A. S. K O B A Y A SH !

Professor,
M em . A SM E
N . P O L V A N I C H
Graduate Student.
A. F. EMERY
Professor,
M em . A SM E
W. J. LOVE
Professor,
M em . A SM E
University of W ashi ngton,
Departm ent of M echanical Engineering,
Seattle, W ashington
I nner and Outer C rack s in I nternally
Pressuriz ed C ylinders
Stress intensity factors of pressurized surface cracks at the internal surface and un-
pressurized surface cracks at the external surface of an internally pressurized cylinder
are estimated from stress intensity factors of a semi-elliptical crack in a finite-thickness
fiat plate. Curvature effects of the cylinder are determined by comparing two-dimen-
sional finite element solutions of fixed-grip, single edge-notched plates and single edge-
notched cylinders. Stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical cracks with crack aspect
ratios of b/a = 0.2 and 0.98 at crack depths up to 80 percent of the cylindrical wall
thickness are shown for internally pressurized cylinders with outer to inner diameter
ratios, R/Ri, ranging from 10:9 to 5:4 f
or ol
^
er
surface cracks and to 3:2 for inner
surface cracks.
I ntroduction
During the past two years, the authors have used stress in-
tensity factor solutions of a semi-elliptical crack in fiat plate with
a curvature correction to estimate the stress intensity factors of
an unpressurized inner semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized
cylinder [l]
1
and in a thermally shocked cylinder [2] as well as
in a quarter-elliptical crack at the bore of a rotating disk [3].
Some uncertainty in modeling the curvature correction in these
earlier papers led later to revisions in the curvature correction
as well as in the format of presenting the final results [4],
The purpose of this paper is to apply this numerical technique
in estimating the stress intensity factors of a pressurized semi-
elliptical crack at the internal surface (pressurized inner crack)
and an unpressurized semi-elliptical crack at the external sur-
face (outer crack) of an internally pressurized cylinder. Despite
the practical significance of these two problems neither of these
two surface crack configurations has yet been examined in detail.
An approximate three-dimensional solution for a pressurized
inner semi-elliptical crack of a pressurized cylinder was con-
sidered by Underwood [5]. A nother approximate solution for
unpressurized inner and outer-semi-elliptical crack in a pres-
^umber s in brackets designate References at end of paper.
C ontributed by the P ressure V essels and P iping Division and presented
at the P etroleum Mechanical Engineering and P ressure V essels and P iping
C onference, Mexico C ity, Mexico, September 10-24, 1976, of TH E A MERI C A N
SO C I ETY O F MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EERS. Manuscript received at A SME H ead-
quarters. May 6, 1976. P aper N o. 76-P V P -6.
surized cylinder was obtained by Kobayashi [6]. N either Under-
wood's nor Kobayashi's solutions studied cracks of a depth in
which the effect of back surface had to be considered. The ap-
plication of three-dimensional finite element method to these
problems is still limited at this time due to limitation in computer
capacity and computing costs, despite increasing availability
of three-dimensional finite element codes. The only three-di-
mensional finite element solution to either of the two problems
under consideration is that of Blackburn and H ellen [7] who
computed the stress intensity factor of one pressurized inner
semi-elliptical crack and one unpressurized outer semi-elliptical
crack in a pressurized cylinder with an outer-to-inner diameter
ratio of R/Ri = 1. 461.
O n the other hand, the two-dimensional counterpart of these
two sets of problems has been studied by several investigators.
For example, Bowie and Freese [8] and more recently C lifton,
et al. [9] studied pressurized inner cracks in a pressurized cylinder
and Emery, et al. [10] considered outer cracks in a pressurized
cylinder. The latter problem was also studied by two-dimen-
sional finite element analysis [11].
The above brief review of available two- and three-dimensional
solutions of the two practical problems considered by this paper
indicates the need for more accurate three-dimensional analysis
of surface cracks in a pressurized cylinder.
Method of Approach
The method of approach used in this paper is the previously
described iterative procedure based on the alternating technique
for solving three-dimensional problems in fracture mechanics.
