Kiemtra 7

i
TRNG H CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

KHOA CNG NGH HA HC
----- // -----
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp T do - Hnh phc
----- // -----
NHIM V N CHUYN NGNH

H v tn sinh vin: PHAN VN THNH
MSSV: 10034341
Chuyn ngnh: Cng ngh Ha Du
Lp: DHDH6B
1.
Tn ti kha lun/ n: Nguyn cu thit k phn xng sn xut Amonac

t kh kh vi nng sut 450000 tn/nm
2.
Nhim v:
- Tm hiu tng quan qu trnh sn xut NH3
- La chn dy chuyn cng ngh
- M phng dy chuyn cng ngh bng phn mm Hysys
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht, cn bng nng lng bng phng php
thng
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht, nng lng trn Hysys
- Thit k xy dng , tnh an ton lao ng
3.
Ngy giao kha lun/ n:
4.
Ngy hon thnh kha lun/ n: 6/2014
5.
H tn gio vin hng dn: ThS. Phm Hong i L
Ch nhim b mn
chuyn ngnh
Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm

Gio vin hng dn
ii
LI M U
Amoniac l sn phm ca ngnh cng ngh ho hc, c tm quan trng ln
i vi s pht trin ca ngnh kinh t quc dn, p ng c nhu cu s dng ca
tng quc gia trong cng nghip tng hp phn bn dng cho nng nghip, v cc
hng tng hp hu c khc, trong cng nghip quc phng, cng nghip dn
dng.
V vy m sn phm amoniac c mt trn th gii rt sm, v ngy cng
c pht trin vi cc cng ngh tng hp ca cc hng trn th gii nhm tng
hp amoniac t cc ngun nguyn liu khc nhau tu theo c im ca tng quc
gia v ngun nguyn liu.
Trong nhng nm qua Vit nam s dng sn phm NH3 vi mt lng
khng nh cho cc ngnh nh nng nghip, quc phng, lm cht ti lnh. V vy
vic pht trin la chn cng ngh sn xut NH3 ng vai tr quan trng trong s
pht trin chung ca ngnh cng nghip ho hc.
Vi li th ngun nguyn liu kh t nhin di do vic pht trin cng ngh
sn xut NH3 t kh t nhin l hng i ng n, nhm tn dng ngun nguyn
liu sn c.
Amoniac c nhiu ng dng trong thc t nh vy cho nn ti Thit k
phn xng sn xut NH3 t kh t nhin c ngha thc t su sc. Mc ch ca
ti l s dng ngun nguyn liu kh t nhin sn c nc ta mt cch c hiu
qu sn xut ra Amoniac lm cht ho hc trung gian phc v qu trnh tng hp
ra cc sn phm c ch p ng nhu cu cho nn kinh t quc dn.
iii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
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Phn nh gi:
thc thc hin:

Ni dung thc hin:
Hnh thc trnh by:
Tng hp kt qu:
im bng s: .................. im bng ch:
TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2014
Gio vin hng dn
(K ghi h v tn)
iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
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TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2014

Gio vin phn bin
(K ghi h v tn)
MC LC
LI M U .............................................................................................................ii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN ...................................................... iii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN .......................................................... iv
MC LC ................................................................................................................... v
DANH MC HNH NH ...................................................................................... viii
DANH MC BNG BIU ....................................................................................... ix
Chng 1: TNG QUAN ........................................................................................... 1
1.1. Tng quan amoniac .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Cu to phn t NH3 ..................................................................................1
1.1.2. Tnh cht vt l ca NH3 ...........................................................................2
1.1.3. Tnh cht ho hc ca Amoniac ................................................................3
1.1.4. ng dng Amoniac....................................................................................5
1.1.5. Nguyn liu sn xut Amoniac ..................................................................6
1.2. Cc cng ngh sn xut Amoniac .................................................................... 9
1.2.1. Lch s pht trin cng ngh sn xut Amoniac........................................9
1.2.2. Cng ngh sn xut Amoniac ..................................................................10
1.2.3. Cng ngh ca mt s hng trn th gii ................................................11
1.3. La chn cng ngh sn xut Amoniac ......................................................... 19
1.3.1. Nguyn liu ..............................................................................................19
1.3.2. Dy chuyn sn xut ................................................................................19
1.3.3. Cc qu trnh trong dy chuyn Haldol Topsoe ......................................19
Chng 2: TNH TON THNG THNG .......................................................... 34
1.1. Cn bng vt cht ........................................................................................... 34
1.1.1. Chuyn ha kh t nhin thnh kh tng hp .........................................34
1.1.2. Chuyn ha CO t kh tng hp v tinh ch kh .....................................43
1.1.3. Tng hp NH3 ..........................................................................................47
1.1.4. Hiu chnh theo nng sut thit k ...........................................................51
2.2. Cn bng nhit lng ..................................................................................... 54
2.2.1. Qu trnh chuyn ha kh t nin thnh kh tng hp .............................55
2.2.2. Qu trnh chuyn ha v tinh ch kh tng hp .......................................63
vi
2.2.3. Cn bng nhit h thng tng hp NH3 ................................................70

2.2.4. Hiu chnh cn bng nhit lng theo nng sut ....................................74
2.3. Tnh ton thp tng hp ................................................................................. 77
2.3.1. Chiu dy thn thp tng hp ..................................................................77
2.3.2. Tnh chiu cao ca thp tng hp ............................................................80
Chng 3: M PHNG BNG HYSYS ................................................................. 85
3.1. Tng quan phn mm ................................................................................... 85
3.1.1. Phn mm m phng ...............................................................................85
3.1.2. Phn mm Hysys .....................................................................................86
3.1.3. Phng php xy dng m hnh m phng phn xng Amoniac ........87
3.2. M phng hon chnh phn xng Amoniac ................................................ 92
3.2.1. M phng qu trnh kh lu hunh .........................................................93
3.2.2. M phng qu trnh reforming s cp v th cp ...................................93
3.2.3. M phng qu trnh chuyn ha CO........................................................95
3.2.4. M phng qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA ...........................96
3.2.5. M phng qu trnh methane ha v nn kh tng hp ...........................96
3.2.6. M phng qu trnh tng hp Amoniac v tch thu sn phm ................97
3.2.7. M phng hon chnh ton phn xng Amoniac ..................................98
3.3. nh gi, so snh kt qu m phng vi tnh ton thng thng ................. 99
3.3.1. Qu trnh reforming s cp v th cp ....................................................99
3.3.2. Qu trnh chuyn ha CO ......................................................................100
3.3.3. Qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA ..........................................101
3.3.4. Qu trnh methane ha v nn kh tng hp ..........................................102
3.3.5. Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac v tch thu sn phm ..............................103
Chng 4 : THIT K XY DNG ..................................................................... 105
4.1. Chn a im xy dng .............................................................................. 105
4.1.1. Cc yu cu chung .................................................................................105
4.1.2. Cc yu cu v k thut xy dng .........................................................105
4.1.3. Cc yu cu v mi trng v sinh cng nghip ...................................106
4.1.4. Yu cu khi thit k tng mt bng nh my ........................................106
4.2. Gii php thit k tng quan mt bng phn xng .................................... 107
4.2.1. Nguyn tc thit k tng mt bng phn xng ....................................107
vii
4.2.2. Cc hng mc cng trnh .......................................................................109

4.2.3. Mt bng nh my .................................................................................111
Chng 5: AN TON, V SINH LAO DNG ..................................................... 113
5.1. An ton lao ng .......................................................................................... 113
5.1.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................113
5.1.2. ngha ................................................................................................... 113
5.1.3. Cc bin php an ton lao dng ............................................................. 113
5.2. Cng tc v sinh lao ng ............................................................................ 115
5.2.1. V sinh i vi mt bng nh my ........................................................115
5.2.2. H thng thng gi ................................................................................116
5.2.3. H thng chiu sng...............................................................................116
5.2.4. H thng v sinh c nhn .......................................................................116
KT LUN ............................................................................................................. 117
KIN NGH ............................................................................................................ 118
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 119
PH LC ................................................................................................................ 120
viii
DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1.1. S khi m t phng php kh ho than nhit cao. ...................... 6
Hnh 1.2. S khi m t phng php lm lnh thm tng hp NH3. .............. 7
Hnh 1.3. S khi tng hp NH3 i t nguyn liu th lng hoc th kh ............ 8
Hnh 1.4. S cng ngh ca qu trnh kh lu hunh ......................................... 20
Hnh 1.5. S cng ngh ca qu trnh reforming ................................................. 22
Hnh 1.10. S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh chuyn ha CO ...................... 24
Hnh 1.11. S cng ngh ca qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA .......... 26
Hnh 1.12. S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh methane ha .......................... 27
Hnh 1.13. Thp tng hp Amoniac .......................................................................... 32
Hnh 3.1. Giao din phn mm m phng Hysys. .................................................... 87
Hnh 3.2. Phng php xy dng m hnh m phng phn xng Amoniac .......... 89
Hnh 3.3. Thit lp h cu t cho m hnh m phng............................................... 90
Hnh 3.4. Thit lp h nhit ng SRK-Twu (mc nh) cho m hnh m phng ... 91
Hnh 3.5. M hnh m phng qu trnh kh lu hunh ............................................ 93
Hnh 3.6. M hnh m phng thit b reforming s cp v th cp .......................... 95
Hnh 3.7. M hnh m phng qu trnh chuyn ha CO ........................................... 95
Hnh 3.8. M hnh m phng qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA .............. 96
Hnh 3.9. M hnh m phng qu trnh methane ha v nn kh tng hp .............. 97
Hnh 3.10. M hnh m phng qu trnh tng hp Amoniac v tch thu sn phm . 98
Hnh 3.11. M hnh m phng hon chnh phn xng Amoniac ........................... 99
ix
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1. Cc thng s ho l c bn ca NH3 .......................................................... 2
Bng 2.1. Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming s cp .......................................... 38
Bng 2.2. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao........................ 44
Bng 2.3. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp ...................... 45
Bng 2.4. Cn bng vt cht thit b tch CO2...................................................... 46
Bng 2.5. Cn bng vt cht thit b mtan ha..................................................... 47
Bng 2.6. Cn bng vt cht thp tng hp NH3 ................................................... 49
Bng 2.7. Cn bng vt cht thp tch NH3. .......................................................... 50
Bng 2.8. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b h thng ................................................... 50
Bng 2.9 Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming s cp .......................................... 51
Bng 2.10. Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming th cp ..................................... 52
Bng 2.11. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao ..................... 52
Bng 2.13. Cn bng vt cht thit b tch CO2..................................................... 53
Bng 2.14. Cn bng vt cht thit b mtan ha.................................................. 53
Bng 2.15. Cn bng vt cht ca thp tng hp NH3 ............................................. 54
Bng 2.16. Cn bng vt cht ca thp tch NH3 .................................................... 54
Bng 2.17. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b h thng ................................................ 54
Bng 2.18. Nhit dung ng p ca cc cu t ph thuc vo nhit ................... 55
Bng 2.19. T nhit ca cc cu t 773 K (500 0C) ............................................... 55
Bng 2.20. Nhit to thnh ca cc cu t iu kin chun. ................................. 57
Bng 2.21. T nhit ca cc cu t 1123 K (850 0C) ............................................. 57
Bng 2.23. Cn bng nhit lng thit b reforming s cp. ............................. 60
Bng 2.24. T nhit ca cc cu t 693 K. ............................................................. 61
Bng 2.25. T nhit ca cc cu t 1273 K (1000 0C............................................. 62
Bng 2.26. Cn bng nhit thit b reforming th cp ........................................... 62
Bng 2.28. T nhit ca cc cu t 593 K (320 0C). .............................................. 64
Bng 2.29. Cn bng nhit thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao. ......................... 64

Bng 2.32. Cn bng nhit lng thit b chuyn ho nhit thp. .................... 67
Bng 2.33. T nhit ca cc cu t 298 K (25 0C). ................................................ 67
Bng 2.34. Cn bng nhit lng thit b tch CO2. .............................................. 68
Bng 2.35. T nhit ca cc cu t 563K (290 0C). ............................................... 69
Bng 2.37. Cn bng nhit lng thit b mtan ho. ............................................ 70
Bng 2.38. T nhit ca cc cu t 673 K (4000C). ............................................... 71
Bng 2.40. Cn bng nhit lng thp tng hp NH3. .......................................... 72
Bng 2.41. T nhit ca cc cu t 268 K (-6 0C). ................................................. 73
Bng 2.42. T nhit ca cc cu t 240 K (-33 0C). ............................................... 73
Bng 2.43. Cn bng nhit thit b tch NH3. ........................................................ 74
Bng 2.44. Cn bng nhit lng thit b reforming s cp ................................. 74
Bng 2.45. Cn bng nhit lng thit b reforming th cp ............................... 74
Bng 2.46. Cn bng nhit lng thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao. ............... 74
Bng 2.47. Cn bng nhit lng thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp. ............. 75
Bng 2.48. Cn bng nhit lng thit b tch CO2. .............................................. 75
Bng 2.49. Cn bng nhit lng thit b mtan ha ............................................. 75
Bng 3.1. Kt qu so snh ca dng vo Reforming th cp (Feed_prirefor) ......... 99
Bng 3.2. Kt qu m phng ca dng ra khi thit b reforming th cp ............. 100
Bng 3.3. Kt qu m phng ca dng Pro_hight ra khi thit b chuyn ha CO
nhit cao ............................................................................................................. 100
Bng 3.4. Kt qu m phng ca dng Pro_low ra khi thit b chuyn ha CO
nhit thp ............................................................................................................ 101
Bng 4.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh ca phn xng ............................... 109
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1. TNG QUAN AMONIAC
1.1.1. CU TO PHN T NH3
NH3 c mt nguyn t nit v 3 nguyn t hir. Nguyn t N c 7 electron
lp v, tng ng vi s in tch ht nhn ca n. Trong , mt cp electron
trng thi 1s, cn 5 electron kia phn b vo 4 obitan vi s lng t chnh l 2.
Trong 5 electron ny th c mt cp chim obitan 2s v 3 electron khng cp i
phn b 3 obitan 2Px, 2Py, 2Pz.
Cc electron khng cp i ca N c th kt hp vi electron 1s ca nguyn t
H. V vy ta c:
.
:N .
.
H
..
H :N
..
H
.
3H
Nguyn t N nm trn mt nh ca hnh t din nm trn mt phng ca 3

nguyn t H, 3 nguyn t H xp theo 1 hnh tam gic u, gc lin kt
H-N-H khong 107O. Mc d cc lin kt N-H l nhng lin kt cng ha tr
nhng chng c phn ging nh lin kt ion, ti v ngyn t N c m in ln
hn H rt nhiu. Do s phn cc ha ca cc lin kt v cch sp xp bt i ca
phn t NH3 m n c mt mmen lng cc khong 1,5 Debye.
V phn t NH3 c cng cu hnh electron vi nc, gc ha tr cng tng t
nh nc nn NH3 v H2O c nhiu tnh cht ging nhau, u l nhng cht nghch
t.
N
o
oH
oH
1.1.2. TNH CHT VT L CA NH3

nhit thng NH3 l kh khng mu, c mi c trng, v hng c th
gy ngt th, c tc dng kch thch nim mc, kh nng ho tan ca amoniac ph
thuc vo nhit , p sut, nhit cng tng kh ho tan amoniac cng gim.
nht thng NH3 rt n nh, nhng nhit cao 12000C NH3 d b
phn hu, nu c xc tc NH3 b phn hu ngay 3000C. NH3 l cht hot tnh cao.
Mt s thng s ho l c bn ca amoniac: (Bng 1).
Bng 1.1. Cc thng s ho l c bn ca NH3
Cc i lng vt l
Gi tr
Khi lng phn t, (kg/kmol)
17,0312
Nhit si 101,34 kpa (0C)
- 3375
Khi lng ring 00C, 1 at (kg/m3)
0,77
Nhit ti hn (0C)
132,4
Nhit bay hi, (kj/kg)
1370
Nhit nng chy, (0C)
- 77,75
Khi lng ring 00C, 1 at, (Cp)
2220
Th tch phn t 00C; 101,3 kpa, (l/mol)
22,08
T trng cht lng - 33,,430C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)
0,682
T trng cht lng 00C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)
0,6383
T trng cht kh 00C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)
0,638
T trng cht kh - 33,430C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)
0,888
p sut ti hn, (at)
111,5
p sut hi, (kpa)
6,077
nht ti hn (mpa.s)
23,9.10-3
im nng chy (0C)
- 77,71
Entanpi sinh chun 250C, (j/kmol)
192,731
Gii hn n hn hp NH3 vi oxy 200C; 101,3kpa
15 79%
Gii hn n hn hp NH3 vi khng kh 200C; 101,3kpa
16 27%
H s nn ti hn
0,242
H s dn nhit ti hn (kj.k-1.h-1.m-1)
0,522
H s dn nhit - 350C iu kin rt tinh khit (-1.cm-1)
0,1
H s dn nhit 00C, 1 at
0,0215
Hng s K = Cp/Cv
1,25
Hng s e
626,66
1.1.3. TNH CHT HO HC CA AMONIAC

1.1.3.1.
Tnh baz yu
Tc dng vi nc
Khi tan trong nc, mt phn nh cc phn t amoniac kt hp H+ ca nc

to thnh ion amoniac (NH4+) v ion hidroxit (OH-).
NH3 H 2O
NH 4 OH
Ion OH lm cho dung dch c tnh baz, tuy nhin so vi dung dch kim
mnh (th d NaOH) cng nng , th nng ion OH do NH3 to thnh nh hn
nhiu. Trong dung dch, amoniac l mt baz yu: 250C, hng s phn li ba
zo Kb=1,8.105. Dung dch amoniac lm cho phenolphtalein t khng mu chuyn
sang mu hng, qu tm chuyn sang mu xanh. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta
dng giy qu tm m nhn ra kh amoniac.
Tc dng vi axit
Amoniac (dng kh cng nh dung dch) kt hp d dng vi axit to thnh
mui amoni.
2 NH 3 H 2 SO4 ( NH 4 )2 SO4
NH 3 H NH 4
Khi t hai bnh m nt ng dung dch HCl c v NH3 c gn nhau th

thy c "khi" mu trng to thnh. "Khi" l nhng ht nh li ti ca tinh th mui
amoni clorua (NH4Cl). Mui ny c to thnh do kh amoniac v kh hiro clorua
ha hp vi nhau.
NH3(k)+HCl(k)NH4Cl(r)
Phn ng ny cng c s dng nhn ra kh amoniac.
Tc dng vi dung dch mui
Dung dch amoniac c kh nng lm kt ta nhiu hiroxit kim loi khi tc
dng vi dung dch mui ca chn
Al 3 3NH3 3H 2O Al (OH )3 3NH 4
1.1.3.2.
Kh nng to phc
Dung dch amoniac c kh nng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s

kim loi, to thnh cc dung dch phc cht
Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4] 2++2OH
AgCl+2NH3[Ag(NH3)2]Cl
AgCl+2NH3[Ag(NH3)2] ++Cl
S to thnh cc ion phc [Cu(NH3)4] 2+,[Ag(NH3)2] +,... xy ra do cc phn t
amoniac kt hp vi cc ion Cu2+, Ag+,... bng cc lin kt cho-nhn gia cp
eletron cha s dng ca nguyn t nit vi obitan trng ca ion kim loi.
1.1.3.3.
Tnh kh
Tc dng vi oxi
Khi t trong kh oxi, amoniac chy vi ngn la mu vng, to ra kh nit v
hi nc
4NH3+3O2 2N2+6H2O
Khi t amoniac trong oxi khng kh c mt cht xc tc th to ra kh NO v

nc
4NH3+5O2 4NO + 6H2O
Tc dng vi clo
Dn kh NH3 vo bnh cha kh clo, NH3 t bc chy to ra ngn la c
khi trng
2NH3+3Cl2 N20+6HCl
"Khi" trng l nhng ht NH4Cl sinh ra do kh HCl va to thnh ha hp
vi NH3.
Tc dng vi oxit kim loi
Khi un nng, NH3 c th kh mt s oxit kim loi thnh kim loi , chng
hn NH3 kh CuO mu en to ra Cu mu , nc v kh N2
2NH3+3CuO Cu+N20+3H2O
1.1.4. NG DNG AMONIAC
Amoniac c s dng c trong cng nghip v trong i sng hng ngy. C
th:
Dung dch nc ca NH3 c nng 25% hoc thp hn thng c dng
trong cc phng th nghim v trong i sng.
Dung dch NH3 c s dng trong nng nghip nh: to mi trng chng
ng (nng NH3 0,03% v axit boric 0,2-0,5%) bo qun m cao su (latex)
hoc c s dng trc tip lm phn bn.
Dung dch amoniac hoc amoniac lng c s dng trong x l mi trng
nhm loi cc NOx hoc SOx trong cc cc kh thi khi t cc nguyn liu ha
thch (than , du, v.v). Qu trnh ny thng c th phi dng cht xc tc
cha vanai.
Dung dch amoniac hoc amoniac lng c s dng trong cng nghip sn
xut phn bn, ha cht v ha dc.
1.1.5. NGUYN LIU SN XUT AMONIAC
1.1.5.1. Nguyn liu th rn
Nguyn liu
- Nguyn liu rn nh than
- Hi nc.
- Khng kh hoc khng kh giu oxy.
Phng php
Phng php sn xut ny c m t s hnh khi

