti gi tin tip theo n t ng lm
vic.
Khi nt LSR ang tiong ting thi ALTERNATIVE-DETECT nhn gi tin t
ng lm vic LSP, n s gn th gi tin ny v chuyn tip nh binh thng vo
ng lm vic, trng thi lm vic thay i t ALTERNATIVE-DETECT sang STORE-
BUFFER. Cc gi tin tip theo n t ng lm vic c lu ti vo b m cho
n khi nhn c gi gn th t ng o.
kim tra gi tin c gn th, nt LSR s kim tra bit ch nh gn th. Nu bit
ny khng c thit lp, nt LSR s chuyn tip goi tin ung hon i nhn. Ngc
li, nt LSR nhn nh khng cn gi tin no gi t ng o, xa bit ch nh gn
th v chuyn tip nh goi tin binh thng. Bn na, trng thi lm vic chuyn t
STORE-BUFFER sang SEND-BUFFER. Khi b m rng, nhn lin kt vi ng lm
vic c xa khi bng thng tin nhn LIB. Qu trnh ny lp li ti mi nt LSR n
im khi phc.

3.2.3 C s tnb ton c cb kbi pbc RFR
3.2.. Tnh ton thi gian khi phc
Tnh ton thi gian khi phc l mt bc quan trng nh gi hiu qu ca
c ch khi phc RFR. Mt s nh ngha c s dng tiong qu tiinh tinh ton nh
sau:
Ttran: Thi gian truyn gi tin,
Tprop: Thi gian lan truyn gi tin,
VT_lsp: Tc ngun lu lng,
BW_lsp: Bng thng ng dn LSP,
P: Kich thc gi tin,
d: Khong cch gia hai b nh tuyn LSR k cn,
Trecovery: Thi gian khi phc s c,
Tf_detect: Thi gian pht hin s c,
Bingress: Kich thc b m ca b nh tuyn Ingress-LER,
N: S lng b nh tuyn pht hin s c (s lng cc b nh tuyn tiong ng
o ngoi tr b nh tuyn Ingress-LER)

57
Da vo s mng nh hinh 3.5 , sau khi pht hin s c, thi gian chuyn i
gi tin (Tswitch) l thi gian cn thit nt pht hin s c chuyn i ton b gi tin
(bao gm c gi tin trong b m) vo ng o v gi gi gn th quay li nt k
tic. Thi gian ny bng tng thi gian goi tin u tin gi ngc li t ng o
nhn c ti nt k tic v thi gian gi gn th c gi v quay li chnh nt
o:
Tswitch = 3*Tlink
Tiong o, Tlink l tr lin kt bao gm thi gian truyn (
) v thi gian lan

truyn
gi tin, b qua thi gian x l goi tin v hng i ti nt:

Tlink = Ttran + Tprop

Hnh 3.5: S tnh tn h RFR
Ti mi nt tin ng o, thi gian tr ti nt c th chia lm hai phn: thi
gian chuyn tt c gi tin t b m (Tbuffer), v thi gian gi gn th n c nt
tip tic ca ng o (Tlink).
Thi gian lu ti gi tin ti mi nt l 2*Tlink (thi gian gi gn th c gi v quay
li). Vi tc lung lu lng (VT_lsp) trong thi gian 2*Tlink, tc chuyn gi tin t
b m bng bng thng ng dn LSP (BW_lsp), ta c:

v thi gian tr ti nt (Tnode):
Tnode = Tbuffer + Tlink

58
Gi s thi gian Tlink ca tt c lin kt l ging nhau (tt c cc lin kt co cng bng
thng (BW_lsp) v tr lan truyn(d)). V vy, tng thi gian tr ti cc nt trung gian
LSR l:

Thi gian khi phc ton phn l khong thi gian t khi xy ra s c n khi
ton b goi tin tiong ng lm vic c gi ht v nt Ingress-LSR:

p dng trong ting hp ny l:

Ta gi s b qua thi gian pht hin li Tf_detect = 0, thi gian khi phc s c l:

tiong ting hp xu nht (khi VT_lsp = BW_lsp) th:

3.2.3. Tnh ton b m LSR trong thi gian khi phc
Khi p dng c ch khi phc RFR, kich thc b m ca cc b nh tuyn
LSR phi c tnh ton hp l m bo lu ti y cc gi tin trong qu trnh
truyn dn.
i vi b nh tuyn Ingress-LSR, nt ny lu ti gi tin ti thi im n nhn
c goi tin u tin tin ng o cho n khi nhn li gi gn th. Thi gian gi
u tin chuyn t nt pht hin li n nt Ingress-LSR:
Tfirst_pkt = N* Tlink
Bo o, thi gian lu ti gi tin ti Ingress-LSR:
Tstore_pkt = Trecovery Tfirst_pkt

59

Hnh 3.6: S thi gian khi phc

Kich thc b m ca b nh tuyn Ingress-LSR l:
Bingress = Tstore_pkt * VT_lsp
tng ng,

tiong ting hp xu nht (khi VT_lsp = BW_lsp) th:

Kich thc b m ti cc nt LSR trung gian:

3.3 Kt lun cbng
Chng III phn tich m hinh khi phc trong mng MPLS trin khai thc t
ca nh cung cp dch v VNPT. o chinh l m hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast
Reroute, m hnh ny c t l mt gi thp, thi gian khi phc nhanh, m bo cht
lng dch v cho cc lung lu lng co u tin cao. Tuy nhin, s lng ng
khi phc s tng ln khi thm ng lm vic LSP mi vo trong mng, dn n u
tha ng dn gy lng ph ti nguyn mng.
Vic mt gi s nh hng n cc dch v quan trng, c bit l cc ng dng
TCP, dn n yu cu truyn li gi tin lm gim thng lng ca lung TCP. Chnh v
vy, chng III cng xut mt c ch khi phc mi nhm loi b hin tng mt

60
gi, xo trn goi, tng hiu sut s dng mng. C ch ny s dng b m ti mi
nt LSR tiong ng dn lu ti goi tin ngn hin tng mt gi v gn th gi
tin trnh hin tng xo trn gi. hot ng, c ch yu cu thm 5 trng thi
m t vo bng thng tin nhn LIB gm: NORMAL, FAULT DETECT, ALTERNATE
DETECT, STORE BUFFER v SEND BUFFER. Bo o, lung lu lng TCP c th t
thng lng ti a tiong thi gian khi phc s c ca ng lm vic LSP. Ngoi ra,
c s tnh ton thi gian khi phc v kich thc b m LSR khi thc hin c ch
khi phc RFR cng c tiinh by tiong chng ny.
Lun vn tt nghip CBNu Iv: N0 PBNu vA ANB uIA

61
CHNC IV
M PHNG V KHO ST MT S C CH BO V, KHI PHC
NG TRONG MPLS-TE

Vi rt nhiu u im vt tri so vi cc cng ngh nh tuyn/chuyn mch
IP truyn thng, k thut chuyn mch nhn MPLS ni chung v cc ng dng ph
bin ca NPLS nh NPLS-VPN, MPLS-TE, MPLS-AToM, MPLS-VPLS, MPLS-QoS, noi
ring ang un tr thnh nhng thnh phn nn tng thit yu trong h thng mng
ca cc nh cung cp dch v mng trn ton th gii. Ngy nay vi xu hng hi t
v tch hp dch v, tch hp ng dng ca cc h thng vin thng vo mt nn tng
mng chung nht, vai tr ca MPLS v cc ng dng nng cao li cng tr nn quan
trng.
Ni dung tp trung nghin cu trong lun vn tt nghip ca sinh vin l cc c
ch bo v, khi phc ng dn trong MPLS-TE, mt ng dng nng cao ca MPLS.
Trong phn m phng, sinh vin chn phn mm NS-2 thc hin m phng cc m
hnh bo v, khi phc trong MPLS-TE nhm nh gi hiu nng ca chng, ng
thi kim nghim li cc nhn xt, so snh v kt qu rt ra trong qu trnh nghin
cu l thuyt. y l phn mm m ngun m m phng s kin ri rc tiong lnh
vc mng goi c rt nhiu nh khoa hc ti cc ting i hc trn ton th gii
s dng, nghin cu v pht trin. Kt qu m phng m NS-2 mang li c tnh khoa
hc cao v c cng nhn trn cc tp ch khoa hc hng u th gii ca cc t
chc nh IEEE, IETF, IT0-T, ANSI..