This procedure, with the exception of recent developments by
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology FEB R UA R Y 1977 / 83
Copyright 1977 by ASME
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r
^
M K M cM K S-|7jj?-./^75(o
Z
8in
2
e b
2
cos
2
e)
l/

M
KS'
K
i/{~hr
,/vs
<
a2s| n29
+
b
*
mZ
* >
l/4
} ///
W-J&
(Ro/rr*l
^ " ' " " o W
b " Pi
2R;'
^R5
Fig. 1 Procedure for estimating stress intensity factor of an outer
semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized cylinder
W&,
"(Ro+Rj)
R0/ Ri =5 / 4
R0/R| * | 0/ 9
CRACK LENGTH , b/(R0-Rj)
Fig. 3 Curvature correction, M o(0), for an outer crack in a pressurized
cylinder /?//?, between 5/4 and 10/9
Smith and his coworkers [12, 13], is limited t o surface cracks in propriate fictitious pressures on the fictitious part of t he ellip-
flat plates. The procedure has been used extensively and is well
documented by t he authors [14, 15] and thus will not be re-
peated here. The actual numerical procedure was improved
substantially by Kobayashi and Enet anya [14] who used ap-
tical crack which protrudes into t he empt y space to force the
numerical convergence of t he iterative procedure. F urt her dis-
cussions on this numerical convergence appear in reference [13].
The stress intensity magnification factors, MKS(0), for a semi-
elliptical crack in flat plates were then converted to those in a
cylinder by using a curvature correction, M
c
(6). The procedure
r
oD~L/ "['"i+'v
a.
1.4
5
1.2
Z
o
I -
a
. 1
(
O
o
UJ
5 i.o
I -
5
O 0. 9
.2 .4 .6 8
CRACK LENGTH, ^/ (Ro-Ri )
1.0
Fig. 2 Curvature correction, Mc(0), for a pressurized inner crack in i
pressurized cylinder of R0/Ri less than 3/2
"%!'> PI
V >
(Ro/Ril*-!
+ 1
Pi INNER PRESSURE
il(V)"Oee<r)
20 40 60 80 100
CIRCULAR ANGLE.fi DEGREES
Fig. 4 Stress intensity magnification factor of an inner semi-elliptical
crack in a pressurized cylinder
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CIRCULAR ANGLE, 8 DEGREES
Fig. 5 Stress intensity magnification factor of an inner semi-elliptical
crack in a pressurized cylinder
used to estimate the curvature correction factor is described in
references [1-4].
The resultant stress intensity magnification factor, MK(6),
for the two problems in this paper are not presented in final
graphical form as in references [1 and 2]. Rather, the users are
asked to multiply the flat plate solutions by the corresponding
curvature correction in order to obtain the resultant stress in-
tensity factor. This format of presenting the anal results allows
for future upgrading of the curvature correction should better
modeling of the curvature correction become available.
Elliptical C rack in a Flat Plate
The pressure profile prescribed on the surface of a semi-ellip-
tical crack in a flat plate is restricted by the availability of these
solutions in the following form
<T(X, y) = -Boo + Boi
0-0
+ Bo
+ B (1)
CIRCULAR ANGLE, 8 DEGREES
Fig. S Stress intensity magnification factor of an inner semi-ellip-
tical crack in a pressurized cylinder
where the cartesian coordinate system and the geometry for
this outer semi-elliptical crack are given in Fig. 1. By's are the
yet-to-be-determined pressure coefficients and b is the semi-
minor diameter of the ellipse. This pressure profile is least
square fitted to the appropriate hoop stress, 0t>&{r), generated
by the prescribed internal pressure, pi, on the uncracked cylinder.
For the pressurized inner semi-elliptical crack, the internal pres-
sure, pi, is added to the hoop stress.
The stress intensity factors for a semi-elliptical crack in a flat
plate and subjected to one of the four components of the pressure
distribution, (r(x, y) = 1, (1 - (/&)), (1 - (y/b)f,
( 1

i.y/b)f, shown in equation (1), are given in references [1 and
2], A simple superposition of these four solutions will then yield
the flat plate solutions with prescribed crack pressures.