Nguyn liu
Kh sau phn ng
Kh hp cht sulfur
Chuyn ho CO
Kh phn ln
CO2 bng H2O
hoc dung dch
kim
Nn kh nguyn liu
Ra ng kh
CO v kh CO2
bng dung dch
kim
Tng hp NH3
Hnh 1.1. S khi m t phng php kh ho than nhit cao.
1.1.5.2. Nguyn liu kh l cc c cha hydro

Nguyn liu
- Kh l cc
- Khng kh
Phng php: Phng php ny c m t trong s hnh khi sau:
Nguyn liu
Kh l cc
Khng kh
Kh sch CO2 sy kh
Kh sch hp cht sulfur
Lm lnh thm phn ly
c oxy
Kh CO2 bng cht hp th
Lm lnh thm
Kh Nit
Kh giu C2H4
Kh sch CO2 bng N2 lng
Nn kh nguyn liu
Tng hp NH3
Hnh 1.2. S khi m t phng php lm lnh thm tng hp NH3.
1.1.5.3. Nguyn liu th lng hoc th kh

Nguyn liu
- Nguyn liu th lng hoc th kh: b cc du m
- Hi nc.
- Khng kh hoc khng kh giu oxy.
Chng c chuyn ho hoc oxy ho khng hon ton.
Phng php
Phng php ny c m t trong s hnh khi
Ngyn liu
Kh sch hp cht sulfur
Chuyn ho CO
Nn kh nguyn liu
Kh phn ln CO2
bng H2O hoc dung
dch kim
Kh CO bng
dung dch ng
Tng hp NH3
Hnh 1.3. S khi phng php tng hp NH3 i t nguyn liu th lng
hoc th kh
1.1.5.4. Nguyn liu kh t nhin

Kh t nhin c mt rt nhiu ni trn th gii nh Trung ng, ng nam ,
Chu u, M
V thnh phn ca kh t nhin qua cc nghin cu cho thy, vi mi quc gia
c thnh phn kh t nhin khc nhau, nhng thnh phn ch yu trong kh t nhin
l kh metan, t 70% tr ln.
Vit nam chng ta kh t nhin c c min Bc v min Nam. Min Bc
c m kh tm c Tin Hi Thi Bnh vo nm 1981. Pha Nam c cc m
nh Nam Cn Sn, Lan Ty, Lan , vi tr lng tng i ln, ngoi ra ngun
kh ng hnh cng cung cp mt khi lng kh khng nh.
1.2. CC CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC

1.2.1. LCH S PHT TRIN CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC
Sn phm amoniac xut hin rt sm t u th k 18. Khi ngi ta tng
hp amoniac p sut cao v nhit cao, ti nm 1821 ngi ta c gng tng hp
amoniac c s tr gip ca xc tc nhng khng t c.
Vo nm 1860, bng phng php h quang ngi ta tng hp c amoniac
t nit v hydro nhng hiu qu khng cao.
Do nhu cu s dng amoniac ngy mt nhiu nn c nhiu phng php
tng hp amoniac ra i, nm 1961 tng hp amoniac vi xc tc st nhit cao,
vi hiu qu 0,1%.
Ti nm 1930, vic tng hp amoniac thnh cng vi nhiu loi xc tc
khc nhau nhng hiu qu cao nht l xc tc kim loi Ni.
Cng ty Kellogg a ra cng ngh tng hp NH3 ti a ho nng lng vo
thp k 60, nhit sinh ra t cc phn ng chuyn ho kh t nhin v cc qu trnh
tun hon, phc tp, hiu qu kinh t ph thuc cng sut ca nh my, cng sut
cng ln hiu qu kinh t cao, ng thi hiu qu kinh t cn ph thuc vo dy
chuyn cng ngh.
10
Vo nm 1988, vi cng ngh mang tn LCA, cng ty ICI ca Anh c mt

bc t ph mi trong cng ngh tng hp NH3 p sut thp v nhit thp
hn cc phng php c. Cng ngh ny s dng xc tc hot tnh cao, a vai tr
xc tc lm nn tng cho cng ngh tng hp NH3. Ngy nay dy chuyn sn xut
NH3 hin i c th t c nng sut t 1200 1500 tn/ngy m.
nc ta hin nay c nh my phn m H Bc sn xut NH3 t than nhng
cng ngh lc hu v hiu qu khng cao. Nm 2004 vi d n nh my kh in
m Ph M i vo hot ng vi cng sut 1200 tn/ngy s dng phn no
ngun nguyn liu sn c, p ng nhu cu s dng NH3 cho tng hp phn m v
cc ngnh cng nghip ho hc khc.
Cc cng ngh sn xut amoniac tu thuc vo tng hng thit k khc nhau
m c nhng u vit khc nhau, v chng c nhng im chung trong dy truyn
cng ngh, da vo p sut ngi ta chia ra 3 phng php tng hp amoniac khc
nhau nh sau:
Tng hp p sut thp: 100 160 atm
Tng hp p sut trung bnh: 250 360 atm
Tng hp p sut cao: 450 1000 atm
1.2.2. CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC

1.2.2.1. Tng hp amoniac p sut cao
Phng php ny thc hin p sut 450 1000 atm. c thc hin p
sut cao nn qu trnh chuyn ho din ra nhanh, hiu sut phn ng cao, cng
sn xut ln, d phn tch NH3 khi phn ng.
Bn cnh do p sut cao, vic ch to thit b kh khn hn, thp phi c
chiu dy chng n, cc ng ng dn phi c thit k cho ph hp vi p
sut cao, vic p sut cao s tiu tn nng lng l iu phi kinh t, ng thi nhit
cao kh nng ti s dng xc tc gim, thi gian s dng xc tc thp. Chnh
nhng bt li trn m phng php ny t c s dng.
11
1.2.2.2. Tng hp amoniac p sut trung bnh

Dy chuyn tng hp amoniac p sut trung bnh s dng nng lng t hn
phng php p sut cao, thit b d ch to hn phng php p sut cao, do vy
m hiu qu kinh t cao hn, phng php ny c s dng rng ri vo thp k
70 ca th k trc.
1.2.2.3. Tng hp amoniac p sut thp
Qu trnh tng hp p sut thp c u im vt tri so vi cc phng php
khc, do qu trnh thc hin p sut thp m ch to thit b gn nh hn nn gi
thnh va phi. p sut thp nhit lm vic thp, d vn hnh v iu chnh
nhit . Xc tc s dng bn, qu trnh sn xut kh tng hp p sut cao, li
dng p sut cao ny vo cho qu trnh nn kh, gim tiu tn nng lng, phng
php ny m bo cho an ton lao ng
Bn cnh nhng u im trn th phng php tng hp p sut thp c nhc
im l hiu sut tng hp khng cao, nng NH3 t c khong 8 25%, yu
cu s dng xc tc ln, khng tt v cn bng nhit ng tiu tn nng lng cho
tun hon.
1.2.3. CNG NGH CA MT S HNG TRN TH GII
1.2.3.1. Cng ngh Kellog
Vo thp k 70 th k trc Kellogg p dng phng php tng hp p
sut thp, v l hng u tin p dng phng php ny.
S cng ngh
T kh t nhin qua cng on tch lu hunh, v cc hp cht cha lu
hunh c a vo phn ng vi hi nc c gia nhit thm (qu trnh Reforming
s cp) to ra H2, CO, CO2 hn hp ny c a n thit b reforming th cp
chuyn ho ht lng CH4 cn li sau qu trnh reforming s cp.
Sau qu trnh reforming s cp, th cp thu c kh tng hp, ri a ti
thp chuyn ho nhit cao v thp chuyn ht CO thnh CO2. Sau CO2
12
c hp th em i ti sinh, hn hp kh sau khi tch CO2 ti sinh i vo thp kh

ht CO metan ho cho php (CO + CO2 5ppm). Sau c nng ln nhit
4800C, 195 320 atm dn ti thp tng hp vi xc tc Fe. Sn phm to thnh
c a sang thp tch NH3, kh cha chuyn ho c nn tr li thp tng hp
NH3.
im c bit ca cng ngh Kellogg l nhit cao qu trnh reforming s
cp c cc ng xon tch ti s dng thit b un si, chy hi cao p, chy tua
bin my nn ly tm.
Cng ngh Kellogg cn mt s nhc im
+ Ting n.
+ Cng sut hn ch.
+ My nn tuabin, cc thit b, ng ng hi cao p c gi thnh cao.
1 My nn
2 - Thit b tch lu hunh.
3 Reforming s cp,
4 - Thit b un si ph tr.
5 Cng on trao i nhit i lu.
6 - Ct kh thi.
7 Reforming th cp.
8 - Thit b trao i nhit.
9 - Ni hi.
10-Chuyn ho CO nhit cao.
11- Chuyn ho CO nhit thp.
12 Thp metan ho.
13 Thp hp th CO2.
14 Tch du.
15 Thu hi CO2.
16-Thit b chuyn ho ammniac
17- Thit b tch Amoniacc p sut cao.

18 Thng cha Amoniacc.
19 - Thit b thu hi Amoniacc.
Hi nc
Khng kh
Hnh 1.4. S DY CHUYN CNG NGH TNG HP AMONIAC CA

KELLOGG
Kh t nhin
Amoniac
Cacbon dioxyt
13
14
1.2.3.2. Cng ngh KBR Purifier

c im quan trng ca cng ngh KBR Purifier l qu trnh reforming s
cp n ha, qu trnh reforming th cp vi khng kh d, qu trnh tinh ch lnh
ca kh tng hp v qu trnh tng hp Amoniac trn h xc tc magnetite (oxide
st) trong thit b tng hp Amoniac nm ngang. S cng ngh tng qut ca
cng ngh KBR Purifier nh sau:
Hnh 1.5. Cng ngh KBR Purifier

Nguyn liu kh lu hunh phn ng vi hi nc trong thit b reforming
s cp (1) iu kin nhit ng khong 700oC. Dng sn phm ra khi thit b reforming s cp c phn ng vi khng kh d trong thit b reforming th cp (2)
iu kin nhit u ra 900oC.
Dng kh ra khi thit b reforming th cp c lm mt sn xut hi
nc p sut cao (4). Phn ng chuyn ha CO c tin hnh trong hai giai on
chuyn ha CO nhit cao (5) v chuyn ha CO nhit thp (6). Sau qu trnh
chuyn ha CO, dng kh cng ngh tip tc tri qua qu trnh tch CO2 (7), methane ha (8), lm mt v phn tch nc (9) trc khi sy.
Kh cng ngh sau sy c a vo qu trnh tinh ch lnh (11), ti y din
ra qu trnh trao i nhit gia nguyn liu/sn phm. Sau kh tng hp c nn
15
trong my nn kh tng hp (12) v phi trn vi dng kh tng hp tun hon v

cp vo thit b tng hp amonia (13). Dng sn phm sau thit b tng hp amonia
c lm mt v lm lnh bng qu trnh lm lnh amonia. Sn phm amonia c
phn tch (14) ra khi dng kh tng hp cha phn ng v dng kh tng hp c
tun hon li u chu trnh tng hp Amoniac
+ Bo v mi trng sinh thi v con ngi tt hn.
+ Kh nng xy ra s c thp hn cc phng php trc.
+ c im ca phng php ny l s dng xc tc c hot tnh cao nng
cao hiu sut phn ng, tng nng sut, gim p sut lm vic.
+ c thit k linh hot c kh nng thay i thit b ph, t ng iu khin
n tng thit b.
1.2.3.3. Cng ngh Krupp Uhde
Cng ngh Krupp Uhde l cng ngh sn xut Amoniac t kh thin nhin,
LNG, LPG hoc naphtha. Cng ngh s dng qu trnh reforming hi nc truyn
thng sn xut kh tng hp, trong khi qu trnh tng hp Amoniac lin tc vi
vng tng hp Amoniac. iu ny cho php thit k phn xng Amoniac c cng
sut rt ln t 4.000 n 5.000 tn/ngy. Phn xng Amoniac u tin xy dng
trn cng ngh ny l SAFCO IV Arp-X-t v i vo hot ng t nm
2006. S cng ngh tng qut ca cng ngh Krupp Uhde c th hin trong
hnh theo sau:
16
Hnh 1.6. Cng ngh Krupp Uhde

Nguyn liu (kh thin nhin) c tch lu hunh, phi trn vi hi nc v
c chuyn ho thnh kh tng hp nh xc tc niken p sut khong 40 bar v
nhit 800-850oC trong thit b reforming s cp. Thit b reforming s cp ca
Krupp Uhde l thit b t phn trn, c cc ng c lm bng thp hp kim v
h thng ng x lnh nng cao n nh vn hnh.
Trong thit b reforming th cp, khng kh c a vo kh tng hp qua h
thng vi phun c bit, cho php phi trn tt hn hp khng kh vi kh tng hp.
Qu trnh sn xut hi nc p sut cao v hi nc qu nhit tip theo m bo tn
dng ti a nhit nng t hiu qu nng lng ti u.
Kh CO c chuyn ha thnh CO2 trong cc thit b chuyn ha nhit
cao v nhit thp vi tc dng ca cc xc tc. Kh CO2 c loi b thit b
ra kh nh qu trnh BASF-aMDEA, UOP-Benfield hoc UOP-Amine Guard. CO2
d c chuyn ha thnh methane nh phn ng methane ha c xc tc gim
hm lng CO2 di mc cho php.
17
Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac tri qua hai giai on chuyn ha. Kh tng hp
b sung c nn trong my nn lm mnh hai giai hai cp nn kh tng hp n
p sut 210 bar trc khi cp vo thit b tng hp Amoniac
Amoniac lng ngng t v c tch ra khi qu trnh tng hp, sau c
lm lnh tip xung di nhit ngng t v a vo b cha, hoc c vn
chuyn ti ni tiu th
1.2.3.4. Cng ngh ca Haldor Topsoe
Vi cng ngh ny kh nguyn liu c gia nhit sau a ti thit b lm
lnh lu hunh.
Khi lm sch lu hunh c trn vi hi nc nhit 6000C giai on
ny ta tin hnh reforming s cu bin kh nguyn liu thnh H2, CO, CO2. Tip
theo trit chuyn ho kh nguyn liu thnh H2, CO, CO2 ngi ta cho qua
thit b reforming th cp, dng xc tc Ni, khng kh c a vo.
Tip theo l giai on chuyn ho CO CO2 gm hai bc chuyn ho
nhit cao ri chuyn sang chuyn ho nhit thp (nhit cao 4000C, nhit
thp 2000C c xc tc). Sau khi chuyn ho, kh tng hp c a ti thit b tch
CO2, t qua thit b metan ho tch trit CO2, sau c a vo thp tng
hp NH3.
Thp tng hp NH3 lm vic 136at nhit 3000C. Sn phm thu c gm
NH3 v cc kh khc qua thit b lm lnh bng nc h nhit t 3800C xung
khong 350C v a ti thit b ngng t NH3 3,20C v a vo thit b phn ly,
NH3 lng c tch ra phn kh cong li c tun hon tr li.
Hin nay cng ngh Haldot Topsoe c ng dng ti nhiu nc trn th
gii v Vit nam chng ta ng dng cng ngh ny ti nh my kh in m
Ph M.
Phn xng sn xut NH3 vi cng sut thit k 1250 tn/ngy. Chng bao
gm cc cng on sau:
Reforming
Metan ho
Chuyn ho CO
Tch
CO2
CO2
+ T kh t nhin kh S.
+ Metan ho.
+ Reforming s cp, th cp.

