157 ithin the context of recent changes emerging on unconventional war battlefield. The need to understand terrorist groups re-configuration and a new approach to antiterrorist fighters' training.
157 ithin the context of recent changes emerging on unconventional war battlefield. The need to understand terrorist groups re-configuration and a new approach to antiterrorist fighters' training.
157 ithin the context of recent changes emerging on unconventional war battlefield. The need to understand terrorist groups re-configuration and a new approach to antiterrorist fighters' training.
emerging on unconventional war battlefield, setting up reliable TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad ~ From The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ to Hamas Covenant and the White al-Qaeda ~ General Questor Anghel ANDREESCU, PhD ~ State Secretary The Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior ~ Lieutenant Colonel Nicolae RADU, PhD ~ Chief of the Centre for Psychological Expertise and Assistance, Department for Protection and Guarding (SPP) ~ antiterrorist units represents a major growing concern for international special forces such as: US Airborne Force for Special Operations, Delta Force, SEAL or SWAT, Airborne Brigade 44 from South Africa, Airborne Forces or SPETNAZ Troops from the Russian Federation, as well as for Romanian special combat units: ACVILA or Vlad }epes Brigade, within The Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior and The Department for Protection and Guarding. The need to know as many as possible details regarding terrorists psychological, physical and specialized training that is generated by terrorist groups intention of brain washing of the new recruits, religious indoctrination and training based on models inspired by The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad, The letter from an al-Qaeda member, How to withstand and to confront special services investigators requires now, more than ever, a special focus on understanding terrorist groups re-configuration and a new approach to antiterrorist fighters training. Al-Qaeda (Qaidat al-Jihad), after merging in June 2001 with al-Jihad (the Egyptian Islamic Jihad), W The authors approach terrorism from the angle of the necessity for some reliable structures to counter terrorism. After introducing us in the history of terrorism, the authors present some types of terrorist organisations. In this context, contemporary terrorism is considered to be a new type of war. Four important terrorist attacks are mentioned to support it, those in the USA, Madrid, London and Beslan. The ar t i cl e emphas i s es t he importance of knowing the psychology of bot h t he t errori st and of t he anti-terrorist fighter. Having knowledge in this field allows for the specialised structures to take measures to combat terrorism. The authors analyse terrorism from a psychological perspective, stressing the important role mass-media plays to keep people informed and to diminish the psychological evil. In conclusion, it is recommendable that each counter-terrorist group should conceive the strategy taking into account the real capabilities of his collective and of the component tactical groups. Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007 158 holds training bases spread over the south, South-East Asia and Middle East. Beside these bases, it is a well-known fact that the terrorist group is very active through its European cells called White al-Qaeda or the terrorists with white skin. This group reunites around 800 Bosniac mujahedins and its purpose is to expand al-Qaeda in Europe with the final aim of accomplishing the Pan-Islamic Caliphate worldwide. Terror genesis and conceptualisation As a special social phenomenon, terrorism has gain, at the beginning of this century and millennium, global proportions and complex features through its expansion and varied forms of manifestation. Humankind is increasingly facing a multitude of terrorist attacks, some of which are incredibly violent, spreading horror and deeply affecting the normal tempo of the society, endangering the core existence and function of democracies, national security of states and even the world peace. Without claiming an exhaustive documentary work, the content of this paper is part of an in-depth research, structured on six chapters. The main topic is dedicated to: decoding the terrorist phenomenon. The authors intention would not be realistic if it did not bring to the general attention the need for the terrorist phenomenon conceptualisation, based on the meanings derived from documents such as: The Big Encyclopaedia of Jihad or The letter from an al-Qaeda member. It is interesting to introduce the genesis of the main historic, geographical and psychological features, which generally define terrorist groups and criminal actions. With this approach in mind, the authors aim to bring to the general attention, right from the beginning, the existential philosophy of terrorism identified in the historic roots of past criminal actions. It is a well-known fact that terrorism does not represent a new problem (Seger, 1992). Fanatics from Palestine used terrorist tactics to fight the Roman invasion in the first century AD. The Battle from Uruk between Sargons (or Sharu-Kenu the rightful ruler) Semites and Sumerian army of Lugal-Zage-Si represents forms of terrorist manifestation, documented as early as 2380 BC. Considered a milestone in the world order (Frattasio, 2006), this battle opened up the way for Sargon, formerly known as the Kish royal dates Gardner, then as the Royal wine keeper and minister of Urzababa King, to new attacks and conquests ranging from old Elam (nowadays Iran) to Tilmun (considered Edens garden), the oldest and furthest commercial centre from the Persian Gulf. In the 10th century