4.1 Phn mm m phng NS-2
NS-2 [19] l chng tiinh m phng s kin ri rc, nhm vo nhng nghin
cu v lnh vc mng goi c pht trin bi cc ting i hc Berkeley v
Columbia, Hoa K t nm 1989 v tip tc pht trin cho n nay. NS-2 m phng
nhng hot ng ca mng IP, ch yu h tr m phng cc giao thc TCP/UDP,
nh tuyn unicast/multicast trn cc mng c dy, khng dy (ni ht v v tinh).
NS-2 l d n ca VINT ti LBL, Xeiox PARC, 0CB v 0SCISI, c lp trnh bng
ngn ng C++ v TCL. NS-2 c xy dng v pht trin bi rt nhiu cc nh khoa
hc ti cc ting i hc trn ton th gii. Module m phng NPLS u tin trong
NS-2 co tn NNS c pht trin bi Gaeil Ahn v Woojik Chun [20] ti khoa khoa

62
hc my tinh, ting i hc quc gia Chungnam, Hn Quc bao gm: chuyn tip v
phn phi nhn MPLS s dng LDP v CR-LDP. Tip sau o mouule ny un c
hon thin ln phin bn 2.0 vi s b sung ca giao thc RSVP-TE bi Ren
Boringer, Christian Callegari v Fabio Vitucci [21]. Hin nay mouule NNS hon
thin phin bn 2.0 chnh sa sau khi c b sung thm vi cc loi bn tin RSVP-
TE Hellos h tr bo v, khi phc ng bi MSc. Johan 0lof Peteisson, ting i
hc Oslo, Nauy [12]
Qu trnh m phng thc hin trn h iu hnh Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, gcc 4.6.3,
phn mm m phng NS-2 phin bn 2.33 b ci allinone, s dng bn v mns_rsvp
[22][23]. vi mouule NNS v2.u c cc nh nghin cu pht trin h tr thm m
phng mng MPLS nn sinh vin tp trung trnh by thnh phn kin trc ca
mouule NPLS NNSv2.u p dng m phng cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng
dn.
4.1.1 Kin trc module MNS v2.0
Module MNS (MPLS Network Simulator) l mt mouule th vin ca NS-2, h
tr NS-2 m phng cc cng ngh k thut, ng dng ca MPLS. Phin bn MNS v2.0
h tr chuyn tip MPLS, LDP, CR-LDP, v thit lp cc CR-LSP/ER-LSP phc v ng
dng nng cao MPLS-TE ca MPLS. Phin bn MNS mi nht l v2.0 chnh sa, b
sung thm giao thc RSVP-TE. Cc tc v chnh ca cc thnh phn trong kin trc
ca mouule NNSv2.u nh sau:
Chuyn tip MPLS, bao gm thm nhn, tio i nhn, g nhn, tinh chnh
ting TTL, h tr g nhn chng cui PHP
LDP, h tr tt c cc loi bn tin LDP (Label-Request, Label-Mapping,
Withdraw, Release, Notification)
CR-LDP, h tr tt c cc loi bn tin CR-LDP
RSVP-TE, h tr tt c cc loi bn tin RSVP-TE (Path, Resv, PathEii) (ch c
tiong mouule NNSv2.u chnh sa)
RSVP-TE Hellos, h tr cc loi bn tin RSVP-TE Hello (ch c trong module
NNSv2.u chnh sa)
H tr phn bit dch v QoS bng vic x l ting EXP trong khung MPLS


63
Kin trc mt nt MPLS trong NS-2 do module MNSv2.0 thit lp v khi to trong
th vin NS-2 bao gm cc thnh phn nh c t trn hnh 4.1
MPLS Node
Resource
Manager
Admission
Control
Link Link
CR-LDP
Routing
Protocol
Address
Classifier
MPLS
Classifier
Service
Classifier
Packet
Scheduler
Packet
Input
Packet
Output

Hnh 4.1: Kin trc ch nn nt MPLS i module MNSv2.0
Khi LDP/CR-LDP, khi to v x l cc bn tin LDP/CR-LDP.
Khi MPLS Classifier, thc thi cc hot ng chuyn tip NPLS nh thm, g,
tio i nhn tin ngn xp nhn cho cc khung MPLS.
Khi Service Classifier, thc thi nhim v phn tch loi dch v da trn gi
tr EXP trong khung MPLS nhn c gn chim dng ti nguyn ph
hp cho tng gi tin.
Khi Packet Scheduler, qun l v lp lch cc goi tin tiong hng i chng
nhn c cc mc dch v phn tch.
Khi Admission Control, kim sot cc tham s ca CR-LBP v xc nh liu
nt NPLS co y ti nguyn h tr v p ng mc QoS m CR-LSP
yu cu thit lp v bo hiu hay khng.
Khi Resource Manager, khi to hoc xa b cc hng i theo yu cu v
qun l cc thng tin v ti nguyn.


64
Nhm h tr vic thit lp v bo hiu cc ng LSP rng buc (TE-LSP/CR-
LSP) trong ng dng k thut lu lng MPLS-TE, kin trc chi tit ca cc khi
Aumission Contiol v Resouice Nanagei tiong mouule NNSv2.u c c t vi qu
trnh x l unh iing ti nguyn nh c t trn hnh 4.2 tip theo y:
LDP/
CR-LDP
CR-LDP-Label-Request
Message
CR-LDP-Label-Mapping
Message
Admission Control
Resource Manager 1
Resource
Table
Create/Delete CBQ
Packet
Scheduler 1
LIB Table
ERB Table
Outgoing-Label and
Outgoing-Interface
CR-LSP info
Service-ID
MPLS Node
Admission Control
Link 1
Resource Manager n Link n

Hnh 4.2: Qu trnh x l dnh ring ti nguyn ti mi nt
Khi mt nt CR-LDP nhn c bn tin CR-LDP-Label-Request, nt o s gi
th tc Aumission Contiol kim tia xem no co p ng c cc ti nguyn
yu cu bi LSP rng buc hay khng, nu c, Admission Control s dnh ring
lng ti nguyn p ng v cp nht bng Resouice Table, sau o bn tin
CR-LDP-Label-Request s c truyn ti tip tc n nt k tip theo chiu
ti Tailend-LSR.
Khi mt nt CR-LDP nhn c bn tin CR-LDP-Label-Napping, nt o s ghi
nhn gi tr nhn tin nh ngn xp nhn vo c s thng tin LIB v thng tin
m CR-LSP va yu cu s c ghi vo bng ERB vi tham s LSP-IB tng
ng. Sau o nt gi th tc Resouice Nanagei khi to mt hng i
phc v CR-LSP va yu cu v ghi nh gi tr ServiceID ca CR-LSP o vo
bng ERB. Cui cng bn tin CR-LDP-Label-Mapping s c gi ti nt k
tip ngc tr v Headend-LSR.