+ Tng hp NH3.
+ Chuyn ho CO.
+ Lm lnh v thu hi NH3.
Hnh 1.7. S DY CHUYN TNG HP AMONIAC CA HALDOR TOPSOE
Tng hp amoniac
Tch lu hunh
Sn phm
NH3
Kh thi
Kh t
nhin
Khng kh
Hi nc
18
+ Tch CO2.
19
1.3. LA CHN CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC

1.3.1. NGUYN LIU
Vic s dng nguyn liu l yu t rt quan trng lin quan n dy chuyn
cng ngh v gi thnh sn phm to thnh.
La chn nguyn liu ph hp vi iu kin tng quc gia tng hp NH3 s
nh hng ti cng ngh la chn v vn u t xy dng.
ti ny s dng nguyn liu kh t nhin ph hp vi iu kin nc ta c
nhiu m kh tn dng c ngun nguyn liu khc, gim vn u t v cc chi
ph khc to thnh sn phm c gi va phi, t l H2 ca kh t nhin ln hn so
vi cc nguyn liu khc.
1.3.2. DY CHUYN SN XUT
Dy chuyn cng ngh tng hp NH3 t kh t nhin c ba s la chn, theo
cng ngh p sut cao, p sut trung, v p sut thp, vi s tin b ca khoa hc k
thut cng ngh tng hp NH3 ngy cng c hon thin vi nhng u khuyt
im nu trong chng 2, em la chn cng ngh sn xut n gin, gi thnh
khng cao, li tn dng trit nng lng to cho gi sn phm to thnh khng
ln chnh v vy n ny em la chn cng ngh p sut thp ca hng Haldol
Topsoc. y cng chnh l dy chuyn cng ngh c ng dng ti nh my
kh in m Ph M.
1.3.3. CC QU TRNH TRONG DY CHUYN HALDOL TOPSOE
1.3.3.1. Qu trnh kh lu hunh
Kh nguyn liu c cha trn 15ppm th tch cc hp cht lu hunh, do vy
kh nguyn liu phi c kh lu hunh v xc tc dng trong qu trnh reforming
hi nc rt nhy vi cc hp cht lu hunh, v cc hp cht lu hunh s lm
mt hot tnh hoc nhim c xc tc.
Qu trnh kh lu hunh bao gm hai giai on:
Giai on hydro ha: cc hp cht hu c cha lu hunh c chuyn

ha thnh H2S trong thit b hydro ha
20
Giai on hp th H2S: H2S sau giai on hydro ha c hp th trong

thit b hp th. Sau giai on kh lu hunh, hm lng lu hunh trong
kh nguyn liu nh hn 0,05 ppm th tch.
S cng ngh ca qu trnh kh lu hunh c th hin trong hnh theo

sau
Kh thin nhin
Thit b
hydro ha
Thit b hp
th
Kh sch ti thit b
reforming
Hnh 1.8: S cng ngh ca qu trnh kh lu hunh

Giai on hydro ha
Kh nguyn liu sau tin gia nhit ln nhit 350oC c cp vo thit b hidro ha. Xc tc cho giai on hydro ha l xc tc Co-Mo. Cc phn ng xy ra
trong giai on hydro ha di tc dng ca xc tc nh sau:
RSH + H2 RH + H2S
R1SSR2 + 3H2 R1H + R2H + 2H2S
R1SR2 + 2H2 R1H + R2H + H2S
(CH)4S + 4H2 C4H10 + H2S
COS + H2 CO + H2S
R, R1, R2: gc hydrocarbon.
21
Nu trong thnh phn ca kh nguyn liu c cha kh CO v CO2 th s xy ra

cc phn ng ph theo sau:
CO2 + H2
CO2 + H2S
CO + H2O
COS + H2O
Do vy, nu tn ti kh CO, CO2 v H2O trong kh nguyn liu s nh hng

n hm lng lu hunh trong dng sn phm i ra khi cc thit b hp th lu
hunh.
Giai on hp th H2S
Kh nguyn liu hydro ha c cp vo thit b hp th lu hunh. Hai
thit b hp th lu hunh hon ton ging nhau v c t ni tip nhau. Thit b
2 ng vai tr bo v trong trng hp xy ra s d lu hunh khi ra khi thit b 1
hoc trong trng hp thit b 1 c c lp thay th xc tc. Mi thit b hp
th cha mt lp cht xc tc km oxide HTZ-5. Nhit vn hnh bnh thng l
khong 350oC. Km oxide phn ng vi H2S v COS trong cc phn ng thun
nghch sau:
ZnO + H2S
ZnO + COS
ZnS + H2O
ZnS + CO2
Hng s cn bng cho phn ng gia km oxide v hydrogen sulphide c

th hin bi phng trnh sau:
KP(T) = PH2S/PH2O = 1,5x106 350oC
1.3.3.2. Qu trnh reforming
Kh nguyn liu kh lu hunh c chuyn ha thnh kh tng hp nh
qu trnh reforming xc tc ca hn hp hydrocarbon vi hi nc.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong giai on reforming bao gm:
(1) CnH2n+2 + 2H2O
(2) CH4 + 2H2O
(3) CO + H2O
Cn-1H2n + CO2 + 3H2 Q

CO2 + 4H2 Q
CO2 + H2 + Q
22
Phn ng (1) m t c ch phn ng reforming ca hydrocarbon bc cao

chuyn ha tng bc xung thnh nhng hydrocarbon bc thp, cui cng thnh
methane v c chuyn ha nh trong phn ng (2). Phn ng (1) v (2) l phn
ng thu nhit, trong khi phn ng (3) l phn ng ta nhit.
linh hot vic iu chnh thnh phn ca kh tng hp, qu trnh reforming
xy ra theo hai bc bao gm reforming s cp v reforming th cp. Nhit cn
thit trong hai thit b reforming c cp theo hai cch khc nhau. Trong thit b
reforming s cp, nhit cn thit cho phn ng c cp di dng gin tip t l
t. Nhng trong thit b reforming th cp, nhit cn thit cho phn ng c cp
trc tip t qu trnh t hn hp kh vi khng kh.
S cng ngh tng qut ca giai on reforming c th hin trong hnh
Kh nhin
Khng kh
li u
Hi nc
Kh cng ngh
Thit b
Reforming s
cp
Thit b
Reforming
th cp
Kh n chuyn
ha CO
Hnh 1.9: S cng ngh ca qu trnh reforming

Giai on reforming s cp
Giai on u qu trnh reforming hi nc xy ra trong thit b reforming s
cp. Hn hp hydrocarbon v hi nc c tin gia nhit n nhit 500oC trc
khi vo thit b reforming s cp. Sau hn hp kh i vo cc ng thng ng c
cha xc tc bn trong. Cc ng xc tc c t trong cc bung t reforming s
cp, ni y bc x nhit c truyn t cc l t n thnh ng. m bo rng
23
qu trnh t hon ton kh nhin liu, cc l t vn hnh ch d khng kh

khong 2%.
Hydrocarbon trong nguyn liu vo thit b reforming s cp c chuyn ha
thnh hydrogen v carbon oxide, kh cng ngh ra khi thit b reforming s cp vi
nhit khong 783oC.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong thit b reforming s cp bao gm:
Cn-1H2n + CO2 + 3H2 Q
(1) CnH2n+2 + 2H2O

(2) CH4 + 2H2O
(3) CO + H2O
CO2 + 4H2 Q
CO2 + H2 + Q
Thit b reforming c tng cng 150 ng reforming c lp t trong hai

bung bc x nhit. Phn trn ca ng reforming c np xc tc loi RK-211
(pre-reduced) v RK-201, trong khi phn y ca ng reforming c np xc tc
loi R-67-7H.
Giai on reforming th cp
Trong thit b reforming th cp, kh cng ngh c trn vi khng kh
c gia nhit. Qu trnh t chy mt phn kh cng ngh nh thit b l nguyn
nhn lm tng nhit . T khu vc t chy kh cng ngh, kh cng ngh i
xung tng xc tc, ni y din ra phn ng reforming xc tc. Nhit ca dng
kh cng ngh khi i qua thit b reforming th cp khong 935oC.
Thit b reforming th cp c np cc loi xc tc sau: RKS-2 lp trn
cng, RKS-2-7-H lp gia, v RKS-2 lp y. Lp xc tc nm trn hai lp oxit nhm c kch c khc nhau v li nhm c t trn nh ca lp xc tc
gi cho cht xc tc khi rung ng v bo v cht xc tc khi tip xc trc tip
vi ngn la.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong thit b reforming th cp bao gm:
(1) CH4 + 2O2
(2) CH4 + 2H2O
(3) CO + H2O
CO2 + 2H2O + Q
CO2 + 4H2 Q
CO2 + H2 + Q
24
Qu trnh t kh cng ngh vi khng kh lm cho nhit kh ln n 1.1001.200oC trong phn trn ca thit b reforming th cp. Do phn ng reforming ca
methane vi hi nc l phn ng thu nhit, nhit dng kh gim i khi i qua
lp xc tc.
1.3.3.3. Qu trnh chuyn ha CO
Kh carbon monoxide trong dng kh cng ngh ra khi phn xng reforming
c chuyn ha thnh carbon dioxide v hydrogen theo phn ng chuyn ha CO
nh sau:
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2 + Q
Cn bng ca phn ng chuyn ha CO chuyn v pha to thnh nhiu CO 2

hn khi nhit thp v c nhiu hi nc hn, tuy nhin, tc phn ng do
s tng nu nhit cao hn. Nhit ti u ca phn ng chuyn ha CO ph
thuc vo hot tnh ca cht xc tc v thnh phn kh. V vy, phn ng chuyn
ha CO c thc hin qua hai giai on trong hai thit b bao gm thit b chuyn
ha CO nhit cao v thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp, vi qu trnh lm mt
sau mi thit b chuyn ha CO.
S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh chuyn ha CO c th hin trong
hnh theo sau.
Kh reforming
Thit b
chuyn ha
CO nhit
cao
Thit b
chuyn ha
CO nhit
cao
Kh chuyn ha CO
Hnh 1.10: S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh chuyn ha CO
25
Thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao

Thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao cha xc tc SK-201-2 c lp t
trong 1 tng. Xc tc ny l oxide crome c tng cng bi oxide st vi dng
vin ng knh 6 mm v cao 6 mm. Xc tc SK-201-2 c th hot ng lin tc
trong khong nhit 320-500oC. Xc tc mi c th hot ng nhit dng kh
vo l 360oC. Sau , do qu trnh lo ha xc tc m nhit dng kh vo ti u
tng ln, ng thi nhit dng kh u ra khng t c 460oC, hot tnh xc
tc s gim t t.
Clo v cc mui v c s u c xc tc. Hm lng ca clo trong dng kh
cng ngh yu cu phi nh hn 1 ppm. Tuy nhin, xc tc ca qu trnh reforming
v qu trnh chuyn ha CO nhit cao rt nhy cm vi cc tp cht ny, nn cn
thit phi loi b cc tp cht ny n mc yu cu, nhm trnh u c xc tc
SK-201-2. Nhit ca hi nc ngng khng nh hng n xc tc SK-201-2.
Nhng nu xc tc nng tip xc vi nc lng c th dn n ph hy xc tc.
Thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp
Thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp c np hai lp xc tc. Lp trn cng
l cht xc tc nn chromium LSK, v ng vai tr bo v chng li s ng c xc
tc bi chlorine. Cht xc tc cn li l LK-821-2 bao gm hn hp oxide ng, oxide km v oxide nhm, dng vin ng knh 4,5 mm v cao 3,4 mm. Xc tc
c hot ha khong nhit 160-220oC trong dng nitrogen tun hon c cha
0,2-2% hydrogen. Trong sut qu trnh kh, ng oxide phn ng vi hydrogen to
ng t do.
Xc tc LK-821-2 c th hot ng khong nhit 170-250oC. Cc tp
cht sulphur, chloride v silica l cc cht c i vi xc tc LK-821-2.
1.3.3.4. Qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA
Qu trnh tch CO2 c thc hin thng qua 2 giai on da vo qu trnh
hp th bng dung dch MDEA ca hng BASF. H thng cng ngh chnh ca qu
trnh hp th CO2 bao gm mt thp hp th CO2 hai cp, mt thp gii hp CO2 v
26
hai bnh tch trung gian. S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh tch CO2 c
th hin trong hnh theo sau.
Kh
kh CO2
Kh CO2 n
phn xng urea
Dung dch MDEA
Thp hp th
CO2
Thp gii hp
CO2
Kh chuyn
ha CO
Hnh 1.11. S cng ngh ca qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA
Kh CO2 c tch khi dng kh cng ngh nh s hp th bi dung dch
MDEA 40 %kl. Dung dch MDEA cha cht hot ha v cht hot ha ny gip
lm tng tc truyn khi ca CO2 t pha kh sang pha lng. Phn cn li ca
dung dch l nc. Cc phn ng trong qu trnh hp th CO2 c m t nh sau:
(1)
(2)
R3N + H2O + CO2

R3NH+ + HCO3
2R2NH + CO2
R2NH2+ + R2N-COO
Phn ng (1) l phn ng cho amine bc ba (v d MDEA). Phn ng (2) l

phn ng cho amine bc hai (cht hot ha).
1.3.3.5. Qu trnh methane ha
Bc tinh ch kh cui cng l qu trnh methane ha, l qu trnh chuyn ha
carbon oxide thnh methane. Methane ng vai tr nh kh tr trong qu trnh tng
hp Amoniac. Ngc li, cc hp cht cha oxy nh carbon oxide c vi xc tc
27
qu trnh tng hp Amoniac. Qu trnh methane ha xy ra trong thit b methane

ha v cc phn ng trong qu trnh methane ha l nhng phn ng ngc vi cc
phn ng trong qu trnh reforming.
(1)
(2)
CO + 3H2
CO + H2O
CH4 + H2O + Q
CO2 + H2 + Q
Cc yu t quyt nh n phn ng methane ha bao gm hot tnh xc tc,

nhit , p sut v hm lng hi nc trong kh cng ngh. Nhit thp, p sut
cao v hm lng nc thp gip cho cn bng ha hc ca phn ng chuyn dch
v pha methane ha. Nhit tng th hot tnh xc tc tng nhng tui th ca
xc tc li gim i. S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh methane ha c th
hin trong hnh theo sau.
Kh tch CO2
Kh i tng hp
amoniac
Thit b
methane
ha
Thit b
phn tch
kh cui
Condensate
Hnh 1.12. S cng ngh tng qut ca qu trnh methane ha

Nhit u vo ca thit b methane ha c thit k l 300oC ti lc khi
ng. Dng kh cng ngh ra khi thit b hp th CO2 c gia nhit n nhit
ny nh thit b trao i nhit. Trong qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng, nhit tng
qua lp xc tc cn nm trong khong 25oC, tng ng vi nhit u ra khong
325oC. Thit b trao i nhit lm mt kh tinh lc n nhit khong 74oC.
28
Sau , kh c a n b lm mt cui v thit b phn tch kh cui, ni m

nc ngng t c tch ra khi kh cng ngh.
Dng kh tinh ch c cha N2, H2 v khong 1,5 %mol kh tr nh Ar, CH4.
T l H2/N2 ca kh tng hp l 3/1
1.3.3.6. Qu trnh tng hp NH3
Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac c thc hin trong thit b tng hp Amoniac
theo phn ng sau:
3H2 + N2
2NH3 + Q
Phn ng l thun nghch v mt phn hydrogen v nitrogen c chuyn ha

thnh Amoniac khi dng kh cng ngh i qua lp xc tc. p sut cao, nhit
thp s chuyn dch cn bng v pha tng hp Amoniac. Do tc phn ng tng
ln rt nhiu khi tng nhit , do vy s la chn nhit phi da trn s tng
ng gia cn bng ha hc v tc phn ng t n cn bng. Trong thit b
khong 25% nitrogen v hydrogen c chuyn ha thnh Amoniac. Phn kh cha
chuyn ha s c tun hon li thit b tng hp sau khi phn tch sn phm
amonia lng.
Bn cnh iu kin cn bng, ng hc ca vic hnh thnh amonia cng rt
quan trng. Phn ng hnh thnh NH3 ph thuc vo hai yu t i lp nhau:
Tc phn ng tng khi tng nhit . y l yu t chung p dng cho bt
k phn ng ha hc no.
Khi gim nhit v tng p sut, cn bng s chuyn v hng hnh thnh
Amoniac.
Chu trnh tng hp Amoniac c thit k vi p sut ti a l 152 bar. p
sut vn hnh bnh thng 137,3 bar trong thit b tng hp Amoniac, ph thuc
vo ph ti v hot tnh xc tc. Khi ph ti gim th p sut chu trnh tng hp s
gim.
29
Nhit vn hnh bnh thng s nm trong khong nhit 390-494oC i

vi lp xc tc th nht, 420-464oC i vi lp xc tc th hai, v 402-441oC i
vi lp xc tc th 3 trong thit b. Sau khi kh tng hp i qua thit b tng hp,
kh i ra c lm lnh xung nhit m ti nhit hu ht Amoniac c
ngng t.
Kh tng hp tinh ch cha mt lng nh tp cht, ch yu l cc kh tr
nh Ar v CH4. Mt dng kh phng khng lin tc t chu trnh tng hp Amoniac
l cn thit trnh s tch t ca nhng kh tr ny trong chu trnh tng hp.
Xc tc
Cht xc tc trong qu trnh tng hp Amoniac KM1/KM1R c tng cng
bi xc tc st, cha mt lng nh oxit khng kh c. Kch thc ht xc tc l
1,5 3mm. Kch thc ht nh m bo hot tnh xc tc cao. Hn na, dng pht
tn ca thp tng hp cho php s dng nhng ht xc tc nh m khng to ra
chnh p ln.
Cht xc tc KM1R qua tin kh c lm bn (ha) trong qu trnh sn
xut nh vic oxy ha b mt xc tc. Cht xc tc qua oxy ha mt phn cha
khong 2% khi lng oxy. S lm bn khin cho cht xc tc KM1R khng t bc
chy nhit 90-100oC, nhng nu nhit cao hn 100oC, cht xc tc s phn
ng vi oxy v nng ln mt cch t pht.
Cht xc tc c hot ha nh s kh st oxit b mt sang st t do vi hnh
thnh nc. S kh c thc hin vi kh tng hp tun hon. Khong nhit
cn thit t c nh b gia nhit khi ng.
Hot tnh xc tc gim t t trong qu trnh vn hnh. Tc gim hot tnh
ph thuc vo cc iu kin vn hnh trn thc t, ng k nht l nhit ca lp
xc tc v nng ca cc cht gy ng c xc tc trong kh tng hp ti u vo
ca thp tng hp.
Xc tc KM1/KM1R c th c s dng trong khong nhit t 530550oC. Tuy nhin nhit vn hnh cng thp, hot tnh ca cht xc tc gim
30
chm hn v do tui th ca cht xc tc c ko di lu hn. Cn phi duy tr

nhit cht xc tc thp nht c th, c bit trong lp xc tc th hai m lp ny
quyt nh s chuyn ha tng cng.
Tt c cc hp cht cha oxy, nh H2O, CO, CO2 l cht gy ng c n cht
xc tc, mt lng nh ca nhng cht ny khin cho hot tnh ca cht xc tc
gim ng k do s oxy ha.
Mt phn nh hng gim hot tnh ch c tnh tm thi, cht xc tc t tr
li hot tnh ca chng khi kh tng hp hon ton khng cha oxy tr li. Nhng v
mt s im gim hot ha vnh vin s xy ra, nng cao cc hp cht cha oxy
ti u vo ca thp tng hp, ngay c khi ch trong mt thi gian ngn, l cn phi
trnh.
Cc hp cht lu hunh, clo v photpho l cc k c v gy ra s gim hoc
mt hot tnh vnh vin. Thng thng, my nn kh tng hp v my nn tun hon
cn c h thng bt kn (seal system) gim thiu s tip xc gia kh cng ngh
v du bi trn. Tuy nhin, du c th tip xc vi kh tng hp i n thp tng
hp vi iu kin khng c php cha nhng cht c ny.
1.3.3.7. Cng on lm lnh amoniac
Amoniac lng c s dng cho cc thit b lm lnh kh cng nghip ti cc
thit b trao i nhit, t lng bc thnh kh NH3, nhit khong - 90C c a
ti thit b nn cp I, nhit 830C c a vo thit b lm lnh hi nc gim
nhit xung 2070C, trn vi kh NH3 bc hi nhit khong 1080C c lm
lnh bng nc nhit gim xung 41,50C kh NH3 ngng t thnh lng v c
cha ti bnh, kh tr (H2, N2, CH4, mt t NH3) ti bnh cha c a v cm thu
hi NH3 thu hi NH3.
1.3.3.8. Thit b tng hp amoniac
Thp tng hp l thp hnh tr, bng thp, cao t 18 - 30 m, ng knh 11,4m. Thp c t thng ng, phn trn v di thp c ni vi nhau bi ghi
thp v mt bch.
31
Ch thch:
a. Kh vo
b. trao i nhit gia lp xc tc th nht.
c. Ca iu chnh nhit .
d. Lp xc tc th nht.
e. khng gian bn trong vng xc tc.
f. Lp xc tc th hai.
g. Kh ra.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh i vo t pha di v theo khng gian gia thnh thit b vi gi xc tc
i ln trn v thi vo trao i nhit t gia lp xc tc th nht ri xuyn qua lp
xc tc th nht v tip n i qua lp bin ca trao i nhit, v cui cng thi qua
lp xc tc th hai. Nhit trong thit b c iu chnh bng ca lm mt kh
nguyn liu. Qua cc lp xc tc phn ng tng hp xy ra v nng NH3 tng
dn qua cc lp xc tc.
Hnh 1.13: Thp tng hp Amoniac
32
Thuyt minh dy chuyn.

