1- Tng quan:

Managing scenarios:
- Scenarious Manage Scenarious
- y l cng c gip qun l kch bn mt cch thng
minh.
- Ctr + number: chuyn i n cc kch bn khc nhau.
- Result:
o Uncollected: khng thu thp kt qu m phng cho
kch bn ny.
o Out of date: c sn kt qu m phng ca kch bn
ny. Nhng l kt qu c.
o Up of date: kt qu m phng mi ca kch bn ny.
(***)
- Sim Duration: xc nh di thc thi ca mt kch bn
m phng.
- Time Units: xc nh n v thi gian m phng (gi,
pht, giy,)
2- Object Palette:
- Object Palette cung cp cc thit b trong OPNET.
- Cc th mc quan trng trong Object Palette:
o Node Models: cha nhng m hnh node mng sn
c ca cc thit b kt ni nh: hubs, switches,
routers, gateways, workstations, and servers.
o Link Models: cha m hnh ca cc ng kt ni
1000BASE-T, Ethernet link, T1 duplex link, and 16
Mbps Token Ring.
o Path Models: cha m hnh cc ng dn mng h
tr cc cng ngh nh HAIPE, MPLS, PSTN.
o Deman Models: cha m hnh l cc ng lu
lng v cc kt ni nh: IP voice traffic flow,
PSTN voice traffic flow, and IP security.
o Shared Objects: cha mt tp cc node, link, path,
demand v cc m hnh min c phn nhm theo
cc c tnh chung.
V du: 3com cha cc m hnh thit b c sn xut
bi 3Com Corporation, application cn cho vic xc
nh v pht trin cc ng dng, internet toolbox l
mt tp hp cc node, link v cc m hnh hu ch
cho vic m hnh ha Internet.
3- Quy c t tn cho m hnh:
- Mi mt i tng trong Object Palette Tree c phn
chia vo trong cc nhm nh c t chc bi name,
machine type, object ID, vendor, interface type, link
transmission mode, v cc thng s khc.
- Cc m hnh ny thng c t chng cho ln nhau.
iu ny c ngha l cng mt m hnh c th c ly t
nhiu bng khc nhau.
- Mi mt m hnh lun lun bao gm cc thng tin nh:
o Node hoc link type: server, gateway v LAN.
o Giao din sn c: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
[ATM], Serial Line Internet Protocol [SLIP], FDDI,
Token Ring, and Ethernet.
o S cng ca mi kiu.
- V d v mt thit b c ly t internet_toolbox:

Tn ca m hnh ny l: CS_4000_ 3s_e6_ fr2_sl2_tr2,
phn tch:
o CS_4000: tn v dng sn phm l Cisco C4000.
o 3s: 3 cng kt ni.
o e6: su giao din Ethernet.
o fr2: 2 giao din Frame Relay.
o sl2: 2 giao din IP n gin.
o tr2: 2 giao din Token Ring.
- Mt vi v d khc:
o eth6_ethch6_ fddi6_tr6_switch: mt switch c 6
cng Ethernet, 6 EthernetChannel, 6 FDDI, 6 cng
Token Ring.
o ethernet4_slip8_gtwy: mt router gateway IP c 4
cng ethernet, 8 cng IP.
o ethernet_wkstn: l mt node client c mt cng
Ethernet.
o ppp_server: l mt server c mt ng kt ni ptp
h tr mt giao din IP n.
- Quy c tn ca cc link rt n gin. Tn ca m hnh
cung cp thng tin mt cch y xc nh cc giao
thc truyn thng c h tr v kh nng lin kt ca
chng.
- i vi bus th yu cu hi khc.
- Bn cnh OPNET cng cung cp cc m hnh c
kt ni hon chnh, chng hn nh: 10BaseT_LAN y l
mt m hnh mng LAN m trong cc node c kt
ni vi nhau bng ng 10BASE-T Ethernet.
- Cui cng l nhng thit b nh: Application Config, IP
VPN Config, IP Attribute Config, Profile Config. Chng
khng i din cho bt k thit b thc t no, m c s
dng trong OPNET n gin ha ci t v cu hnh ca
cc ng dng khc nhau v cc cng ngh mng.
4- Tm hiu v interner_toolbox:
- interner_toolbox l mt th mc thng c s dng
lm vic vi cc giao thc v cng ngh mng ph bin.
- Sau y l m t ngn gn nhng thit b c dng ph
bin trong th mc ny:
o ppp_wkstn v ethernet_wkst: c s dng m
hnh ha cc trm lm vic l client. Cc node u
cui ny c th chy cc ng dng khc nhau trn
cc lin kt SLIP v Ethernet.






o ppp_server v ethernet_server: c s dng m
hnh ha server. y cng l cc thit b u cui,
nhng n cho php cung cp cc dch v cho cc
ng dng khc nhau trn cc lin kt SLIP v
Ethernet. Server v Workstation cho php thc hin
m hnh ha m hnh client server.


o 1000BaseX_ LAN, 100BaseT_ LAN, and 10BaseT_
LAN l cc m hnh c s dng m phng cc
m hnh mng LAN s dng cc lin kt 1000BASE-
X, 100BASE-T v 10BASE-T Ethernet. Mc nh c
10 thit b trong mt m hnh mng LAN.

o ethernet32_hub: m hnh ha thit b hub Ethernet.
L thit b thuc lp 1, gm 32 cng Ethernet, gip
to ra phn on Ethernet.

o ethernet16_switch: m hnh ha thit b Ethernet
Switch, l thit b thuc lp 2 gm 16 interfaces.


o ethernet4_slip8_gtwy: m hnh ha router gateway,
l thit b thuc lp 3, gm 4 cng Ethernet v 8 giao
din SLIP.

o ethernet2_slip8_ firewall: m hnh ha router
gateway nhng c thm chc nng lm tng la,
vi 2 cng Ethernet v 8 giao din SLIP.

o ip32_cloud: m hnh ha mt m my IP, tng
trng cho kt ni n Internet khi m m hnh chnh
xc khng cn quan tm n. M hnh ny c 32
cng Serial.

o 1000BaseX, 100BaseT, and 10BaseT: m hnh ha
cc i tng l cc ng lin kt vi giao din
Ethernet.

o PPP_ 28K, PPP_ 33K, PPP_ 56K, PPP_ DS1, and
PPP_ DS3: m hnh ha cc kt ni im im
song cng vi nhiu tc khc nhau kt ni 2
node chy giao thc IP.

o Application Config and Profile Config: cc m hnh
ny c s dng m hnh ha cc ng dng v
profile ngi dng.
Chng 5 v chng 7 s cung cp thng tin chi tit cho
Application Configand Profile Config.
5- Lm vic vi OBJECT PALETTE TREE:
- Phn ny s hng dn cch m th mc OBJECT
PALETTE, tm kim thit b v links cn s dng cho m
phng cng nh to mt topo mng.
To mt i tng ty chn:
- To mi mt i tng ty chn theo cc bc sau:
o M Object Palette.
o Create Custom Model Create Custom Device.
o Chn kiu i tng mun to (router, bridge,
switch, or cloud).
o Thit lp cc gi tr cho thit b mi (thuc tnh).
o Icon ca thit b cng c th ty chnh.
o Chn ni lu tr thit b mi to ti Destination
palette, mc nh lu ti my_model_list.

6- Cng c Rapid configuration:
- Rapid configuration l mt cng c hu ch cho vic to
cc m hnh mng vi s lng ln cc node.
a) To mt topo mng vi Rapid configuration:
- Thc hin theo cc bc sau:
o Topology Rapid Configuration.
o Hp thoi Rapid Configuration xut hin, tin hnh
la chn loi topo mong mun. H tr cc topo: Bus,
Full Mesh, Randomized Mesh, Ring, Star, Tree, or
Unconnected Net.

o La chn kiu topo: mesh, bus, ring, tree,.
o Xc nh cc thng s cho cc kiu topo. Ty loi
m hnh m s c nhng thng s cn thit lp.


7- Kim tra cc kt ni:
- Ctr + L.
- Khi s dng cc link khng n gin l vic t chng vo
khng gian lm vic, s dng chng kt ni cc thit b
vi nhau. C nhiu hn ch trong vic s dng cc link
trong vic m phng. Nu nhng hn ch khng c
gii quyt th vic m phng khng th tin hnh.
- Hn ch y chnh l cn s ph hp gia ng link
v 2 u node m n lin kt. Khng th kt ni mt trm
lm vic Ethernet vi mt server Ethernet s dng kt ni
FDI hoc Token-ring, thay vo cn dng kt ni
Ethernet.
- Khi s dng mt ng lin kt khng ph hp cho 2
node mng th mt bng cnh bo s xut hin vi ni
dung:
o Add link and ports thc hin cp nht giao din v
cho php kt ni vi lin kt c chn.
o Add link without assigning ports khng thc hin
cp nht, v kt qu l ng kt ni s khng c
chc nng.