65
Nhm h tr cc c ch bo v, khi phc ng trong k thut lu lng
MPLS-TE, kin tic NNSv2.u cng m rng thm hai khi l Link Failure Detector
v Reioute Action Tiiggei c c t trong kin trc chc nng ca mt nt MPLS
nh c t trn hnh 4.3 ui y.
MPLS Node
Link Link
Link Failure
Detector
Reroute Action
Trigger
MPLS Classifier
Label Switching
LIB ERB
(label
interface)
Notify
Up/Down
binding
reroute
If link is down
then lookup
(LIB entry
number)
Link 1
Link 2
Link n
Monitoring
drop packets
Packet
Output
Packet
Input

Hnh 4.3: Kin trc ch nn nt MPLS i module MNSv2.0 m rng
Khi MPLS Classifier thc thi cc hot ng lin quan ti ngn xp nhn nh
thm, g b, hon i nhn cho cc khung MPLS. Trong khi ny c bng ERB
cha thng tin v cc CR-LSP c thit lp (LSP-ID ca ng lm vic,
gi tr entiy tng ng trong bng LIB ca ng lm vic, gi tr entiy tng
ng trong bng LIB ca ng khi phc gn vi ng lm vic). Bng LIB
cha thng tin v nhn v giao din c s dng thc thi chuyn tip
MPLS. Khi c thng bo v mt lin kt gp s c (do bn thn lin kt gp s
c hoc do nt lin k gp s c), nt sa cha POR s s dng ng khi
phc chuyn tip lu lng bng cch d tm tng dng trong bng ERB
tm gi tr entry ca ng khi phc tng ng trong bng LIB. Ngc li
nu s c c phc hi, nt s s dng ng lm vic chuyn tip lu
lng bng cch d tm tng dng ch trong bng LIB.
Khi Link Failuie Betectoi, nh k kim tra hot ng ca lin kt
(up/down). Nu c mt s kin thay i t up-down hay down-up, khi ny s
thng bo ngay cho cc khi Reroute Action Trigger v MPLS Classifier v
trng thi hin ti ca lin kt.

66
Khi Reroute Action Trigger, ch c s dng trong cc m hnh bo v, khi
phc ng (ti nh tuyn), nu khi ny c thng bo rng lin kt gp s
c, n s tnh ton v thit lp mt ng khi phc mi, sau o no s gn
ng lm vic thnh ng khi phc. Nu ngc li, khi nhn c thng
bo lin kt hi phc, n s gii phong ti nguyn unh cho ng khi phc
v cng thng bo cho cc nt khc bng bn tin Notification.

4.2 M phng v kho st mt s c cb bo v, khi phc ng trong
k thut lu lng MPLS-TE
Lun vn tp trung vo 5 m hnh bo v, khi phc ng trong MPLS-TE bao
gm m hnh ti nh tuyn bo v ton cc (bo v best-effort), Makam, Haskin ci
tin, ti nh tuyn bo v cc b (local reroute), ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one
(fast reroute) nhm kim nghim, tng qut hoa c s l thuyt tiinh by tiong
chng II. T o, a ia mt s nhn nh la chn m hnh bo v, khi phc
ng dn ph hp vi tng loi lu lng khc nhau.
4.2.1 Xy dng Topology m pbng
Nhm nh gi v so snh khch quan gia cc m hnh bo v, khi phc
ng dn, lun vn xy dng chung mt Topology m phng cho c 5 kch bn m
phng. V cc tham s nh gi ph thuc rt nhiu vo topology nn cn thit phi
thit k mt m hnh mng c tnh tng qut. i vi tng v tr xy ra s c,
topology phi m bo lun co ng khi phc cho cc kch bn m phng khc
nhau, mang li mt kt qu cng bng, trnh thin v. Topology mng gm 11 nt
nh tuyn/chuyn mch c c t nh tin hinh 4.4


67

Hnh 4.4 : Topology m phng bo v, khi ph ng
Topology gm 2 nt truyn ti lu lng IP l nt 0 v nt 10, v 9 nt thc hin
truyn ti lu lng dng MPLS l cc nt t nt 1 n nt 9. Min chuyn mch
MPLS bao gm 9 nt (t nt 1 n nt 9) v thc hin k thut lu lng MPLS-TE
cng cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng.
Nt 0 l nt khi to lu lng UDP (source) v nt 10 l nt tip nhn lu lng
(sink). Ti thi im 0.5s, nt 0 bt u gi lung lu lng UDP cho nt 10. Kch
thc gi tin l 200 byte, tc gi 5000kbps. Ti thi im 1.8s, nt 0 kt thc qu
trnh gi lu lng.
ng TE-LSP lm vic l ng dn qua cc nt LSR (1, S, S, 7, 9). ng dn ny
c thit lp thng qua giao thc bo hiu RSVP-TE tic khi nt 0 gi lu lng,
ng dn lspid ca ng lm vic l 1000.
Tr lan truyn gia hai nt l 1ms, bng thng ng dn l 10Mb.
Ti thi im 0.8s, lin kt LSR5-LSR7 gp s c t ng truyn, qu trnh m
phng ch thc hin i vi 1 s c duy nht cho tt c cc m hnh khi phc. Cc
nt p dng RSVP-TE s dng c ch Bello thc hin vic pht hin li, c ch ny
bt u ti thi im 0.1s. Thi gian gi nh k gi tin Hello l 5ms, bi s thi gian
pht hin s c l 3.5. V vy, qu trnh kim tra s c s thc hin nh k 17.5ms.
Trong m phng c ch ti nh tuyn, thi gian thc hin gii thut tim ng i
ngn nht SPF l 2ms. Mi b nh tuyn LSR s hy gi tin nu lu lng khng
c ghp vo ng dn hoc khng ti nguyn d tr khi mt lin kt b t.
Lu lng iu khin RSVP-TE co u tin cao hn so vi cc lung lu lng
khc, v 1% bng thng ng dn c unh iing cho lu lng ny.

68
Cc tham s c o kim trong qu trnh m phng:
Kho st v v th thng lng theo thi gian ca lu lng.
Kho st t l mt gi v s lng gi b xo trn trong thi gian hi t ca
tng m hnh.
Kho st thi gian ngng uch v ca tng m hnh.
Kho st ti nguyn chim dng tic khi thc hin khi phc.
th lu lng theo thi gian c v da trn vic o kim bng thng
nhn ti nt 10 trong sut thi gian m phng. Vic ny c thc hin trong m
ngun bng mt hm o kim bng thng record vi chu k l 0.01s.
T l mt gi trong thi gian hi t c o kim bng hiu s gia s gi
truyn i ti nt pht R0 v s gi nhn c ti nt thu R10 vi gi nh rng s
mt gi ch b gy ra bi nguyn nhn ng lm vic gp s c v m hnh bo v,
khi phc phi thc thi qu trnh hi t tip tc a lu lng n ich bng ti
nguyn d phng. Do trong mng khng c mt lung lu lng no khc v cng
khng xy tc nghn ti bt k mt lin kt hay mt nt no, uo o co th loi tr kh
nng mt gi uo cc nguyn nhn khc nh mt goi hng i, mt gi do qu ti x l
ca nt.. C ch Bello c thit lp ging nhau i vi tt c c ch m phng, nn
s lng gi tin b mt trong thi gian pht hin li l nh nhau.
Thi gian ngng dch v l khong thi gian t khi gi tin cui cng c
nhn ti nt 1u tic khi xy ra s c cho n khi nhn c gi tin tip theo ti nt
ny. Vic ny c thc hin bng cch kim tra file trace, file ny ghi li tng s
kin din ra trong qu trnh m phng.
Ti nguyn chim dng c o kim bng cch kim tra s lng lin kt d
tr ti nguyn tic khi thc hin khi phc.
4.2.2 M pbng m bnb bo v toan cc ti nb tuyn (best-effort)
y l c ch khi phc mc nh trong min MPLS. Nt Ingress-LSR (nt LSR1)
c thit lp nh im PSL v nt Egress-LSR (nt LSR9) c thit lp nh im
PML. Khi xy ra s c tin ng lm vic, nt pht hin li s gi gi tin PathTear
ngc v nt Ingress-LSR (nt LSR1). Gi tin ny c xem nh tin hiu thng bo
li FIS v sau khi nt Ingress-LSR nhn c, n s bt u thit lp ng khi
phc ton cc c tinh ton tic (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9).