Hn hp kh nguyn liu nn ti p sut 40at v c gia nhit ti 3500C ri
a vo thit b tch S.
Kh nguyn liu loi b lu hunh trn vi hi nc c x l ri a
vo thit b reforming s cp vi p sut 40 at, nhit 5000C c dng xc tc Ni.
chuyn ha hon ton cacbua hyro, hn hp kh sau phn ng chuyn n
thit b reforming th cp vi p sut 40 at v nhit 8500C cng dng xc tc Ni.
y oxi cung cp vo p sut 33 at v nhit 6930C. Qua hai giai on ny t
l mol H2/N2 c khng ch ti u cho giai on tng hp NH3 (t l ny bng 3).
Hn hp kh ra khi thit b reforming s cp c thnh phn ch yu CO, CO2,
hi nc, H2, N2, kh tr p sut 30 at, nhit 10000C cho qua trao i nhit
gim xung nhit 3200C ri a vo thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao. y
thc hin 3200C v p sut 30 at, s dng xc tc Fe3O4. Hiu sut qu trnh
chuyn ha khong 80%.
Hn hp kh ra khi thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao nhit 4200C,
cho qua trao i nhit gim xung 2000C ri a vo thit b chuyn ha CO nhit
thp. thit b ny thc hin 2000C, p sut 30-31 at, s dng xc tc
Fe3O4/CuO. Hiu sut qu trnh t khong 90%.
Hn hp kh sau qu trnh chuyn ha nhit thp c thnh phn ch yu
CO2, mt t CO, hi nc, H2, N2, kh tr, hyro cacbon nhit 2200C cho qua
trao i nhit gim xung nhit thng 250C ngng t hon ton hi nc
trc trc khi a vo thit b tch CO2. Ti thp hp th CO2 s dng dung dch
hp th l metyl dietanol amin (MDEA) lm vic nhit 720C, p sut 28 at.
Dung dch ngm CO2 c a i x l tch kh CO2.
Tip theo hn kh a qua thit b mtan ha tch ht CO, CO2 lm c xc
tc, nhit vo 2900C, p sut 27at, s dng xc tc Ni. Hn hp kh sau thit b
mtan ho by gi ch yu l H2, N2, hi nc c lm gim nhit ngng t
ht hi nc trc khi a vo thp tng hp NH3, v nc cng l tc nhn gy
c cho xc tc tng hp NH3. Hn hp kh ny cho qua trao i nhit gim xung
33
nhit khong 450C. Dng khi ny kt hp vi dng kh tun hon nn n 134 at

ri lm lnh xung nhit 220C. Ri li a qua my nn nn n p sut 150 at
v nhit 5000C v a vo thp tng hp. Thp tng hp s dng xc tc Fe.
Hn hp kh sau khi ra khi thp tng hp c nhit 5300C, trong nng
NH3 khong 17,3% th tch, c lm lnh bng nc ri a qua thit b phn
ly. NH3 lng tch ra khi dng kh phn ng a v thit b tch NH3, phn kh
tip tc cho qua thit b trao i nhit vi kh tun hon tn dng nhit. Hn hp kh
sau lm lnh xung - 50C a vo thp tch NH3, kh tun hon nh thp tch
NH3 nhm tng hiu sut chuyn ha. nh k ta x mt lng kh nht nh trong
dng kh tun hon gim lng kh tr trong hn hp kh nguyn liu. NH3 lng
ra khi thp tch c nhit -330C c a v bung cha.
34
CHNG 2: TNH TON THNG THNG

1.1. CN BNG VT CHT
ti cho dng nguyn liu l kh kh l sn phm kh thu c t kh thin
nhin hay kh ng hnh sau khi x l tch loi nc v cc tp cht c hc,
tch kh ha lng v condensate ti nh my x l kh, thnh phn ch yu l methane. Thng nht trong cch gi, cng nh n gin tnh ton xem nh kh kh l
kh t nhin.
Cc giai on chnh tng hp NH3 bng cng ngh Haldol Topsoe vi nguyn
liu l kh t nhin
Chuyn ha kh t nhin thnh kh tng hp
Chuyn ha trong thit b reforming s cp
Chuyn ha trong thit b reforming s cp th cp
Chuyn ha CO t kh tng hp v tinh ch kh

Tng hp NH3
n gin cho qu trnh tnh ton ta chp nhn cc gi thit sau:
Nguyn liu kh t nhin ch gm 3 cu t. vi thnh phn

CH4 98%, C2H6 0,4%, N2 1,6%.
Khng kh gm 2 thnh phn:
Tnh ton cho 100 m3/h kh t nhin, sau hiu chnh theo nng sut
N2 79%, O2 21%.
thit k.
1.1.1. CHUYN HA KH T NHIN THNH KH TNG HP
Cc s liu ban u:
Trong 100 m3/h kh t nhin c
98 m3/h CH4
0.4 m3/h C2H6
1.6 m3/h N2
35
T l hi nc: kh t nhin = 2.5.
Hm lng CH4 (% th tch) ra khi thit b reforming s cp l 10%, ra

khi thit b reforming th cp l 0.5%.
Nhit hn hp hi kh vo thit b reforming s cp l 500 0C.
Nhit hn hp hi kh i ra khi thit b reforming s cp l 850 0C.
Nhit hn hp hi kh vo thit b reforming th cp l 850 0C.
Nhit hn hp hi kh i ra khi thit b reforming th cp l 10000C.
1.1.1.1. Qu trnh reforming s cp
REFORMING S
CP
C2H4,C2H6, N2
H2 O
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
K hiu:
H CH , H C
4
2 H6
, H N : lng tng ng ca CH4, C2H6, N2 trong kh t nhin

2
m3/h.
a: T l hi nc: kh t nhin.
b: Lng nc tham gia phn ng vi hyr cacbon, m3/h.
: % th tch ca CH4 trong kh t nhin ra khi thit b, %V.
KCO , KCO , K H : Lng CO2, CO, H2 trong sn phm kh tng hp, m3/h.
2
V: Tng th tch kh t nhin ra khi thit b, m3/h.

Ta c:
Cn bng vt liu theo C
Cn bng vt liu theo H
36
Cn bng vt liu theo O
Tng th tch kh kh ra khi thit b reforming s cp
Trong qu trnh reforming hi nc lun km theo phn ng
Vi
K CO K H
2
K CO 100 a b
(5)
Tra s tay ha l trang 53 ta c:
y T l nhit hn hp hi kh i ra khi thit b.

Thay cc s liu vo cc phng trnh t 1 n 4 ta c h sau
H ny tng ng vi h sau
37
Thay cc gi tr K H , b, K CO , K CO vo phng trnh (5) ta c

2
T phng trnh (6) ta c: T=1123 K (850 0C) th K = 0.8604

Hay
Phng trnh ny tng ng vi phng trnh sau
Gii ra ta c: V= 324.258 m3/h

Suy ra:
Lng CH4 cn li
Lng nc cn li
T l hi kh ra khi thit b reforming s cp
38
tnh cn bng vt cht ta phi i th tch ra trng lng theo cng thc
suy lun ca nh lut Avgar:
m V
M
22,4
Trong :
V: lng kh tnh theo m3/h.
m: khi lng, Kg/h.
M: trng lng phn t.
T ta c
Bng 2.1: Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming s cp
Lng vo
Tn nguyn liu
Kg/h
m3/h
Kh t nhin
CH4
C2H6
N2
70.000
0.536
2.000
25.600
0.196
0.731
98.000
0.400
1.600
28.000
0.114
0.457
Tng
72.536
26.527
100.000
28.571
Hi nc
200.893
73.473
250.000
71.429
Tng cng
273.429
100.000
350.000
100.000
Lng ra
Tn sn phm
Kg/h
m3/h
Hn hp kh
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
49.372
51.549
19,987
23.164
2.000
18.057
18.853
7.310
8.472
0.731
25.135
41.239
223.858
32.430
1.600
%
5.207
8.542
46.371
6.718
0.331
39
Cng
146.072
53.423
324.262
67.169
Hi nc
127.358
46.577
158.490
32.831
Tng cng
273.430
100.000
482.752
100.000
REFORMING TH
CP
1.1.1.2. Qu trnh reforming th cp

C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
Khng kh
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
K hiu:
H CO , H CO , H H , H CH , H N : lng tng ng ca CO2, CO, H2, CH4, N2

2
trong sn phm kh ra khi thit b reforming s cp, m3/h.

a: T l hi nc: kh kh vo thit b reforming th cp, a = 0.849.
b: Hiu s lng hi nc tham gia phn ng vi mtan v lng hi nc to
thnh do phn ng chy ca H2 vi O2, m3/h.
y: lng khng kh cp vo, m3/h.
: % th tch ca CH4 trong kh kh ra khi thit b, %V.
K CO , K CO , K H : Lng CO2, CO, H2 trong sn phm kh tng hp, m3/h.

2
V: Tng th tch kh kh ra khi thit b, m3/h.

Ta c:
Cn bng vt liu theo C
Cn bng vt liu theo H
40
Cn bng vt liu theo O
Th tch kh kh i ra
thit b reforming th cp, yu cu khng ch t l H2:N2=3:1

Cho nn:
Hay
Thay s
Suy ra:
04
41
H ny tng ng vi h
Thay y, K H , b, K CO , K CO vo phng trnh tnh K ta c

2
1273 K (1000 0C) th K =0.569
Phng trnh tng ng:
0,283 V 2 122,061 V 114778,677 0

Gii phng trnh ta c:
V= 456.718
m3/h.
Thay V vo h trn ta c:
(lng khng kh cn cung cp)
42
Gi tr b m c ngha l lng nc to thnh do phn ng gia H2 vi O2 ln

hn lng hi nc phn ng vi CH4.
Vy lng nc i ra:
158.490 + 15.715 = 174.205
m3/h.
Lng N2 i ra gm N2 vo khng phn ng v lng N2 trong khng kh:

1.6 + 0.79.111.238 = 89.478 m3/h.
Lng CH4 cn li:
0.005*456.718 = 2.284 m3/h.
Bng 2.2. Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming th cp.

Dng vo
Tn nguyn liu
Kg/h
m3/h.
Hn hp kh
CO2
CO
H2
49.372
51.549
19.987
11.849
12.371
4.797
25.135
41.239
223.858
4.232
6.943
37.687
CH4
N2
- Hi nc
- Khng kh
23.164
2.00
127.358
143.256
5.559
0.48
30.565
34.379
32.430
1.6
158.49
111.238
5.460
0.269
26.682
18.727
Tng cng
416.686
100.000
593.990
100.000
Dng ra
Tn sn phm
Kg/h
m3/h.
- Hn hp kh
CO2
51.138
12.273
26.034
4.126
CO
H2
CH4
N2
- Hi nc
88.109
23.968
1.631
111.848
139.986
21.145
5.752
0.391
26.843
33.596
70.478
268.436
2.284
89.478
174.205
11.171
42.547
0.362
14.182
27.612
Tng cng
416.680
100.000
630.915
100.000
43
1.1.2. CHUYN HA CO T KH TNG HP V TINH CH KH

1.1.2.1. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
Chuyn ha CO nhit
cao
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
Dng vo l hn hp kh tng hp v hi nc t thit b reforming th cp

chuyn sang. y ch c CO b chuyn ha cn cc cu t khc xem nh khng
chuyn ha.
Gi s c 50% CO b chuyn ha thit b ny.
Lng CO cn li
0.5* 70.487 = 35.244 m3/h hay 44.055 kg/h.
Phn ng:
CO
28
H2 O
CO2
18
44
Lng nc tiu tn cho phn ng
Lng nc cn li:
H2
2
139.896 - 28.321 = 111.665 kg/h
Lng CO2 to thnh do phn ng
Lng CO2 i ra gm
69.229 + 51.138 = 120.367 kg/h
Lng H2 to thnh do phn ng
Lng H2 i ra
44
3.147 + 23.968 = 27.115 kg/h

Bng 2.2: Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao
Nguyn liu
Dng vo
Kg/h
Sn phm
Dng ra
Kg/h
CO2
51.138
12.273
CO2
120.367
28.888
CO
88.109
21.145
CO
44.055
10.573
H2
23.968
5.752
H2
27.115
6.507
CH4
1.631
0.391
CH4
111.848
26.844
N2
111.848
26.843
N2
1.631
0.327
H2 O
Tng
139.986
416.680
33.596
100.000
H2 O
Tng
111.665
416.681
26.861
100.000
1.1.2.2. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
Chuyn ha CO nhit
thp
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
Dng vo l hn hp hi kh i ra t thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao.

thit b ny c 90% CO vo chuyn thnh CO2.
Lng CO b chuyn ha
0.9 * 44.055 = 39.65 kg/h
Lng CO i ra
44.055 39.65 = 4.405 kg/h
Lng H2O tiu hao cho phn ng
Lng H2O cn li
111.665 25.849 = 86.176 kg/h
Lng CO2 to thnh do phn ng
45
Lng CO2 gm
62.307 + 120.367 = 182.674 kg/h
Lng H2 to thnh
Lng H2 i ra
2.832 + 27.115 = 29.947 kg/h
Bng 2.3. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp
Nguyn liu
Dng vo
Kg/h
Sn phm
Dng ra
Kg/h
CO2
120.367
28.888
CO2
182.674
43.840
CO
44.055
10.573
CO
4.405
1.057
H2
27.115
6.507
H2
29.947
7.187
CH4
111.848
26.844
CH4
111.848
26.843
N2
1.361
0.327
N2
1.631
0.391
H2 O
Tng
111.665
416.681
26.861
100.000
H2 O
Tng
86.176
416.681
20.232
100.000
1.1.2.3. Cn bng vt cht thit b tch CO2

C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
MDEA
7
5
8
5
Tch CO2
10
C2H4,C2H6, CO, H2,

N 2 , H2 O
CO2, H2O, CO,
Hn hp kh i ra t thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp c lm lnh

ngng t ht nc trc khi a vo thit b tch CO2. V ta gi s hn hp kh vo
46
thit b tch CO2 hon ton khng c nc. Ngha l thnh phn kh ch gm: N2,
H2, CO, CO2, CH4 c khi lng tng cng l
416.681 86.176 = 330.505 kg/h
V thit b ny c 99,9% CO2 b hp th.
Vy lng CO2 cn li
0.001*182.674 = 0.183 kg/h
Lng CO2 b hp th
182.674 0.183 = 182.491 kg/h
Bng 2.4. Cn bng vt cht thit b tch CO2

Nguyn liu
CO2
Dng vo
Kg/h
182.674
Dng ra
Kg/h
Sn phm
55.271
CO2 b hp th
182.491
55.216
Hn hp kh
CO
H2
CH4
N2
Tng
4.405
29.947
111.848
1.333
9.061
33.842
1.631
416.681
0.493
100.000
CO2
0.183
0.055
CO
H2
CH4
N2
4.405
29.947
1.631
1.333
9.061
0.493
111.848
330.505
33.842
100.000
Tng
1.1.2.4. Cn bng vt cht thit b mtan ha

C2H4,C2H6, CO,
H2 , N2 , H2 O
10
Thit b metan ha
12
11
H2 O
C2H4,C2H6, CO2,
CO, H2, N2, H2O
Gi s ton b CO, CO2 i vo thit b ny u b chuyn ha thnh CH4.

Phn ng:
CO
28
CO2
28
+ 3H2
CH4
3.2
16
+ 4H2
CH4
4.2
16
+ H2O
(1)
18
+ 2H2O
2. 18
(2)
47
Lng CH4 to thnh (1) v (2)
Lng CH4 tch ra

2.517 + 0.666 + 1.631 = 4.214 kg/h
Lng H2 tiu tn 2 phn ng trn
Lng H2 i ra
29.947 0.977 = 28.970 kg/h
Lng H2O to thnh
Bng 2.5. Cn bng vt cht thit b mtan ha

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Dng ra
Kg/h
H2
28.970
19.572
N2
CH4
H2 O
111.848
4.214
75.566
2.847
Sn phm
Hn hp kh
CO2
CO
0.183
4.405
0.124
2.976
H2
CH4
N2
29.947
1.631
20.233
1.102
111.848
148.014
75.565
100.000
Tng
1.1.3. TNG HP NH3
Tng
2.982
148.014
2.015
100.000
48
1.1.3.1. Cn bng vt cht h thng tng hp NH3

Hn hp hi kh i ra t thit b mtan ha c lm lnh n nhit khong
300C ngng t ht nc troc khi a vo thit b tng hp NH 3. V hiu sut
qu trnh khong 85% nn hn hp kh i ra t thp tng hp phi cho tun hon tr
li v thp nng cao hiu sut. Dng vo l hn hp N2 v H2
H2 : 28.970
kg/h.
N2 : 111.848 kg/h.
Phn ng:
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
28
2.17
3.2
85%
Lng N2 phn ng:

111.848 . 0.85 = 95.07 (kg/h)
Lng N2 cn li i ra cho tun hon:

95.07 = 16.778 (kg/h)
111.848
Lng H2 phn ng:
Lng H2 cn li :
28.97 20.37 = 8.6 (kg/h)
Lng NH3 to thnh:
Ln tun hon th nht

Hn hp kh vo thp tng hp by gi l kh tun hon
H2 : 8.6 kg/h.
N2 : 16.778 kg/h.
Phn ng:
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
28
2.17
3.2
85%
49
Lng N2 phn ng
Lng N2 cn li i ra cho tun hon:

16.778 14.26 = 2.518 (kg/h)
Lng H2 phn ng:
Lng H2 cn li
8.6 3 =5.6 (kg/h)
Lng NH3 to thnh:
Hiu sut qu trnh sau ln tun hon
Vy sau khi tun hon th hiu sut qu trnh t 97.75%. vi hiu sut ny th
c th m bo cho qu trnh lm vic n nh v m bo tnh kinh t cho phn
xng sn sut NH3.
Lng NH3 to thnh khi tun hon
115.44 + 21.64 = 137.08 (kg/h)
Bng 2.6. Cn bng vt cht thp tng hp NH3
Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
H2
N2
Tng
Sn phm
28.970
20.573
111.848
79.427
H2
N2
NH3
140.818
100.000
Tng
Dng ra
Kg/h
2.518
5.6
1.75
3.85
137.08
145.198
94.4
100.000
50
Bng 2.7. Cn bng vt cht thp tch NH3.