Two-Dimensional Analogs
The curvature correction, M{d), previously derived for an
unpressurized inner crack [4] is used for the pressurized inner
semi-elliptical crack problem. The justification for such use is
obvious from the fact that a single curvature correction curve
appears to cover the hoop stress distributions in pressurized
cylinders with external to internal radius ratios, Ro/Ri, varying
from 10/9 to 3/ 2. This insensitivity of the curvature correction
to the Ro/Ri values indicates that it should be applicable to the
inner semi-elliptical crack problem despite the added constant
crack pressure of pu For the unpressurized outer semi-elliptical
crack problem, a new curvature correction, M
e
(6), was deter-
mined following the procedure described .in reference [4].
Results
C urvature Correction M
c
(). I n order to make this paper self-
contained, the curvature correction, M
c
(6), reported in references
[1 and 2] and which is also used here for the pressurized inner
crack problem is reproduced in Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 shows the curvature correction, M
c
(d), for an outer
crack in a pressurized cylinder for Ro/Ri < 5/4. A comparison
of Figs. 2 and 3 shows, as expected from geometric considerations,
that the curvature correction for an outer crack is slightly larger
than that for an inner crack.
The crack depth, b, in Figs. 2 and 3 is the local crack depth
along the periphery of the semi-elliptical crack. The curvature
correction, M
c
(6), thus starts with no correction at the major
axis of the semi-elliptical crack or 6 = 0 deg and reaches its
extreme value at the deepest penetration of the elliptical crack
surface at 6 = 90 deg. N ote that the curvature correction for
the outer crack varies slightly with the cylindrical geometry and
approaches that of the pressurized inner crack for Ro/Ri = 10/ 9.
Pressurized Inner Semi-Elliptical Crack in a Pressurized Cylinder.
For a pressurized inner semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized
cylinder, the crack pressure represented by equation (1) must be
least square fitted to the hoop stress with the superimposed
prescribed inner pressure of
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology
FEB R UA R Y 1977 / 85
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20 40 60 80 100
C IRC ULAR A NGL E, 8 DEGREES
Fig. 7 Stress i ntensi ty m agni fi cati on factor of an i nner sem i -ci rcul ar
crack i n a pressuriz ed cyl i nder
ffwfo y) = p<
Ro*/(Ri + yf + l
RMRi* - 1
(2)
where p,- is the prescribed inner pressure. The coordinate system
for the inner surface crack is identical to that shown in Fig. 2.
The least square fitting was accomplished within 0.2 percent of
the hoop stress represented by equation (2).
Using the flat plate solutions in references [1 and 2], the stress
intensity magnification factor, MKS{6), was obtained for a pres-
surized semi-elliptical crack in a flat plate as shown in Figs. 4
i
eet'l -Pi
(Rp/r) +1
(R 0/R i)
2
-I
. 2
ZI <Y >"<W >
p, INNER PRESSURE
Ro/Rj =5/4
R0/R; = 7/6
R [/R j "10/9
20 40 60 80 100
C IRC ULAR A NGL E, 8 DEGREES
Fig. 9 Stress i ntensi ty m agni fi cati on factor of an outer sem i -el l i p-
ti cal crack i n a pressuriz ed cyl i nder
through,8. I n order to show the peculiarities of the two boundary
value problems considered in this paper, the . stress intensity
magnification factors are normalized with the local stress intensity
factor from the basic solution of a completely embedded elliptical
crack.
2
As a result, despite a dip in stress intensity magnifica-
tion factor, MKS(6), for crack aspect ratio of b/a = 0. 2, the actual
stress intensity factor exhibits a minimum value at the front
surface, 6 = 0 deg, and attains a maximum value at its deepest
penetration, 6 = 90 deg. For a near semi-circular crack with
crack aspect ratio of b/a = 0. 98, however, the maximum stress
!
E(k) which appears in F igs. 4 through 16 is the complete elliptic integral of
the second kind with i? = 1 (.b/a)'.
20 40 60 80
C IRC ULAR A NGL E, 6 DEGREES
Fig. 8 Stress i ntensi ty m agni fi cati on factor of an inner sem i-circular
crack in a pressuriz ed cyl i nder
R 0/R ;"3/2
0 20 40 60 80
C IRC ULAR A NGL E. fi DEGREES
Fig. 10 Stress intensity m agni fi cati on factor of an outer sem i -el l i p-
tical crack i n a pressuriz ed cylinder i
86 / FEB R UA R Y 1977 Transactions of the ASME
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or
o
i -
o
<
7
O
C
A
T

u.
