CH 30

1
Chapter 30 Detergents
30.1 Introducing detergents
30.2 Structure of detergents
30.3 Properties of detergents
30.4 Making detergents
30.5 Washing powder
30.6 o!paring soaps and soap"ess detergents
30.# Pro$"e!s associated with use of detergents
CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 30

2
30.1 INTRODUCING DETERGENTS
We use detergents every day, in one form or another !i"e #$asti%s
and a$"ano$s, most deter&ents are made from #etro$eum #rodu%ts
30' (NTRO)*C(N+ )ETER+ENTS

3
tooth#aste
sham#oo
soa# ,ody $otion fa%e %$eanin& $otion
-ashin& #o-der dish.-ashin& $i/uid %ar -ash
%igure 30.1 )eter&ents for different %$eanin& 0o,s

4
WHAT IS A DETERGENT?
TYPES O DETERGENTS
There are t-o ty#es of deter&ents1
Soa#$ess deter&ents 2or syntheti% deter&ents3
Soa#y deter&ents 2or soa#s3
A )ETER+ENT is a su,stan%e -hi%h he$#s -ater to %$ean thin&s
,etter

5
%igure 30.2
Soa#$ess deter&ents in%$ude -ashin&
#o-ders, -ashin&.u# $i/uids, sham#oos
and hair %onditioners They are %a$$ed
4soa#$ess5 ,e%ause they %ontain no soa#
%igure 30.3
Soa#y deter&ents in%$ude ,ath soa#s,
$aundry soa#s and $i/uid soa#s

6
306 STR*CT*RE OF )ETER+ENTS
30.! STRUCTURE O DETERGENTS
GENERA" STRUCTURE O DETERGENT PARTIC"ES
)eter&ents are usua$$y sodium 2or #otassium3 sa$ts of $on&.%hain
organic a%ids
The deter&ent anion %onsists of t-o #arts1
2'3 An ioni% &rou# 2the 4head53
263 A hydro%ar,on %hain 2the 4tai$53

7
%igure 30.4 +enera$ stru%ture of a deter&ent anion
)eter&ent anions therefore attra%t to both -ater and oi$ This
dua$ nature e7#$ains t-o im#ortant #ro#erties of deter&ents 8 the
-ettin& #ro#erty and the emu$sifyin& #ro#erty

8 Str#$t#re %& s%ap'ess (etergent part)$'es
T-o %ommon soa#$ess deter&ents are1
Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

9
Sodium alkyl sulphate

10 Str#$t#re %& s%ap part)$'es
Soa#s are sodium 2or #otassium3 sa$ts of long-chain alkanoic
acids The ioni% head of soa#s is always a %ar,o7y$ate &rou#
29COO
3 A %ommon soa# is sodium stearate1


11
A30'

12
303 PROPERT(ES OF )ETER+ENTS
30.3 PROPERTIES O DETERGENTS
AS A WETTING AGENT
Water has a hi&h surfa%e tension
%igure 30.6
A #ond s"ater (t %an
4-a$"5 on -ater, -hi%h
has a hi&h surfa%e
tension

13
A deter&ent redu%es the surfa%e tension of -ater As a resu$t
of this, -ater s#reads over the surfa%e and -ets it more easi$y A
deter&ent thus a%ts as a -ettin& a&ent

14
ta# -ater
deter&ent so$ution
%igure 30.#
A deter&ent in%reases the -ettin& #o-er of -ater Ta# -ater does not -et this #ie%e
of %$oth easi$y, ,ut a deter&ent so$ution does

15 AS AN E*U"SIYING AGENT
Oi$ and -ater do not mi7 An oi$.-ater emu$sion is unsta,$e On
standin&, the tiny oi$ dro#$ets ra#id$y 0oin to&ether and &ro- $ar&er
to form a se#arate oi$y $ayer a&ain

16
-ater
oi$
%igure 30.&
Oi$ and -ater do not mi7

17
%igure 30.'
Sha"in& a mi7ture of -ater and oi$ and a$$o-in& it to stand

18
An oi$:-ater emu$sion is unsta,$e

19
%igure 30.10
Sha"in& a mi7ture of -ater and oi$ 2-ith a $itt$e deter&ent added3 and a$$o-in& it to stand