- Nhng li thng gp khi s dng cc ng kt ni:
o S dng ng kt ni m n khng h tr giao thc
lin kt.
V d: Ethernet server - point-to-point link - IP
router. iu ny l khng ph hp v Ethernet server
khng h tr point-to-point link.
o Gn nhiu hn node n mt thit b, m s lng
node li nhiu hn s giao din m thit b h tr.
V d: kt ni 20 Ethernet servers n Ethernet
switch vi 16 interfaces, th s c 4 interface khng
c chc nng.
o Kt ni sai cng. Thng thng trng hp ny t
xy ra, do OPNET s t ng kt ni ng cng.
Tuy nhin phi cn thn trng hp ny khi s dng
cng c Rapid Configuration.
8- FAILING AND RECOVERING NETWORK ELEMENTS:
- OPNET s hnh x th no nu nh mt hoc nhiu lin
kt mng b down, mt router, mt server b fail.
- n gin nht l loi b cc phn t b hng, chy m
phng, thu nhn kt qu v gn li phn t b hng. Tuy
nhin bin php ny khng nn lm.
- OPNET cung cp hai phng php gii quyt vn
ny:
o Cch 1: Fail/Recover i tng trong ton b qu
trnh m phng.
Chn i tng ri nhn chn Fail Selected Objects
hoc Recover Selected Objects Fail hoc Recover
i tng.
o Cch 2: Fail/Recover i tng nhng thi im
xc nh trong sut qu trnh m phng.
Object Palette Shared Object Palettes utilities
Failure Recovery.











9- To SUBNET:

10- Gii quyt cc node ln xn:
- Automatic Icon Scaling: gip chnh sa li kch c ca cc
i tng, khi hai i tng t gn nhau khin chng b
chng cho ln nhau.
View Layout Automatic Icon Scaling


- Automatic Label Placement: thm mt tnh nng gip lm
gim thiu s ri ren trong vic to mng. Khi tnh nng
ny c kch hot th nhn ca i tng s c t vo
ni m s khng bao trm ly nhn ca i tng
khc.
View Layout Automatic Label Placement
11- Cu hnh topo mng:
Qu trnh chun b cc thit b mng, t chng vo khng gian
lm vic l qu trnh n gin nht ca vic m hnh ha.
Cc bc tip theo nh: ci t cc thuc tnh cho cc thit b, cc
ng lin kt i hi s chnh xc, ph hp vi m hnh ang nghin
cu.
OPNET h tr hu ht cc thit b, ng kt ni cng nh cc giao
thc mng ph bin nht. Khi thc hin ci t cc thuc tnh cho cc
thit b, khng cn thit ta phi ci t ton b cc thuc tnh v trong
OPNET thc hin cu hnh sn nhng thuc tnh thng dng/hu ch
nht cho tng giao thc.
Chnh v th trong sut qu trnh m phng ngi dng ch cn
thay i mt s nhng thuc tnh c trng cn dng cho m hnh .
Trong qu trnh m hnh ha vic so snh hiu nng gia cc giao
thc l rt hay gp, thng ta s xy dng nhiu kch bn khc nhau.
Tuy nhin khng cn thit mi khi nghin cu mt giao thc li thc
hin vic xy dng li m hnh t u. V trong OPNET cho php h tr
nhiu giao thc khc nhau.
a) Object Attributes:
on ny m t cc kiu thuc tnh v lm th no truy nhp
vo thuc tnh ca bt k mt i tng c th.
i. Cc kiu thuc tnh:
- Thng thng c ba kiu thuc tnh m mt i tng c
th c:
o Thuc tnh Basic hoc noncompound: i din cho
mt thuc tnh n ca mt i tng tng ng.
Thuc tnh noncompound khng c thuc tnh ph
v ch c mt thuc tnh duy nht gn cho n. V
d v thuc tnh noncompound:
Kch c vng m l mt s nguyn.
a ch IP l mt chui.
o Thuc tnh compound: l mt tp hp cc thuc tnh
nh da trn mt vi thuc tnh chung. Thuc tnh
compound cha mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh con
(subattributes). Mt thuc tnh compound cng c
th c gi tr c gn. Gi tr ca mt thuc tnh
compound l mt tp hp cc thuc tnh ca cc
thuc tnh con. Mt thuc tnh compound thng c
mt ci tn lin kt vi n.
o Thuc tnh Group: cng tng t nh thuc tnh
compound, khc bit ch thuc tnh Group
khng c gi tr lin quan n n. Mc ch duy
nht ca thuc tnh Group l tp hp cc thuc tnh
c chung mt mc ch hoc thuc cng mt giao
thc. V d nh thuc tnh group IP Routing
Protocols bao gm cc thuc tnh con, m mi thuc
tnh con l i din cho mt loi giao thc: BGP,
OSPF, RIP, EIGRP,. V lu rng thuc tnh
group khng c gi tr c gn cho n.

ii. Menu pop-up ca i tng:
Bt k mt i tng no trong project palette u c mt Object
Pop-up Menu c gn vi chng. Nhn phi chut vo cc i tng
m hp thoi ny, cc thnh phn bao gm:
- Edit Attributes: mc nh Edit Attributes ch hin th cc
thuc tnh chnh hoc thng dng ca i tng.
- Edit Attributes (Advanced): hin th thm nhng thuc tnh
m rng.
- Set Name: t tn i tng.
- View <Object> Description: m t tng quan v i
tng: chc nng, s cng,.
- Edit <Object> Model: chc nng ny ch c trn OPNET
Modeler. M ra mt ca s cho php xem v chnh sa
cu trc bn trong ca node, link, demand,.
- Select: chn ring l mt i tng.
- Select Similar <Objects>: cho php chn tt c cc i
tng cng mt kiu (tn, cng kiu m hnh). Chc nng
ny rt hu ch cho vic thay i gi tr ca nhiu i
tng ging nhau cng lc.
iii. M t thuc tnh:
- bit c thuc tnh nh th no, thc hin nh
hnh sau:

iv. Thuc tnh vi nhiu trng hp:
- Chc chn mt i tng c th bao gm nhiu trng
hp cng thuc tnh.
- V d nh mt server c th h tr nhiu dch v, v mi
mt dch v phi c cu hnh mt cch ring bit.
- Lc ny thuc tnh Number of Rows s gii quyt vn
nhiu trng hp ca mt i tng.
- Gi tr ca thuc tnh Number of Rows s tng ng vi s
trng hp c to ra. Mc nh gi tr ca Number of
Rows l 0.