Persia, another secret terrorist organization, The Society of Assassins (hashish eaters), set up by Muslim religious fanatics (mullahi), used to spread Islamism in the Middle East through enemy intimidation. In the whole humankind history there is no situation, experience or ideology that compares to the moral force induced by Islam to its fighters. The fear of death is defeated, guaranteeing the right to a privileged position in Heaven, in the after life. The sense of forgiveness towards the enemy is repressed through Questor General Anghel ANDREESCU, PhD 159 Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security cursing, the opponents greed is justified and amplified and at the same time, the heathens are demoralized and made aware of the only way to save their souls through converting to Islamism (Frattasio, 2006). Starting with the 14th century, the time of the greatest geographical discoveries, organized terrorism and violence increased and diversified directly connected to the colonial expansion policy of the major empires of the time, used as instruments of economic despoliation and nations repression. Initially Portugal, Spain and The Netherlands, later on France and England were amongst the first countries to conquer territories on other continents and to lay the foundation of a strong colonial system. The effects of colonies plunder and despoliation were: a sturdy development of industry, commerce and army in the major metropolises, and the continuous fight amongst empires for control preservation and expansion over certain geographical regions. The emergence of the industrial, commercial and tourist corporations (the precursor of contemporary neo-colonialism) in the colonies has lead to the setting up and development of an increasingly active resistance movement culminating with the national and social revolutions. To handle conflict situations, major empires had frequently used violent and terrorist practices aiming to repress freedom movements. It should be noticed that until 1945 there were no systematic terrorist actions in Europe, apart from some states, such as Russia, Croatia and Spain (Voicu, Andreescu [i Jerebie, 1996). Terrorist organizations under the motto: death for death Experimentation of contemporary terrorism was possible in some South American countries where, at the same time with revolutionary factions, a series of terrorist organizations such as The Freedom Army Forces from Venezuela, Cinconceros from Honduras, Tupamaros from Uruguay, The Anticommunist Alliance from Argentina appeared. The activity of these organizations has served as a model for Europe, offering a source of inspiration and support for terrorist groups such as: Baader Meinhoff and 2 nd of July Movement from Germany, The Red Brigades from Italy, The Secret Army from France, ETA from Spain or IRA from United Kingdom. As time goes by, terrorism has developed to new stages of violence, the theory of death for death was launched and the cooperation with terrorist organizations from far away situated areas as, for instance, The Red Japanese Army appeared as a new phenomenon. On May 30, 1972, a group of Japanese terrorists arrived at Tel Aviv, with an Air France airliner and opened fire in Lod airport. 27 people died and 80 were injured. In this context, besides the revitalisation of Muslim Brothers Organization, other groups appeared such as: Hezbollah, Hamas, The Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well as Osama Bin Ladens al-Qaeda (Andreescu, 2002). Lieutenant Colonel Nicolae RADU, PhD Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007 160 HAMAS Covenant Far from aiming to highlight the diversity of meanings focusing on defining terrorism, still lacking consensus amongst them, one should not neglect the missions of terrorist organizations as mentioned by the HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement). Published on August 18, 1988, the HAMAS Covenant contains 36 articles, all of them encouraging the freedom of Palestine and the termination of Israel through Jihad (Islamic Holy War): Palestine is a blessed Islamic Waqf (a holly territory) belonging to future Muslim generations until the Judgement Day. None can deny it or leave the whole of it or any part of it (Article 11). The liberation of Palestine is an individual duty for each Muslim wherever he might be (Article 13). The anti-Semitic spurs are also to be found in this document: The Judgement Day will not come unless the Muslims fight the Jews and kill them. Then, the Jews will hide behind the rocks and trees, and the rocks and the trees will yell: Oh Muslim! A Jew hides behind me, come and kill him (Article 7). Before we try to understand, at least at the intuitive level, the measures required for fighting terrorism, an important feature in deciphering the hidden meanings of terrorism is the non-ethnocentric perspective. This view represents a sum of perceptions of the terrorist phenomenon reality besides the interpretation of the values and beliefs adopted by our own cultural environment. The above-mentioned approach is even more necessary, taking into account that the one organising the antiterrorist fight must learn to think as a terrorist. This attitude imposes overcoming ethno-centric limitations and requires a global unrestrictive vision, at the same time insuring facts quantification from terrorist own experience. Moreover, taking this approach and thinking like a terrorist, the antiterrorist fighter will be able to identify his own vulnerabilities. The HAMAS Covenant offers valuable hints, fulfilling the need for understanding the terrorist specific. According to this document, HAMAS (the Movement for Islamic Resistance) considers itself the avant-garde and the spear within the fighting circle against World Zionists ! Islamic groups throughout the Arab world should