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
H2
N2
NH3
Tng
Sn phm
3.015
5.649
2.141
4.012
132.155
145.198
93.847
100.000
NH3 sn phm
Kh tun hon
N2
H2
Dng ra
Kg/h
Tng
137.08
93.847
2.518
2.141
5.6
145.198
4.012
100.000
1.1.3.2. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b h thng

a. Dng vo
Kh t nhin v hi nc vo thit b reforming s cp: 273.429 kg/h.
Khng kh cp vo thit b reforming th cp: 143.256 kg/h.
b. Dng ra
Nc ngng t sau qu trnh chuyn ha CO nhit thp v sau qu

trnh mtan ha:
86,176 2,982 89,157 kg/h.
CO2 b hp th thit b tch CO2:
Lng CH4 tch ra trong qu trnh mtan ha: 4.214 kg/h.
Lng NH3 sn phm: 137.08 kg/h.
Lng kh tun hon: 2.518+5.6 = 8.118 kg/h.
182.491 kg/h.
Bng 2.8. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b h thng

Dng vo
Tn nguyn liu
Kg/h
m3/h
- Kh t nhin
- Hi nc
- Khng kh
72.536
200.893
143.256
17.408
48.212
34.380
100.000
250.000
111.238
21.681
54.202
24.117
Tng cng
416.685
100.000
461.238
100.000
Dng ra
51
Tn sn phm
Kg/h
m3/h
- Nc ngng t
89.157
21.17
110.951
24.679
- CO2 b hp th
- CH4
182.491
4.214
43.34
1
92.905
5.900
20.665
1.312
- NH3 sn phm
137.08
32.55
174.134
38.733
- kh tun hon
8.118
1.94
65.681
14.611
Tng cng
421.06
449.571
100.000
100.000
1.1.4. HIU CHNH THEO NNG SUT THIT K

Nng sut ca qu trnh l 450.000 tn/nm.
Ta c: Mt nm phn xng lm vic 8000 h, nn
C 72.536 kg/h nguyn liu kh t nhin (100 m3/h) th tng hp c 137.08

kg/h NH3 . Vy theo nng sut 56250 kg/h NH3 th cn mt lng nguyn liu kh
t nhin l:
Nh vy ta hiu chnh li qu trnh tnh ton theo h s hiu chnh
Bng 2.9 Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming s cp

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Kh t nhin
CH4
C2H6
28723.8
220
25.6
0.19
N2
Hi nc
820.68
82434.43
0.731
73.472
Sn phm
Kh tng hp
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
Dng ra
Kg/h
20259.31
21152.62
8201.47
9505.12
%
18.057
18.853
7.310
8.472
52
N2
Hi nc
Tng
112198.91 100.000
Tng
378.346
52260.08
112199.27
0.731
46.577
100.000
Bng 2.10. Cn bng vt cht thit b reforming th cp

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Kh tng hp
Sn phm
Dng ra
Kg/h
Kh tng hp
CO2
20259.31
11.849
CO2
20983.97
12.227
CO
H2
21152.62
8201.466
12.371
4.797
CO
H2
36154.65
9835.03
21.145
5.752
CH4
9505.116
5.559
CH4
669.26
0.391
Dng vo
N2
820.68
0.480
Hi nc
52260.08 30.565
Khng kh
58783.67 34.379
Tng
170982.93 100.000
N2
Hi nc
Dng ra
45895.71
57441.86
26.843
33.642
Tng
170980.5
100.000
Bng 2.11. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Kh tng hp
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
Hi nc
Tng
Dng ra
Kg/h
Sn phm
20983.97
36154.65
9835.03
11.849
12.371
4.797
Kh tng hp
CO2
CO
H2
49391.39
18077.53
11126.37
28.9
10.57
6.5
669.26
45895.71
57441.86
170890.5
5.559
0.480
33.642
CH4
N2
Hi nc
45895.71
669.26
49391.39
26.85
0.39
26.8
100.000
Tng
170890.9
100.000
Bng 2.12. Cn bng vt cht thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp
53
Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Kh tng hp
Sn phm
Dng ra
Kg/h
Kh tng hp
CO2
CO
H2
49391.39
18077.53
11126.37
28.887
10.573
6.507
CO2
CO
H2
74958.45
1807.548
12288.45
43.840
1.057
7.187
CH4
N2
Hi nc
45895.71
558.47
45820.62
170980.9
0.391
26.843
32.656
CH4
N2
Hi nc
45895.71
669.26
35361.46
0.391
26.843
20.682
100.000
Tng
170890.9
100.000
Tng
Bng 2.13. Cn bng vt cht thit b tch CO2

Nguyn liu
Dng vo
Kg/h
CO2
74958.45
CO
H2
CH4
N2
Tng
Sn phm
Dng ra
Kg/h
55.271
CO2
75.092
0.055
1807.548
12288.45
1.333
9.061
CO
H2
1807.548
12288.45
1.333
9.061
45895.71
669.26
0.493
33.842
CH4
N2
CO2 b hp
th
669.26
45895.71
0.493
33.842
74883.36
55.676
Tng
135619.42
100.000
135619.4
100.000
Bng 2.14. Cn bng vt cht thit b mtan ha
Nguyn liu
Dng vo
Kg/h
Dng ra
Kg/h
Sn phm
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
75.09
1807.548
12288.45
669.26
45895.71
0.123
2.976
20.233
1.102
75.566
N2
H2
CH4
11887.55
19.572
45895.71
1729.173
75.566
2.847
Hi nc
1223.634
2.015
54
Tng
60736.06
100.000
Tng
60736.06
100.000
Bng 2.15. Cn bng vt cht ca thp tng hp NH3

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Sn phm
N2
H2
1033.24
2297.9
1.75
3.85
NH3
56249.4
59580.54
94.4
100.000
H2
11887.55
20.573
N2
45895.71
79.427
Tng
57783.26
Dng ra
Kg/h
100.000
Tng
Bng 2.16. Cn bng vt cht ca thp tch NH3

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
N2
H2
NH3
Tng
Sn phm
1033.24
2297.9
1.75
3.85
56249.4
59580.54
94.4
100.000
NH3 sn phm
Kh tun hon
H2
N2
Tng
Dng ra
Kg/h
56249.4
94.4
1033.24
1.75
2297.9
59580.54
3.85
100.000
Bng 2.17. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b h thng

Dng vo
Nguyn liu
Kg/h
Sn phm
Dng ra
Kg/h
Kh t nhin
29764.42
17.408
Nc ngng t
36584.68
21.397
Hi nc
82434.43
48.212
Khng kh
58783.67
34.380
CO2 b hp th
CH4
NH3 sn phm
74883.35
1729.17
56249.4
43.796
1.011
31.716
Kh tun hon
Tng
3331.14
172777.76
2.080
100.000
Tng
170982.52 100.000
2.2. CN BNG NHIT LNG
55
Bng 2.18. Nhit dung ng p ca cc cu t ph thuc vo nhit

Cu t
CH4
C2H6
H2
N2
O2
CO
CO2
H2O (h)
NH3 (k)
Cp (Kcal/mol.K)
6.73 + 10.2.10-3.T - 1.118.105.T-2
3.89 + 29.6.10-3.T
6.95 - 0.2.10-3.T + 0.48.10-6.T2
6.66 + 1.02.10-3.T
7.52 + 0.81.10-3 - 0.9.105.T-2
6.342 + 1.836.10-3.T
10.55 + 2.16.10-3.T - 2.04.105.T-2
7.2 + 2.7.10-3.T
7.12 + 6.09.10-3.T - 0.398.105.T-2
2.2.1. QU TRNH CHUYN HA KH T NIN THNH KH TNG HP

2.2.1.1. Thit b reforming s cp
Thit b reforming bng hi nc, vi thit k kiu ng, l thit b theo thit
k t thnh bn c Cng ty Todsoe ng k sng ch
a. Lng nhit mang vo
Nhit do hn hp hi-kh t nhin mang vo.
Q1 G1 C1 T1
Kcal/h.
Trong :
G1: Khi lng hn hp hi - kh t nhin, kg/h.
C1: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp hi - kh t nhin, Kcal/kg.K
TV: Nhit hn hp hi - kh mang vo, 0C.
Vi G1 = 129775.419 kg/h.
TV = 773 K.
Tnh C1:
Bng 2.19. T nhit ca cc cu t 773 K (500 0C)
56
Cu t
Cp (Kcal/mol.K)
Cp (Kcal/kg.K)
CH4
14.428
0.902
C2H6
N2
26.771
7.449
0.893
0.260
H2 O
9.287
0.516
C1 = Cpi.mi
Vi: Cpi - t nhit ca cc cu t, Kcal/kg.K
mi - % khi lng ca cc cu t (theo bng 10).
Vy:
Nhit do t chy x (kg/h) kh t nhin to ra:
Q2 x Q
Trong :
Q: nhit chy thp ca kh t chy vi khng kh trong n t, Kcal/kg
Vi: H CH , H C
4
2H6
ln lt l lng CH4, C2H6 trong hn hp kh t nhin,
m3/h.
Suy ra:
Vy
b. Lng nhit mang ra
*x
kcal/h
57
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng: (Q3)
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng c xc nh bng chnh lch nhit to thnh

cc hp cht thi im cui v ca hn hp ban u.
Q3 Q c Q d
Bng 2.20. Nhit to thnh ca cc cu t iu kin chun.
Cu t
H2 O
CO2
CO
CH4
C2H6
H2
N2
O2
NH3
Kcal/mol
57798.000
94052.000
26416.000
17889.000
20236.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Kcal/m3
2580.268
4198.750
1179.286
798.616
903.393
0.000
0.000
0.000
Kcal/kg
3211.000
2137.545
943.429
1118.063
1190.353
0.000
0.000
0.000
Gi tr Q3 m chng t phn ng ta nhit.
Nhit do hn hp hi - kh mang ra (Q4)
Q4 G 4 C4 Tr
Trong :
G4: Lng hn hp hi kh mang ra, G4 = 51725.572 kg/h.
C4: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp hi kh mang ra, Kcal/kg.K
Tr: Nhit hn hp hi kh mang ra, K
Tr = 1123 K (850 0C)
Tnh C4
58
Cu t
Cp (Kcal/mol.K)
Cp (Kcal/kg.K)
CO2
12.814
0.291
CO
H2 O
8.404
10.232
0.300
0.568
CH4
N2
H2
18.096
7.805
7.331
1.131
0.279
3.666
Nhit do khi l mang ra (Q5)
Q5 G k x Ck Tk
Trong :
Gk: khi lng ca khi l, kg/h .
x: lng sn phm chy, kg/h.
Ck: t nhit ca khi l, Kcal/kg.K
Tk: nhit khi l, K
Cc phn ng chy ca hyr cacbon:
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
C2H6 + 3,5O2
2CO2 + 3H2O
Tiu hao l thuyt ca O2, khng kh khi t chy kh, m3/m3

Tiu hao, m3/m3
Cu t
CH4
C2H6
Lng sn phm chy

O2
Khng kh
2
3.5
9.52
16.66
CO2
H2 O
1
2
N2
2
3
7.52
13.16
Tiu hao thc t x sn phm chy to thnh khi t chy 1m3 kh.
59
Cu t
CO2
H2 O
N2
7.373
CH4
C2H6
0.98
0.008
1.96
0.016
Tng
0.988
1.976
7.494
18.895
71.658
Tng cng
0.105
0.016
10.458
%V
9.447
i n v ra khi lng
m3/h
Cu t
%V
Kg/h
%m
CO2
H2 O
0.988
1.976
9.447
18.895
1.941
1.588
15.050
12.313
N2
7.494
71.658
9.368
72.637
Tng cng
10.458
100.000
12.897
100.000
Bng 2.22. T nhit ca cc cu t sn phm chy nhit khi l

Cu t
CO2
H2 O
N2
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
13.638
11.177
8.162
0.310
0.621
0.292
T nhit ca khi l
Vy
Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh (Q6)
Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
60
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Hay:
Gii ra ta c:
kg/h.
Bng 2.23. Cn bng nhit lng thit b reforming s cp.

Nhit vo
Kcal/h
Nhit ra
Q1
Q2
129775.419
1215870.452
Q3
Q4
Q5
134318.790
227225.799
916818.931
Q6
67282.351
Tng cng
1345645.871
Tng cng
2.2.1.2. Thit b reforming th cp

a. Lng nhit mang vo
Nhit do hn hp hi kh mang vo (Q1)
Q1 G1 C1 TV
Trong :
G1: khi lng hn hp hi - kh mang vo, kg/h.
G1 = 273.430 kg/h.
C1 = 0.74 Kcal/kg.K
C1 : T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp hi kh, Kcal/kg.K
Tv : nhit vo ca hn hp l 1123oK
Kcal/h
1345645.291
61
Nhit do khng kh mang vo (Q2)
Q2 G 2 C2 TV Kcal/h.
Trong :
G2: lng khng kh cp vo thit b, kg/h.
G2 = 143.256 kg/h (79% N2 v 21% O2)
Tv: Nhit u khng kh vo, Tv = 966 K (6930C).
C1: T nhit trung bnh cua khng kh, Kcal/kg.K
Tnh C1:
Bng 2.24. T nhit ca cc cu t 693 K.
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
7.645
8.206
0.273
0.250
N2
O2
Suy ra:
Vy
Hiu ng nhit (Q3)
Q3 Q C Q d
Kcal/h
b.Lng nhit mang ra:
Nhit do hn hp hi kh mang ra (Q4)
Q4 G 4 C4 Tr Kcal/h
62
Trong :
G4: Khi lng hn hp i ra, G4 = 416.680 kg/h.
C4: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp hi - kh , Kcal/kg.K
Tr: Nhit kh ra, Tr = 1273 K (1000 0C)
* Tnh C1:
Bng 2.25. T nhit ca cc cu t 1273 K (1000 0C.
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
CO2
13.174
0.299
CO
H2
8.679
7.473
0.310
3.736
CH4
N2
H2 O
19.646
7.958
10.637
1.228
0.284
0.591
Vy: Q4 416,680 0,597 1273 316668,883 Kcal/h.
Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Bng 2.26. Cn bng nhit thit b reforming th cp

Nhit vo
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Tn gi
Q1
Q2
Q3
227225.799
37087.259
54739.926
Q4
Q5
Tng cng
314284.782
Tng cng
Kcal/h
316668.883
2384.101
314284.782
63
2.2.2. QU TRNH CHUYN HA V TINH CH KH TNG HP

2.2.2.1. Cn bng nhit thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao
a. Lng nhit mang vo
Nhit do hn hp hi - kh mang vo (Q1)
Q1 G1 C1 TV Kcal/h
Trong
G1: Lng hn hp kh mang vo. G1 = 416.680 kg/h.
TV: nhit u vo, TV = 593 K (320 0C)
C1: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp kh, Kcal/kg.K
* Tnh C1:
Cu t
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
H2 O
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
11.251
7.431
7.000
12.461
7.265
8.801
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
0.256
0.265
3.500
0.779
0.259
0.489
Suy ra:
Vy:
Q1 416,680 0,526 593 129969,992 Kcal/h.

Nhit phn ng (Q2)
Q 2 Qc Qd Kcal/h
64
b. Lng nhit mang ra

Nhit do hn hp kh mang ra.
Q3 G 3 C3 Tr
Trong :
G3: Lng hn hp kh mang ra, G1 = 416.680 kg/h.
Tr: nhit u ra, Tr = 693 K (420 0C)
C3: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp kh, Kcal/kg.K
Tnh C3
Bng 2.28. T nhit ca cc cu t 593 K (320 0C).
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
CO2
CO
11.616
7.616
0.264
0.272
H2
7.042
3.521
CH4
N2
H2 O
13.568
7.634
9.072
0.848
0.263
0.504
Vy
Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh.
Bng 2.29. Cn bng nhit thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao.

Nhit vo
Nhit ra
65
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Tn gi
Q1
129969.992
Q3
156796.644
Q2
27940.771
Q4
1114.119
Tng cng
157910.763
Kcal/h
Tng cng
157910.763
2.2.2.2. Cn bng nhit thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp

a. Lng nhit mang vo
Nhit do hn hp hi kh mang vo (Q1):
Q1 G1 C1 TV Kcal/h.
Trong :
G1: Lng hn hp hi kh mang vo, G1 = 416.681 kg/h.
C1: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp hi kh, Kcal/kg.K
TV: Nhit vo ca hn hp hi - kh, Tv = 473 K (200 0C).
* Tnh C1
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
H2 O
10.660
7.210
6.963
11.055
7.142
8.177
Vy:
Nhit phn ng (Q2)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
0.242
0.258
3.482
0.691
0.255
0.471
66
b. Lng nhit mang ra
Nhit do hn hp hi kh mang ra (Q3):
Q3 G 3 C3 Tr Kcal/h.
Trong :
Tr: Nhit vo ca hn hp hi - kh, Tv = 493 K (220 0C).
Tnh C3:
Cu t
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
H2 O
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
10.776
7.247
6.968
11.299
7.163
8.531
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
0.245
0.259
3.484
0.706
0.256
0.474
Vy:
Nhit mt mt (Q4):
Q 4 Q1 Q 2 Q3
Q4 102683,949 12775,917 108874,578 6585,288 Kcal/h.
67
Bng 2.32. Cn bng nhit lng thit b chuyn ho nhit thp.

Nhit vo
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Tn gi
Q1
102683.949
Q3
108874.578
Q2
12775.917
Q4
6585.288
Tng cng
Kcal/h
Tng cng
115459.866
115459.866
2.2.2.3. Cn bng nhit thit b tch CO2

a. Lng nhit mang vo
Nhit do hn hp hi - kh mang vo (Q1):
Q1 G1 C1 TV Kcal/h.
Trong :
G1: Lng hn hp hi - kh mang vo, G1 = 330.505 kg/h.
C1: T nhit trung bnh ca hn hp hi - kh, Kcal/kg.K
Tnh C1:
Vy:
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
CO2
CO
H2
8.807
6.880
6.933
0.200
0.246
3.466
N2
CH4
6.959
8.416
0.249
0.526
68
b. Lng nhit mang ra
Q 2 G 2 C2 Tr Kcal/h.
Trong :
G2: Lng hn hp hi kh mang vo. G1 = 148.014 kg/h.
* Tnh C2
Vy:
Nhit mt mt (Q3):
Nhit hp th Q4:
Q Q1 Q 2 Q3
4
Bng 2.34. Cn bng nhit lng thit b tch CO2.
Nhit vo
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Tn gi
Q1
50722.602
Q2
39829.679
Q3
Q4
1521.678
9375.245
Tng cng
50722.602
Tng cng
2.2.2.4. Cn bng nhit lng thit b mtan ho

a. Lng nhit mang vo
Kcal/h
50722.602
69
Q1 G1 C1 TV Kcal/h.
Trong :
* Tnh C1:
Bng 2.35. T nhit ca cc cu t 563K (290 0C).
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
CO2
CO
H2
N2
11.122
7.376
6.990
7.234
0.253
0.263
3.495
0.258
CH4
12.120
0.757
Vy:
Nhit phn ng (Q2):
b. Lng nhit mang ra
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
Q3 G 3 C3 Tr
Kcal/h.
70
Trong :
Tr: Nhit ra ca hn hp hi - kh, Tv = 603 K (330 0C).
* Tnh C3:
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
H2
CH4
7.004
12.573
3.502
0.786
N2
H2 O
7.275
8.828
0.260
0.490
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
Vy:
Nhit mt mt (Q4)
Q 4 Q1 Q 2 Q3
Bng 2.37. Cn bng nhit lng thit b mtan ho.

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Q1
Q2
Tng cng
Kcal/h
76582.000
7916.183
84498.183
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Q3
Q4
Tng cng
2.2.3. CN BNG NHIT H THNG TNG HP NH3

2.2.3.1. Cn bng thp tng hp NH3
Kcal/h
81576.732
2921.451
84498.183
71
a. Lng nhit mang vo
Q1 G1 C1 TV Kcal/h.
Trong :
TV: Nhit vo ca hn hp hi - kh. Tv = 673 K (400 0C).
* Tnh C1:
Bng 2.38. T nhit ca cc cu t 673 K (4000C).
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
H2
N2
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
7.033
7.346
3.516
0.262
Vy:
Nhit phn ng (Q2)
b. Lng nhit mang ra:
Q3 G 3 C3 Tr
Kcal/h.
Trong :
G3: Lng hn hp hi - kh mang vo, G1 = 140.819 kg/h.
* Tnh C3:
72

Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
H2
N2
7.099
7.479
3.549
0.267
NH3
11.949
0.703
Vy:
Nhit mt mt (Q4)
Q 4 Q1 Q 2 Q3
Kcal/h.
Bng 2.40. Cn bng nhit lng thp tng hp NH3.

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Nhit ra
Kcal/h
Tn gi
Q1
88231.349
Q3
91366.747
Q2
8582.278
Q4
5446.880
Tng cng
96813.627
Tng cng
2.2.3.2. Cn bng nhit thp tch NH3

a. Lng nhit mang vo:
Kcal/h
Nhit do hn hp hi - kh mang vo (Q1):
Q1 G1 C1 TV Kcal/h.
Trong :
G1: Lng hn hp hi kh mang vo. G1 = 140.819 kg/h.
TV: Nhit vo ca hn hp hi - kh, Tv = 268 K (-5 0C).
96813.627
73
* Tnh C1:
Bng 2.41. T nhit ca cc cu t 268 K (-6 0C).
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
H2
6.931
3.465
N2
NH3
6.933
7.906
0.248
0.465
Vy:
b. Lng nhit mang ra:
Nhit do hn hp hi - kh mang ra (Q2):
Q2 G 2 C2 Tr Kcal/h.
Trong :
Tr: Nhit vo ca hn hp hi - kh, Tr = 240 K (-33 0C).
* Tnh C1:
Bng 2.42. T nhit ca cc cu t 240 K (-33 0C).
Cu t
Cp(Kcal/mol.K)
Cp(Kcal/kg.K)
H2
N2
6.930
6.905
3.465
0.247
NH3
8.211
0.483
Vy:
74
Bng 2.43. Cn bng nhit thit b tch NH3.