v. Thuc tnh model ca mt i tng:
- Thuc tnh i tng quan trng nht c xc nh thng
qua mt thuc tnh m rng c gi l model, thuc tnh
ny gip xc nh phn t mng ang c m hnh ha.
- Nhng cn thn khi s dng ty chn ny. V d, khi thay
i t Ethernet workstation (ethernet_wkstn) sang point-
to-point protocol workstation (ppp_wkstn), iu ny c th
dn n cu hnh h thng sai. Bi v ethernet_wkstn yu
cu mt ng kt ni Ethernet, trong khi ppp_wkstn
li yu cu h tr giao din SLIP.
12- Cu hnh v chy m phng:
Trong phn ny s hng dn lm th no cu hnh cc tham s
m phng, xem v phn tch cc kt qu thu c.
Phn a) s gii thiu v cc tham s m phng trong OPNET.
Phn b) m t cc bc cho vic chn v cu hnh cc tham s cho
vic m phng.
Sau khi s liu thng k c chn s c mt s thuc tnh m phng
b sung phi c cu hnh (v d nh thi gian m phng).
Phn c) s gii thch lm th no m nhng thuc tnh c cu hnh.
Phn d) v e) hng dn lm th no hin th v phn tch cc kt
qu thu c.
Phn f) hng dn cch debug.
a) Cc s liu m phng trong OPNET:
- Cc s liu m phng gip ta tm ra c cu tr li cho
nhng cu hi trong qu trnh m phng, bit c nhng
g xy ra trong h thng trong sut qu trnh m phng.
- Ni dung ca kt qu m phng s ph thuc vo cch m
m phng c cu hnh thu thp mt s liu c th.
- V d nh m phng thu c tng s lu lng
truyn i, ph thuc vo cu hnh s liu m kt qu thu
c c th l mt trong cc kt qu sau:
o Mt gi tr duy nht, tng ng vi tng s lu
lng c gi bi IP.
o Kt qu thu thp c ti nhng thi im c nh
hoc khi c s kin xy ra.
o Mt tp cc gi tr, mi trong s tng ng vi
tng lu lng IP gi i, trung bnh trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh.
- Cc s liu sn c cho qu trnh thu thp trong OPNET
c chia thnh hai loi:
o Thng k v mt i tng c th trong h thng m
phng. Ty thuc vo i tng m s c s liu
tng ng: Node Statistic, Link Statistic, Demand
Statistic.
o Thng k ton cc, mt thng k tng hp vi s
ng gp ca tt c cc i tng trong h thng.
i. M hnh thu thp s liu:
- M hnh thu thp s liu ch ra cch m cc s liu c
thu thp.
- S liu c th thu thp c di dng c hng hoc v
hng hoc c hai.
- C ba cch thu thp s liu chnh trong OPNET.
o All value: tt c cc gi tr ca cc s liu thng k
s c ghi nhn li cho tt c cc s kin xy ra c
lin quan.
o Sample: ch thu thp duy nht mt mu ca tt c cc
s liu thng k. V d nh m (c bao nhiu mu
th lu li) hoc tnh theo khong thi gian (c 30s
th lu d liu).
o Bucket:
- Khi s dng ch all value th cc gi tr c lu li ti
mi thi im m s kin xy ra c nh hng cc s liu
cn quan tm ch ny m t mt cch chnh xc
nht nhng g v ang xy ra trong h thng. Tuy nhin
kt qu thu thp ch ny thng trong mt s lng
ln kt qu thu c gy kh khn cho vic gii thch
khng tht s hu ch.
V d: nu d liu c truyn tc 1000 gi/s, trong
khi thi gian m phng l 10 pht th kt qu gi v s l
600,000 d liu cho s liu IP.Traffic Sent (packets/sec).
- Ch sample gip gim thiu c s lng kt qu thu
nhn, nhng cn cn thn khi s dng ch ny.
- Ch bucket y l phng php c s dng ph bin
trong vic thu thp kt qu m phng. Tng t nh ch
sample, cc gi tr thng k c thu thp trong thi
gian quy nh hoc nh l khong thi gian hoc theo s
lng. Ch c mt gi tr duy nht c lu li trong tng
thi k gi l bucket.
ii. La chn s liu thng k:
1. Chn ca s m phng:
- OPNET GUIDE cung cp mt ca s cho vic la chn s
liu m phng c thu thp trong sut qu trnh m
phng. Di y l cc cch m ca s Choose
Results:

- C s khc nhau i cht v ni dung trong ca s Choose
Result khi ta tin hnh m bng cc cch khc nhau.
- Nh ni c 2 phng php thu thp s liu:
o Global: thu thp cc s liu v hnh vi ca mt qu
trnh c th trong h thng.
o Object: thu thp cc s liu v hnh vi ca mt i
tng/c th ring bit trong h thng (c th l
Node, Link, Demand).
- Khi ca s Choose Result c m bng cch phi chut
ln i tng th ch c nhng s liu thng k dnh ring
cho i tng mi c hin th la chn.

- Khi m ca s Choose Result bng cch phi chut vo
khng gian lm vic th trong ca s s hin th c s liu
Global v Object (bao gm tt c nhng i tng c mt
trong khng gian lm vic).

- V d sau y s cho thy s khc bit khi s dng 2
phng php thu thp s liu:
o IP.Traffic Dropped (packets/sec) c la chn
bng phng php Global, th OPNET s bo co tt
c s gi tin b rt mi giy tt c cc node ca m
hnh.
o IP.Traffic Dropped (packets/sec) c la chn
bng phng php Object, th OPNET cng s bo
co tt c s gi tin b rt mi giy tt c cc node,
nhng c phn tch ring bit cho tng node thay
v l mt s liu tng hp nh Global.
Chnh v l phng php Object cn c gi
l phng php thng k kch bn.
- n gin cho vic tm hiu v cc kiu s liu ca
Global, Node v Link. V y l nhng s liu thng
dng trong m phng.
- Global v Node thng c nhng loi s liu thng k
ging nhau, v thng c tp hp da trn cc loi giao
thc (IP, TCP, BGP, and e-mail,).
- Trong khi s liu thng k ca Link ch c hai loi:
low-level point-to-point v point-to-point. Nhng s liu
ny thu thp thng tin v vic truyn d liu vt l.
- Ta cng c th hnh dung ca s Choose Result c chia
thnh cu trc 3 lp:
o Lp cao nht: Global, Node, Link.
o Lp th hai: Cc kiu s liu thng k bn trong
chng (tc lp 2) ph thuc vo cng ngh hoc giao
thc mng m cc phn t c la chn c mt
trong khng gian lm vic.
o Lp 3: cha s liu thng thc t.


- C ba biu tng gip nhn bit cc s liu thng k
c la chn nh th no khi nhn vo ca s Choose
Result:
o Rng: khng c bt c i tng no c chn.
o Chm xanh: k hiu ny ch xut hin cp 1 v
2, ch ra rng c t nht mt i tng cp thp hn
c la chn (khng phi ton b).
o Du tch xanh: c th xut hin tt c cp , ch ra
rng tt c cc i tng cp thp hn c la
chn. Nu cp 3 th ch cho bit i tng
c chn.


2. Tm hiu v ni dung c trnh by trong ca s
Choose Result:

- Nh trn hnh hin th mt ca s Choose Result c
chia thnh hai phn bn tri v bn phi:
o Bn tri: cha nhng tham s cho vic cu hnh thu
thp s liu.
o Bn phi: cha nhng thng tin c bn sau phc v
cho vic hin th kt qu:
Description: m t v tham s ang xt.
Draw Style: gip ty chnh loi th hin
th.







Collection mode: ty chnh cch m cc gi
tr c thu thp (thay i ch thu thp d
liu)

Data Colletion: gm c hai phn Generate
vector data v Generate scalar data. C th
chn mt trong hai hoc c hai.

3. Draw Style:
- Cc kiu th h tr:
o Linear: ng k.
o Discrete: chm ri rc.
o Sample-hold: m rng mi im vo mt ng
ngang, trong ch yu duy tr (hoc gi) gi tr
mu cho n khi cc mu tip theo c hin th.
o Bar: dng thanh (trin khai thm t dng Sample-
hold).
o Square-wave: dng sng vung.
o Bar chart: ng thng ng ni t trc honh ln
im c xc nh bi trc tung.
4. Collection Mode:
- Ty chn ny cho php thay i ch thu thp d liu
m phng.
- y l mt ty chn quan trng, ta s tm hiu k v n.
Khi m ca s Modify ca ty chn ny tt nht nn chn
phn advance.

- Di y l ni dung chi tit ca mc Capture mode:

o All value: thu thp tt c cc im d liu.
o Sample: dng ny thu thp thng tin theo dng mu
d liu. S mu c ly s ph thuc vo khong
thi gian ly mu (v d nh mi 2s ly mu mt
ln) hoc l m s mu (c mi 10 mu d liu s
ghi nhn).
o Bucket: y l ch thu thp d liu mc nh,
ch ny mt nhm cc im d liu xy ra mt
khong thi gian nht nh c gi l mt bucket,
v sau p dng chc nng thng k cho gi tr ca
tng nhm. Kt qu l vector u ra cha gi tr ca
tng mi nhm.
o Glitch removal: i vi trng hp nhiu gi tr
thng k c ghi nhn li cng thi im, th
ch ny n s lt b tt c cc im d liu
trng lp v ch gi li gi tr cui cng.
- Ty chn gip xc nh mt gi tr cc mu/bucket
c ly:
o Every N seconds: gi tr c lu li sau mi N giy.
o Every N values: gi tr ch c lu li khi no ti
mc N gi tr.
o Total of N values: vector u ra s cha tng cng N
cp gi tr, c ngha l mt gi tr s c ghi li mi
mt n v thi gian (mt n v thi gian = thi
gian m phng/N). Trong trng hp ny N gi l
gi tr ca mi s liu thng k. Gi tr mc nh l
100.
Nh vy kiu ly gi tr ny cng ging nh vic
ly mu theo thi gian nhng ph thuc vo tng
thi gian m phng.
- By gi ta xt n trnh n c dnh cho ch bucket,
n gip quy nh c th chc nng ch bucket:

o Max value: ch ghi nhn gi tr ln nht.
o Min value: ch ghi nhn gi tr nh nht.
o Sum: ghi nhn gi tr tng cng.
o Count: ghi nhn tng s (s m) ca gi tr.
o Sample mean: ghi nhn li gi tr trung bnh thu
c.
o Time average: ghi nhn li thi gian trung bnh. Thi
gian trung bnh l Weight chnh l thi gian
gia gi tr hin ti v gi tr tip theo.
o Sum/time:
o Summary: tng hp c bn kiu sample mean, max
value, min value v standard deviation. Kt qu ca
cc kiu c v trn cc th ring bit.
- Reset: gip xc nh gi tr bucket ca thi im trc
tr v khng trc khi tnh ton choe gi tr bucket tip
theo. S dng ty chn Reset m bo rng gi tr thu
c ca m phng ch ph thuc vo gi tr thu thp
c trong thi gian m phng hin ti. Nu b chn th
s gip ta d lin kt d liu, rt hu ch trong mt s
trng hp.
5. Cc bc cu hnh vic thu thp s liu thng
k cho mt i tng:
- Phi chut vo i tng Choose Results s liu
thng k mun m phng.
- Ty chnh theo cc bc sau:
o Draw style: chn kiu th m phng.
o Collection mode Modify: chn kiu m phng
(kiu m phng, thi gian m phng).
o Data Collection:
Generate vector data: check vo ny nu nh
nu nh mun thu thp s liu thng k dng
vector d liu.
Generate scalar data: check vo ny nu nh
mun thu thp s liu thng k nh l mt gi
tr n l.
Nu nh b chn c hai ty chn ny th kt
qu m phng s khng hin th.
b) Cu hnh v chy mt m phng:
on ny s m t v cc thuc tnh m phng c gi l
simulation set, cc bc cho vic cu hnh v chy m phng
Simulation set bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Global model attributes: m t v mt kha cnh ca vic
m phng h thng ch khng phi v mt i tng xc
nh trong h thng.
- Simulation-wide model attributes: m t v mt kha cnh
ca vic m phng h thng, bao gm nhiu i tng.
- Simulation-run attributes: m t vic cu hnh chy m
phng. Simulation-run attributes bao gm cc tham s cu
hnh nh di m phng, s lng cc gi tr mi s liu
thng k, hnh nh ng.
C 3 cch m hp thoi phc v vic chy m phng:
- Icon
- Ctrl+r
- DES Configure/Run Discrete Event Simulation.
i. Ca s Configure/Run Des: ch n gin:
- Cch ph bin nht cu hnh m phng l m ca s
Configure/Run Des, trong ca s ny s c 2 ch
lm vic: simple v detail.

- Ch detail cung cp y cc thuc tnh cu hnh hn
simple.
- Ch Simple cho php thit lp hai thuc tnh m phng
ph bin:
o Duration: cho bit thi gian m phng trong bao lu
hoc tng thi gian h thng m phng hot ng
trong mi trng m phng. Thng thng gian m
phng s khc vi thi gian m phng thc t cn
hon thnh vic chy m phng. Thi gian m
phng lu hay mau ph thuc vo mc n gin
hay phc tp ca m hnh m phng.
o Values per statistic: s lng ti a cc im d liu
c bo co cho mi s liu thng k c la
chn.
- Trong ca s ca ch simple gm 2 tab:
o Global attributes: cha nhng thuc tnh khc nhau
c s dng trong qu trnh m phng.
o Report: nhm ny cho php bn chn cc bo co
thng k khc nhau xem trong mt trnh duyt
web.
ii. Ca s Configure/Run Des: ch chi tit
Ca s quan st gm hai phn ring bit. Phn bn tri gm cc
kiu cu hnh c t chc dng cy, trong khi phn bn phi ca ca
s cha mt b iu khin thit lp cc gi tr thuc mt th loi cu
hnh la chn.

Phn bn phi cha cc ni dung sau:
- Common: cha cc thuc tnh m phng thng xuyn
c s dng.
- Inputs: cha mt s th loi nh khc m n c th c
s dng xc nh cc mc cu hnh nh thuc tnh ton
cu , traffic growth,.
o Global: ging phn Simple.
o Traffic growth: gip ch nh s nhanh/chm ca cc
lung lu lng. Ty chn ny rt hu ch xc
nh gii hn cho cc tha thun cp dch v.
o Terrain modeling: khng cn quan tm.
o environment file: l mt tp tin vn bn n gin c
cha ty chn cu hnh m phng thit lp v cc gi
tr ca cc thuc tnh qung b.
- Output: cng bao gm mt s th loi nh cho php cu
hnh cc bo co c to ra sau khi hon thnh m
phng, khong thi gian thu thp s liu thng k m
phng, b su tp m phng ng nhp d liu, hnh nh
ng,.... Hu ht cc thuc tnh cu hnh l t gii thch.
- Execution: b qua.
- Runtime Displays: b qua.
Mc nh ca s Configure/Run DES lun m ch Detail vi
th loi Common c la chn cho cu hnh. Gip xc nh cc
thng s cu hnh ph bin:
- Duration: di m phng.
- Seed:
- Values per statistic.
- Update interval: xc nh tn sut m bo co tin m
phng c hin th trong giao din iu khin m phng.
Khi tin hnh m phng OPNET s hin th mt bo co
tin trnh ngn gn ca s iu khin m phng. Gi tr
ca Update interval gip xc nh s lng cc s kin
m phng gia cc khong bo co lin tc.
- Simulation Kernel: xc nh cc kiu Kernel c s
dng tin hnh m phng. C 2 kiu c la chn:
development v optimized:
o Development: cho php gim st cht ch v g li
m phng.
o Optimized: cho php ti u ha m thc hin
nhanh chng. Ch ny hu ch khi khi lng m
phng ln, cn nhiu thi gian cho vic m phng.
Mc nh thng chn ch development.

- Use OPNET Simulation Debugger (ODB): l mt ty
chn m khi ta chn th OPNET s tin hnh m phng
vi ODB. Chc nng ny s n khi chn ch optimized.
- Simulation set name: l tn ca tp m phng hin hnh.
Gi tr ca thuc tnh ny khng nh hng n tin trnh
m phng. Tuy nhin nn t tn cho thn thin.
- Comment: vng g comment.
Theo nh kinh nghim, hu ht cc m phng ch thit lp cc gi
tr ca cc thuc tnh m phng nh: duration of simulation, seed, values
per statistic, cc i tng ton cc v cc i tng mang tnh cht thc
y qu trnh. Nhng phn cn li thng khng thay i v gi tr
mc nh.
iii. Simulation Sequence Editor:
y l mt tin ch ca OPNET c th dng xc nh v thao
tc (ct, dn, sao chp, tin hnh, xa b) nhiu b m phng.
Mi b m phng c xc nh bi tn v s th t m phng,
nhng iu ny c thit lp y.
Cu trc ca Simulation Sequence Editor:

- Phi chut vo b m phng no mun chy Edit
Attributes m ra ca s Configure/Run DES ca
ring b m phng .

iv. Tin hnh m phng:
ca s ca Configure/Run DES khi nhn Run th mt ca s
mi xut hin (tng ng lnh Ctr+Shift+R) gi l ca s Simulation
Execution. Ti ca s ny c th chia ra thnh ba khu vc xt:
- Simulation progress:
o Cha mt thanh tin trnh, thanh ny hin th t l
thi gian tri qua trn tng s thi gian m phng.
o Cho bit thi gian tri qua ca m phng, tng s s
kin to ra ca m phng cho n nay, tc m
phng trung bnh v tc m phng hin thi (n
v s kin/giy), d kin thi gian thc cho n khi
hon thnh m phng, s DES Log c to ra cho
n nay.
o Update Progress Info: khi nhn vo gip cp nht
tin trnh m phng vi d liu mi nht.

o Simulation speed and memory usage: vng ny cha
hai th, mt hin th tc m phng trung bnh
v tc m phng thc t, mt hin th b nh tiu
th cho n thi im hin ti.

o Messages: hin th on thng bo v tin trnh m
phng.