do the same because they are equipped even better for fighting against the Jews who stir things up looking for war (Article 32). The biome and the psychopathology of terror Contemporary terrorism is already a type of war, marking numerous manifestations, described above in brief. Using an analytical approach to terrorist behaviour, regardless of the terrorist group to be investigated dynamite men from the Jewish organisation STERN, Palestinian fedains, the Islamic fundamentalists, or the Chechens Black Widows one major aspect to be considered is that in order to understand the terrorist one must study the terrorist psychopathology (Frattasio, 2006) and identify the genesis of terror. Taking into account the Biome perception, defined as the delicate and shifting balance () of two systems, the vegetal and the animal, interacting with the human presence (Frattasio, 2006), the justification for choosing terror as the ultimate self-imposing decision 161 Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security cannot be made without analysing the economic, political and terrorist psychology environments. One of the key characteristics of terrorists, implicitly of terrorism, is represented by their obsessive wish to impose to a certain public the target social group, their own behavioural norms, their personal vision on justice and morals (Andreescu, 2002). Once they enter the open conflict situation with society, terrorists accept to become clandestine and marginalized, self-isolated full of anxiety and uncertainty. This represents a turning point that releases false and unrealistic beliefs complemented by terrorist actions. As a result of the research initiated by Laiden University in The Netherlands it was concluded that the item violence could be found in 83,5% of the committed terrorists attacks, 65% were connected to political aims, and only 51% were placing a strong accent on inducing the feelings of fear and terror. Societys rebels Strange or psychopathological behaviours (Delcea, 2006), noticeable in a series of terrorists from groups such as AUM (The Supreme Truth), a Japanese group or ANO (Abu Nidal Organisation), amplify violence, their actions lacking any form of compassion for the victims. A survey performed on 250 terrorists from Germany revealed that 25% of the enquired people had lost one parent before reaching 14 years, 79% had had arguments with their parents and 33% had described their fathers in a hostile manner (Brad, 2004). It results from the same research that 33% had been formerly convicted by a juvenile court. Unacceptability of the established order, secretly considered a form of disguised oppression, represents the most frequent type of profile for the psychopathic terrorist. Rebel youngsters are the first to be oriented towards terrorist organizations (Gurr, 1970). Placed at the periphery of community, being born into a disadvantaged environment, haunted by an inferiority complex and feeling unfulfilled, psychopaths of terror try to take revenge on a society in which they could not fit, on a way of life incompatible with their deviant psychology. The professionals of terrorist attacks Completely opposite to the type of psychopaths known under the name of lonely wolves and described above, normally, terrorists think and act in an institutionalised way, being members of a group, political organization or religious extremist faction. Irrespective of the unclear purposes for which terrorists are ready to sacrifice their lives, regardless of the unlimited violence they use, as well as the total lack of scruples they prove, these people, the real professionals of terror, do not share anything with the other kind of terrorists who want to save the world, to make it a better place, through a crime. It is interesting to remember that psychic disorder is incompatible with political or religious terrorist status (Delcea, 2006). The people who act in groups similar to these are likely to have normal psychical state but they have been, most probably, brought up to hate (Post, 1990). Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007 162 Cold, calculated and well trained, these so called professionals of terrorist attacks very often serve specific interests that are not related to theirs. They practice terrorism as a job, without passion, but persistently. All the aspects presented above are needed in order to understand the genesis of terror, taking into account that the structure of the terrorist group as well as the terrorists profile has recorded substantial changes. Terrorists psychology In contrast to past times, following resizing the terrorist phenomenon, the terrorist often passes as a highly educated person, a graduate of famous universities. But this reflects a complex type of psychology. The forces behind terrorists include: male (or female) assertiveness, the need for objectifying, escaping his own personality, isolation and the belief in blood brotherhood (Antipa, 2004). Uncertainty, search for danger, associated with suicidal behaviour are the key elements which define the profile of a possible candidate to terrorism. Terrorist attacks planned by terrorist organizations are, most of the time, the answer to frustrations built up during the struggle for power or for getting rid of unwanted situations by violent criminal means. Turning their causes into a war is highly important for terrorists, as they look to test faith through military confrontations (Powers, 1971). By understanding terrorist psychology, specialized structures can take the most appropriate measures to fight terrorism. Needless to point out that the interest for the antiterrorist profile is equally demonstrated by terrorist groups such as ANO, ETA, ASG (the Group Abu Sayyaf), al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya (The Egyptian Islamic Group