69

Hnh 4.5 : M hnh best-effort trong NAM

Hnh 4.5 m t hot ng ca mng sau khi xy ra s c. Trn lin kt LSR1-
LSR2, gi tin Path c s dng thit lp ng dn LSP mi. vi lu lng vn
c chuyn tip vo ng lm vic cho n khi no thit lp xong ng dn mi
nn lu lng s b mt ti nt LSR5.
S lng gi tin b mt l: 106 gi.
Thi gian ngng uch v ti nt 10 l: 0.83772 0.80232 = 0.0354s
Ti nguyn d tr cho qu trnh khi phc l: 0
4.2.3 M pbng m bnb bo v Makam
Tiong m hinh Nakam, ng khi phc c thit lp sn t nt Ingress-
LSR1 n nt Egress-LSR9 tic khi lu lng c truyn dn trong mng. y l
ng khi phc ton cc i qua cc nt (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9).
Khi lin kt LSR5-LSR7 gp s c t ng truyn, nt LSR5 s gi gi tin
PathTeai ngc v nt Ingress-LSR. uoi tin ny c xem nh tin hiu thng bo li
FIS, v khi LSR1 nhn c gi ny, n s lp tc chuyn tip lu lng vo ng
khi phc.

70

Hnh 4.6: M hnh Makam trong NAM

Trn hnh 4.6, goi tin PathTeai c gi t LSRS n nt Ingress-LSR1. Khi
LSR1 nhn tn hiu FIS, n s bt u chuyn tip lu lng vo ng khi phc (1,
2, 4, 6, 8, 9). Tt c goi tin c gi vo ng lm vic trong khong thi gian xy ra
s c n khi nt LSR1 nhn FIS s b hy ti nt LSR5.
4.2.4 M pbng m bnb bo v Haskin ci tin
Trong m phng m hnh Haskin ci tin, co hai ng dn khi phc gm: mt
ng o (7, 5, 3, 1) v mt ng khi phc ton cc (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9). C hai ng
dn ny u c thit lp tic khi lu lng c truyn dn trong mng.
Cc nt LSR7, S, S c thit lp chuyn tip lu lng vo ng o nu
xy ra s c tin ng lm vic. LSR1 c thit lp chuyn tip lu lng nhn
c t nt 0 v nt S vo ng khi phc ton cc.

71

Hnh 4.7: M hnh Haskin ci tin trong NAM

Hnh 4.7 m t hot ng ca mng khi lin kt LSR5-LSR7 gp s c t ng
truyn.
S lng gi tin sai th t l: 14 gi.
Thi gian ngng dch v ti nt 10 l: 0.82687 0.80232 = 0.02455s
4.2.5 M pbng m bnb ti nb tuyn cc b
Khi LSR5 pht hin lin kt vi nt LSR7 gp s c t ng truyn, n s bt
u ti nh tuyn tim ng dn mi n nt Egress-LSR9. Nt LSR5 s tnh
ton mt ng dn ngn nht c th hp nht vi ng lm vic. Tiong ting
hp ny, ng dn (S, 6, 8, 9) c chn v RSVP-TE s bo hiu thit lp ng
dn. ng dn ny s c ni vi ng lm vic c to thnh ng khi phc
mi tip tc truyn dn lu lng. Trong khong thi gian thit lp ng khi
phc, gi tin s b hy ti nt LSR5.

72

Hnh 4.8: M hnh ti nh tuyn cc b trong NAM

Da vo v tr xy ra s c, c ch ti nh tuyn s tim ng khi phc mi
khc nhau:
Lin kt LSR1-LSR3 b t: ng khi phc l (1, 2, 4, 6, 5)
Lin kt LSR3-LSR5 b t: ng khi phc l (3, 4, 6, 8, 9)
Lin kt LSR5-LSR7 b t: ng khi phc l (5, 6, 8, 9)
Lin kt LSR7-LSR9 b t: ng khi phc l (7, 8, 9)
Trong hnh 4.8, goi tin RESv c gi t nt LSR6 n nt LSR5, khi nt LSR5
nhn c goi tin ny, lu lng s c chuyn tip vo ng khi phc.

73
4.2.6 M pbng m bnb ti nb tuyn nbanb one-to-one
C ch ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one bo v nt LSR3, LSR5, LSR7 v lin kt
LSR7-LSR9. Bo o, m hinh ny co 4 ng khi phc c thit lp bo v bt k
v tr xy ra s c tin ng lm vic:
ng khi phc 1: t nt LSR7 (7, 8, 9)
ng khi phc 2: t nt LSR5 (5, 6, 8 v hp nht vi ng khi phc 1)

Hnh 4.9: M hnh ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one
Trong qu trnh m phng, cc ng khi phc c thit lp tnh tic khi
bt u truyn dn lu lng. Hnh 4.9 m t hot ng ca mng sau khi xy ra s
c. Khi nt LSR5 pht hin s c, lu lng lp tc s c chuyn vo ng khi
phc (5, 6, 8, 9).


74
4.3 Pbn tcb va nb gi kt qu m phng tng hp
Sau khi tng hp tt c cc kt qu thu thp c trong qu trnh m phng cc
m hnh khi phc ng trong MPLS-TE bao gm m hnh best-effort, makam,
haskin ci tin, ti nh tuyn cc b (local reroute), ti nh tuyn nhanh one-to-one
(fast reroute). Ta thit lp bng tng hp cc tham s o kim nhm phn tch v
nh gi hiu nng ca cc m hnh ny:
Bng 4.1: Bng tng hp cc tham s o kim
M bnb bo v,
kbi pbc
T l mt gi trong
tbi gian bi t
Tbi gian ngng
dcb v (ms)
cbim dng tai
nguyn
Best-effort 106/4062 gi 35.40 0
Makam 72/4062 gi 24.55 5
Baskin ci tin 58/4062 gi 24.55 8
Ti nh tuyn
cc b
85/4062 gi 28.68 0
Ti nh tuyn
nhanh one-to-one
58/4062 gi 20.04 8

S lng gi tin b mt trong thi gian hi t

Hnh 4.10: Biu tng hp s ng gi tin b mt trong thi gian hi t

106
72
58
85
58
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fast Reroute
Local Reroute
Haskin
Makam
Best Effort

75
T l mt gi trong thi gian hi t ca mt m hnh khi phc phn nh di
thi gian hi t ca m hinh o. Thi gian hi t cng di th s lng gi tin b hy
cng ln v dn n t l mt gi cng cao.
M hnh Makam v m hnh best-effort t l mt gi ph thuc vo khong
cch ca nt pht hin li v nt Ingress-LSR. Nu nt pht hin li cng xa
nt Ingress-LSR th t l mt gi cng cao. Bi v tn hiu FIS phi c gi
ngc v nt Ingress-LSR tic khi chuyn i lu lng sang ng khi
phc. Tuy nhin, m hnh best-effort c s lng mt goi cao hn vi goi tin s
b mt trong khong thi gian pht hin s c, thi gian lan truyn tn hiu
FIS, thi gian tnh ton ng dn, thi gian thit lp ng khi phc mi.
M hnh Haskin ci tin c t l mt gi thp do ton b lu lng c
chuyn mch ngay lp tc sang ng d phng o thit lp v bo hiu
tic ti nt pht hin s c. Vic mt gi ch xy ra trong khong thi gian
pht hin s c. M hnh ny khc phc c nhc im mt gi ca m hnh
Makam, tuy nhin li gy ra vn xo trn gi.
N hinh Fast Reioute cng co tinh cht chuyn mch bo v nh m hinh
Haskin v Makam, tuy nhin n khc phc c c hai nhc im ca cc m
hinh ny, nhc im mt gi ca m hnh Makam v nhc im xo trn gi
ca m hnh Haskin ci tin. M hnh Fast Reroute tnh ton v thit lp tic
ti nguyn d phng, cho php sa cha cc b ngay ti nt pht hin li nn
t l mt gi thp ging nh m hinh Baskin.
N hinh ti nh tuyn cc b Local Reroute c t l mt goi kh cao vi y l
cc phng thc ng. Khi xy ra s c, nt pht hin s c phi tiu tn mt
khong thi gian thc hin thit lp ng khi phc. S lng mt gi
cng gim nu v tr xy ra s c cng gn vi Egress-LSR vi ng khi phc
cng ngn.