20
An oi$.-ater emu$sion is sta,i$i;ed ,y a deter&ent
%igure 30.11
Ho- deter&ent anions arran&e themse$ves in an oi$.-ater mi7ture1
2,3 after sha"in& 2%3 ne&ative$y %har&ed oi$
dro#$ets re#e$ ea%h
other
2a3 ,efore the mi7ture is
sha"en

21
An oi$:-ater emu$sion is sta,i$i;ed ,y a deter&ent

22
To test #ro#erties of a deter&ent

23
C"EANSING ACTION O DETERGENTS
foam
oi$:-ater
emu$sion
sta,i$i;ed ,y
deter&ent
%igure 30.12
A deter&ent so$ution sta,i$i;es an
oi$:-ater emu$sion

24

25
)ETER+ENTS are %$eansin& a&ents They are surfa%tants
2surfa%e a%tive a&ents3 They -or" ,y redu%in& the surfa%e
tension of -ater, ena,$in& it to -et thin&s more effe%tive$y, and ,y
emu$sifyin& &rease
(n &enera$, ioni% &rou#s 0oined to hydro%ar,on %hains havin&
'6 to 60 %ar,on atoms have &ood deter&ent #ro#erties

26
A306
2a3 C, F and G
)eter&ents are sodium or #otassium sa$ts of $on&.%hain
or&ani% a%ids 2usua$$y -ith num,er of %ar,on atoms ,et-een
'6 and 603
A is an ester B is an a$"anoi% a%id D has too fe- %ar,on
atoms, -hi$e E has too many, is a ma&nesium sa$t of
a$"anoi% a%id, so they do not #ossess &ood deter&ent
#ro#erties
2,3 C and F 2G is a soa#$ess deter&ent as its anioni% &rou# is
8 OSO
3
, not 8 COO
3

27
30< =A>(N+ )ETER+ENTS
30.+ *A,ING DETERGENTS
*A,ING SOAP"ESS DETERGENTS
Soa#$ess deter&ents are manufa%tured from hydro%ar,ons
o,tained from #etro$eum

28 *A,ING SOAPS
Soa#s are made from anima$ fats 2e& ,eef and mutton fat3 or
ve&eta,$e oi$s 2e& #a$m oi$ and %o%onut oi$3
%igure 30.14
The #a$m oi$ from
these #a$m trees %an
,e used to ma"e soa#

29
Fats and oi$s are natura$$y o%%urrin& triesters (n &enera$, the
formu$a of fats and oi$s %an ,e re#resented as1

30
%igure 30.15
2a3 +enera$ formu$a of
fats and oi$s
2,3 =ode$ of a fat:oi$
mo$e%u$e

31
There are t-o ,asi% #ro%esses in ma"in& soa#s1
Saponi!ication
Salting-out o! soap
Sap%n)&)$at)%n
Fat is hydro$ysed 2,ro"en do-n ,y -ater3 in a$"a$ine so$ution to
&ive a soa# The #ro%ess is %a$$ed sa#onifi%ation
fat : oi$ ? sodium hydro7ide &$y%ero$ ? soa#

32
A303
2a3 No Paraffin oi$ is a mi7ture of hydro%ar,ons, not esters
2,3 No On$y a$"a$is %an sa#onify fats and oi$s
Sa't)ng-%#t %& s%ap
After sa#onifi%ation is %om#$ete, mu%h of the soa# disso$ves in the
so$ution To &et the soa# out , add a %on%entrated sodium %h$oride
so$ution This #ro%ess is %a$$ed sa$tin&.out of soa#1
%on% NaC$2a/3
Soa#2a/3 soa#2s3

33
To #re#are a soa#

34
A30<
2'3 Wear safety s#e%ta%$es
263 Cover the ,ea"er -ith a -at%h &$ass 2to #revent so$ution from
s#urtin& out of the ,ea"er3
233 Heat the ,ea"er &ent$y

35
30@ CO=PAR(N+ SOAPS AN) SOAP!ESS )ETER+ENTS
30.. CO*PARING SOAPS AND SOAP"ESS
DETERGENTS
CO*PARING C"EANING A/I"ITIES IN
SOT WATER AND HARD WATER
Water may ,e so!t or hard Soft -ater %ontains no or on$y very
sma$$ %on%entrations of disso$ved %a$%ium and:or ma&nesium ions
Hard -ater %ontains a##re%ia,$e %on%entrations of %a$%ium and:or
ma&nesium ions

