The Effect of Music on Substance Use and Abuse

Dr. Shivan A.C. Mahabir

CARIAD 40
June 9-20, 2014
Crown Point ea!h "ote#, $oba%o
Introduction:
"They say if I drink white rum I go dead, but look I still here,
A man drink water, crash and he dead, but look i still here
They say if i drink puncheon I go dead, but look i still here
My head done nice, two girls in mih bed..."
Rumors. Yankey oy !"#$%&
Mu&i! i& a## aroun' u&. It i& in our ho(e&, in our !ar& an' )ub#i! tran&)ortation, at the %*(,
at the (a##& an' )ub#i! event&. Moreover, the a'van!e& in te!hno#o%* (ean that (u&i! i& (u!h (ore
avai#ab#e than be+ore with the ra'io, the Internet, )er&ona# MP, )#a*er& an' even !e##u#ar )hone&
ab#e to )#a* (u&i!.
-ith )arti!u#ar re+eren!e to !hi#'ren, (u&i! i& an i()ortant +a!tor in &o!ia#i&ation. Mu&i!
a++e!t& !hi#'ren an' a'o#e&!ent&. &!hoo# )er+or(an!e throu%h ho(ewor/ a& we## a& their (oo',
behaviour an' inter)er&ona# intera!tion&. So(e &tu'ie& have re)orte' that a'o#e&!ent& u&e )o)u#ar
(u&i! to 'ea# with #one#ine&& an' to ta/e !ontro# o+ their e(otiona# &tatu& or (oo'. A'o#e&!ent& u&e
(u&i! in their )ro!e&& o+ i'entit* +or(ation an' their (u&i! )re+eren!e )rovi'e& the( a (ean& to
a!hieve %rou) i'entit* an' inte%ration into the *outh !u#ture. 0et, 'e&)ite thi& /e* ro#e whi!h (u&i!
)#a*& in !hi#' an' a'o#e&!ent 'eve#o)(ent )arent& are o+ten unaware o+ the #*ri!& whi!h their
!hi#'ren are e1)o&e' to 'ue to the u&e o+ hea')hone& an' 'own#oa'e' (u&i!.
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Son% #*ri!& have be!o(e (ore e1)#i!it with re%ar' to &e1ua#, 'ru% an' vio#ent !ontent over
the *ear&. Pri(a!/ et a# 220034 +oun' that ,,5 o+ )o)u#ar &on%& in 2006 ha' re+eren!e& to 'ru% u&e.
7n#* 45 o+ tho&e &on%& in that &tu'* !ontaine' anti-u&e (e&&a%e&. Mo&t 'ru% u&e re+eren!e&
there+ore were )ortra*e' in a )o&itive #i%ht in!#u'in% &o!ia#, &e1ua# an' +inan!ia# !on&e8uen!e&.
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A Historical Perspective
$he re#ation&hi) between (u&i! an' 'ru% u&e i& not a re!ent one. In the 1940& the 9a:: (u&i!
o+ Char#ie Par/er an' $he#oniou& Mon/ wa& #in/e' to heroin u&e. In the 19;0& )&*!he'e#i! ro!/
wa& #in/e' to the u&e o+ <*&er%i! A!i' Dieth#*a(i'e 2<SD4. In the (i' 19=0& a new &oun' e(er%e'
in ro!/ an' ro## a (ore ener%eti!, +a&t-)a!e' te()o. In /ee)in% with thi& the 'ru%& o+ !hoi!e a#&o
&hi+te' to a()heta(ine& an' a(*# nitrate whi!h !au&e' the u&er to be (ore ener%eti!. In the (i'-
#ate 1930& rave& whi!h were #ar%e &!a#e )artie& +eaturin% >#e!troni! Dan!e Mu&i! were a&&o!iate'
with the u&e o+ >!&ta&* 2 ,,4-(eth*#ene'io1*-?-(eth*#a()heta(ine or MDMA4.