76
Thi gian gin on dch v

Hnh 4.11: Biu tng hp thi ian nn ch v
Thi gian gin on dch v c o kim bng khong thi gian khng nhn
c d liu pha nt ich khi xy ra s c. M hnh bo v, khi phc c thi gian
gin on dch v cng ngn s c hiu nng cng cao.
N hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast Reroute (one-to-one) c thi gian gin
on dch v nh nht l uo nh tiinh by trn, Fast Reroute c tnh cht
chuyn mch bo v (tnh ton v thit lp bo hiu tic ti nguyn d
phng) nn khi xy ra s c, nt khi phc s thc hin chuyn mch lu
lng ngay lp tc sang ti nguyn d phng.
Cc m hnh Makam, Haskin c thi gian gin on dch v ging nhau, thi
gian ny ln hn so vi m hinh ti nh tuyn nhanh Fast Reroute. Thi gian
gin on cng tng nu v tr xy ra s c cng xa nt Ingress-LSR v tn hiu
FIS hoc lung lu lng o phi quay li nt Ingress-LSR tic khi chuyn
i lu lng vo ng khi phc. i vi m hnh best-effort, thi gian gin
on phi tnh thm thi gian tnh ton v thit lp ng khi phc.
M hnh Local Reioute l phng thc ng, cn thit phi tnh ton v thit
lp ng khi phc nn thi gian gin on dch v ln. Thi gian ny cng
gim nu v tr xy ra s c cng gn vi nt Egress-LSR vi ng khi phc
cng ngn.
35.4
24.55 24.55
28.68
20.04
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Tbi gian ngng dcb v {ms]
Fast Reroute
Local Reroute
Haskin
Makam
Best Effort

77
chim dng tai nguyn trc khi s dng khi phc

Hnh 4.12: Biu tng h chim dng ti nguyn
chim dng ti nguyn l tiu ch c th nh gi mc tiu hao ti nguyn
trong mng dnh cho vic bo v, khi phc khi xy ra s c. chim dng ny ph
thuc vo cu trc lin kt ca mng MPLS.
M hnh Best Effort v m hnh Local Reroute thit lp ng dn khi phc
sau khi s c xy ra nn khng tiu tn ti nguyn d tr.
Ti nguyn d tr ca m hinh Nakam v m hinh Baskin u ph thuc vo
ng khi phc ton cc. Tuy nhin, m hnh Haskin s dng ti nguyn
nhiu hn so vi m hnh Makam v m hnh Haskin cn tiu th thm mt
lng ti nguyn unh cho ng d phong o.
i vi s cu trc mng s dng m phng (hnh 4.4), m hnh Haskin
v m hinh Fast Reioute co cng chim dng ti nguyn. Bi v, mi nt
trong ng lm vic u kt ni trc tip vi mt ng lin kt n ng
khi phc ton cc. y l s mng ti u nht, chim dng ti nguyn
nh nht ca m hnh Fast Reroute.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Fast Reroute
Local Reroute
Haskin
Makam
Best Effort

78
Trong phn ln cc s cu trc mng khc, ti nguyn d tr cho m hnh
Fast Reioute thng ln hn so vi m hinh Baskin. i vi m hnh Fast
Reroute, s lng ng khi phc s tng ln khi thm ng lm vic LSP
mi vo trong mng, dn n u tha ng dn gy lng ph ti nguyn
mng.

4.4 Mt s gii php la chn m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn
Nh vy, sau khi nghin cu tm hiu l thuyt, sinh vin tin hnh m
phng hot ng ca 5 m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn Best Effort, Makam,
Baskin, Local Reioute, Fast Reioute; phn tich v nh gi cc kt qu m phng ca
tng m hinh; ng thi a ia nhn xt v so snh cc m hnh da trn kt qu m
phng tng hp.
Thc s la chn mt m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn ti u nht
trong tt c cc ting hp l iu khng th, bi mi m hinh u co u im,
nhc im, th mng ring v thch hp trong nhng iu kin v hon cch khc
nhau. Sinh vin c gng a ia mt s gii php la chn m hnh bo v, khi phc
ng dn ti u tiong cc tinh hung sau:
M hnh Best Effort, y l m hinh khi phc mc nh trong mng MPLS.
Qu trnh pht hin s c thay v da vo k thut lp 3, m hnh s dng c
ch m rng HELLO ca RSVP-TE nn ci thin tc khi phc s c. M
hinh ny co u im khng yu cu thit lp v bo hiu chim gi ti nguyn
d phng tic khi xy ra s c. Tuy nhin, m hnh ny c t l mt gi cao
v thi gian ngng uch v ln bi vi lu lng c chuyn sang ng khi
phc ton cc. Bo o, m hinh ny co th thch hp vi loi lu lng best-
effoit, co u tin thp hoc cc dch v hot ng trn nn TCP c kh nng
sa cha li mt goi. Tuy nhin, m hinh Local Reioute nn c trin khai
thay th nhm tng hiu qu khi phc ca m hnh Best Effort.
M hnh Makam, m hinh ny co u im ch cn mt ng khi phc d
phng cho tt c cc lin kt v nt tiong ng lm vic, co nhc im l ti
nguyn d phng phi thit lp tic, hn na xy ra tnh trng mt gi, t l
mt gi cao hay thp ph thuc vo khong cch gia nt pht hin li v nt
Ingress-LSR. Bo o, m hinh Makam c th s dng trong mt vi ting hp
bo v, khi phc ng dn TE-LSP truyn ti lu lng ca cc dch v nhy
cm vi tr, nhng mt iu thit yu l cn phi m bo sao cho bn tin