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Nhit ra
Kcal/h
Q1
21926.645
Tng cng
21926.645
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Q2
20176.546
Q3
1750.099
Tng cng
21926.645
2.2.4. HIU CHNH CN BNG NHIT LNG THEO NNG SUT

Bng 2.44. Cn bng nhit lng thit b reforming s cp
Nhit vo
Q1
Q2
Tng cng
Kcal/h
53252045
498920281
552172326
Nhit ra
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Tng cng
Kcal/h
55116372
93239834
376207480
27608639
552172088
Bng 2.45. Cn bng nhit lng thit b reforming th cp

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Q1
Q2
Q3
Tng cng
Nhit ra
Kcal/h
93239834
15218385
22461981
128963617
Tn gi
Q4
Q5
Kcal/h
129941909.5
978292.0043
Tng cng
128963617
Bng 2.46. Cn bng nhit lng thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao.

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Q1
Q2
Tng cng
Nhit ra
Kcal/h
53331886.52
11465215.97
64797102
Tn gi
Q3
Q4
Tng cng
Kcal/h
64339934.9
457167.5905
64797102
75
Bng 2.47. Cn bng nhit lng thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp.

Nhit vo
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
42135331.63
5242469.782
47377801
Tng cng
Tng cng
Kcal/h
44675594.34
2702207.078
47377801
Bng 2.48. Cn bng nhit lng thit b tch CO2.

Nhit vo
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Q1
20813512.5
Tng cng
20813512
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Q2
16343710.48
Q3
Q4
624405.3505
Tng cng
3847038.033
20813512
Bng 2.49. Cn bng nhit lng thit b mtan ha

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Q1
Q2
Tng cng
Nhit ra
Kcal/h
31424657.88
3248326.532
34672984
Tn gi
Q3
Q4
Tng cng
Kcal/h
33474196.21
1198788.203
34672984

Nhit vo
Tn gi
Q1
Q2
Tng cng
Nhit ra
Kcal/h
36204851.75
3521651.955
39726503
Tn gi
Q3
Q4
Tng cng
Kcal/h
37491430.96
2235072.739
39726503
76
Nhit vo
Nhit ra
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Q1
8997379
Tng cng
8997379
Tn gi
Kcal/h
Q2
8279243.886
Q3
718135.6237
Tng cng
8997379
77
2.3. TNH TON THP TNG HP

Chn thp tng hp loi c 2 lp xc tc, c trao i nhit nh thp. Cc
kch thc c bn ca thp nh sau:
ng knh trong thp: 2000 mm
ng knh trong ca gi xc tc: 1800 mm.
ng knh ngoi ca gi xc tc: 1700 mm.
ng knh thit b trao i nhit: 800 mm.
ng knh trong ng trung tm: 300 MM
2.3.1. CHIU DY THN THP TNG HP
Thit b lm vic p sut 150 atm v nhit trung bnh 500 0C. Chiu dy
thn thp hnh tr lm vic chu p sut trong Pt c tnh nh sau:
D t Pt
C
2 Pt
Trong :
Dt: ng knh trong ca thp, m.
Chn Dt = 2 m
: H s bn hn thnh hnh tr theo phng dc. Thit b hn bng tay
bng h quang in, chn = 0.95
Pt: p sut trong thit b, Pt = 150 atm (15*106 N/m2).
C: i lng b sung ph thuc vo n mn, bo mn v dung sai
ca chiu dy. i lng ny tnh theo cng thc:
C C1 C2 C3 m.
Trong :
C1: H s b sung n mn, vi thp CT3 vn tc g l 0.06 mm/nm,
thi gian lm vic t 15 20 nm. Ta c th ly C1 = 1 mm.
78
C2: H s b sung do bo mn. y xem bo mn rt nh c th b

qua, nn C2 = 0.
C3: H s b sung do dung sai m ca chiu dy. Chn C3 = 0,6 mm.
Nh vy:
C = 1 + 0 + 0,6 = 1,6 mm.
[k]: ng sut cho php ca thp CT3 theo gii hn bn ko, xc nh theo
cng thc:
N/m2
Trong :
k: ng sut gii hn bn ko; y chn thp CT3 nn k = 380.106 N/m2.
k: H s an ton theo gii hn bn. Chn k = 2,6

: H s iu chnh, chn = 1
[c]: ng sut cho php ca thp CT3 theo gii hn bn chy, xc nh theo
cng thc:
N/m2
Trong :
c: ng sut gii hn bn ko. y chn thp CT3 nn c = 240.106 N/m2.
c: H s an ton theo gii hn bn. Chn c = 1.5
: H s iu chnh, chn = 1
Thay s:
k 380 106
k
1 146 106 N/m2

k
2,6
79
2401,510
1 160 106 N/m2
ng sut cho php ca vt liu:
b Min c , k k 146 106 N/m2

Vy chiu dy thn thp
Chn S = 70 mm.
Kim tra ng sut ca thnh thit b theo p sut th.
D t S C P
2 S C
c N/m2
1,2
Trong :
Po: p sut th tnh ton, c xc inh theo cng thc:
Po Ptl P1 N/m2
Vi:
Ptl : p sut th thu lc, N/m2
Ptl 1,5 Pt 1,5 15 106 22,5 106 N/m2

P1 : p sut thu tnh ca nc, N/m2
P1 1,345 106 N/m2

Po Ptl P1 1,345 106 22,5 106 23,485 N/m2.
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc kim tra ng sut
80
Ta thy:
Cho nn tha mn iu kin bn nh trn. Vy ta chn S =70 mm

2.3.2. TNH CHIU CAO CA THP TNG HP
2.3.2.1 Th tch tng lp xc tc
Gi thit: Nng NH3 vo thp l 3.5% v nng NH3 ra khi thp l
17.3% v nng NH3 ra khi lp xc tc th nht l 10%.
Ta c lng hn hp kh vo thp theo bng l: 1286,832 m3/h.
Nng sut ring ca thp tnh bng kg NH3/m3 xc tc.h, tnh theo cng thc:
g 0,77 V a
Trong :
g: Nng sut ring ca thp.

V: Tc khng gian, h-1
Trong cng nghip thng duy tr tc khng gian khong 20000 n 50000
m3/m3.h, chn V = 25000 m3/m3.h
a: Phn NH3 to thnh tnh theo cng thc:
y1 y 0
100 y 0
Vi y0: nng NH3 vo thp, %

y1: nng NH3 ra khi thp, %
: gim th tch hn hp kh do phn ng, xc nh theo cng thc
81
100 y 0
100 y1
Th tch lp xc tc tnh theo cng thc:
Vxt
G
g
(m3)
G l lng NH3 to thnh qua qu trnh, kg/h.

Vi lp xc tc th nht:
Suy ra: g = 0.77* 25000*0.063*0.941 = 1141.198 kgNH3/m3 xc tc.h

Lng NH3 to thnh qua lp xc tc th nht
G = 6.5% *57783.26 = 3755 (kg/h)
Th tch lp xc tc th nht
Vi lp xc tc th 2
Suy ra: g = 0.77*25000*0.066*0.938 = 1191.729 kgNH3/m3 xc tc.h

Lng NH3 to thnh:
G = 7.3% *57783.26 = 4218 (kg/h)
Vy th tch lp xc tc th 2:
82
2.3.2.2. Chiu cao tng lp xc tc

+ Din tch mt ct ngang lp xc tc th nht
Vi R: Bn knh trong gi xc tc, R = 525 mm

r1: Bn knh ngoi ca thit b trao i nhit, r = 225 mm.
Vy:
+ Din tch mt ct ngang ca lp xc tc th hai
Vi r2: bn knh ngoi ng trung tm, r2 = 65 mm.

Vy:
+ Chiu cao lp xc tc th nht:
+ Chiu cao lp xc tc th hai
2.3.2.3. Chiu cao ton thp
Trong :
hxt1: Chiu cao lp xc tc th nht, m.
83
hxt2: chiu cao ca lp xc tc th hai, m.

l1: Khong cch gia hai lp xc tc, chn l = 0.3 m.
l2: Khong cch gia gi xc tc v np, chn l2 = 0.3 m.
h: Chiu cao y, h = 0.5 m.
H = 4.56 + 4.14 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.5 = 9.8 (m)
Vy chn chiu cao ca thp 10 m
2.3.2.4. ng knh ng dn nguyn liu vo, ra
* ng knh ng dn c tnh theo cng thc
Trong :
: Tc trung bnh ca kh i trong ng, (m/s). Gi tr thng ly = 20

m/s.
V: Lu lng th tch, (m3/s).
Theo bng 3.16. ta c
Khi lng rin ca H2 , N2 150atm v 5000C l 5.4 kg/m3 v17.6 kg/m3

Suy ra:
Th tch vo thit b l : V= 2201+2607= 4808 (m3/h)

Do vy:
84
Vy ta chn dt = 300mm
85
CHNG 3: M PHNG BNG HYSYS

3.1. TNG QUAN PHN MM
3.1.1. PHN MM M PHNG
Thit k m phng l qu trnh thit k vi s tr gip ca my tnh vi cc
phn mm chuyn nghip. M phng l mt cng c cho php tin hnh cng vic
hiu qu hn khi thit k mt qu trnh mi, phn tch nghin cu cc yu t nh
hng n mt qu trnh ang hot ng trong thc t.
Tc ca cng c m phng cho php kho st nhiu trng hp hn trong
cng thi gian vi chnh xc cao hn so vi tnh ton bng tay. Hn na, m
phng c th t ng ha qu trnh tnh ton cc s cng ngh trnh vic phi
thc hin cc php lp khng c c s hoc m mm.
ng dng ca thit k m phng thng c s dng :
Thit k mt qu trnh mi;
Th li, kim tra li cc qu trnh ang tn ti;
Hiu chnh cc qu trnh ang vn hnh;
Ti u ha cc qu trnh vn hnh.
Trong ngnh cng ngh ha hc, c rt nhiu cc phn mm k thut c

nghin cu xy dng h tr cho qu trnh tnh ton thit k, m phng trng thi
tnh/ng v ti u ha dy chuyn cng ngh. Mi phn mm u c th mnh
ring, bao gm:
DESIGN II (Chemshare, M): s dng trong cng ngh ha hc ni

chung;
PRO/II (Simsci, M): s dng m phng tnh trong cng ngh ha hc,
cng ngh lc ha du ;
HYSYS (Aspentech, M): s dng trong cng nghip ch bin kh;
DYNSIM (Simsci, M): s dng m phng ng trong cng ngh ha

hc, cng ngh lc ha du.
86
Trong cc phn mm k trn, phn mm Hysys l phn mm m phng ni

ting nht, c s dng rng ri nht trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip. Trong
ti ny, phn mm Hysys c la chn l phn mm chnh m phng n gin
phn xng Amoniac. Bn cnh , ti cn s dng phn mm PRO/II. tham
kho v h tr cho Hysys.
3.1.2. PHN MM HYSYS
Hysys l phm mm chuyn dng dng tnh ton v m phng cng ngh
c dng cho ch bin du v kh, trong cc qu trnh x l v ch bin kh
c s dng nhiu nht.
Hysys chy trn Windows l phin bn mi ca Hysim, phn mm ny trc
y dng trn h iu hnh Dos.
Hysys l sn phm ca cng ty Hyprotech-Canada thuc cng ty AEA Technologie Engineering Software - Hyprotech Ltd. L mt phn mm c kh nng tnh
ton a dng, cho kt qu c chnh xc cao, ng thi cung cp nhiu thut ton
s dng, tr gip trong qu trnh tnh ton cng ngh, kho st cc thng s trong
qu trnh thit k nh my ch bin kh. Ngoi th vin c sn, Hysys cho php
ngi s dng to cc th vin ring rt thun tin cho vic s dng. Ngoi ra Hysys cn c kh nng t ng tnh ton cc thng s cn li nu thit lp thng
tin. y chnh l im mnh ca Hysys gip ngi s dng trnh nhng sai st v
ng thi c th s dng nhng d liu ban u khc nhau.
Hysys c thit k s dng cho hai trng thi m phng
Steady Mode: Trng thi tnh, s dng thit k cng ngh cho mt qu
trnh.
Dynamic Mode: Trng thi ng, m phng thit b hay quy trnh
trng thi ang vn hnh lin tc, kho st s thay i cc p ng ca
h thng theo s thay i ca mt vi thng s.
87
Hnh 3.1: Giao din phn mm m phng Hysys.

3.1.3. PHNG PHP XY DNG M HNH M PHNG PHN XNG
AMONIAC
3.1.3.1. Nhng gi nh trong m hnh m phng
Qu trnh xy dng m hnh m phng phn xng Amoniac n gin s
dng mt s gi nh sau:
M phng tng trng qu trnh kh lu hunh cho ngun kh bng

bnh tch (v gi nh kh khng c lu hunh)
Qu trnh m phng cha tnh n nng lng ca thit b.
Khng tnh n qu trnh n mn thit b trong h thng thit b phn

ng, ng ng;
Khng tnh n s gim din tch b mt trao i nhit trong cc thit

b trao i nhit do hin tng ng cn;
3.1.3.2. Cc cng c s dng trong m hnh m phng

Nhng thit b chnh c s dng trong m hnh m phng phn xng
Amoniac
My nn: My nn c s dng nn kh tng hp n p sut cao trc
khi vo thit b tng hp Amoniac. My nn c thit lp bng cng c Compres-
88
sor trong phn mm Hysys, p sut ca y ca my nn c thit lp theo thng

s p sut yu cu;
My gin n: My gin n c s dng gim p sut ca dng kh cng
ngh xung p sut yu cu. My gin n c thit lp bng cng c Expander
trong phn mm Hysys, p sut u ra ca my gin n c thit lp theo thng s
p sut yu cu;
Thit b trao i nhit: Thit b trao i nhit c s dng trao i nhit
nng gia dng lu cht nng v dng lu cht lnh. Cc thit b trao i nhit
c thit lp bng cng c m phng Heat Exchanger trong phn mm Hysys, ch
chuyn ng ca lu cht nng, lu cht lnh, nhit u vo v u ra ca
dng lu cht, tn tht p sut, h s trao i nhit, din tch b mt trao i nhit,
v cng sut nhit c tham chiu theo cc gi tr tnh ton ca nh ch to thit
b;
B trn: B trn c s dng trn cc dng lu th trong m hnh m
phng. B trn dng c m phng bng cng c Mixer trong phn mm Hysys.
Thit b phn ng chuyn ha: Thit b phn ng chuyn ha c s dng
m phng cc phn ng chuyn ha trong phn xng Amoniac nh phn ng
reforming s cp hydrocarbon bc cao thnh CH4, phn ng t kh tng hp ca
thit b reforming th cp, phn ng methane ha. Thit b phn ng chuyn ha
c m phng bng cng c Conversion Reactor trong phn mm Hysys. H phn
ng, p sut, chuyn ha c thit lp theo s liu thit k ca nh cung cp
thit b v bn v PFD;
Thit b phn ng cn bng: Thit b phn ng cn bng c s dng m
phng cc phn ng cn bng nh phn ng reforming ca methane v carbon
monoxide, phn ng chuyn ha CO, phn ng tng hp Amoniac. Thit b phn
ng cn bng c m phng bng cng c Equilibrium Reactor trong phn mm
Hysys. H phn ng, p sut, hng s cn bng c thit lp theo s liu thit k
ca nh cung cp thit b, bn v PFD v c s d liu ca HYSYS
89
Bnh tch: Bnh tch c s dng m phng qu trnh tch pha lng-hi,
c m phng bng cng c Saperator trong phn mm Hysys.
3.1.3.3. Phng php xy dng m hnh m phng
Phng php xy dng m hnh m phng phn xng Amoniac c th
Bt u
Thit lp h cu t
Thit lp h nhit ng
Xy dng s cng ngh
Chy m phng
Hiu chnh
m hnh
Khng
t
Phn tch kt
qu
t
Kt qu
Hnh 3.2: Phng php xy dng m hnh m phng phn xng Amoniac
90
3.1.3.3.1. Thit lp h cu t
La chn nhng cu t tham gia vo qu trnh t ngn hng d liu xy
dng trong Hysys, gm c nhng cu t CH4, C2H6, N2, O2, H2, H2O, CO, CO2,
NH3. H cu t cho m hnh m phng ny c thit lp nh hnh theo sau.
Hnh 3.3: Thit lp h cu t cho m hnh m phng

3.1.3.3.2. Thit lp h nhit ng
Vic la chn h nhit ng thch hp cho m hnh m phng ng vai tr rt
quan trng, nh hng rt ln n chnh xc ca kt qu m phng. Mi phng
php nhit ng cho php tnh ton cc thng s bao gm hng s cn bng K, enthalpy, entropy v t trng.
la chn mt h nhit ng thch hp, cn da vo cc yu t sau:
Bn cht ca cc c trng nhit ng ca h nh: hng s cn bng

lng-hi (VLE: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium) ca cc qu trnh chng ct
c c bc hi hoc trch ly;
Thnh phn hn hp;
Phm vi nhit v p sut;
Tnh sn c ca cc thng s ca thit b (nu c).
91
Hnh 3.4: Thit lp h nhit ng SRK-Twu (mc nh) cho m hnh m

phng
3.1.3.3.3. Xy dng s cng ngh
thc hin m phng phn xng Amoniac theo nh hng ph hp vi
qu trnh nh gi nhng nh hng khi thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ngun kh
nguyn liu, cn thit phi thc hin qu trnh m phng vi m hnh tng ng
sau:
Xy dng m hnh m phng ph hp vi qu trnh nh gi tng quan

ton phn xng NH3: tin hnh m phng cc cm ring l, thc hin
kt ni d liu cc cm v m phng ton phn xng Amoniac trn
cng mt file nh gi tng quan s thay i ca ton phn xng
Amoniac khi thay i ngun kh nguyn liu;
Xy dng m hnh m phng st vi cng ngh thc t: xy dng m

hnh m phng theo cc thng s cng nh cu to thit b t bn v
PFD
92
M phng cc thit b trong phn xng sao cho c th kho st c

s thay i ca cc dng cc thit b khi dng nguyn liu b thay i:
m phng cc thit b phn ng dng cn bng (equilibrium reactor) vi
d liu cc phn ng l phn ng cn bng, c th d dng thy
c s thay i v nhit cng nh thnh phn cc dng sn phm
khi thay i ngun kh nguyn liu. ng thi, cc thit b trao i
nhit c m phng theo nhit dng lu th nng/lnh, v gi tr
cng sut nhit theo bn v PFD.
M phng cc thit b tch tng ng vi thc t: i vi cc thit b

tch khng b rng buc v nng lng, nhit hay p sut th m
phng bng cc bnh tch vi nng lng bng khng, tn tht p sut
bng khng, nhm xem xt c s thay i lng lng hi u ra
thit b khi c s thay i ngun kh nguyn liu;
3.1.3.3.4. nh gi, so snh kt qu m phng

nh gi kt qu m phng ca m hnh m phng phn xng Amoniac
v m bo vic s dng m hnh m phng ny nh gi nh hng khi thay
i ngun kh nguyn liu, kt qu m phng bao gm cng sut nhit ca cc thit
b (thit b trao i nhit) v thnh phn v tnh cht dng cng ngh (thnh phn,
nhit , lu lng, p sut,) phi nm trong gii hn sai s cho php so vi s
liu thit k .
3.2. M PHNG HON CHNH PHN XNG AMONIAC

Cc qu trnh chnh c xy dng trong m hnh m phng phn xng
Amoniac trong phm vi ti ny bao gm:
Qu trnh kh lu hunh
Qu trnh reforming s cp v th cp
Qu trnh chuyn ha CO;
Qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA;
Qu trnh methane ha v nn kh tng hp;
93
Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac v tch thu sn phm.
3.2.1. M PHNG QU TRNH KH LU HUNH