IG), Asbat al-Ansar (the League of the Followers ) or PFLP (The Popular Front for Palestines Freedom). The antiterrorist fighter In order to face challenges, fighters are trained in harsh conditions, unbearable most of the time. They are trained to consider that physical limits are mainly based on their way of thinking. Intimately connected to the physical fighters training are his dynamic abilities. A clumsy and poor climber or an unfit fighter to handle the specific gear is a risk factor for his group (Radu, 1999). Through training and coaching, the antiterrorist fighter must be as close as possible to the way in which a real terrorist behaves. Without understanding terrorist actions, and without considering feelings that support the terrorist act, the antiterrorist fighter may risk remaining uncovered when facing terrorist attacks. It is for this reason that tactical exercises have a high degree of risk and danger (Profil, 2003). Antiterrorists missions are complex, many of them being carried out outside the conscious analytical control. This is possible due to long training that develops reflexes and polishes skills (Radu, 2000). Based on research regarding the typical antiterrorist fighters profile (Radu, 2005), and with the help of Professional Monograph (MPA-1) the antiterrorist should compile the subsequent qualities represented in the table on page 163. 163 Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security The qualities considered to be the most important for an antiterrorist fighter are, according to the results of the survey, the following: 92% of the subjects appreciated courage, 89% physical qualities and only 84% believed that professional training is important. Amongst the factors with negative impact on accomplishing the scope of the combat missions, 91% of the subjects believed that lack of technical support is a main cause. Amongst the important character faults the next were mentioned: self-centeredness (81%) and lie (86%); from self-control point of view: the lack of information about the mission (78%), lack of decent living standard (the lack of a home 85%). Based on the above data, one can anticipate in connection to the specialized profile, typical for this f i ghter, that hi s mai n f eatures are: courage, physical skills, specialized training, team spirit. 93% of the sample group consider that an antiterrorist group should act as one body and behave as a real family. To carry out the assigned missions, it is imperative that solutions for handling and sorting new, unpredicted and problem rising situations must be conceived. During sorting these cases, 91% of the fighters appreciate that a major role is played by visual and hearing high sensitivity, which ensures fast perception of the position in space, and in connection with each other, the dynamics of various objects and targets movements. Regarding attention, some aspects should be considered: focus capacity, balance and its duration under stressful circumstances, as well as during repetitive, monotonous conditions. Psychological balance and the trust in oneself are also some of the central features of an antiterrorist fighter, as highlighted by 94% of the interviewees. Without insisting over detailed elements, as a result of applying some psychological research instruments such as Spectrum CPI-26 or 16 PF-5, under international copyright law and administrated in Romania by D&D Research (Pitariu& Iliescu, 2004), from the resulting data (+Cs, +Sy, +Sp, +Sa, +Wb) it can be concluded that the antiterrorist fighter proves interpersonal efficiency, doubled by social maturity (+So, +To, +Gi). The medium score registered around T-50 on the Sensitivity scale (Sn/M-F) underlines that typical antiterrorist profile is defined through attributes as: oral fluency, involvement in sorting the received tasks, carefulness and sensitivity, all on a background of personal torment. Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007 164 From the perspective of the average scores, which are above the mean (T = 50), it can be concluded that a typical profile has the following features: ambition and efficiency on the social level, maturity, responsibility in carrying out tasks and combat missions and team spirit. The terrorist must be shot twice ! In this context, based on the operative and psychological knowledge, it can be appreciated that the work experience relevant to majority of groups specialized in antiterrorist fight relies on: prevention, discouragement, fast reaction and forecast, as key objectives typical to groups such as: SEAL (Sea Air Land), SAS (Special Air Force), GEO (Especial de Operaciones Group), Sayeret MAK TAL or Delta Force. The type of action and its results recommend the latter from the above groups as the best specialists in hostage rescuing missions and terrorists annihilation (Vi[an et al, 2004). The fighter from Delta Force combat unit is the only one taught that a terrorist must be shot twice, to make sure that he is not going to return to fight. Despite all these, the professionalism of an antiterrorist unit regardless its name SAS (Special Air Force), GEO (Especial de Opraciones Group), Spetsgruppa Alfa (special group A), Special Unit for Antiterrorist Intervention ACVILA, The Special Brigade for Intervention Vlad }epe[ and last but not least, the Antitero Brigade (BAT) or The Special Unit for Antiterrorist Intervention from the Department for Protection and Guarding (SPP) cannot reach their highest value limit. Within such structures, there is always room for experimenting something new. Copying previous missions or poor knowledge regarding real fighters capabilities could easily lead to disasters. The following event requires some consideration in this respect: In February 1978, two Palestinians assassinated Yusuf Sebai, a close friend of President Anwar el