79
FIS khng mt qu nhiu thi gian tr v Ingress-LSR tiong ting hp c
li xy ra. M hnh ny c th thch hp vi cc dch v c kh nng sa cha
li mt goi nh cc uch v hot ng trn nn TCP.
M hnh Haskin, m hinh co u im l khc phc c nhc im mt gi
ca m hnh Makam. Tuy nhin, lng ti nguyn d phng phi thit lp
tic kh nhiu, tr ton tiinh tiung binh cao vi ng khi phc ui hn
so vi cc m hnh khc. iu ny lm tng tr RTT (round-trip time), nh
hng n thng lng ca cc lung TCP. M hnh Haskin ci tin c th
khc phc nhc im ny tuy nhin li gy ra tnh trng o ln trt t gi.
Bo o, m hinh Baskin khng thch hp trong vic bo v, khi phc cc
ng dn TE-LSP truyn ti lu lng ca cc dch v hot ng trn nn
TCP yu cu cao v cht lng. M hnh ny c th s dng truyn ti lu
lng Bata thng thng hot ng trn nn TCP/UDP nh u liu truyn
hnh multicast audio/video cht lng trung bnh, SMS, email.. Tuy nhin, m
hnh khi phc mi RFR ( cp tiong chng III) nn c trin khai thay
th khc phc nhc im xo trn gi ca m hnh Haskin ci tin, nng
cao cht lng dch v ca cc lung lu lng.
M hnh Local Reroute, m hnh c nhng c im kh ging vi m hnh
Best Effoit, nhng s dng c ch khi phc cc b ti mi nt tiong ng
lm vic nn c thi gian ngng uch v ngn hn. N hinh ny nn c trin
khai thay th cho m hnh Best Effort. Ngoi ia, ci thin tc khi phc,
ng khi phc nn c tnh ton, la chn tic khi s c xy ra. Vic tnh
ton ng dn mi nn c thc hin mi khi nt LSR nhn cc bn tin cp
nht nhm m bo ng khi phc l ng dn ti u ti thi im xy ra
s c.
M hnh Fast Reroute, m hnh c tc khi phc nhanh bi ti nguyn d
phng c thit lp tic, t l mt gi thp v thi gian ngng uch v
rt ngn. N hinh ny thng thng s dng nhiu ti nguyn d tr hn so
vi m hnh Haskin, s lng ng khi phc s tng ln khi thm ng
lm vic LSP mi vo trong mng, dn n u tha ng dn gy lng ph ti
nguyn mng. Bo o, m hinh Fast Reioute c bit thch hp trong vic bo
v, khi phc ng dn TE-LSP truyn ti lu lng ca cc dch v nhy
cm vi tr nh cc uch v hi thoi (Voice over IP, hi ngh truyn hnh..),
dch v Streamming thi gian thc, dch v tng tc Inteiactive, v c cc
dch v Bata thng thng m yu cu mc cht lng dch v cao. Trn thc
t, m hnh Fast Reroute l m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn trong mng

80
li NPLS c trin khai theo cc gii php ca hng Cisco. Ngoi ra, m hnh
khi phc mi RFR ( cp tiong chng III) co th trin khai hn ch t l
mt gi, xo trn gi, ci thin thng lng ca cc lung lu lng quan
trng.

Nh vy, lun vn c gng tng hp v a ia mt s gii php nhm la
chn m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn ti u nht i vi tng loi lu lng.
Nhn chung vi iu kin mng n nh, tt c m hinh ny u c th p dng cho
bt c loi hnh dch v no, khi xy ra s c, cc khch hng phi chp nhn s st
gim t ngt, ngng uch v trong mt khong thi gian cho php no o. Cch thc
t chc sp xp v thit k nn c thc hin theo mt qu trnh nghim tc, cht
ch, xem xt cc v tr quan trng trong h thng cn phi d phng c th p
dng m hnh bo v ph hp nht.

4.5 Kt lun cbng
Ni uung chng Iv tp trung m phng 5 m hnh bo v, khi phc ng
dn trong MPLS-TE bao gm cc m hnh Best Effort, Makam, Haskin ci tin, Local
Reroute, Fast Reroute. T o, sinh vin a ia mt s nhn xt, nh gi v so
snh cc thng s gia cc m hnh khi phc.
Qu trnh m phng v kho st mt s c ch bo v, khi phc ng dn
tiong chng Iv c thc hin trn phn mm m phng NS-2 hon thnh c
cc cng vic sau:
M phng 5 m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn: Best Effort, Makam, Haskin
ci tin, Local Reioute, Fast Reioute tiong iu kin lin kt gp s c t
ng truyn.
Kho st v nh gi hiu nng ca 5 m hnh bo v, khi phc:
o Kho st t l mt gi trong thi gian hi t ca tng m hnh.
o Kho st thi gian gin on dch v ca tng m hnh.
o Kho st chim dng ti nguyn ca tng m hnh.
nh gi, so snh, phn tch kt qu m phng tng hp ca 5 m hnh bo v.
xut mt s gii php la chn m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn i
vi cc loi lu lng.
Lun vn tt nghip KT LUN
81
KT LUN

Lun vn tt nghip cp v nguyn l hot ng v cc thnh phn cng
nh kin trc cc cng ngh MPLS, MPLS-TE. Qua o trnh by cch thc xy dng
cc ng dn lu lng, phn tch c ch pht hin li, phn loi cc c ch khi
phc, i su vo ca cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn trong MPLS-TE.
Lun vn tp trung nghin cu c ch v nguyn l hot ng ca 6 m hnh
bo v, khi phc ng trong MPLS-TE bao gm m hnh Best Effort, Makam,
Haskin ci tin, Hundessa, Local Reroute, Fast Reroute. Lun vn cng xut
mt c ch khi phc mi nhm nng cao hiu sut s dng mng, m bo cht
lng dch v ca cc lung lu lng co u tin cao.
Cc thng s tiu ch m lun vn a ia nhm m phng v nh gi hiu
nng ca cc cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn bao gm:
Thng lng theo thi gian.
T l mt gi trong thi gian hi t.
Thi gian gin on dch v.
chim dng ti nguyn bo v, khi phc.
Cc nhn xt phn tch tng m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn theo tng
thng s v tng hp c trnh by chi tit tiong chng Iv ca lun vn. Sau khi
nh gi v hiu nng ca tng m hnh bo v, khi phc, lun vn xut mt
s gii php la chn m hnh bo v ti u nht i vi tng loi lu lng.
Vic xy dng cc m hnh bo v, khi phc ng dn trong mng MPLS l v
cng quan trng. m bo truyn ti lu lng mt cch ti u, hiu qu trong
mng MPLS, nh cung cp dch v mng cn phi kho st m hnh cu trc mng,
xem xt v tr c kh nng xy ra s c t o tin hnh xy dng ng d phng.
Da vo cp u tin ca tng lung lu lng v hp ng cam kt cung cp cht
lng dch v cho khch hng, nh cung cp dch v phi bit p dng m hnh khi
phc ph hp trong tng ting hp c th. i vi cc lu lng co u tin cao,
nh cung cp dch v c th p dng c ch khi phc mi RFR (trnh by trong
chng III) nng cao hn na cht lng dch v i vi cc lung lu lng.
Lun vn tt nghip KT LUN
82
Mt s hng nghin cu v pht trin cho lun vn tt nghip tiong tng lai
c th l:
Qu trnh m phng cu trc mng vi s nt hn ch, ng khi phc trong
m hnh Local Reroute c thit lp tnh do module RSVP-TE cha c h
tr y . Tiong tng lai, sinh vin s xy dng mt m hnh ph hp vi
cu trc mng thc t c kt qu khch quan v chinh xc hn.
Nghin cu v m phng m hnh bo v, khi phc mi RFR c th nh
gi hiu nng vi cc m hnh bo v, khi phc sn c.
Nghin cu m hnh bo v, khi phc ti u khi nhiu s c xy ra ng thi.