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Country music
Countr* (u&i! ha& (o&t been /nown +or it& re#ation&hi) to a#!oho# )arti!u#ar#* whi&/e* an'
beer. So(e e1a()#e& o+ &on%& where a#!oho# i& (entione' in a )o&itive wa* in!#u'e, @I.( Prett*
Aoo' at Drin/in. eer@ b* i##* Currin%ton, @I #ove thi& bar@ b* $ob* Beith an' @$wo Pina
Co#o'a&@ b* Aarth roo/&. It i& a#&o u&e' in a )o&itive &e1ua# (anner in Joe ?i!ho#&. &on% @$e8ui#a
(a/e& her !#othe& +a## o++@. "owever, there are a#&o !ountr* &on%& whi!h )ortra* the 'ar/ &i'e o+
a#!oho# u&e &u!h a& @-a#/ a #itt#e &trai%hter, Da''*@ b* i##* Currin%ton about a +ather who i&
into1i!ate' a## the ti(e, an' @-hi&/e* <u##ab*@ b* ra' Pai&#e* an' A#i&on Brau&& about a !ou)#e
who both 'ie +ro( a#!oho# abu&e. Pri(a!/ et a# note' that in 2006 ,;5 o+ the )o)u#ar !ountr*
&on%& re+eren!e' a#!oho# u&e.
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Chutney Soca
Chutne*-&o!a (u&i! i& an in'i%enou& (u&i!a# +or( 'eve#o)e' )ri(ari#* in $rini'a' an'
$oba%o b* 'e&!en'ant& o+ In'ian i((i%rant& who !a(e a& !hea) #abour +or the &u%ar!ane
)#antation&. It i& a b#en' or !ro&&over &t*#e o+ (u&i! in!or)oratin% &o!a e#e(ent& &u!h a& A+ri!an
'erive' beat& an' "in'i->n%#i&h #*ri!& an' In'ian in&tru(ent& &u!h a& the 'ho#a/ an' 'hanta#.
Chutne*-&o!a ha& been notoriou& +or it& heav* e()ha&i& on a#!oho# 'rin/in% )arti!u#ar#* ru( whi!h
i& (a'e +ro( +er(ente' (o#a&&e& +ro( the &u%ar !ane e&tate&. Son%& &u!h a& the )rotot*)i!a# @Ru(
ti## i 'ie@ b* A'e&h Sa(aroo, @Ru( i& (ih #over@ b* Ravi i&&e&&ar an' @rin% the ru(@ b* <a#!han
@"unter@ abwah a## %#ori+* the u&e o+ a#!oho# e&)e!ia##* in !a&e& o+ '*&+un!tiona# re#ation&hi)&.
Man* )eo)#e have &)o/en out a%ain&t thi& hi%h #eve# o+ a#!oho# )ro(otion worr*in% about
the (e&&a%e bein% )ortra*e' to the *outh who #i&ten to thi& i((en&e#* )o)u#ar &t*#e o+ (u&i!. In
+a!t, !han%e& were (a'e to the 9u'%in% !riteria o+ the Chutne* So!a Monar!h Co()etition in
$rini'a' an' $oba%o in 2012 'ue to the out!r* a%ain&t the (an* !hutne* &o!a &on%& whi!h
a%%ran'i&e' a#!oho#. "owever in a !a&e o+ (i1e' &i%na#& in 2014 ># Dora'o Ru( be!a(e a (a9or
&)on&or o+ the Chutne* So!a Monar!h Cina#&.
Calypso and Soca
So!a (u&i!, the +a&t )a!e' o++&)rin% o+ !a#*)&o whi!h 'rive& the annua# Carniva#
!e#ebration& not on#* in $rini'a' an' $oba%o but aroun' the 'ia&)ora i& a#&o note' +or it&
%#ori+i!ation o+ a#!oho# u&e )ri(ari#* ru(. Ma!he# Montano.& &on%& @ott#e o+ ru(@ an' Be& the
an'.& @Ru( an' So!a@ are e1a()#e& o+ thi& tren'. It i& a +ar !r* +ro( when Ra& Short* I an' the
<ove Cir!#e &an% @-at!h out (* !hi#'ren@ a& a warnin% a%ain&t !o!aine u&e.