Sadat, in Nicosia. After taking hostages, the terrorists asked the Cypriot authorities for an airplane with the aim to seek refuge in the Middle East. Because no airport allowed the plane to land, after 21-hour flying time, the plane finally landed in Larnaca. The Egyptians launched the operation hastily, without asking for the Cypriots agreement. Using a plane C-130 Hercules, the Egyptian fighters decided to take the terrorists plane by assault but they were attacked by the National Cypriot Guard. The result of the mission was tragic. The Egyptian fighters did not succeed to get into the terrorists plane and they lost 15 soldiers. Paradoxically, the disoriented terrorists ended up by surrendering themselves to the Cypriot authorities (Ar`d`voiace et al, 1997). The tasks of an antiterrorist counter-strike unit are not at all easy, considering that some of the terrorist groups benefit from a large political support and from modern and efficient weapons (Andreescu et al, 1996). All these aspects determine a thorough selection process of the fighters, based on real value criteria quality versus quantity (Radu, 2006). Within this context, it can be concluded that the main three terrorist actions: September 11, 2001 (USA), March 11, 2004 (Madrid), July 7, 2005 (London), followed by Beslan, Moscow have demonstrated that modern terrorists can strike anything, anywhere in the world, trying to change decisions using terror (Andreescu, 2006). 165 Geopolitics Geostrategy International Security Psychological forecast By researching the evolution of the terrorist phenomenon, it can be anticipated that terrorism will persist most surely in future, growing quantitatively and qualitatively, especially as there have already been some states which seek terrorists support to achieve their aims. All these are possible due to the fact that: modern air transport ensures an unprecedented mobility at a global level; radio, the TV, digital communications via satellite, the Internet allow almost instant access to vital information for terrorists, ensuring, at the same time, a global audience; modern weapon systems, new generation of explosives, of global positioning systems, remote control systems will become more and more accessible and easy to find on the weapons black markets, modern society offering new vulnerabilities, new targets to terrorists (www.sri.ro). The complexity, diversity and ingenuity of terrorist acts, the high level of psychological and combat training, their equipment and high mobility make the adaptation of antiterrorist fighters, their selection, evaluation, psychological periodical testing more relevant than ever. By analysing terrorism from the psychological perspective (Andreescu, 2000), we can sum up that papers justification at cognitive and operative levels, with the purpose to fight terrorism, must be targeted mainly towards: defining the concept of terrorism, pinning the typical elements and the features that make it different from other phenomena and forms of social violence, this way achieving a clear aim and fighting this social scourge; establishing the generating causes and the factors that support the appearance and the spread of social violence, and the interdependence relationships between causes and effects within the terrorist phenomenon; the identification and the penetration in the intimacy of psychological dimensions brought forward by the human factor involved, organisations and terrorist attacks; the identification of terrorism various forms of manifestation, the methods and the means through which violent actions take place. Adding on to all factors mentioned above, it has to be said that a major role belongs to mass-media, which plays an important role in informing and diminishing the psychological harm targeted by terrorist organisations through their attacks (Rosenberg, 2005). All these already represent the authors concern and we will go back to this topic based on the direct relationship and shared experience with London Resilience, as a result of the terrorist attack on July 7, 2005. Understood as a hidden, undeclared warfare or as a low-intensity conflict that has a limited goal, terrorism scourge of the contemporary world (Andreescu et al, 2003) has overcome the stage of improvisations, simple murders or bomb attacks. * A special social phenomenon, terrorism has gained, at the beginning of this century, through its wide and diverse forms of manifestation, a complex character that has expanded at global level. 166 Romanian Military Thinking ~ 1/2007 The planned actions of terrorist organisations are, most of the time, the outcome of various frustrations generated by the struggle for power, with the aim to replace unwanted situations; terrorist attacks represent the end of a series of carefully planned actions. The material means and logistical support that terrorist groups have at this moment are impressive. Professional terrorists have information networks and channels to disseminate information, real arsenals covering weapons ranging from electronic sophisticated weapons, electronic devices with remote control blast system, high power explosives. In this context, the special troops, involved in terrorism counter strike, represent a last resource to be pulled in, in an attempt to sort out terrorist attacks; its failure could have incalculable effects. Besides the high level of professionalism needed for planning such missions, it is important for the leaders of such antiterrorist units to design a strategy based on the knowledge of teams real capabilities. Copying former actions, without proper consideration to aspects mentioned above, can lead to disasters. Selective Bibliography Andreescu, A. (2000), Terorismul, analiz` psihologic`, Bucure[ti, Editura Timpolis, pp. 38-52. Andreescu, A. 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