Mt s tab c trong ca s Simulation Execution:
- Simulation speed: hin th mt th cho bit tc m
phng trung bnh v thc t (n v s kin/giy).
- Live Stats: cho php hin th cc thng k nht nh.
- Memory Usage: hin th b nh tiu th cho n thi im
hin ti.
- Invocation: hin th cc lnh gi nhanh chng v tt c cc
thng s lin quan thc hin cc m phng hin ti.
c) Hin th kt qu:
OPNET cung cp mt s tin ch hin th, kim tra, so snh kt
qu thu thp c trong qu trnh m phng.
Results Browser l mt tin ch ca OPNET la chn v thu thp
kt qu m phng di dng ha ( th).
DES Results View Results
Ca s ca Results Browser gm c 3 tab: tiu ca tab cng cha
mt s trong ngoc cp n s m phng ang chy)
- DES Graphs: gip xc nh cc kha cnh mun xem kt
qu v hin th chng nh dng th chun. Tab ny
c chia ra thnh bn khu vc khc nhau:
o Source: gip xc nh cc d n, kch bn m kt qu
ca chng s c s dng to ra th.

o Results: y l ni chn s liu thng k no s
c hin th.

o Preview: ni hin th cc th.

o Presentation: khu vc ny gip cu hnh cch (lm
th no) cc s liu thng k c hin th trn
th.

i. Chi tit cc vng trong tab DES Graphs:
u tin l vng Source, vng ny gm hai phn: Results for
v Show results:
o Results for: vng ny cho php xc nh cc
project, kch bn mun m phng, bao gm
Current Scenario, Current Project v All Projects.
Ty thuc vo cch la chn m ni dung ca cy
th mc bn di s hin th theo. Mc nh l
Current Scenario.
o Cy th mc: nh ni ni dung ca cy th
mc ny ph thuc vo la chn Results for. C
cu trc cy ba lp:
Lp trn cng: tn ca project.
Lp 2: tn ca cc kch bn trong project.
Lp 3: chy m phng cho mi kch bn.

o Show results: c s dng xc nh cc s
liu thng k no s c sn trong cy thng k khi
nhiu ngun s liu thng k c chn. Vng
ny c hai ty chn:
Ch la chn nhng s liu thng k ph bin
nht cho tt c nhng chng trnh chy m
phng c chn.
Hin th cc thng s thng k c sn trong bt
k m phng chy no c la chn.
K n l vng Result:
Vng ny cho php la chn cc thng s hin th. Trong vng ny
s c cc phn sau:
- Arrangement: l mt danh sch dng th cun, cho php
xc nh cch t chc cc tham s thng k trong Results
Tree.
- Edit...: nt ty chn nm k Arrangement, cho php cu
hnh ty chn sp xp cc tham s thng k.

- Statistics Tree: vng hin th danh sch dng cy tt c cc
gi tr thng k c la chn cho qu trnh m phng.

- Unselect all: b chn tt c cc tham s thng k c
chn trc . Ty chn ny rt hu dng, mt khi
chn hin th nhiu tham s, m cc tham s ny li c
trnh by dng cy gy kh khn cho vic tm v
uncheck, tt nht l nn b chn tt c v chn li nhng
tham s no mun hin th.
Vng Preview:
Vng ny s t ng hin th cc tham s thng k c chn
trc Statistics Tree di dng th.

Cui cng l vng Presentation:
Vng ny gm 2 danh sch th cun, danh sch th cun th nht
c hai ty chn:
- Stacked Statistics: t mi gi tr thng k vo trong mt
th ring.

- Overlaid Statistics: t tt c gi tr thng k c chn
vo trong cng mt th.

Danh sch th cun th hai cung cp mt tp cc b lc dnh cho
vic hin th cc thng s thng k.
d) DES Log:
Khi mt m phng c tin hnh, n lu li tt c cc s kin quan
trng xy ra trong sut qut trnh m phng. V d nh cc cnh bo,
li, cc hot ng ngoi mun ca cc giao thc, nhng hot ng
quan trng hoc khng thng xuyn xy ra. Tt c nhng iu ny
c lu tr trong mt file text gi l DES Log. Tn ca file DES Log l
log_info.
DES Open Des Log
DES Log rt hu ch khi g li mt m phng v n cung cp ci nhn
su sc vo nhng g xy ra trong qu trnh m phng v n ghi bt
k s kin bt thng xy ra nh cc m phng c thc hin.
13- ng dng chun:
a) Tng quan:
y l mt kha cnh quan trng trong m phng OPNET. Cc
lung lu lng d liu i qua mng cho php chng ta quan st v
nghin cu v hiu nng ca cc giao thc mng khc nhau trong mi
trng hot ng ca chng.
Nu nh trong mt h thng mng khng c cc lung d liu, th
n c gia cc node mng ch trao i vi nhau cc gi tin dng cho
vic iu khin trong giao thc (hello, update,)
V vy trong hu ht cc m hnh m phng cn c cc ngun lu
lng, m nhng ngun ny s to ra cc gi d liu trao i gia cc
node mng.
OPNET cung cp nhiu m hnh ngun lu lng.
Phn cn li ca chng ny v Chng 6 v 7 m t cc cu hnh
v trin khai cc ngun lu lng truy cp trong OPNET.
Trong phn 13) ny ni dung s xoay quanh:
- Phn tch s khc nhau gia cc m hnh lu lng sn c
trong OPNET.
- Gii quyt cc vn v cc ng dng chun.
- M t v cc quy trnh ca cc ng dng chun trong
OPNET.
- M t cc thuc tnh ca cc ng dng sn c trong
OPNET.
- Gii thch mt s ng dng ci tin, gip lm th no
s dng tn tng trng cho cc nt mng khi tin hnh
ng dng.
- M t cc tham s thng k ca cc ng dng c bn cn
thu thp.
- Chng 6: gip tm hiu v cc ng dng ci tin ca
OPNET chng hn ngun pht gi tin r rng, demand, ti
trng.
- C th b qua chng 6 trc tip c chng 7, chng
ny s bn v cc ngun d liu m phng bng cch gii
thiu v cch dng profile, phng php cho vic pht
trin cc ng dng chun v ty chn trong h thng mng
m phng.
b) Cc kiu ngun lu lng trong OPNET:
OPNET s dng cc m hnh lu lng nh: explicit, background hoc
hybrid.
Hnh di y tng quan v m hnh lu lng dng trong OPNET:

i. M hnh lu lng Explicit:
M hnh Explicit m t rt chnh xc v hnh vi lu lng, n t
c iu ny bng cch m t mt cch hon chnh vng i ca mt
gi d liu c to ra bi cc ngun lu lng truy cp.
C rt nhiu dng gi d liu khc nhau vi tnh nng rt khc
nhau.
Nu khng c gi d liu vic m phng s khng th m phng
mt cch chnh xc tt c tnh nng ca cc giao thc nh TCP, UDP,
IP, RSVP,.
Tuy nhin v tnh chnh xc cao nn m hnh lu lng Explicit
tiu th b nh cao, v mi gi c m phng mt cch r rng v
c th hin trong b nh chnh nh l mt cu trc d liu m yu cu
cp pht b nh. Bn cnh cn i hi thi gian m phng.
OPNET cung cp cc c ch cho m hnh lu lng explicit:
explicit packet generation, application demands v application models.
Trong :
- Explicit packet generation: lin quan ch yu ti tc
lung lu lng, kch c ca cc gi tin c to ra bi
cc ngun lu lng c nhn v cc im n ca lu
lng. Phng php ny khng m phng bt k mt giao
thc lp ng dng c th no.
- Application demand: l mt phng php khc cho vic
xc nh lung lu lng trao i gia 2 node trong h
thng mng mt cch r rng. Phng php ny cng ch
lin quan ch yu n tc v kch c cc gi tin, ch
khng m hnh ha bt k mt hnh vi giao thc no.
Phng php ny hot ng nh mt lung cc gi d liu
gi v phn hi c trao i gia cc lp ng dng ca
hai lp. Phng php ny khng i hi phi thit lp cc
thuc tnh cc nt ring l. Thay vo , phng php ny
ch quan tm n cc thuc tnh lin quan, trong xc
nh lu lng truyn ti gia hai nt thng qua cc thuc
tnh nh thi gian lu lng truyn ti (tc l bt u v
thi gian kt thc), yu cu v cc thng s phn ng (v
d gi kch thc v t l truyn ti), giao thc vn
chuyn, v kt hp truyn ti.
- Application models: cng xc nh mt bn tin r rng
trao i gia 2 node trong h thng mng m phng. Tuy
nhin bn cnh vic xc nh cc c tnh lu lng (tc
, kch thc, im n,) m hnh ng dng ny cn
quan tm n i din cc hnh vi ca giao thc lp ng
dng.
Application models cung cp cc ngun lu lng chnh xc hn
Explicit packet generation v Application demand.
OPNET cung cp mt b cc ng dng tiu chun m cc b ng
dng ny sn sng thc hin m hnh ha cc ngun lu lng nh
FTP, HTTP, E-mail, cng nh mt c ch cho vic xc nh cc ng
dng ty chn m hnh ha cc ngun lu lng khng chun.
ii. M hnh lu lng Background:
Cung cp mt nn tng phn tch, t tnh chnh xc, i din cho d
liu truyn qua mng.
S chim gi hng i ti cc nt trung gian da trn vic cu hnh
cc m hnh lu lng background. iu ny nh hng n tr, s
o lng hiu nng ca cc thit b mng v giao thc m phng lin
quan.
M hnh ny phn tch cc hnh vi lu thng m phng vi
m hnh ng dng ny s nhanh v t tn ti nguyn hn.
Background s m hnh ha thng qua traffic demand objects v
baseline loads. Trong :
- Demand objects: lun c dng xc nh s lu thng
gia mt cp node. OPNET cung cp mt s phn bit
gia application demands v mt kiu demand khc gi
l traffic flows:
o Application demands: i din cc lp ng dng
lu lng theo kiu trao i bn tin request-respone
gia hai node.
o Traffic flows: c s dng m hnh ha cc d
liu c to ra t cc ngun khng phi ng dng
nh IP voice, IP ping, IP security, IP multicast,
ATM, and Frame Relay. Traffic flows i din cho
cc thuc tnh lu lng nh: tc , di m
phng, thi gian bt u cho truyn ti d liu mt
cch trc tip. Cc Demand c thm vo cc m
phng bng cch ko v th cc i tng nhu cu
tng ng vo cc cu trc lin kt mng v sau
cu hnh chng i din cho lu lng giao thng
quan tm. Traffic Demand thng c trin khai
gia cc nt khng c kt ni trc tip bi mt
lin kt (***). Chi tit phn ny section 6.6.
- Baseline loads:
iii. Hybric:
Thng thng m hnh ha background thng c s dng
trong nghin cu m phng cn yu cu ti nguyn t v tp hp cc
giao thc th va cho vic nghin cu.
Trn thc t vic nghin cu m phng l da trn s kt hp ca
c background v explicit i din cho ngun lu lng trong h
thng.
Hybric l s kt hp cc tnh nng ci tin ca c hai m hnh
trn, m hnh ny s i din cho cc ngun lu lng cn m hnh ha
mt cch chi tit.
c) INCLUDING APPLICATIONS IN A
SIMULATION MODEL:
Cu hnh mt h thng m phng chy m hnh ng dng l
mt qu trnh nhiu bc bao gm cu hnh ng dng quan tm v s
liu thng k tng ng s c thu thp trong qu trnh m phng, quy
nh c th h s ngi dng, v cui cng l trin khai cc ng dng
c cu hnh trn cc nt trong h thng mng m phng.
OPNET phn bit gia mt m hnh ng dng, trong xc nh
cc c tnh ca lu lng c to bi mt ng dng, vi h s ngi
dng, trong m t cch ng dng c s dng.
Ni chung, application model s bao gm cc thng tin v kch c
v thi gian gi tin, trong khi user profiles s xc nh cc ng dng
c s dng, khi no th cc ng dng c bt u, mi ng dng s
hot ng trong bao lu, cc ng dng trong h s c nhn s thc hin
tun t hoc ng thi, khi no th ton b h s bt u v kt thc.
Nh vy application: xc nh tnh cht ca lung, user
profiles: iu khin lung ???
Trong OPNET, trin khai 1 ng dng trn thc t l xc nh user
profile cho n. Vic ny bao gm hai hot ng: xc nh mt node m
profile s chy, mt node s cung cp dch v cho ng dng ca profile.
Mt node m chy user profile th c gi l h tr user profile
v c dn nhn l ngun hoc mt client. C ngha l nt ny s s
dng cc ng dng c cp.
Tng t nh vy, mt nt cung cp dch v cho cc ng dng
c cho l h tr cc ng dng v c dn nhn mt my ch hoc
mt im n. C ngha l nt ny s l ni cung cp ng dng cho cc
nt khc s dng.
Client hoc l nt ngun h tr user profile, server hoc hoc
nt ch s h tr application. (ti sao nt ngun li h tr user
profile?)
Cng mt nt c th h tr user profile v application. Thit k
ny l rt linh hot v n cho php xc nh cu hnh ng dng phn nh
st trin khai ng dng trong cc mng thc t cuc sng.
Gi s mt trng hp:
Mt mng m phng c cu hnh vi ba user profile. Mi mt
user profile s h tr mt ng dng.
- User profile 1: i din mt nhn vin bn hng ch chy
ng dng email v in n.
- User profile 2: i din cho mt hc sinh, chy cc ng
dng web, ng nhp u xa v ng dng mail.
- User profile 3: i din cho nhn vin chm sc khch
hng. Chy cc ng dng Voice.


i. Application config utility object:
Bc u tin trong vic xc nh v cu hnh mt ng dng chun
l s dng mt i tng Application Config trong h thng m phng.
C nhiu cch ly i tng Application Config t Object
Palette Tree:


Mt kch bn m phng khng nn cha nhiu Application
Config. Ch mt Application Config l cu hnh cho tt c cc
ng dng chun v ty chn.

Trong hnh trn l ca s thuc tnh ca Application Definitaion.
N gm c ba thnh phn l Application Definitions, MOS v Voice
Encoder Schemes. MOS v Voice Encoder Schemes c s dng cho
cc ng dng lin quan n Voice.
Thuc tnh Number of Rows gip xc nh s cc ng dng c
cu hnh trong Application Definition. Mc nh l 0, c ngha rng
trong kch bn m phng hin ti khng c ng dng no.
Trong mt mc ca Application Definition s cung cp cc ng
dng, v tng mt mc th ch c th chn mt ng dng cho mc .
Nhng sai lm thng mc phi khi cu hnh:
- C mt ng dng li s dng mt Application Definition.
iu ny khng cn thit v mt Application Definition
c th h tr cu hnh nhiu ng dng.
- C gng cu hnh nhiu ng dng trong mt mc.
Tt c cc ng dng u chy trn mt giao thc truyn ti c th. Cc
ng dng nh HTTP, FTP, E-mail, print, database, truy nhp u xa mc
nh s dng TCP. Trong khi cc ng dng v Voice v Video mc
nh s dng UDP.
ii. Cu hnh ng dng Standard:

iii. ng dng FTP:
Gi tr M t tng quan
Low Load
Medium Load
High Load

Mi mt gi tr nh sn c cu
hnh c tt c cc hot ng ca
FTP. S khc bit nm kch
thc cc gi tin trao i v mt
hot ng m FTP to ra.

FTP l giao thc chuyn vn File. Thng thng hot ng ca
FTP bao gm nhiu lnh, nhng y ch m phng hai hot ng
chnh ca FTP trong truyn d liu: truyn v nhn.
Hot ng PUT d liu l ti d liu ln server FTP. Hot ng
GET d liu ti mt d liu t server FTP v Client. C hai hot ng
ny bao gm hai gi tin l: iu khin v d liu.
Control Message gm hai hot ng hoc l yu cu tp tin (qu
trnh nhn d liu) hoc l xc thc (qu trnh truyn d liu). Kch c
gi d liu lun l 512 bytes.
Data Message mang theo mt tp tin m n c chuyn gia cc
node. Kch c gi ty thuc cu hnh.
Trong OPNET, FTP ch thc hin truyn ti mt file mt thi
im.
Bng cu hnh ca FTP bao gm 7 thuc tnh. Tuy nhin ta ch
quan tm n ba thuc tnh chnh, m nhng thuc tnh ny xc nh cc
ng dng ca FTP.

- Command Mix (Get/Total): quy nh c th t l gia s
lng cc hot ng nhn v tng s cc hot ng FTP.
V d: nu gi tr y l 40%, ngha l 40% (trong 10
phin c 4 phin client ly d liu) hot ng ca FTP l
nhn, v 60% l truyn (trong 10 phin c 6 phin p d
liu ln server).
- Inter-Request Time (seconds): quy nh c th s lng
thi gian gia cc hot ng FTP lin tip. Thi gian bt
u ca chuyn tp tin tip theo c tnh bng cch thm
gi tr ca thuc tnh ny vi thi gian khi cc hot ng
FTP trc bt u. Hot ng FTP l c lp vi nhau, c
ngha l chuyn tp tin mi c th bt u trc khi hot
ng FTP trc hon thnh.
- File Size (bytes): xc nh kch thc gi tin c truyn.
- Type of Service: ty chnh QoS. (***)
iv. Video Conference:
Thuc tnh M t tng quan
Low-Resolution Video
High-Resolution Video
VCR Quality Video
S khc bit gia cc thuc tnh l
kch c cc gi tin v mt hoat
ng ca chng.
ng dng ny dng truyn ti d liu video gia hai node.
Video Conferencing Configuration Table cha tng cng 6 thuc
tnh, nhng ta ch quan tm n 3 thuc tnh. Nhng thuc tnh ny gip
xc nh cc c tnh ca lu lng ti:
- Frame Interarrival Time Information: xc nh tn sut
ca cc khung lu lng video theo c hai chiu vo v ra
(n v frame/sec). Cng c th ty chnh cho cho c hai
chiu ra v vo ring bit.