Theo s liu gi s ban u, ngun kh khng cha lu hunh, do vy trong
m hnh m phng xy dng thit b hydro ha R201 v thit b hp th R202A/B
thnh 3 bnh tch vi nng lng bng khng v tn tht p sut theo d liu thit
b. M hnh m phng qu trnh kh lu hunh ca ngun kh c th hin trong
hnh theo sau.
Hnh 3.5: M hnh m phng qu trnh kh lu hunh

3.2.2. M PHNG QU TRNH REFORMING S CP V TH CP
Qu trnh cp nhit cho thit b reforming s cp H201 l cp nhit gin tip,
nhit thit k ca dng kh sn phm ra khi thit b reforming s cp l 850 oC.
V thit b reforming s cp c m phng thnh ba thit b phn ng vi thit lp
v h phn ng tng ng nh sau.
Thit b phn ng
Phn ng xy ra
PRIREFOR-1
Phn ng reforming hi nc ca hydro-
94
(Thit b phn ng chuyn ha)
carbon bc cao:
C2H6 + H2O
PRIREFOR-2
Phn ng reforming hi nc ca methane:

CH4 + H2O
PRIREFOR-3
CH4 + CO + 2H2 Q
CO + 3H2 Q
Phn ng reforming hi nc ca carbon

monoxide:
CO + H2O
CO2+ H2 + Q
Trong khi , qu trnh cp nhit cho thit b reforming th cp chnh l nhit

sinh ra do phn ng t chy methane nh thit b, do vy thit b reforming th
cp c m phng 3thnh hai thit b phn ng vi thit lp v phn ng v nhit
lng nh sau:
Thit b phn ng
Phn ng xy ra
SEREF-BURNER
Phn ng t chy methane:

SEF-REFORMER
(Thit b phn ng cn bng)
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O + Q
Phn ng reforming hi nc ca methane v carbon monoxide

CH4 + H2O
CO + H2O
CO + 3H2 Q
CO2+ H2 + Q
Trong m hnh m phng cm reforming c s dng thm 3 thit b trao i

nhit E-101 t trc thit b reforming s v E-102 t trc thit b reforming th
cp qu trnh m phng st vi s liu thit k.
M hnh m phng ca thit b reforming s cp v thit b reforming th cp
c th hin trong hnh theo sau.
95
Hnh 3.6: M hnh m phng thit b reforming s cp v th cp

3.2.3. M PHNG QU TRNH CHUYN HA CO
Trong cm chuyn ha CO, dng kh cng ngh trao i nhit trong cc thit
b trao i nhit gim nhit , v thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha CO trong hai
thit b, thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao v thit b chuyn ha CO nhit
thp. Phn ng chuyn ha CO l phn ng ta nhit, do vy m phng hai thit b
chuyn ha CO l thit b phn ng dng chuyn ha v cn bng, vi nng lng
bng khng. Phng trnh xy ra trong thit b:
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2 + Q
M hnh m phng qu trnh chuyn ha CO c th hin trong hnh theo

sau.
Hnh 3.7: M hnh m phng qu trnh chuyn ha CO
96
3.2.4. M PHNG QU TRNH TCH CO2 BNG DUNG DCH MDEA

Mc ch ca qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA l tch kh CO2 ra
khi dng kh cng ngh. Qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA bng thit b
Absorber, y ch t cc tiu chun sn phm ng vi s liu thit k. ng
thi qu trnh tch CO2 cng khng nh hng nhiu n cc qu trnh cng ngh
sau.
M hnh m phng ca qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA c th
Hnh 3.8 : M hnh m phng qu trnh tch CO2 bng dung dch MDEA
3.2.5. M PHNG QU TRNH METHANE HA V NN KH TNG
HP
Hn hp kh cng ngh sau khi tch CO2 vn cn cha mt lng d CO v
CO2, cc kh ny s gy ng c xc tc trong qu trnh tng hp Amoniac. Do vy,
cc kh ny cn c chuyn ha thnh methane v methane ng vai tr nh kh
tr trong qu trnh tng hp Amoniac. Qu trnh methane ha din ra trong thit b
methane ha CRV-102, cc phn ng xy ra trong thit b methane ha s ngc
vi thit b reforming.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong thit b methane ha c thit lp sn trong h
phn ng Methanation trong phn mm m phng Hysys, bao gm:
97
(1)
CO + 3H2
CH4 + H2O +Q
(2)
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2 + Q
Do phn ng ta nhit, nn nhit ca dng kh sn phm ra khi thit b

methane ha s tng ln so vi kh u vo.
M hnh m phng qu trnh methane ha v nn kh tng hp c th hin
trong hnh theo sau.
Hnh 3.9: M hnh m phng qu trnh methane ha v nn kh tng hp

3.2.6. M PHNG QU TRNH TNG HP AMONIAC V TCH THU
SN PHM
Kh tng hp sau khi nn n p sut 150atm v nhit 400oC c cp vo
thit b tng hp Amoniac. Trong thit b tng hp Amoniac, di tc dng ca
cht xc tc, phn ng tng hp Amoniac xy ra theo phn ng sau:
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
Thit b tng hp c m phng bng mt thit b phn ng chuyn ha,

c nhp h phn ng AMONIAC. Phn ng tng hp Amoniac l phn ng ta
nhit, xy ra nhit thp, p sut cao. Do vy, nhit cp vo R501 c thit lp
98
bng khng, nhit phn ng sinh ra lm tng nhit ca dng kh sn phm. i

vi phn ng trong qu trnh tng hp Amoniac, hng s cn bng ca phn ng
c tnh ton da trn phng trnh:
M hnh m phng qu trnh tng hp Amoniac c th hin trong hnh theo
sau
Hnh 3.10: M hnh m phng qu trnh tng hp Amoniac v tch thu sn

phm
3.2.7. M PHNG HON CHNH TON PHN XNG AMONIAC
Sau khi m phng tng cm qu trnh trong phn xng Amoniac, cn lin kt
cc dng cng ngh gia cc cm nh gi mt cch tng quan ton phn xng
Amoniac.
M hnh m phng hon chnh cho ton phn xng Amoniac c th hin
trong hnh theo sau.
99
Hnh 3.11 : M hnh m phng hon chnh phn xng Amoniac
3.3. NH GI, SO SNH KT QU M PHNG VI TNH TON

THNG THNG
Qu trnh m phng c tin hnh theo cc s liu gi thuyt ban u, nn
s liu kt qu m phng so vi s liu thit k l tng i chnh xc. Tuy nhin
vn c nhng sai s nht nh. Nguyn nhn chnh l do vic la chn h nhit
ng, thit b, do nh hng ln nhau gia cc tng qu trnh ring l khi tch hp
chung trong mt m hnh.
3.3.1. QU TRNH REFORMING S CP V TH CP
Kt qu m phng thnh phn v tnh cht ca dng kh sn phm vo thit b
reforming s cp (dng Feed_prirefor) v dng sn phm ra thit b reforming th
cp (dng Pro_seref_2) c th hin trong bng theo sau.
Bng 3.1: Kt qu so snh ca dng vo Reforming th cp (Feed_prirefor)
Stt
1
2
3
4
Dng cng ngh

Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
Methane
H2
N2
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Thit k
Hi
500
40
Feed_prirefor
M phng
Hi
500
40
28723.8
220
820.7
28689.6
268
834.3
Sai s, %
0.12
17
1.6
100
Bng 3.2. Kt qu m phng ca dng ra khi thit b reforming th cp

Stt
1
2
3
4
Dng cng ngh

Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
Methane
CO
CO2
H2
N2
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Thit k
Hi
1000
40
Pro_seref-2
M phng
Hi
1250
40
650.14
48066.56
20377.52
9011.28
45925.57
669.26
36154.65
20983.97
9835.03
45895.71
Sai s, %
2.8
24.7
2.9
8.3
9
3.3.2. QU TRNH CHUYN HA CO

Kt qu m phng thnh phn v tnh cht ca dng kh sn phm ra khi thit
b chuyn ha CO nhit cao (dng Pro_hight) v thit b chuyn ha CO nhit
thp (Pro-low) c th hin trong bng theo sau.
Bng 3.3: Kt qu m phng ca dng Pro_hight ra khi thit b chuyn ha
CO nhit cao
Stt Dng cng ngh
1
2
3
4
Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
CO
CO2
CH4
H2
N2
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Thit k
Hi
320
40
Pro_hight
M phng
Hi
370
40
18077.53
49391.39
669.26
11126
45895
16578.1
38812.29
650.14
9011.35
45925
Sai s, %
8.3
21.4
2.8
19
0.06
101
Bng 3.4: Kt qu m phng ca dng Pro_low ra khi thit b chuyn ha

CO nhit thp
Stt Dng cng ngh
1
2
3
4
Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
CO
CO2
CH4
H2
N2
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Pro_low
Thit k
Lng - Hi
210
40
M phng
Lng - Hi
199.2
40
Sai s, %
49391.39
18077.53
558.47
11126.37
45895.71
38952.9
16357.15
650.14
9667.23
45925.56
21.1
9.5
14.1
13.1
0.72
Nhn xt:
Kt qu m phng thnh phn v tnh cht ca dng kh sn phm ra khi thit
b chuyn ha CO nhit cao R204 v dng kh sn phm ra khi thit b chuyn
ha CO nhit thp R205 vi sai s u rt b (u nh hn 1%) so vi s liu
thit k. iu ny chng t, khai bo v cc phn ng Shift v hng s cn bng ca
phn ng c sn trong c s d liu PRO/II l chnh xc.
Trong qu trnh m phng cm chuyn ha CO, thit b tch B201 c m
phng thnh 2 bnh tch Flash vi nng lng bng khng v tn tht p sut bng
khng nhm m phng st vi thc t cng nh c th xem xt s nh hng n
lng lng hi ra khi bnh tch khi c s thay i tnh cht ca dng vo bnh
tch. Kt qu m phng bnh tch B201 chnh xc vi lng hi qu nhit ra khi
bnh tch l 249.337 kg/hr, ng vi s liu thit k.
3.3.3. QU TRNH TCH CO2 BNG DUNG DCH MDEA
Kt qu m phng thnh phn v tnh cht ca dng kh tng hp tch CO2
c th hin trong bng theo sau.
102
Bng 3.5: Kt qu m phng dng kh tng hp tch CO2

Stt
1
2
3
4
Dng cng ngh

Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
CO
CO2
CH4
H2
N2
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Thit k
Hi
45
40
Pro_sep_CO2
M phng
Hi
50
40
1807
75.09
669.26
12288.45
45895.71
3853
205
618.59
9640.66
45565.59
Sai s, %
53.1
63.3
7.5
21.5
0.72
Nhn xt:
kt qu m phng cc dng cng ngh ra khi qu trnh tch CO2 u st vi
thc t. Vic s dng hai thit b Stream Calculator ny ch mang tnh cht tnh ton
lng CO2 tch ra.
3.3.4. QU TRNH METHANE HA V NN KH TNG HP
Kt qu m phng thnh phn v tnh cht ca dng kh sn phm sau thit b
methane ha (dng Pro_metanhoa) c th hin trong bng theo sau.
Bng 3.6: Kt qu m phng dng kh tng hp ra khi thit b methane ha
Stt
1
2
3
4
Dng cng ngh

Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
H2
N2
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Thit k
Hi
330
10
Pro_metanhoa
M phng
Hi
431
10
11887.55
45895.71
11656.66
45565.59
Sai s, %
0
1.9
0.71
Nhn xt:
i vi dng sn phm ra khi thit b methane ha R301, thnh phn v tnh
cht ca dng 2305 c sai s rt b so vi s liu thit k, sai s u nh hn 0,5%.
103
ng thi, t l H2/N2 l 2,74 xp x 3/1, p ng yu cu cng ngh ca qu trnh

tng hp Amoniac.
3.3.5. QU TRNH TNG HP AMONIAC V TCH THU SN PHM
Kt qu m phng thnh phn v tnh cht ca dng kh tng hp dng kh sn
phm sau thit b tng hp Amoniac c th hin trong bng theo sau.
Bng 3.7: Kt qu m phng dng sn phm Amoniac
Stt
1
2
3
4
Dng cng ngh

Pha
Nhit
p sut
Lu lng
NH3
n v
o
C
atm
Kg/h
Thit k
Lng
-33
1
2600
M phng
Lng
-33
1
56249.4
55401.57
Sai s, %
0
0
1.5
Nhn xt
M hnh m phng ny m phng c vng tng hp gn st vi s liu
thit k. Cc dng nguyn liu vo thp tng hp Amoniac v dng sn phm ra
khi thit b Amoniac c thnh phn v tnh cht kh st vi s liu thit k. Phn
ng tng hp Amoniac c khai bo l phn ng cn bng, vi cc hng s cn
bng c tham kho t c s d liu ca phn mm HYSYS. Kt qu m phng
thit b ny l hon ton ph hp vi s liu thit k ca nh my. iu ny chng
t cc gi tr c s d liu ca phn mm c chnh xc cao.
Cc thit b phn ng, thit b tch pha, thit b trao i nhit c m phng
c th s dng nh gi thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc dng cng ngh
khi thay i dng nguyn liu u vo.
Sau khi m phng thnh cng, vi kt qu thu c, m hnh m phng hon
chnh phn xng Amoniac c ngha:
Gip hiu r rng v chi tit cc qu trnh xy ra trong ton phn xng
Amoniac;
104
Cc gi tr v nhit ng hc t c s d liu ca phn mm m phng

HYSYS l hon ton chnh xc v c th vn dng vo thc t nh
my;
Khi ngun nguyn liu ca nh my thay i, m hnh trn c ngha

rt ln c th tm ra t l pha trn nguyn liu hoc thay i lu
lng c hiu sut thu sn phm Amoniac cao nht;
Khi nh my mun tng nng sut, m rng phn xng, m hnh trn
c th c s dng tham kho trc khi i vo thit k, xy dng;
Vi kt qu chnh xc t m hnh, vic tn dng n tip tc i vo

m phng ng v thit k l hon ton ph hp.
105
CHNG 4 : THIT K XY DNG

4.1. CHN A IM XY DNG
4.1.1. CC YU CU CHUNG
V qui hoch : a im xy dng phi ph hp vi quy hoch vng, lnh
th, quy hoch cm kinh t cng nghip c cc cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
To iu kin pht huy ti a cng sut ca nh my v kh nng hp tc sn xut
ca nh my vi cc nh my khc.
V iu kin t chc sn xut : a im la chn xy dng phi m bo
gn cc ngun cung cp nguyn liu cho sn xut v gn ni tiu th sn phm ca
nh my, gn cc ngun cung cp nng lng nh in, nc, than, . Nh vy s hn
ch ti a cc chi ph cho vn chuyn, h gi thnh sn phm .
V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh nh my: a im xy dng phi m
bo s hot ng lin tc ca nh my. Do a im xy dng c la chn cn
ch ti cc yu t sau:
Kh nng cung cp vt liu, vt t xy dng gim chi ph gi thnh

u t xy dng c bn ca nh my, hn ch ti a lng vn chuyn vt
t xy dng t ni xa n.
Kh nng cung ng cng nhn trong qu trnh xy dng nh my cng nh

vn hnh nh my sau ny. Do vy qu trnh thit k cn phi ch xc
nh s cng nhn cc a phng ln cn trong qu trnh th ho.
4.1.2. CC YU CU V K THUT XY DNG

V a hnh: Khu t phi cao ro, trnh ngp lt trong ma ma l, c mc
nc ngm thp to iu kin tt cho vic thot nc thi v nc ma d dng. Khu
t phi tng i bng phng v c dc t nhin tt nht l i=0,5 1% hn
ch ti a do kinh ph san lp mt bng.
V a cht: Khu t la chn khng nm trn cc vng c m khong sn
hoc a cht khng n nh, nh c hin tng ng t, xi mn hay hin tng
106
ct chy, Cng khu t xy dng tt nht l 1,5 2,5 kg/cm2. Nn xy dng

trn nn t st, t ong, t i, gim ti a chi ph gia c nn mng ca
cc hng mc cng trnh c ti trng bn thn v ti trng ng ln.
4.1.3. CC YU CU V MI TRNG V SINH CNG NGHIP
Khi a im xy dng nh my c la chn cn xt n quan h mt thit
gia khu dn c th v khu cng nghip. Bi v trong qu trnh sn xut ca nh
my thi ra cc cht c hi nh: kh c, nc bn, khi bi, ting n, hoc cc
yu t bt li khc nh: hin tng chy n, nhim mi trng,
a im xy dng nh my phi m bo cc yu cu quy phm, quy nh v
bo v mi trng v sinh cng nghip, ch khong cch bo v, tuyt i khng
c xy dng cc cng trnh cng cng hoc cng vin, phi trng cy xanh
hn ch tc hi ca khu cng nghip gy nn.
V tr xy dng thng phi nm cui hng gi ch o, ngun nc thi ca
nh my c x l phi h lu v cch bn dng nc ca dn c ti thiu l
500m .
4.1.4. YU CU KHI THIT K TNG MT BNG NH MY
Gii php thit k tng mt bng nh my phi p ng c mc cao nht
ca dy chuyn cng ngh sao cho chiu di dy chuyn sn xut ngn nht, khng
trng lp ln xn, hn ch ti a s giao nhau. Bo m mi lin h mt thit gia
cc hng mc cng trnh vi h thng giao thng cc mng li cung cp k thut
khc bn trong v bn ngoi nh my.
Trn khu t xy dng nh my phi c phn thnh cc khu vc chc nng
theo c im ca sn xut, yu cu v sinh, c im s c, khi lng phng
tin vn chuyn, mt cng nhn, to iu kin tt cho vic qun l vn hnh
ca cc khu vc chc nng.
Din tch khu t xy dng c tnh ton tho mn mi yu cu i hi ca
dy chuyn cng ngh trn c s b tr hp l cc hng mc cng trnh, tng cng
vn dng cc kh nng hp khi nng tng s dng ti a cc din tch khng xy
107
dng trng cy xanh, t chc mi trng cng nghip v nh hng pht trin
m rng nh my trong tng lai.
T chc h thng giao thng vn chuyn hp l, ph hp vi dy chuyn
cng ngh, c tnh hng ho p ng mi yu cu sn xut v qun l, lung ngi,
lung hng phi ngn nht khng trng lp hoc ct nhau. Ngoi ra cn phi ch
khai thc ph hp vi mng li giao thng quc gia cng nh ca cc cm nh my
ln cn.
Phi m bo tt mi quan h hp tc mt thit vi cc nh my ln cn trong
khu cng nghip vi vic s dng chung cc cng trnh m bo k thut, x l
cht thi, chng nhim mi trng cng nh cc cng trnh hnh chnh phc v cng
cng, nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t, hn ch vn u t xy dng nh my v
tit kim din tch xy dng.
Phn chia thi k xy dng hp l, to iu kin thi cng nhanh, sm a nh
my vo sn xut, nhanh chng hon vn u t xy dng.
Bo m cc yu cu thm m ca tng cng trnh tng th nh my. Ho
nhp, ng gp cnh quan xung quanh to thnh khung cnh kin trc cng nghip
th.
4.2. GII PHP THIT K TNG QUAN MT BNG PHN XNG

4.2.1. NGUYN TC THIT K TNG MT BNG PHN XNG
Vng trc phn xng: Ni b tr cc nh hnh chnh qun l, phc v sinh
hot, cng ra vo, gara t, xe p,... i vi cc phn xng c quy m nh hoc
mc hp khi ln, vng trc nh my hu nh c dnh din tch cho bi
xe (xe t, xe gn my, xe p), cng bo v, bng tin v cy xanh cnh quan. Din
tch vng ny tu theo c im sn xut, quy m ca phn xng c din tch t
4% 20% din tch ton phn xng.
Vng sn xut: Ni b tr phn xng v dy chuyn sn xut chnh ca phn
xng, nh cc xng sn xut chnh, sn xut ph tr ... Tu theo c im sn
xut v quy m ca phn xng m din tch vng ny chim t 22% - 52% din
108
tch ca ton phn xng. y l vng quan trng nht ca nh my nn khi b tr

cn phi lu mt s im sau y:
Khu t c u tin v iu kin a hnh, a cht cng nh v hng.