7
U)
<
s
I
T
Y

z
CO
. o
+
CO
c
N
k
^
t ?
. (Ro/rl'+l
9 9
'<R 0/R j)
2
-I
20 ' 40 60 80
C IRC ULAR A NGL E, 9 DEGREES
R 0/R j=3/2
R 0/R | = 5/4
R 0/R j=7/6
Ro/Ri = I O/9
K
O
N

F
A
C
T

T
I
O

<
z
<
1 -
co
z
H
Z
t o
CO
I d
C
jr
CO
CY
V )
o
u
+
CD
e
U)
"4
N ~
> | u
h
\
iC
Ji .
CD
100
Fig. 11 Stress
ti cal crack i n a
i ntensi ty m agni fi cati on factor of an outer sem i -el l i p-
pressuriz ed cyl i nder
R 0 / R ; - 3/ 2
R 0/R ; 5/4
R o/R j=I O /9
C IRC ULAR A NGL E, 9 DEGREES
Fig. 13 Stress i ntensi ty m agni fi cati on factor of an outer sem i -ci rcul ar
crack i n a pressuriz ed cyl i nder
intensity factors occur near the free surface and the actual stress
intensity factor continuously decreases with increasing 9 even
at the maximum crack depth of b/(B Bi) = 0. 8. A lso note
that the differences in M
K
s{6) at the front surface, 6 = 0 deg,
and the deepest penetration, 6 - 90 deg, are much larger than
those at the flat tension plate problem due to the stress gradient
in the hoop stress which attains a maximum value at the front
surface.
The stress intensity magnification factor, MK{6), for a pres-
surized inner semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized cylinder is thus
obtained from
M
K
{8) = M
c
(d) MKS{6)
(3)
V R | "3/ 2
Ro/Ri= 5/4
R o/ R i ' 7/ 6
Ro/R|> 10/9
l . 0
L
O 20 40 60 80 100
C IRC ULAR ANGLE ,8 DEGREES
Fig. 12 Stress i ntensi ty m agni fi cati on factor of an outer sem i -ci rcul ar
crack in a pressuriz ed cyl i nder
where the curvature correction, M
c
(d), which is taken from the
Fig. 2 for this problem, is a function of 6 and varies with the
local crack depth, b, along the crack periphery.
Unpressurized O uter Semi-Elliptical Crack in a P ressurized Cyl-
inder. For the unpressurized outer semi-elliptical crack in a
pressurized cylinder, the crack pressure represented by equation
(1) must be least square fitted to the hoop stress of
c(z, V) = Pi
R
2
/(R ~ Vf + 1
Ro^fR? - 1
(4)
where the origin of the coordinate system used in equation (4) is
now located on the external surface of the cylinder as shown in
Fig. 3.
A gain by the use of the flat plate solutions in references [1 and
2], the stress intensity magnification factor, MKS(9), is obtained
for an unpressurized outer semi-elliptical crack in a flat plate
shown in Figs. 9 through 13. The notable differences between
MRS values for the pressurized inner cracks and the outer cracks
are the increased MRS values at the front surface, 6 = 0 deg.
A lso the stacking sequences of the MKS curves for varying R
0
/Bi
ratios are reversed in the pressurized inner and outer crack
problems.
The actual stress intensity factor, MK{9), for the unpres-
surized outer semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized cylinder is
obtained from equation (3) using the appropriate curvature cor-
rection, M
c
{6), of Fig. 3 and the MKS(8) values in Figa. 9 through
13.
Discussion
The stress intensity magnification factors for a flat plate,
MKS(6), reported in this paper are for an oblong crack of b/a
= 0.2 and a nearly semicircular crack of b/a = 0. 98. For semi-
elliptical cracks with a crack aspect ratio of 0.2 < b/a < 0. 98,
a reasonable estimate of MKS value can be obtained by linear
interpolation of these two extreme values [15].