ut in the &)irit o+ Ra& Short* I.& (u&i!a# !ontribution the arba'o& ?ationa# Coun!i# on
Sub&tan!e Abu&e 2?CSA4 'onate' a )ri:e to the Junior Ca#*)&o Monar!h Co()etition +or the &on%
that be&t 'e)i!te' the i## e++e!t& o+ &ub&tan!e abu&e, in!#u'in% a#!oho# in 2004 an' in 201, in
$rini'a' an' $oba%o $he ?ationa# A#!oho# an' Dru% Abu&e Prevention Pro%ra((e o+ the Mini&tr*
o+ Co((unit* Deve#o)(ent, in !o##aboration with the ?orth >a&tern Divi&ion 2Morvant Po#i!e
0outh C#ub4, ho&te' it& Awar'& Cere(on* +or the Annua# Anti-Dio#en!e an' Sub&tan!e Abu&e
Ca#*)&o Co()etition. Initiative& &u!h a& the&e he#) to )o)u#ari&e an' )ro)o%ate anti-&ub&tan!e
abu&e (e&&a%e& e&)e!ia##* a(on% *oun% )eo)#e a& the&e two !o()etition& +eature' *oun% arti&te&
&o the au'ien!e &aw their )eer& a'vo!atin% a%ain&t 'ru% u&e an' (i&u&e an' !an be a u&e+u# too# in
rea!hin% out to the *outh who are a /e* 'e(o%ra)hi! in the +i%ht a%ain&t 'ru%&..
ap and Hip!Hop
Pri(a!/ et a# 220034 +oun' that o+ the 2=9 (o&t )o)u#ar &on%& o+ 2006 a!!or'in% to
illboard (a%a:ine, ==5 o+ ra) &on%& )ortra*e' &ub&tan!e u&e, the (o&t o+ an* %enre o+ (u&i!. Ra)
(u&i! a#&o ha' the (o&t re+eren!e& to &ub&tan!e u&e )er &on%-hour o+ an* (u&i! %enre.
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"er' 220034 !o((entin% on the !han%in% )attern& o+ 'ru% u&e in ra) (u&i! note' that +ro( 19=9
199=, &on%& with re+eren!e& to 'ru%& in!rea&e' over &i1-+o#'E tho&e e1hibitin% )o&itive attitu'e& an'
!on&e8uen!e& ro&e &ub&tantia##* ie the 'ru% u&e wa& (a'e to a))ear (ore )o&itive b* in!rea&e'
re+eren!e& to 'ru%& &i%ni+*in% %#a(our, wea#th an' &o!iabi#it*.
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"er' a#&o note' that re+eren!e& to
)arti!u#ar 'ru% t*)e& !han%e' &i%ni+i!ant#*.
$hi& i& borne out b* the +in'in%& o+ the Dru% S#an% in "i) "o) Pro9e!t. $he&e +in'in%&
&howe' that whi#e (ari9uana an' !o!aine were the (o&t !o((on 'ru%& re+eren!e' in ra) (u&i!, the
nu(ber o+ re+eren!e& to !o!aine an' a#!oho# ha' &hown a re#ative 'e!rea&e &in!e the (i' 2000& an'
there wa& a ri&e 'urin% thi& ti(e )erio' o+ re+eren!e& to !o'eine &*ru) an' )har(a!euti!a# 'ru%&
&u!h a& A''era## an' )ain/i##er& &u!h a& 71*!ontin an' Per!o!et.