Cc nh sn xut chnh, ph, ph tr sn xut c nhiu cng nhn nn b
tr gn pha cng hoc gn pha trc giao thng chnh ca phn xng v
c bit u tin v hng.
Cc nh xng trong qu trnh sn xut gy ra cc tc ng xu nh ting

n ln, lng bi, nhit thi ra nhiu hoc d c s c (d chy, d n
hoc r r cc ho cht c hi) nn t cui hng gi v tun th cht
ch vn an ton v sinh cng nghip.
Vng cc cng trnh ph: Ni t cc nh v cng trnh cung cp nng lng

bao gm cc cng trnh cung cp in, hi, nc, x l nc thi v cc cng trnh
bo qun k thut khc. Cn lu mt s im sau y:
Hn ch ti a chiu di ca h thng cung cp k thut bng cch b tr

hp l gia ni cung cp v ni tiu th nng lng (khai thc ti a h
thng cung cp trn khng v ngm di mt t).
Tn dng cc khu khng li v hng hoc giao thng b tr cc cng

trnh ph.
Cc cng trnh c nhiu bi hoc cht thi bt li u phi ch b tr

cui hng gi ch o.
Vng kho tng v phc v giao thng: Trn , b tr cc h thng kho tng,
bn bi, cc cu bc d hng ho, sn ga nh my ... Tu theo c im sn xut v
quy m ca nh xng vng ny thng chim t 23% 37% din tch phn
xng. Khi b tr vng ny ngi thit k cn lu mt s im sau:
Cho php b tr cc cng trnh trn vng t khng u tin v hng.

Nhng phi ph hp vi cc ni tp kt nguyn liu v sn phm ca nh
my d dng thun tin nhp, xut hng ca nh my .
109
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, do t im v yu cu ca dy chuyn

cng ngh h thng kho tng c th b tr gn lin trc tip vi b phn
sn xut. V vy, ngi thit k c th b tr mt phn h thng kho tng
nm ngay trong khu vc sn xut
4.2.2. CC HNG MC CNG TRNH

Bng 4.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh ca phn xng
STT Tn cc hng mc cng trnh
S lng
Kch thc(m2)
Din tch(m2)
Nh hnh chnh(2 tng )
12x30
360
Phng bo v
3x3
9x4
Gara t
9x30
270
Nh xe p,xe my
12x24
288
Phng y t
10x32
320
Cng tin
18x18
324
Phng th nghim
12x18
216
Xng c kh
40x50
2000
Kho ho cht
12x18
216
10
Nh v sinh
9x30
270
11
Trm bin p
9x12
108
12
Nh iu khin trung tm
18x24
432
13
Khu vc b cha amoniac
24x24
576
14
Khu vc tng hp NH3
20x30
600
15
Khu vc reforming
20x68
1360
110
16
Tch lu hunh
18x18
324
17
Chuyn ho CO
18x18
324
18
Metan ho
16x16
256
19
Chuyn ho CO2
20x30
600
20
Trm cu ho
20x37
740
21
Nh sn xut ph tr
12x24
288
22
B cha nc
20x20
400
23
B nguyn liu
24x24
576
24
Khu vc ng khi
6x6
36
25
Khu t d tr
40x100
4000
Tng din tch
15190
Tng s cng nhn ca phn xng khong 83 ngi, phn xng hot ng
lin tc 24/24 gi, chia 3 ca sn xut .
Din tch ton nh my thng c chn t 3 n 4 ln din tch chim t
ca cng trnh . Nn din tch mt bng phn xng l :
F = 15190 .3,5 = 53165 (m2).
Theo bng III.1 th A = 15190 m2. Din tch bi l thin : B = 2500 m2 .
Din tch chim t ca ng st , ng b , h , rnh thot nc
C = 20000 m2 .
H s xy dng:
H s s dng :
K xd
15190 2500
100 30 %
53165
K sd
15190 2500 20000

100 70%
53165
111
4.2.3. MT BNG NH MY
Phn xng sn xut NH3 c t im l cc qu trnh sn xut c tin
hnh hu ht trong cc thit b kn, kch thc thit b c nhiu loi rt cao v to,
vn chuyn phn ln bng ng ng, cc qu trnh sn xut c t ng ho, vic
iu khin sn xut c tin hnh trong phng iu khin trung tm.
V vy phn xng amoniac ta tn dng b tr thit b ra ngoi tri khng
cn bao che tc xy dng l thin (XDLT) v ch lm mi che , mi bt khng c
tng bao che tc xy dng bn l thin (XDBLT).
Hnh thc XDLT-BLT em li nhiu ngha to ln v mt tin b khoa hc
k thut cng nh v mt kinh t trong xy dng v s dng sau :
Gim ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh . Do vy, gim c khi lng

xy dng cc mt t 20-40%, tit kim vt liu xy dng.
Gim thi gian thit k, thi gian chun b v thi cng cng trnh, sm a
cng trnh vo s dng.
Tit kim din tch trn mt bng khi b tr LT-BLT t 10-50% nn tit
kim t xy dng nh my.
Gim in chiu sng, gim thit b thng gi nhn to, gim c nguy c
chy n .
Do cc ngha to ln trn rt ra c cc hiu qu kinh t sau :
Gim tng s vn u t xy dng t 5-20% so vi xy dng kn.
Gim gi thnh xy dng t 8-50%, do gim gi thnh sn phm t 818%.
Ngoi ra XDLT-BLT n mang li ci p hin i, uy nghi, hng v, ci p

ca s tin b vi tro lu khoa hc pht trin. V vy vic nghin cu thit k trong
iu kin kh hu Vit Nam s mang li hiu qu v cng to ln.
112
B tr cc thnh phn trong xy dng l thin : t cc thit b : C kch

thc ln, nng n, cng knh. Cc thit b khc theo s ngang ca qu trnh sn
xut . Thit b thp t trn b mng, b tr vng t tt. Thit b sinh c hi b tr
cui hng gi. Thit b c nguy c chy n c khong cch an ton. B tr thit b
thp t song song khung sn to lin h tt to thm m .
- Gia hai hng thit b c mt bng tu sa, lp rp, thay th c khong
cch: B = 0,7-0,75Hmax(Hmax chiu cao ln nht ca thit b).
Trn khung sn l thin-bn l thin : Trn khung sn l thin t cc thit
b nh, nh, chiu cao khng ln theo s ng ca qu trnh sn xut. Trn
khung sn bn l thin t cc thit b pht sinh nhit, c hi chy n, c ngi
coi, hoc cc thit b ma nng lm nh hng. Khung c L=4,5-6m ; B=6m ;
H=3,6-7,2m. Khi c cht lng d chy trn khung phi c khe chng chy
Di <90m, H<12m, khe >5m .
Di>90m, H>12m, khe >12m .
113
CHNG 5: AN TON, V SINH LAO DNG

5.1. AN TON LAO NG
5.1.1. MC CH
Ngnh cng nghip ha du ni chung rt c hi, v vy trong qu trnh sn
xut c nhiu yu t gy nh hng n sc kho con ngi v mi trng xung
quanh. V vy an ton lao ng gm nhng mc ch sau :
Bo m an ton cho ngi lao ng .
Bo v sc kho cho ngi lao ng .
Bi dng hi phc kp thi v duy tr sc kho ngi lao ng .
5.1.2. NGHA
Gp phn tch cc vo vic cng c v hon thin quan h sn xut XHCN,
mi ngi lao ng u c iu kin pht huy tt quyn lm ch ca mnh .
Ngi lao ng c mi trng lm vic tt, sn xut t hiu qu cao, hn ch
ngn nga gy tai nn, my mc c m bo hin i, h thng phng chy cha
chy lun lun trng thi hot ng .
Gim thiu c hi cho mi trng, trnh nhng tai nn ri ro cho ngi lao
ng cng nh cho ngi dn nhng vng ln cn, trnh nhng v chy n gy thit
hi ln cho ngi v x hi .
5.1.3. CC BIN PHP AN TON LAO DNG
5.1.3.1. An ton khi s dng my mc thit b
Ngi vn hnh phi nm r c cc yu cu k thut, nguyn l lm vic ca
thit b.
C cu iu khin phi ph hp vi tm vc ngi s dng, tm tay, chiu di
chn, phm vi nhn,
C c cu che chn v c cu bo v nhm cch ly cng nhn ra khi vng
nguy him m bo an ton trong sn xut.
114
C c cu phng nga nhm phng s c ca thit b c lin quan n

iu kin an ton ca cng nhn, ca ton phn xng.
C h thng n tn hiu an ton.
Kim tra an ton ca my mc trc khi s dng.
m bo h thng chiu sng v thng gi t nhin trong qa trnh lm vic.
5.1.3.2. An ton in
An ton in l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cng tc an ton. Nu
thiu hiu bit v in, khng tun theo nhng quy tc v k thut s gy ra tai nn
ng tic... nht l in rt kh pht hin bng gic quan m ch c th bit khi tip
xc vi phn t mang in. Chnh v l an ton in lun c t ln hng u
trong cc phn xng.
Mt s yu cu c bn v thit b in:
Dy dn in trong nh my phi c bc bng v cao su hay c th

lng vo ng kim loi trnh b dp, nh tia la in.
trm in phi c r le t ngt khi gp s c v in.
Cu dao phi lp rp sao cho d iu khin, c th ng ngt nhiu v

tr trong phn xng.
5.1.3.3. An ton trong phng chng chy n

Cc cng nhn vin trong phn xng phi c hc y cc ni quy an
ton v phng chng chy n, cng nh cc bin php cha chy khi c s c xy ra.
Ngoi vic bi dng, nng cao hiu bit nhn thc cho cng nhn th phn xng
phi c trang b y cc thit b nh bnh cha chy ti ch, phng cu ha, cc
thit b chng tnh in, chng st, gin lm mt vo ma h..., qun o bo h lao
ng.
ng v ng i qua khi qui hoch mt bng x nghip phi to cho xe cha
chy n c bt k ngi nh no v c hai pha.
115
5.1.3.4. Mt s bin php an ton v c hi

Phn xng phi c h thng thng gi, chiu sng t nhin m bo trong
qu trnh lm vic tt.
Cc h thng b cha, ng ng dn m bo kn, khng b r r, bay hi.
Dng mt n phng c khi thao tc trong b cha, c qun o v dng c bo
h y .
Hn ch ti a s tip xc ca con ngi khi tip xc vi ha cht c hi. Phn
xng c t ng ha cao.
V sinh c th sau khi ri ni lm vic. C cc ch bi dng cho cng
nhn c y , thng xuyn.
5.1.3.5. Cng tc gio dc t tng
Cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht qun chng, v vy cng tc ny
phn ln l do qun chng t gic thc hin. Phn xng phi thng xuyn gio
dc mi ngi thm nhun cc ni quy ca nh my v cng tc bo h lao
ng, ng thi thng xuyn kim tra thc hin quy nh, an ton khi thao tc, kp
thi gii quyt cc s c xy ra.
C bi dng cho cng nhn lm vic ca m v chi ph y t cng nh nhu
cu dinh dng v c hi cho cng nhn.
5.2. CNG TC V SINH LAO NG

5.2.1. V SINH I VI MT BNG NH MY
Mt bng ca nh my phi m bo iu kin thi cc cht c thun li nh
vy th mt bng phi cao mi tiu nc d dng v trnh hin tng ngm nc
t ngoi vo.
Mt bng phi ch n hng gi v hng mt tri.
Cc b phn sn xut c bi, kh c, c ting n cn b tr cui hng

gi.
116
B tr hng nh my theo hng mt tri sao cho chng nng tt nhng iu

kin chiu sng t nhin l tt nht.
Khi xy dng nh my kiu ch U hay ch E th khong cch gia cc

nhnh nh s bng 1/2 tng chiu cao nhng khng c di 15 m , B>15
m.
5.2.2. H THNG THNG GI

Trong qu trnh vn hnh my mc, c cc qu trnh gia nhit pht nhit, c
cc hi kh c hi do cn c cc bin php thng gi cho tng cng trnh .
Gii php thit k kin trc tng hiu qu thng gi t nhin cho phn
xng sn xut nh :
Chn hnh thc mi ph hp .
Thit k nh hai tng c cnh ca mi trn .
Cc ng ng dn nhit cho i ngoi phn xng sn xut .
5.2.3. H THNG CHIU SNG

Cn m bo yu t sng t nhin v nhn to to iu kin cho cng nhn
lm vic c thoi mi v nng sut cao, chnh xc, trnh c bnh ngh nghip.
Khi lm vic ca m cn phi m bo nh sng cho phn xng.
5.2.4. H THNG V SINH C NHN
Phn xng phi c khu v sinh ring, phi c phng thay qun o ,tm ra,
v sinh m bo sc kho cho cng nhn sn xut.
Nh vy nng cao nng sut lao ng em li hiu qu kinh t cho x hi
cn phi chm lo n cuc sng sc kho v nhu cu ca ngi lao ng. iu kin
lm vic thoi mi, sc kho m bo s gip cho mi ngi hng hi trong lao
ng sn xut.
117
KT LUN
Trong thi gian lm n, di s hng dn nhit tnh ca c Phm Hong
i L, cng s c gng ca bn thn em hon thnh n nh nhim v ra.
L thuyt:
Phn tng quan a ra mt s tnh cht ca NH3 cn thit cho tnh ton
cng ngh.
Tm hiu cc cng ngh sn xut Amoniacc khc nhau ca cc hng trn

th gii.
Tm hiu v Amoniacc v ng dng ca Amoniacc trong cng nghip

cng nh dn dng.
M phng c quy trnh sn xut NH3 trn phn mm m phng Hysys
Tnh ton:
Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht, cn bng nhit lng, tnh cht v kch
thc c bn ca thit b phn ng
Phn thit k xy dng chn c a im xy dng nh my sn

xut NH3,
Phn an ton nu ra nhng nguyn nhn v bin php phng chng tai nn
trong qu trnh sn xut.
Tuy nhin vi lng kin thc cn hn ch nn n ca em khng trnh khi
nhiu thiu st v vy em rt mong c s gip ch bo tn tnh ca cc thy c
gio em hon thin hn kin thc ca mnh.
118
KIN NGH
Trong khun kh n em cha th nguyn cu su hn v tt c cc tnh
nng cng dng ca phn mm Hysys. Cng nh cha nguyn cu v qu trnh t
ng ha ca dy chuyn sn xut amoniac. Nu c thi gian em s tp trung
nguyn cu v hon thin tt hn
Tp trung nguyn cu, tnh ton chy m phng mt phng php sn xut tt
hn. V ngoi phng php sn sut trn th hin nay trn th gii, ngi ta ang
nghin cu cc phng php mi tng hp amoniac, nht l tng hp nhit
v p sut thng. C s kh quan l cc nh ha hc ti i hc Tng hp Oregon,
M iu ch c amoniac t nit nhit phng v p sut kh quyn. y l
bc t ph quan trng t c mt trong nhng mc tiu y ngha ca
ngnh cng nghip ha cht - sn xut phn m trong nhng iu kin t khc
nghit v vi gi thnh thp hn.
119
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. PGS.TS Nguyn Th Minh Hin - Gio trnh ch bin kh t nhin v kh ng
hnh - NXB khoa hc k thut - 2002.
[2]. L Mu Quyn - Ho hc v c, tp hai - NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn
nghip.
[3]. L Th Tuyt - Cng ngh sn xut cc hp cht Nit - Trng HBK H Ni
- 2000.
[4]. V Vn Ban, V B Minh, Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho hc, truyn
khi (tp 3) Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TP.HCM.
[5]. Phm Vn Bn, V B Minh, Hong Minh Nam, Qu trnh v thit b cng
ngh ho hc, V d v bi tp (tp 10) - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa
TP.HCM.
[6] . Phm Vn Bn, Nguyn nh Th, Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho hc,
Qu trnh v thit b truyn nhit (tp 5), Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia
TP.HCM.
[7] . Trn Xoa, Nguyn Trng Khung,S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho
cht tp 1 Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[8] . Trn Xoa, Nguyn Trng Khung, Phm Xun Ton, S tay qu trnh v thit
b cng ngh ho cht tp 2, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[9] . H L Vin, Thit k v tnh ton cc chi tit thit b ho cht, Nh xut bn
khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1978.
[10]. Trn B Ln, Bng tra cu Qu trnh thit b c hc, truyn nhit-truyn
khi, Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP.HCM.
[17]. Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes.
[18]. PGS.TS Nguyn Th Minh Hin M phng cng ngh ha hc - NXB khoa
hc k thut - 2002
120
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i

TRNG H CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

NHIM V N CHUYN NGNH

Tn ti kha lun/ n: Nguyn cu thit k phn xng sn xut Amonac

Ngy giao kha lun/ n:

Ngy hon thnh kha lun/ n: 6/2014

H tn gio vin hng dn: ThS. Phm Hong i L

Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

thc thc hin:

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2014

2.2.3. Cn bng nhit h thng tng hp NH3 ................................................70

4.2.2. Cc hng mc cng trnh .......................................................................109

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 2.30. T nhit ca cc cu t 473 K (200 0C). .............................................. 65

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

Nguyn t N nm trn mt nh ca hnh t din nm trn mt phng ca 3

1.1.2. TNH CHT VT L CA NH3

Khi lng phn t, (kg/kmol)

Nhit si 101,34 kpa (0C)

Khi lng ring 00C, 1 at (kg/m3)

Nhit bay hi, (kj/kg)

Nhit nng chy, (0C)

Khi lng ring 00C, 1 at, (Cp)

Th tch phn t 00C; 101,3 kpa, (l/mol)

T trng cht lng - 33,,430C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)

T trng cht lng 00C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)

T trng cht kh 00C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)

T trng cht kh - 33,430C; 101,3 kpa (g/cm3)

p sut ti hn, (at)

p sut hi, (kpa)

im nng chy (0C)

Entanpi sinh chun 250C, (j/kmol)

Gii hn n hn hp NH3 vi oxy 200C; 101,3kpa

Gii hn n hn hp NH3 vi khng kh 200C; 101,3kpa

H s dn nhit - 350C iu kin rt tinh khit (-1.cm-1)

1.1.3. TNH CHT HO HC CA AMONIAC

Khi tan trong nc, mt phn nh cc phn t amoniac kt hp H+ ca nc

Khi t hai bnh m nt ng dung dch HCl c v NH3 c gn nhau th

Dung dch amoniac c kh nng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s

Khi t amoniac trong oxi khng kh c mt cht xc tc th to ra kh NO v

Phng php sn xut ny c m t s hnh khi

Hnh 1.1. S khi m t phng php kh ho than nhit cao.

1.1.5.2. Nguyn liu kh l cc c cha hydro

Kh sch hp cht sulfur

Lm lnh thm phn ly

Kh CO2 bng cht hp th

Kh sch CO2 bng N2 lng

Hnh 1.2. S khi m t phng php lm lnh thm tng hp NH3.

1.1.5.3. Nguyn liu th lng hoc th kh

Kh sch hp cht sulfur

1.1.5.4. Nguyn liu kh t nhin

1.2. CC CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC

Vo nm 1988, vi cng ngh mang tn LCA, cng ty ICI ca Anh c mt

Tng hp p sut thp: 100 160 atm

Tng hp p sut trung bnh: 250 360 atm

Tng hp p sut cao: 450 1000 atm

1.2.2. CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC

1.2.2.2. Tng hp amoniac p sut trung bnh

c hp th em i ti sinh, hn hp kh sau khi tch CO2 ti sinh i vo thp kh

2 - Thit b tch lu hunh.