Mc tiu ch l hiu i hn cch thc hot ng ca MPLS, cch xy dng ng
dn lu lng MPLS-TE, kh chi tit, m phng th ton gp li, chn T_T.
20/6/2014, cui cng cng bo v, qu nhiu th ni m co 2u tiinh by Noi
th qui no cho xong y. Slide cn chn thm mt m phng m hnh thc t ca
VNPT (lm thm) ni qu nhiu. Haizz
9h: Done! Kh chui, chc my bn c th pht trin lun vn ny hn na. Chc
thnh cng v khng b in lc m phng.
Lun vn tt nghip TI LIU THAM KHO
83
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Juha Heinanen. "Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5".
RFC 1483, July 1993.
[2] E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, R. Callon. "Multiprotocol Label Switching
Architecture". RFC SuS1, January 2001.
[3] B. Davie, J. Lawrence, K. McCloghrie, E. Rosen, G. Swallow, Y. Rekhter, P. Doolan.
"MPLS using LDP and ATM VC Switching". RFC SuSS, January 2001.
[4] E. Rosen, D. Tappan, G. Fedorkow, Y. Rekhter, D. Farinacci, T. Li, A. Conta. "MPLS
Label Stack Encoding". RFC SuS2, January 2001.
[5] D. Katz, K. Kompella, D. Yeung. "Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF
Version 2". RFC S6Su, September 2003.
[6] H. Smit, T. Li. "Inteimeuiate System to Inteimeuiate System (IS-IS) Extensions
foi Tiaffic Engineeiing (TE)". RFC S784, June 2004.
[7] Y. Rekhter, E. Rosen. "Carrying Label Information in BGP-4". RFC S1u7, May
2001
[8] L. Andersson, P. Doolan, N. Feldman, A. Fredette, B. Thomas. "LDP
Specification". RFC SuS6, January 2001.
[9] B. Jamoussi, L. Andersson, R. Callon, R. Dantu, L. Wu, P. Doolan, T. Worster, N.
Feldman, A. Fredette, M. Girish, E. Gray, J. Heinanen, T. Kilty, A. Malis. "Constraint-
Based LSP Setup using LDP". RFC 3212, January 2002.
[10] D. Awduche, L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan, G. Swallow. "RSVP-TE:
Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels". RFC S2u9, December 2001.
[11] R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, S. Jamin. "Resource ReSerVation
Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional Specification". RFC 22uS, September 1997.
[12] }ohan Naitin 0lof Peteisson. "NPLS Baseu Recoveiy Nechanisms". Nastei
Thesis, University of Oslo, May 2005.
Lun vn tt nghip TI LIU THAM KHO
84
[13] Nguyn Tun Anh. "Nghin cu v m phng mt s c ch bo v, khi phc
ng trong MPLS-TE", n tt nghip i Hc, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chinh
Vin thng, December 2009.
[14] S.Yoon, B.Lee, B.Choi, Y.Kim. "An Efficient Recovery Mechanism for MPLS-based
Protection LSP". IEEE ICATN 2001, September 2001.
[15] G.Ahn, W.Chun. "MPLS Restoration Scheme Using Least-Cost Based Dynamic
Backup Path". ICN 2uu1 Volume 2, July 2001.
[16] L.Bunuessa, }.Pascual. "Fast Reioute mechanism foi a piotecteu label switcheu
path". IEEE Nagazine, 0ctobei 2uu1.
[17] Luc Be uhein. "NPLS Funuamentals". Cisco Piess, Novembei 2uu6.
[18] L.Bunuessa, }.Pascual. "Reliable anu Fast Reiouting Nechanism foi a Piotecteu
Label Switcheu Path". IEEE Nagazine, Novembei 2uu2.
[19] VINT project at LBL, Xeror PARC, USB and USC/ISI. The Network Simulator ns-2
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
[20] G, Ahn. MNS, MPLS Network Simulator.
[21] C.Callegari, F. Vitucci. RSVP-TE patch for MNS/ns2.
[22] Christian Callegari. MTENS Multi-protocol label switching Traffic Engineering
Network Simulator. http://netserv.iet.unipi.it/software/mtens
[23] Christian Callegari. Bn v mns_rsvp cho MNS/ns2. http://vntelecom.org
[24] D.Adami, C.Callegari, D.Ceccarelli, S.Giordano, M.Pagano.
"Design and development of MPLS-based recovery strategies in NS2". IEEE Global
Telecommunications Conference, November 2006.
[25] Nhm dch thut TE, CN. "N phng trong NS-2", Becembei 2uu9,
http://vntelecom.org

Lun vn tt nghip PH LC
85
PH LC: M NGUN CC CHNC TRNH M PHNG

KCH BN 1 M HNH BO V, KHI PHC BEST EFFORT
#Tao doi tuong mo phong
set ns [new Simulator]

#Tao file xuat ket qua cho NAM, file trace
set na [open best-effort.tr w]
set nf [open best-effort.nam w]
$ns trace-all $na
$ns namtrace-all $nf
set f0 [open best-effort-bw.tr w]
set fs [open best-effort-seq.tr w]

#Tao thu tuc dong file va the hien ket qua khi ket thuc mo phong
proc finish {} {
global ns na nf f0 fs
$ns flush-trace
close $na
close $nf
close $f0
close $fs
exec nam best-effort.nam &
exec grep "9 10 exp" best-effort.tr > temp.tr
exec grep "r" temp.tr > best-efforttrace.tr
exec xgraph -m best-effort-bw.tr -geometry 800x400 &
exit 0
}

#Tao thu tuc ghep luu luong Expoo UDP cho node
proc attach-expoo-traffic {node sink size burst idle rate} {
global ns
set source [new Agent/CBR/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $node $source
set traffic [new Traffic/Expoo]
$traffic set packet-size $size
$traffic set burst-time $burst
$traffic set idle-time $idle
$traffic set rate $rate
$source attach-traffic $traffic
$ns connect $source $sink
return $source
}

#Tao thu tuc ghi lai thong luong cua luong luu luong theo chu ky $time
set totalpkt 0
proc record {} {
global sink0 f0 totalpkt
set ns [Simulator instance]

#Dat thoi gian thu tuc duoc goi lai
set time 0.065

#So luong byte da nhan tai traffic sink
set bw0 [$sink0 set bytes_]

86
#Lay thoi gian hien tai
set now [$ns now]

#Tinh toan thong luong (MBit/s) va ghi vao file
puts $f0 "$now [expr $bw0/$time*8/1000000]"

#Khoi tao lai gia tri cho lan goi tiep theo
$sink0 set bytes_ 0

#Goi lai thu tuc
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "record"
set bw0 [expr $bw0/200]
set totalpkt [expr $totalpkt + $bw0]
}

#Tao thu tuc tinh toan goi tin nhan duoc o cac sink
proc recv-pkts {} {
global totalpkt seqerrnb prvseqnb

puts "So luong goi tin da gui: $prvseqnb"
puts "So luong goi tin da nhan: $totalpkt"
puts "So luong goi tin bi mat: [expr $prvseqnb - $totalpkt]"
puts "So luong goi tin sai thu tu: $seqerrnb"
}

#Tao thu tuc ghi lai thu tu goi tin
set prvseqnb -1
set seqerrnb 0
proc seq-record {size rate ftime} {
global prvseqnb seqerrnb sink0 fs

#Thiet lap thoi gian goi lai thu tuc
set tsize [parse-bw $size]
set trate [parse-bw $rate]
set time [expr double($tsize)/double($trate)]

set now [$ns now]

set revseqnb [$sink0 set expected_]

if {$prvseqnb > $revseqnb} {
incr seqerrnb 1
}

#Ghi so thu tu cua packet vao file
if {$prvseqnb != $revseqnb} {
puts $fs "$now [$sink0 set expected_]"
set prvseqnb $revseqnb
}

#Goi lai thu tuc
if {[expr $now + $time] < $ftime} {
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "seq-record $size $rate $ftime"
}
}

#Giao thuc dinh tuyen
#$ns rtproto LS

87
#xay dung node & MPLS node
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns mpls-node]
set n10 [$ns node]

#Ghep RVSP-TE cho tat ca cac node
set rsvp0 [$n0 add-rsvp-agent]

#Them bien cho mpls module
set LSRmpls1 [eval $n1 get-module "MPLS"]

#Tao lien ket
#$ns duplex-rsvp-link <Node1> <Node2> <Bandwidth> <Latency> <Res-Bandwidth> <RSVP-Bandwidth>
<Queue-limit> <Admission control> <Estimator>
$ns duplex-rsvp-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 1ms 0.99 1000 10000 Param Null

#Tao luu luong sink va ghep cho node 10
set sink0 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
$ns attach-agent $n10 $sink0
$sink0 clear

88
#Tao luu luong nguon
set src0 [attach-expoo-traffic $n0 $sink0 200 0 0 5000k]
$src0 set fid_ 100
$ns color 100 magenta