36
To %om#are a%tion of soa# and soa#$ess deter&ent in soft -ater
and hard -ater

37
E7#eriment resu$ts sho- that soa#s form a $ather easi$y in soft
-aterA they hard$y form any $ather in hard -ater (nstead, they &ive
a sti%"y inso$u,$e su,stan%e %a$$ed s%um On the other hand,
soa#$ess deter&ents form a $ather easi$y in ,oth soft -ater and
hard -ater
A30B
2a3 2i3 Ces 2ii3 No
2,3 2i3 Ces 2ii3 Ces

38 AD0ANTAGES AND "I*ITATIONS O SOAPS
A(1antages
Soa# has severa$ advanta&es as a deter&ent1
2'3 (t %$eans very -e$$ in soft -ater
263 (t is non.to7i% to -ater $ife
233 (t is ,iode&rada,$e 2ie %an ,e ,ro"en do-n ,y ,a%teria3
Therefore it -i$$ not %ause foamin& in se-a&e -or"s and
rivers
2<3 (t is on$y mi$d$y a$"a$ine 2-ith #H ,et-een D and E3 Thus it
se$dom %auses s"in a$$er&y

39 ")2)tat)%ns
Soa# has the fo$$o-in& $imitations1
2'3 Soa# is on$y s$i&ht$y so$u,$e in -ater Thus it is se$dom used
in -ashin& ma%hines
263 (t does not -or" -e$$ in hard -ater Ta"in& sodium stearate as
an e7am#$e of soa#,
Ca
6?
2a/3 ? 6CH
3
2CH
6
3
'@
COO
9
2a/3 2CH
3
2CH
6
3
'@
COO3
6
Ca2s3
=&
6?
2a/3 ? 6CH
3
2CH
6
3
'@
COO
9
2a/3 2CH
3
2CH
6
3
'@
COO3
6
=&2s3
stearate ion 2s%um3

40
2a3 2,3
%igure 30.1'
2a3 Soa# in soft -ater 8 $ather is
formed
2,3 Soa# in hard -ater 8 no $ather is
formed Note the s%um formed

41
233 Soa# cannot ,e used in stron&$y a%idi% so$utions Ta"in&
sodium stearate as e7am#$e,
CH
3
2CH
6
3
'@
COO
9
2a/3 ? H
?
2a/3 CH
3
2CH
6
3
'@
COOH2s3
stearate ion 2from a%id3 steari% a%id
"with no detergent properties#

42
%igure 30.20
Soa# in stron&$y a%idi% so$ution 8 inso$u,$e a$"anoi% a%id is #re%i#itated out

43
A30@
2a3 Hard -ater Sea -ater %ontains ma&nesium sa$ts in addition
to sodium %h$oride
2,3 No Sea -ater is hard -ater The %a$%ium and:or ma&nesium
ions #resent -ou$d rea%t -ith soa#s to form s%um
SO"0ING THE SOAP PRO/"E*
2'3 $emo%e the hardness and acidity o! water& An effe%tive -ater
softener is -ashin& soda, sodium %ar,onate.'0.-ater
2Na
6
CO
3
F'0H
6
O3

44 Ca
6?
2a/3 ? CO
3
69
2a/3 CaCO
3
2s3
=&
6?
2a/3 ? CO
3
69
2a/3 =&CO
3
2s3
Phos#hates are a$so used as softeners
263 'se soapless detergents instead o! soaps
AD0ANTAGES O SOAP"ESS DETERGENTS
2'3 Soa#$ess deter&ents do not have the $imitations of soa#s
They do not form s%um -ith hard -ater
263 Soa#$ess deter&ents are made from #etro$eum #rodu%ts, not
from fats and oi$s
233 Soa#$ess deter&ents %an ,e 4tai$or.made5 to suit a #arti%u$ar
%$eanin& #ro,$em

45
%igure 30.22
S#e%ia$$y desi&ned soa#$ess deter&ents ea%h suited for a #arti%u$ar #ur#ose