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e""ae
Re%%ae i& a (u&i!a# +or( whi!h 'eve#o)e' in Ja(ai!a in the 19;0&. It wa& wi'e#*
)o)u#ari&e' b* Robert ?e&ta @ob@ Mar#e* who wa& a#&o a )ro)onent o+ (ari9uana u&e. ob Mar#e*
wa& a Ra&ta+arian an' an* (ention o+ (ari9uana (u&t in!#u'e that it i& !on&i'ere' a ho#* herb b*
the Ra&ta+arian re#i%ion. Ra&ta+arian& e&!hew other 'ru%& &u!h a& !o!aine an' a#!oho#. "owever, not
a## Ra&ta+arian& &(o/e (ari9uana an' (an* non-Ra&ta+arian& &(o/e (ari9uana or u&e it in
a#ternative +or(& &u!h a& &tee)e' in @%an9a tea@. Re%%ae ha& a #on% hi&tor* o+ )ro(otin% (ari9uana
u&e in &on%& &u!h a& @oo( Draw@ b* Junior Be##* or @"erb $ree@ b* Daweh Con%o. "owever, not
on#* Ja(ai!an& )ro(ote (ari9uana throu%h re%%ae (u&i!. Mar#on A&her +ro( $rini'a' an' $oba%o
&an% the )o)u#ar &on% @Aan9a Car(er@ an' Co##ie u'': +ro( er(u'a &an% @Co(e Aroun'@. In
the re%%ae &on% @?uttin ?uh Ao So@, Ja(ai!an re%%ae arti&t ?ot!h )ro(ote' (ari9uana u&e whi#e
&i(u#taneou&#* 'e!r*in% !o!aine u&e.
Music videos
-hen !on&i'erin% the i&&ue o+ )er&on&., an' )arti!u#ar#* !hi#'ren.& an' a'o#e&!ent&.,
e1)o&ure to 'ru% re+eren!e& in (u&i!, it (u&t be re(e(bere' that (u&i! i& e1)erien!e' in (u#ti)#e
(e'ia +or(at&. Mu&i! vi'eo& !o(bine au'itor* &ti(u#i 2the (u&i!a# (e#o'* an' #*ri!&4 with vi&ua#
&ti(u#i that o+ten in!#u'e attra!tive a!tor&, +an!* !ar&, %#a(ourou& ho(e& an' !a)tivatin% &tor*
#ine&. $hi& !o(bination i& ver* )o)u#ar with !hi#'ren an' a'o#e&!ent& in )arti!u#ar. $he ai( o+ a
(u&i! vi'eo i& to (a/e the !on&u(er #i&ten to the &on% whi#e )rovi'in% a''itiona# vi&ua# in!entive&.
De)en'in% on the %enre o+ (u&i! the !ontent o+ (u&i! vi'eo& var*. Cor e1a()#*, ra)Fhi)ho) (u&i!
vi'eo& o+ten o)en#* 'i&)#a* bott#e& o+ a#!oho#. Mu&i! vi'eo& &hown on the te#evi&ion o+ten 'o not
a##ow the )ortra*a# o+ 'ru%& or 'ru% )ara)herna#ia, but (u&i! vi'eo& whi!h are &trea(e' +ro( the
Internet throu%h )o)u#ar web&ite& &u!h a& 0outube are o+ten not &ub9e!t to the&e re&tri!tion&.
I+ there were an* 8ue&tion re%ar'in% how )erva&ive (u&i! vi'eo& are, Chri&ten&on 219924
'i' a &tu'* o+ 100 +ourth- to &i1th-%ra'er& whi!h revea#e' that =65 o+ the( wat!he' (u&i! vi'eo&,
with ;05 o+ the( &e#+- 'e&!ribe' their +re8uen!* o+ viewin% vi'eo& a& either G)rett* (u!hH or Ga
#otH. In 200,, a re)ort o+ the Bai&er Ca(i#* Coun'ation revea#e' that , o+ 4 o+ tho&e in the 1;-24 a%e
%rou) wat!h M$D, 635 wat!h it at #ea&t on!e a wee/, an' 205 wat!h it +or an hour or (ore ever*
'a*.
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An ana#*&i& 'one in 199= o+ 613 (u&i! vi'eo& on 4 A(eri!an !ab#e te#evi&ion networ/&
2M$D, D"1, CM$, an' >$4 +oun' that the )er!enta%e o+ vi'eo& that )ortra*e' a#!oho# u&e wa&
&i%ni+i!ant, ran%in% +ro( 13.=5 to 2;.95. M$D ha' the hi%he&t )er!enta%e o+ vi'eo& that
)ortra*e' &(o/in% behavior& 226.=54. 7+ the&e vi'eo&, ra) (u&i! vi'eo& &howe' a hi%her !ontent
o+ a#!oho# or toba!!o u&e than 'i' other t*)e& o+ vi'eo&.