Agent/RSVP set noisy_ 255
$ns enable-reroute drop

$ns at 0.0 "record"
#Thiet lap duong lam viec
#<LSRmpls> create-erlsp <Src> <Egress> <SID> <FID> <TID> <ER>
$ns at 0.0 "$LSRmpls1 create-erlsp $n0 $n9 0 100 1000 1_3_5_7_9_10"

#Khoi dong co che hello
$ns at 0.1 "$ns activate-rsvp-hello 0.005 3.5"

#Tinh toan truoc duong khoi phuc toan cuc
#<LSRmpls> reroute-precalc <Source> <Egress> <Dest> <OldSID> <FID> <TID> <Bandwidth> <Buffer>
<TTL> <ER>
$ns at 0.2 "$LSRmpls1 reroute-precalc $n0 $n9 $n10 0 100 2000 +5000000 5000 32
1_2_4_6_8_9_10"

#Ghi lai thu tu goi tin
$ns at 0.3 "seq-record 200 5000k 2.0"

#Ghep luong luu luong vao duong lam viec
#<LSRmpls> bind-flow-erlsp <Dest-Node> <FID> <TID>
$ns at 0.4 "$LSRmpls1 bind-flow-erlsp 10 100 1000"

#Bat dau gui luu luong
$ns at 0.5 "$src0 start"
#Break link
$ns rtmodel-at 0.8 down $n5 $n7

#Doi voi link (n1-n3), qua trinh thiet lap duong dan mat 0.0112
#$ns at 0.8175 "$LSRmpls1 create-erlsp $n0 $n9 1 100 2000 1_2_4_6_8_9_10"
#$ns at 0.8287 "$LSRmpls1 bind-flow-erlsp 10 100 2000"

$ns at 1.8 "$src0 stop"

$ns at 2.0 "recv-pkts"
$ns at 2.0 "record"
$ns at 2.0 "finish"

$ns run

89
KCH BN 2 M HNH BO V, KHI PHC MAKAM
#Tao doi tuong mo phong
set ns [new Simulator]

#Tao file xuat ket qua cho NAM, file trace
set na [open makam.tr w]
set nf [open makam.nam w]
$ns trace-all $na
$ns namtrace-all $nf
set f0 [open makam-bw.tr w]
set fs [open makam-seq.tr w]

#Tao thu tuc dong file va the hien ket qua khi ket thuc mo phong
proc finish {} {
global ns na nf f0 fs
$ns flush-trace
close $na
close $nf
close $f0
close $fs
exec nam makam.nam &
exec grep "9 10 exp" makam.tr > temp.tr
exec grep "r" temp.tr > makamtrace.tr
exec xgraph -m makam-bw.tr -geometry 800x400 &
exit 0
}

#Tao thu tuc ghep luu luong Expoo UDP cho node
proc attach-expoo-traffic {node sink size burst idle rate} {
global ns
set source [new Agent/CBR/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $node $source
set traffic [new Traffic/Expoo]
$traffic set packet-size $size
$traffic set burst-time $burst
$traffic set idle-time $idle
$traffic set rate $rate
$source attach-traffic $traffic
$ns connect $source $sink
return $source
}

#Tao thu tuc ghi lai thong luong cua luong luu luong theo chu ky $time
set totalpkt 0
proc record {} {
global sink0 f0 totalpkt

#Dat thoi gian thu tuc duoc goi lai
set time 0.065

#So luong byte da nhan tai traffic sink
set bw0 [$sink0 set bytes_]

set now [$ns now]

#Tinh toan thong luong (MBit/s) va ghi vao file
puts $f0 "$now [expr $bw0/$time*8/1000000]"
90

#Khoi tao lai gia tri cho lan goi tiep theo
$sink0 set bytes_ 0

#Goi lai thu tuc
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "record"
set bw0 [expr $bw0/200]
set totalpkt [expr $totalpkt + $bw0]
}

#Tao thu tuc tinh toan goi tin nhan duoc o cac sink
proc recv-pkts {} {
global totalpkt seqerrnb prvseqnb

puts "So luong goi tin da gui: $prvseqnb"
puts "So luong goi tin da nhan: $totalpkt"
puts "So luong goi tin bi mat: [expr $prvseqnb - $totalpkt]"
puts "So luong goi tin sai thu tu: $seqerrnb"
}

#Tao thu tuc ghi lai thu tu goi tin
set prvseqnb -1
set seqerrnb 0
proc seq-record {size rate ftime} {
global prvseqnb seqerrnb sink0 fs

#Thiet lap thoi gian goi lai thu tuc
set tsize [parse-bw $size]
set trate [parse-bw $rate]
set time [expr double($tsize)/double($trate)]

set now [$ns now]

set revseqnb [$sink0 set expected_]

if {$prvseqnb > $revseqnb} {
incr seqerrnb 1
}

#Ghi so thu tu cua packet vao file
if {$prvseqnb != $revseqnb} {
puts $fs "$now [$sink0 set expected_]"
set prvseqnb $revseqnb
}

#Goi lai thu tuc
if {[expr $now + $time] < $ftime} {
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "seq-record $size $rate $ftime"
}
}

#Giao thuc dinh tuyen
$ns rtproto LS

#xay dung node & MPLS node
set n0 [$ns node]
91
set n10 [$ns node]

#Ghep RVSP-TE cho tat ca cac node

#Them bien cho mpls module

#Tao lien ket
#$ns duplex-rsvp-link <Node1> <Node2> <Bandwidth> <Latency> <Res-Bandwidth> <RSVP-Bandwidth>
<Queue-limit> <Admission control> <Estimator>

#Tao luu luong sink va ghep cho node 10
set sink0 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
$ns attach-agent $n10 $sink0
$sink0 clear

#Tao luu luong nguon
set src0 [attach-expoo-traffic $n0 $sink0 200 0 0 5000k]
$src0 set fid_ 100
$ns color 100 magenta

92
Agent/RSVP set noisy_ 255
$ns enable-reroute drop

$ns at 0.0 "record"
#Thiet lap duong lam viec
#<LSRmpls> create-crlsp <Src> <Egress> <SID> <FID> <TID> <Bandwidth> <Buffer> <TTL>
<ER>
$ns at 0.0 "$LSRmpls1 create-crlsp $n0 $n9 0 100 1000 +5000000 5000 32
1_3_5_7_9_10"

#Khoi dong co che hello
$ns at 0.1 "$ns activate-rsvp-hello 0.005 3.5"

#Thiet lap duong khoi phuc
#<LSRmpls> reroute-prealloc <Source> <Egress> <Dest> <OldSID> <SID> <FID> <TID>
<Bandwidth> <Buffer> <TTL> <ER>
$ns at 0.2 "$LSRmpls1 reroute-prealloc $n0 $n9 $n10 0 1 100 2000 +5000000
5000 32 1_2_4_6_8_9_10"

#Ghi lai thu tu goi tin
$ns at 0.3 "seq-record 200 5000k 2.0"

#Ghep luong luu luong vao duong lam viec
#<LSRmpls> bind-flow-erlsp <Dest-Node> <FID> <TID>
$ns at 0.4 "$LSRmpls1 bind-flow-erlsp 10 100 1000"

#Bat dau gui luu luong
$ns at 0.5 "$src0 start"
#Break link
$ns rtmodel-at 0.8 down $n5 $n7

$ns at 1.8 "$src0 stop"

$ns at 2.0 "recv-pkts"
$ns at 2.0 "record"
$ns at 2.0 "finish"

$ns run

Nghiên cứu cơ chế khôi phục trong mạng MPLS-TE

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nghiên cứu cơ chế khôi phục trong mạng MPLS-TE

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LI CM N

Li u tin, em xin by t n it n u ti thy ThS. T Tr Ngha, ni

) v thi gian lan

gi tin, b qua thi gian x l goi tin v hng i ti nt:

You might also like