- Frame Size Information (bytes): gip xc nh kch c
ca cc khung n v i, n v l bytes. Tuy nhin n v
khi ty chn l tnh theo pixel, v d: mi pixel yu cu 9
bit, nh vy nu kch c xc nh l 128 120 th tng bit
l 128x120x9 = 138240 bit, tng ng 17280 bytes.
Cng nh Frame Interarrival Time Information c th
ty chnh cho c hai hng ra v vo.
- Type of Service: ty chn QoS.
v. Voice:
Thuc tnh M t tng quan

S khc bit gia cc thuc tnh
ny l kiu m ha thoi v gi tr
trng ToS. Cc gi tr cn li l
nh nhau:

M hnh ny gip kt ni gia hai khch hng s dng mt s ha
tn hiu thoi. M hnh ha ca Voice rt phc tp, cn thi gian xem
xt. Phn ny ch cung cp mt s tnh nng sn c trong m hnh ny.
Mc nh cc ng dng Voice chy trn UDP. Tuy nhin, trong ni
b, OPNET truyn dn s dng giao thc RTP, m khng cn yu cu
cu hnh thm.
ng dng Voice lun chy gia hai node l client m khng cn
yu cu i din mt node server. OPNET cho php m hnh ha lu
lng voice theo kiu discrete (explicit packet exchange trao i gi r
rng), background (analytical modeling m hnh ha phn tch) hoc l
kt hp c hai.
Sau y l m t tng quan cc ni dung trong Voice
Configuration Table:
- Silence Length (seconds): thuc tnh ny gip xc nh
di cc khong lng trong sut khong thi gian hi
thoi cho cc dng hi thoi ra v vo.
- Talk Spurt Length (seconds): xc nh di ca thi
gian m thoi lin tc. Chc nng ny cng gip xc nh
di talk spurts cho cc dng lu lng vo v ra.
- Symbolic Destination Name: xc nh tn tng trng
cho node ch m n tham gia vo qu trnh hi thoi vi
client.
- Encoder Scheme: xc nh k thut m ha thoi.
OPNET cung cp 30 m hnh m ha thoi c cu hnh
sn. C th s dng cc k thut m ha c sn hoc c
th t to thng qua Voice Encoder Schemes Table.

- Voice Frames per Packet: gip xc nh s khung m
ha thoi c t vo mt gi lp ng dng n trc
khi d liu thoi c gi n cc lp thp hn.
- Type of Service: xc nh gi tr vng ToS/DiffServ trong
mo u IP.
- RSVP Parameters: cu hnh giao thc RSVP.

- Traffic Mix (%): nh ngha lm th no m lu lng
thoi c m hnh ha trong sut qu trnh m phng:
o All Discrete: tt c cc d liu thoi c m hnh
ha nh l mt lu lng r rng.
o All Background: tt c cc d liu thoi th i din
thng qua mt m hnh phn tch m khng c mt
gi d liu r rng no c gi vo trong mng.
o 25%,50%, hoc 75%: ch ra rng lu lng thoi
c m hnh ha theo s pha trn ca Discrete v
Background. Gi tr thuc tnh gip xc nh thc t
c bao nhiu phn trm d liu thoi c m hnh
ha nh l lu lng nn.
- Signaling: xc nh phng thc bo hiu c s dng.

o None: khng c giao thc bo hiu no c s
dng.
o SIP v H323.
o Traffic Modeling: gip xc nh phn no ca lu
lng thoi s c m phng. C hai ty chn:
Control Plane Only: ch c nhng gi iu
khin kt ca giao thc bo hiu mi c m
hnh ha. Nu chn kiu ny th s khng c
lu lng ng dng no c m hnh ha cho
n khi kt ni hot ng.
Control and Traffic Plane: c nhng gi tin
iu khin ca giao thc bo hiu v gi tin d
liu u c m hnh ha. Kiu ny c
thit lp mc nh cho Signaling.
- Compression Delay: thuc tnh ny xc nh khong thi
gian m n nn mt gi thoi.
- Decompression Delay (seconds): khong thi gian gii
nn thoi.
- Conversation Environment: cu hnh cht lng mi
trng cho cuc m thoi, bao gm cc kiu sau: Land
phone Quiet room, Land phone Noisy room, Cell
phone in building, Cell phone in SUV or sedan v Cell
phone in convertible.

d) S dng SYMBOLIC NODE NAMES:
Trong OPNET, khi xc nh cc ng dng tiu chun, my ch
hoc cc im n ca ng dng c gi thng qua tn biu tng thay
v tn ca cc nt thc t trong mng m phng.
V d, c th chn mt tn tng trng nh "FTP Server" v sau
, trong khi trin khai ng dng trong mng m phng, nh x tn
tng trng cho mt hay nhiu nt.
Xem xt tnh hung sau: mt kin trc s to ra mt mng m
phng ca mt s ng dng trn mt lot cc cu trc lin kt mng
khc nhau. Bng cch s dng tnh nng symbolic name, OPNET c th
duy tr c tn ca cc ngun ng dng v cc ch n mt cch c
lp vi cu trc mng thc t. Kt qu l, khi ng dng c xc nh
v cu hnh cc kin trc s c th trc tip trin khai cc ng dng
c xc nh trong bt k cu trc mng mong mun bng cch nh x
gia cc biu tng client v server vi tn ca cc node thc t trong
cu trc mng mi.
Destination symbolic name c s dng ch nh cc nt hot
ng nh mt server hoc mt im n lu lng cho c hai chun l
standard v custom.
i. Cu hnh tay Applications source preferences:

Tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- Phi chut vo i tng m ta mun n phc v nh l
mt ngun cho ng dng ph hp, chn Edit Attributes.
- Tm n Application: Source Preferences.
- Thit lp gi tr cho Number of Rows tng ng vi
tng ng vi s symbolic names m ta mun nh x n
node ny. C th l mt nt duy nht hot ng nh l mt
ngun cho nhiu dch v.
ii. Cu hnh tay Applications destination preferences:
Thuc tnh ny thc hin nh x gia mt Symbolic destination
name vi mt node mng thc t.
Nu nh c nhiu node mng cng match mt destination
symbolic name th node ch s c la chn da trn tham s
Weight. Nu nh vic nh x khng xy ra, th mt node ch m h tr
dch v cho ng dng s c la chn ngu nhin.
Thc hin theo cc bc sau khi s dng tnh nng:
- Phi chut vo i tng chn Edit Attributes.
- Tm n thuc tnh Application: Destination
Preferences.
- t gi tr cho Number of Rows.
- Xc nh gi tr cho thuc tnh Application, mc nh l
All application. Gi tr ny xc nh tn ca ng dng
c nh x theo lut.
- Xc nh gi tr cho Symbolic Name.
- Cu hnh thuc tnh Actual Name:
o Actual Name: gip xc nh s lng cc node thc
t c nh x n symbolic server name, tn ca
node thc t, xc nh trng s.
14) APPLICATION DEMANDS AND TRAFFIC FLOWS:
Demand l mt phng thc khc cho vic nh ngha lung lu
lng gia hai node mng. OPNET phn bit gia application
demands v traffic flows.
Application demands l mt i tng demand m m hnh ha
mt lp ng dng trao i gi tin gia hai node mng.
Traffic flows l mt dng demand khc m n m hnh ha lu
lng end to end m khng i din mt cch chi tit cc kiu lung
lu lng.
Demand ch i din cho c tnh ca mt loi lu lng c th
ch khng m hnh ha bt k mt giao thc c th no.
Demand c xc nh gia hai node m khng cn mt ng
kt ni trc tip gia hai node. Xc nh lu lng nhu cu c chuyn
qua mng m phng.
Qu trnh xc nh Demand th cng tng t nh vic kt ni cc
node mng vo trong m hnh mng bng cc link. iu khc bit duy
nht gia Demand v Link l:
- Link: kt ni trc tip hai node vi nhau.
- Demand: kt ni bt k hai node trong mng.
a) Application Demand:
ng dng Application Demand l thc hin lu lng mt
cch trc tip gia node ngun v node ch.


Di y l ni dung ca ca s Edit Attribute:
- Duration: xc nh thi gian bt u v kt thc ca
Application Demand.

- Request Parameters: xc nh kch c gi tin request, t
l gi tin request ( c bao nhiu gi tin request c gi
trong mt gi), v gi tr ToS ca mi gi tin request.

- Response Parameters: xc nh kch c gi tin respone.

- Traffic Mix (%): xc nh cch m application demand
s c m phng. Mt cch chi tit n gip xc nh c t
l demand traffic nh l lu lng nn.
- Transport Protocol: gip xc nh giao thc truyn ti
dnh cho cc gi tin request v respone.

b) Traffic Flow Demand:
Loi m hnh ny c th mt chiu hoc hai chiu. i din l hnh
ng mi tn chm chm vi u mi tn l ch n ca lu lng.