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The lin# bet$een references in son" lyrics and dru" use
ut the 8ue&tion re(ain&, 'oe& e1)o&ure to the&e #*ri!& an' (u&i! vi'eo& whi!h re+eren!e
'ru% u&e a!tua##* )ro()t )er&on&, e&)e!ia##* !hi#'ren an' a'o#e&!ent&, to initiate or !ontinue u&in%
(ari9uana. Pri(a!/ in 2010 !on'u!te' a &tu'* a(on% a'o#e&!ent& in , urban IS hi%h &!hoo#& an'
+oun' that a'o#e&!ent& who #i&tene' to (ore (u&i! !ontainin% (ari9uana re+eren!e& were (ore
#i/e#* to have u&e' (ari9uana in the #a&t thirt* 'a*&. A(on% the&e &a(e &tu'ent& there wa& no #in/
between #i&tenin% to #*ri!& !ontainin% (ari9uana !ontent an' the u&e o+ a#!oho# &howin% the !ontent
o+ the #*ri!& wa& &)e!i+i! to the behaviour.
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Theoretical e%planation
-hat i& the un'er#*in% e1)#anation +or thi&J 7ne )o&&ib#e an&wer #ie& in the )&*!ho#o%i!a#
So!ia# <earnin% $heor*. $hi& theor* &tate& that @-at!hin% an' ob&ervin% how other& u&e a#!oho#
an' 'ru%& in+#uen!e& our 'e!i&ion& to u&e. Cor e1a()#e, i+ *ou noti!e attra!tive )eo)#e 'rin/in% or
&(o/in% at a bar, an' *ou wat!h the( bein% rewar'e' +or thi& behaviour 2e.%., the* attra!t )o&itive
attention4, then thereK& a &tron% !han!e that *ouK## a#&o !hoo&e to 'rin/ the ne1t ti(e *ou are in a
&i(i#ar environ(ent@.
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-hen we !on&i'er that (u&i!ian& are ro#e (o'e#& an' the )erva&ivene&& o+
(u&i! an' (u&i! vi'eo& we &ee that their (e&&a%e& !an rea!h unto#' nu(ber& o+ +an& an'
i()re&&ionab#e *outh.
A& an e1a()#e, !on&i'er ra)Fhi)ho) (u&i!. Ra) an' hi)ho).& !ore +an ba&e !o(e& +ro( the
un'er)rive#e%e', un'er&erve' inner !it* &#u(&. It i& an environ(ent where 'ru%& are ea&i#* avai#ab#e
an' 'ru% u&e i& wi'e#* )ra!ti!e'. -hen the un'er)rive#e%e' *outh #oo/ at (u&i! vi'eo& whi!h
'e)i!t an o)u#ent #u1uriou& #i+e&t*#e with attra!tive !o()anion& an' ever*one a))ear& to be havin%
a %oo' ti(e an' &ee the arti&t& or (u&i! vi'eo a!tor& u&in% &ub&tan!e&, the* %et the (e&&a%e that
&ub&tan!e u&e i& 'e&irab#e i+ not ne!e&&ar* to havin% +un an' bein% #i/e the &tar& the* wi&h to
e(u#ate.
ecommendations to decrease dru" use or abuse from listenin" to son"s about dru" use
Sin!e the re+eren!e& to 'ru% an' a#!oho# u&e in )o)u#ar (u&i! are in!rea&in% an' thi& u&e i&
)ortra*e' in an overwhe#(in%#* )o)u#ar (anner, an' thi& i& in+#uen!in% the !on&u(er& to tr* or
!ontinue u&in% &ub&tan!e&, we (u&t +in' a &trate%* to !ontain thi& )he(onenon. A +ew o+ the
&u%%e&te' wa*& a& to how thi& (a* be a!!o()#i&he' in!#u'e
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L
Parent& &hou#' e1)#ore with their !hi#'ren what t*)e& o+ (u&i! the* #i&ten to an' (u&i!
vi'eo& the* wat!h an' un'er whi!h !ir!u(&tan!e& the* !on&u(e the&e (e'ia.