Using this interpolation procedure, the stress intensity mag-
nification factors, MK, can be compared with those obtained by
finite element analysis by Blackburn, et al. [7], who computed
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology FEB R UA R Y 1977 / 87
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o
V P|
S?ii
p, = INNER PRESSURE
R/ Ri - 3/ 2
^ "
) = P i
L ( V R ^ " l 'J
20 40 60 80
CIRCULAR ANGLE,S DEGREES
Fig. 14 Stress Intensity magnification factor of a pressurized inner
semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized cylinder
Itf-Ri*
P| INNER PRESSURE
R/Ri = 3/2
b/a 0.6
b/Q 0.98J
THIS PAPER
UNDERWOOD [ 5]
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
CRACK DEPTH , b/(R0-Rj)
Fig. 16 Stress intensity magnification factor of a pressurized inner
semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized cylinder
the stress intensity factors along the crack periphery of a pres-
surized inner semi-elliptical crack and an outer semi-elliptical
crack with a crack aspect ratio of b/a = 0.6 and a crack depth
b/(R Ri) = 0.4 in a pressurized cylinder of R
0
/Rt = 1.461
Figs. 14 and 15 show the interpolated MK{6) values for semi-
elliptical cracks with crack aspect ratios of b/a = 0. 2, 0. 4, 0. 6,
0. 8 and 0.98 at a crack depth of b/(R
0
.Ri) = 0.4 in a pressurized
cylinder of R/Ri = 3/ 2. MK{6) values obtained by Blackburn,
et al. [7], who considered a cylindrical geometry of R/Ri =
1.4615, differs from the R
0
/Ri = 1.5 used in Figs. 14 and 15,
(Rp/r) +1
Fig
ica!
20 40 60 80
2* CIRCULAR ANGLE.fi DEGREES
15 Stress intensity magnification factor of an outer semi-ellip-
crack in a pressurized cylinder
respectively. The higher finite element results in Fig. 14 could
be accounted for by this difference in cylindrical geometry.
The 15 percent higher finite element results at 6 = 0 deg in Fig.
15 could also be accounted for by this large difference in cylin-
drical geometries from which M
C
{B) was derived.
For a pressurized inner crack, the results in this paper at the
deepest crack penetration, i. e. B = 90 deg, can be compared
with the results of Underwood [5]. For R
0
/Ri = 1.5, the stress
intensity factor of the deepest penetration was computed follow-
ing Underwood's approximate formula and plotted in Fig. 16
together with the results of this paper. A lthough reasonable
agreement between the two results was expeoted for shallow
cracks, the large differences between the two results at deeper
crack depth demonstrates the importance of the back surface
correction in these deep surface flaw problems.
C onclusions
1 Using the procedure described in reference [4], the stress
intensity magnification factors were derived for pressurized
inner and unpressurized outer semi-elliptical cracks of b/a => 0.2
and 0.98 at crack depths of b/a = 0. 4, 0.6 and 0.8 in a pressurizod
cylinder of RJRi = 10/9, 7/6, 5/4 and 3/2 (inner crack only).
2 Good correlations were obtained with the stress intensity
factors obtained by Blackburn, et al. [7], who used three-dimen-
sional finite element analysis to analyze a pressurized inner
crack with b/a = 0.6 at a crack depth of b/(R Ri) = 0.4 in a
pressurized cylinder with R
a
/Ri = 1.461.
Ack nowledgment
The work reported in this paper is sponsored by the Electric
P ower Research I nstitute under C ontract N o. RP 231-0-0. The
authors wish to thank Drs. C onway C han and A . Gopalakrish-
nan of EP RI for their encouragement throughout the course of
this research program.
88 / FEB R UA R Y 1977 Transactions of the ASME
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Moment C apability of V alves Using Semi-A nalytical Finite Element
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A ssoc. Mem. A SME, and B. L . McDougal, Engineer, Design
A nalysis, W-K-M V alve Division, A C F I ndustries, H ouston, Tex.
C omparison of test results with analysis shows t hat t he semi-
analytical finite-element technique can be used to accurately
predict t he behavior of thick axisymmetric structures under non-
axisymmetric loadings. The application of this method to a valve
subjected to pipe bending moment is presented.