46
30G PROH!E=S ASSOC(ATE) W(TH *SE OF )ETER+ENTS
30.3 PRO/"E*S ASSOCIATED WITH USE
O DETERGENTS
PRO/"E*S ASSOCIATED WITH
NON-/IODEGRADA/"E DETERGENTS
)eter&ents used in the ear$y 'EB0s -ere non-biodegradable This
is ,e%ause the ear$y deter&ent #arti%$es %ontained branched
hydro%ar,on %hains

47
%igure 30.23 The stru%ture of an ear$y soa#$ess deter&ent

48
%igure 30.24
This river had a #ersistent thi%" foam %aused ,y non.,iode&rada,$e deter&ents

49
Soa#$ess deter&ents no-adays are biodegradable They
%ontain straight 2unbranched3 hydro%ar,on %hains
%igure 30.25
The stru%ture of a ,iode&rada,$e soa#$ess deter&ent
2Note the strai&ht
hydro%ar,on %hain3

50 A30G
Hydro%ar,on %hains in soa#s are strai&ht 2ie un,ran%hed3

51 PRO/"E*S ASSOCIATED WITH /IODEGRADA/"E
DETERGENTS
Even ,iode&rada,$e deter&ents affe%t rivers and $a"es First$y,
,e%ause they are ,iode&rada,$e, ,a%teria -ou$d use u# disso$ved
o7y&en in -ater
Se%ond$y, %ommer%ia$ deter&ents usua$$y %ontain #hos#hate
additi%es& Phos#hates are #$ant nutrients, %ausin& ra#id &ro-th of
a$&ae in rivers and seas This is ,e$ieved to ,e one of the %auses
for 4red tides5 in Hon& >on& -aters

52
%igure 30.26
)eter&ents may not ,e harmfu$ to the environment, ,ut the additives may

53
%igure 30.2# Ra#id &ro-th of a$&ae due to ri%h #hos#hates in -ater

54
%igure 30.2'
Fish "i$$ed ,y red tides

55 EEECT O DETERGENTS ON S,IN
=ost deter&ent so$utions have #H va$ues ,et-een B and E
)eter&ents -ith #H va$ues outside this ran&e may %ause s"in
a$$er&y

56
%igure 30.31 )eter&ents -ith too hi&h or too $o- a #H are harmfu$ to the s"in

57
A30D

58
SUMMARY
' A deter&ent is a su,stan%e -hi%h he$#s -ater to %$ean thin&s
,etter
A deter&ent has %$eanin& #ro#erties ,e%ause it %an a%t as a
-ettin& a&ent and an emu$sifyin& a&ent
6 There are t-o ty#es of deter&ents1
Soa#$ess deter&ents 8 made from #etro$eum #rodu%ts
Soa#s 8 made from anima$ fats or #$ant oi$s
3 )eter&ents are usua$$y sodium 2or #otassium3 sa$ts of long-
chain or&ani% a%ids
S*==ARC

59
S*==ARC
< 2a3 +enera$ stru%ture of a deter&ent anion1
2,3 +enera$ stru%ture of a soa#$ess deter&ent anion1

60
S*==ARC
2%3 +enera$ stru%ture of a soa# anion1
B Soa#s %an ,e made ,y rea%tin& anima$ fats or #$ant oi$s -ith
sodium hydro7ide T-o #ro%esses are invo$ved1
Sa#onifi%ation
fat : oi$ ? sodium hydro7ide &$y%ero$ ? soa#
Sa$tin&.out of soa#

61
S*==ARC
@ Soft -ater %ontains no or on$y very $o- %on%entrations of
disso$ved %a$%ium and:or ma&nesium ions
Hard -ater %ontains a##re%ia,$e %on%entrations of %a$%ium
and:or ma&nesium ions
G Soa#s -or" -e$$ in soft -ater ,ut not in hard -ater Soa#$ess
deter&ents -or" -e$$ in ,oth soft -ater and hard -ater
D Pro,$ems asso%iated -ith the use of deter&ents1
)eter&ents may %ause s"in a$$er&y
)eter&ents &o do-n the drain into the se-a&e system
and eventua$$y to rivers or seas Ha%teria in -ater use u#
o7y&en durin& the de%om#osition of these deter&ents
This -ou$d "i$$ -ater $ife

62
S*==ARC
=any deter&ents %ontain #hos#hate additives The
#hos#hates are nutrients for a$&ae This may $ead to 4red
tides5 and death of -ater $ife

CH 30

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3 A %ommon soa# is sodium stearate1

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