Parent& &hou#' ta/e an a!tive ro#e in (onitorin% the t*)e o+ (u&i! towhi!h their !hi#'ren an'
a'o#e&!ent& are e1)o&e' an' to be aware o+ the (u&i! the* )ur!ha&e.
$he )ub#i!, an' )arent& in )arti!u#ar, &hou#' be aware o+ an' u&e the (u&i! in'u&tr*K&
)arenta# a'vi&or* warnin% o+ e1)#i!it !ontent. $he a'vi&or* #abe# i& a b#a!/-an'white #o%o
an' &hou#' be #o!ate' on the +ront o+ the CD, !a&&ette, a#bu(, vi'eo!a&&ette, or DDD.
Per+or(er& &hou#' &erve a& )o&itive ro#e (o'e#& +or !hi#'ren an' teena%er&.
Positive aspects of music on dru" use and misuse
A& (entione' ear#ier, (u&i! !an be u&e' in a )o&itive wa* to )revent #i&tener& +ro( u&in%
'ru%&. Me&&a%e& !an be 'i&&e(inate' in &on%& a& in the !a#*)&o& &u!h 'urin% the arba'o& Cro)
7ver when the ?ationa# Coun!i# on Sub&tan!e Abu&e 'onate' a )ri:e to the Junior Ca#*)&o
Monar!h Co()etition +or the &on% that be&t 'e)i!te' the i## e++e!t& o+ &ub&tan!e abu&e, in!#u'in%
a#!oho# abu&e, in an e++ort to )ro(ote hea#th*, 'ru%-+ree #ivin% an' to re(in' reve#er& how
&ub&tan!e abu&e ne%ative#* a++e!t& the(. $hi& wa& )arti!u#ar#* ti(e#* a& it wa& he#' 'urin% the Cro)
7ver &ea&on whi!h i& a ti(e o+ *ear when a#!oho# !on&u()tion in!rea&e&.
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Another wa* in whi!h (u&i! )#a*& a ro#e in )reventin% &ub&tan!e abu&e i& it& u&e a& a
!o()#e(entar* thera)* in a''i!tion treat(ent. -in/e#(an 2200,4 +oun' that 'ru((in% wa& u&e+u#
in a''i!tion thera)* in a nu(ber o+ wa*& in!#u'in%L re#ea&e o+ e(otiona# trau(a, a##eviatin%
&e#+-!entere'ne&&, i&o#ation, an' a#ienation, an' !reatin% a &en&e o+ !onne!te'ne&& with
&e#+ an' other&.
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Conclusion
In !on!#u&ion, we &ee that re+eren!e& to 'ru% u&e are wi'e&)rea' in )o)u#ar (u&i!. It i& o+ten
)ortra*e' in a )o&itive wa* e&)e!ia##* in an e!ono(i! &en&e in ra) (u&i! an' a& a wa* o+ !o)in%
with ro(anti! )rob#e(& in !ountr* (u&i! an' !hutne*-&o!a (u&i!. $he&e (e&&a%e& a++e!t the
behaviour o+ #i&tener& e&)e!ia##* *oun% !hi#'ren an' a'o#e&!ent& with re&)e!t to )ro(otin% the
initiation or !ontinuation o+ &ub&tan!e u&e. At the &a(e ti(e we re!o%ni&e that i+ u&e' in a
!on&tru!tive wa* (u&i! !an be u&e' to )revent, re'u!e or treat &ub&tan!e abu&e. $here are (u#ti)#e
wa*& in whi!h we !an #e&&en the ne%ative e++e!t o+ (u&i! on &ub&tan!e u&e but one /e* &te) i&
)arent& (u&t (onitor what their !hi#'ren #i&ten to an' 'i&!u&& with the( what i& a))ro)riate an'
ina))ro)riate &ub&tan!e u&e an' wa*& o+ !o)in% with i&&ue& be&i'e& turnin% to 'ru%& an' a#!oho#.
1
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