High Notch Toughness Steel for Large LPG Tanks (76-Pet-57), by E.
V . Bravenec, Supervising Metallurgist, Quality A ssurance,
H ouston Works, Mem. A SME; and R. L . H artzell, Supervisor,
Technical Services, Mem. A SME, A rmco Steel C orp. , H ouston,
Tex. H igher C harpy V -notch impact (C V N ) energy t han is
normally exhibited by A STM A 537 C lass 2 plate was needed to
provide t he C V N energy of 35 ft-lb at -50 F (48 J at -46 C )
specified in the' heat-affected zones of t he weldments in large
L P G tanks exceeding 127,000-m
3
capacity. Using special process-
ing and rare eart h additions for sulfide shape control, plate was
produced with C V N values more than twice those of conventional
plate. The C V N values in the heat-affected zones were met and
exceeded in both t he longitudinal and transverse directions using
both t he shielded metal arc and t he submerged arc welding
processes.
Boreholes' Stability and I ts P rognosing in L edge Rock Masses (76-
P et-58), by I . A . Turchaninov, P rofessor, Director of Mining I n-
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Medvedev, and E. V . Kasparjan, Senior Research Workers, Mi n-
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J St at e University P ress, 1973, pp. 4-37.
6
12 Browning, W. M. , "The A nalysis of a Semi-C ircular
C rack Emanat i ng from a H ole in a P l at e, " P hD thesis, C olorado
r
St at e University, Dec. 1974.
i 13 G anong, G . C , "Quarter-Elliptical C racks Emanat i ng
from H oles in P l at es, " P hD thesis, C olorado St at e University,
, Jul y 1975.
' 14 Kobayashi, A . S. , and Enet anya, A . N . , "Stress I nt ensi t y
1 F act or of a C orner C rack, " Mechanics of Crack Growth, A STM
. STP 590, 1975, pp. 477-495.
15 Kobayashi , A . S. , Enet anya, A . N . , and Shah, R. C ,
E "Stress I nt ensi t y F actors of Elliptical C racks, " Prospects of
i Fracture Mechanics, G . C . Sih, H . C . van Elst, and D. Broek,
1 eds. , N oordhoff I nt ernat i onal P ublishing, L eyden, The N et her-
lands, 1975, pp. 525-544.
i t y in ledge rock masses on t he basis of complex determination o
rock properties by core tests and calculations of destruction by
t he theory of maxi mum equilibrium.
Well-H ole Temperature Distribution in the P resence of A quifers (76-
P et-59), by C . A . O ster, Battelle-N orthwest, and W. A . Scheffler,
Joi nt C enter for G raduat e Study, Mem. A SME, Battelle, P acific
N orthwest L aboratories, Richland, Wash. A method is described
for determining t he t emperat ure distribution in a circulating
drilling fluid when aquifers are present in t he formation. The
dept h of an aquifer relative t o t he well dept h is shown to be an
i mport ant parameter. A n aquifer near t he surface has much less
influence on t he t emperat ure distributions t han one located near
the well bot t om. I f t he drilling fluid has much greater density
t han t he entering formation water, then t he temperature dis-
tributions are altered significantly.
V ibration Energy: A Quick A pproach to Rotor Dynamic O ptimization
(76-P et-60), by H . R. Simmons, Senior Research Engineer, A pplied
P hysics Div. , Southwest Research I nstitute, San A ntonio, Tex.
Mem. A SME. A method is described for identifying the most
significant rotor part s contributing to a vibration problem and
for calculating critical speed changes due to structural modifica-
tion of those part s. A pplication of t he method, which is based
on t he principles used by Rayleigh, requires no more t han inspec-
tion of or direct hand calculations from tabulated energy distribu-
tion functions. Rotor optimization is accomplished by relating
t he potential critical speed benefit of a proposed fix with its real
cost and degree of difficulty. The computer technique for gen-
erating t he baseline critical speeds and energy distribution tables
has been adapt ed to a portable telephone computer terminal.
Thus, this technique is highly suitable for troubleshooting and
correcting field vibration problems.
(Abstracts cont'd on p. 99)
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology
FEB R UA R Y 1977 / 89
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