Cc thuc tnh c khoanh vng hnh trn l cc thuc tnh ph
bin c p dng cho hu ht cc traffic demands, cc thuc tnh cn
li th ty loi m hnh ha m xc nh.
15) USER PROFILE:
User profile l mt phng php gip xc nh lm th no m
cc ng dng standard v custom c s dng bi ngi dng.
Phn ny s gip hng dn cch s dng Profile v trin khai cc
ng dng trong h thng mng.
a) Quy nh c th h s ngi dng:
Trong phn ny s gip xc nh lm th no nh ngha v cu hnh
User profile.
i) Icon:
Trong mt kch bn ch cn duy nht mt User profile tng t nh
Application Defination.

ii) nh ngha mt User profile:
Qu trnh nh ngha cho User profile bao gm: gn tn cho n,
nh ngha cc ng dng c trong profile, m t tng quan cc hnh vi
ca profile.
M t tng quan v ni dung trong Edit Attribute ca User
profile:
1. Tn ca profile.
2. Application:
- nh ngha ng dng trong profile.
- M t hnh vi ca mi ng dng.
- V ci cch m ng dng c s dng trong profile.
3. Cui cng l cc thuc tnh m t tng quan hnh vi ca profile,
nhng thuc tnh ny khng m t lm cch no m cc ng
dng ring l trong profile s hnh x, thay vo n s ch ra
cch m profile s c qun l trong sut qu trnh m phng:

- Operation Mode: thuc tnh ny nh ngha cch m ng
dng c tin hnh trong profile. Nhiu ng dng s
chy lin tc, trong khi nhiu ng dng s chy song song.
Nu nh trong profile ch nh ngha mt ng dng th
thuc tnh ny khng cn thit na.


- Start Time (seconds): quy nh c th khi no th User
profile s bt u vi s nh hng ti thi gian bt u
m phng.
- Duration (seconds): xc nh profile s hot ng trong
bao lu (mc nh l End of Simulation).
- Repeatability: m t cch m User profile s hot ng
tr li sau khi n hon thnh trc khi kt thc m
phng.
iii. V d v mt User Profile n gin:
Gi nh mt nhn vin (Tn Lisa) thng ngy ch lm vic vi
hai ng dng l trnh duyt web v email. Lch trnh lm vic nh sau:
- Lm vic t 8:00 AM n 5:00 PM.
- Mt 2 m my tnh.
- Mt chu k lm vic l 4 gi.
- 1 gi n tra.
Sau y ta s nh x ton b cc hot ng trn vo thuc tnh
Profile Config, theo cc bc sau:
1. t tn cho User profile: Lisa.
2. Cu hnh cc thuc tnh Application chy hai ng dng trnh
duyt web v email. lm bc ny th trc ht cc ng dng
phi c to Application Defination.
3. Ci t thuc tnh Operation Mode: Simultaneous. iu ny
c ngha rng Lisa s chy cc ng dng cng lc.
4. Tuy nhin, nh nu phi cn n 2 khi ng my. Do
thit lp tng thi gian m phng l 9h2p tng ng 542 pht.
- Start Time (seconds): 120 giy (tng ng 2).
- Duration (seconds): 14.400 giy (tng ng 4h).
5. Bc cui cng l cu hnh Repeatability vi cc thuc tnh
con sau:
- Inter-repetition Time (seconds): 3600 giy (tng ng
1h).
- Number of Repetitions: thit lp l 1, ch ra rng Lisa s
lm cng vic mt cch lin tc, khng ngt qung (trong
4h cn li).

iv. Nhng thuc tnh c x ca Application:
Phn ny m t cc hnh vi ca mi ng dng trong profile, v c
iu chnh thuc tnh Applications. Sau y ta s tm hiu v tng
thuc tnh:

- Number of Rows: xc nh s lng ng dng c h
tr trong profile. Sau khi thng s ny c xc nh th s
to ra tng ng s thuc tnh con, m mi thuc tnh con
s c cc thuc tnh nh bn trong tng t nhau.
- Name: tn ca ng dng c s dng trong profile. Khi
ta nhn vo iu chnh tn th s c sn mt danh sch cc
ng dng c to sn t Application Config.

- Start Time Offset (seconds): thuc tnh ny ph thuc
vo thuc tnh Operation Mode.
o Nu Operation Mode: simultaneously, th Start
Time Offset (seconds) s xc nh di ca
khong thi gian t khi bt u profile cho n khi
ng dng ny hot ng.
o Nu Operation Mode: serially, th Start Time
Offset (seconds) s xc nh di ca khong thi
gian bt u t lc ng dng trc kt thc (ng
dng ny cng thuc profile vi ng dng ang xt)
cho n khi ng dng ny hot ng.
o Nu nh y l ng dng u tin trong profile th
ng dng ny s c thc hin sau khi profile bt
u. Tng thi gian ca cc ng dng trong mt
profile khng c ln hn thi gian hot ng ca
profile.
No Offset: ng dng s bt u cng thi im
vi profile.
Never: ng dng s khng bao gi bt u.
- Duration (seconds): quy nh c th thi gian m ng
dng ang xt hot ng, y c hai ty chn:
o End of Profile: chn ty chn ny ng ngha ng
dng ny s kt thc cng thi im vi profile ca
n. Nu nh profile hot ng serially th sau khi
ng dng ny kt thc th s khng c ng dng no
hot ng na.
o End of Last Task: khi chn thuc tnh ny ng
ngha rng ng dng ny s kt thc ch khi no task
cui cng kt thc. Tuy nhin nu nh ng dng
cui cng kt thc cng lc profile kt thc th ng
dng ang xt cng kt thc cng lc vi profile.
- Repeatability: thuc tnh ny m t lm th no m ng
dng hin ti c lp li.
o Inter-repetition Time (seconds): tham s ny gip
xc nh thi gian gia hai phin ng dng, tham s
ny ph thuc vo Operation Mode:
Serial: ng dng ny s bt u khi ng dng
trc kt thc (khong thi).
Concurrent: xc nh di ca khong thi
gian t trc bt u phin ng dng cho n
khi u phin giao dch tip theo.
v. Thuc tnh c x ca profile:
Operation Mode: thuc tnh ny m t lm th no nh ngha
profile applications s bt u trong profile. Thuc tnh ny khng m
t cch hnh x ca bt k ng dng ring l no:
- Serial (Ordered): cc ng dng s c tin hnh mt
cch c th t. Nu Operation Mode ca mt profile t
ch ny th phi cn thn, v nu trong profile c
nhiu ng dng v nu ng dng u tin c thit lp
di m phng l v hn hoc kt thc cng thi im
vi profile th cc ng dng sau s khng bao gi hot
ng c.
- Serial (Random): cc ng dng s c tin hnh c
trc c sau nhng l ngu nhin. V l thc hin mt
cch ngu nhin nn nu nh c mt ng dng trong
profile m thi gian thc hin ca n l v hn hoc kt
thc cng thi im vi profile th s rt kh xc nh c
ng dng no khng thc hin hay khng.
- Simultaneous: cc ng dng s c tin hnh cng lc.
Cc ng dng s c tin hnh theo th t m chng
c ci t trong thuc tnh Application. S bt u ca
mi ng dng s c quyt nh bi thuc tnh Start
Time Offset (seconds).
Start Time (seconds) xc nh khi no th phin ca profile hin
ti s bt u. Thuc tnh ny chp nhn mt chc nng phn phi xc
sut nh mt gi tr. V d: gi tr uniform(100, 110), profile s bt u
tin hnh sau T giy sau khi bt u m phng, T c ly ngu nhin
trong khong t 100 n 110.
Duration (seconds): xc nh di m phng ca profile. Thuc
tnh ny c nh hng mnh hn Duration ca Application, nu
application vn cha kt thc m ht thi gian m phng ca profile
th c hai profile v application s kt thc cng lc. C hai ty chn:
- End of Simulation: profile vn s tip tc cho n khi m
phng kt thc. Vi thit lp nh vy, c th l tt c cc
ng dng s hon thnh trc khi kt thc h s c nhn
v s khng to ra bt k lu lng truy cp; Tuy nhin,
h s c nhn s vn hot ng cho n khi kt thc m
phng.
- End of Last Application: profile s kt thc khi m ng
dng cui cng kt thc. Nu cc ng dng c cu hnh
lp li mt s lng khng gii hn ca thi gian, sau
thng tin s khng chm dt cho n khi kt thc m
phng. Tuy nhin, y l mt gi tr rt hu ch ci sn bi
v n m bo rng nu h s c nhn hon thnh tt c
cc cng vic ca mnh v s khng to ra bt k lu
lng truy cp nhiu hn th h s s b ngng hot ng.