Satellite Communication

13
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
Introduction
Satellite Communication is the outcome of the desire of man to achieve the concept of
global village. Penetration of frequencies beyond 30 Mega Hertz through ionosphere
force people to thin that if an ob!ect "#eflector$ could be placed in the space above
ionosphere then it could be possible to use complete spectrum for communication
purpose.
History
%n an article published in &'ireless 'orld( in )*+, -rthur C.Clare foresa. that it .ould
be possible to provide complete coverage of .orld from !ust three satellites/ provided
that they could be placed at &0eostationary orbit( i.e./ at an orbit 3,/1** 2M above the
equator. 3or placing the satellite at this height/ the speed of satellite should be 3.01+
m4sec. 5r ))/600 m4hour. 7his .as indeed the pioneering concept on satellite
communication even though the article .as meant to be scientific fiction. Ho.ever/ the
required technology to put satellite in space .as not available at that time and so the
scientists and engineers did not tae this article by Clare seriously.
8SS# could master rocet technology and put &Sputni 9 %( the .orld:s first satellite in
space in )*,1 from ;aionour cosmodromme in 2azahistan. 7his .as the beginning of
satellite era. Sputni<% .as a lo. orbit satellite and .eighed ))00 lbs. 7his .as indeed
remarable achievement by any standard especially lifting a pay load of ))00 lbs in the
maiden attempt itself. Sputni<% could broadcast radio signals to earth on 3)., MHz. %t
orbited )= revolutions per day and its life .as *0 days. %n )*=0 8S- launched >cho<%
and >cho<%% from Cape Canaveral. 7hese .ere passive satellites and could only reflect
the signal mechanically and could not receive/ amplify or change the frequency before
re<transmission. %n )*=6 the .orld:s first active satellite 7elstar .as launched from Cape
Canaveral by 8S- .hich made history in relaying &?ive ;roadcast( to >urope on )0 @uly/
)*=6. 7elstar .as also lo. orbit satellite but active satellite. %n )*=+/ Syncom the
.orld:s first geosynchronous satellite .as launched by 8S- from Cape Canaveral.
Syncom had relayed the 7oyo 5lympic live 7elevision coverage to 8S- for the first time
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in the .orld. -round the same time/ Molniya satellite .as launched by 8SS# but it .as
a lo. orbit active satellite .ith an inclination of ==
o
. 7his orbit .as found the best suited
to cover the northern part of 8SS# effectively and so this is preferred by the #ussians
even no..
%ntelsat<% "nic named as >arly ;ird$ .as launched on 6 -pril )*=,. 7his .as pared in
geosynchronous orbit in -tlantic ocean and provided telecommunication or television
service bet.een 8S- and >urope. %t had capacity for 6+0 one .ay telephone channels
or one television channel. Subsequently %ntelsat<%% generation satellites .ere launched
and pared in -tlantic ocean and Pacific 5cean. Auring %ntelsat %%% generation/ not only
-tlantic and Pacific ocean got satellites but also %ndian 5cean got satellite for the first
time. Bo. -rthur C.Clare:s vision of providing global communication using three
Satellites .ith about )60 degrees apart became a reality. So far %ntelsat has launched 1
generations of geosynchronous satellites in all the three regions namely -tlantic 5cean/
Pacific 5cean and %ndian 5cean.
3or national as .ell as neighbouring countries coverage/ some of the follo.ing satellites
are usedC
-B%2 C Canadian satellite system
%BS-7 C %ndian Satellites
-8SS-7 C -ustralian Satellites
;#-D%?S-7 C ;razilian Satellites
3#>BCH 7>?>C5M C 3rench Satellites
%7-?S-7 C %talian Satellites
CH%B-S-7 C Chinese Satellites
S7-7S%5B-#/ 05#%D5B7/ #ussian Satellites
>2#-B.
7here are also satellites operated by private organisations and some of these are given
belo. C
0-?-EF C 5.ned by Hughes Corporation
S-7C5M C 5.ned by #C-
S;S C Satellite ;usiness Systems
P-S C 5.ned by P-B-MS-7
-S%-S-7 C 5.ned by China:satellites State Communication for
7echnology and industry
Space prophet -rthur C. Clare .as the first person to predict the modern day satellite
communication. %n his scientific fiction in &'ireless 'orld( in )*+, he foresa. that it
.ould be possible to provide complete radio coverage using three satellites placed in
&0eosynchronous orbit( at an height of 3,/11* 2M above earth or +6/),1 2M from the
centre of earth. %t .as a remarable prediction at that time .hen it .as felt it .ould be
shear .astage time to thin of placing satellite in space. He calculated that if a satellite
had to remain in space at an height of 3,/11* 2M it should revolve .ith a velocity of
3.01+ 2M4second so as to acquire centrifugal force to neutralise the force of attraction of
earth. 'ith this velocity/ the satellite .ill mae one revolution in 63 hours ,= Minutes
and + seconds and this is the actual period of rotation of earth on its o.n aGis. 7his is
no.n as sidereal day "reference of rotation for sidereal day is a distant star and for
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solar day/ reference of rotation is sun$. Solar day has 6+ hours as the reference for
rotation is sun. 7he earth is not remaining in the same location every day but is
revolving around the sun and thus advancing about one degree per day. %n a year/ it
.ould have advanced 3=, degrees "about one full day$ in a year and this .ould have
produced one additional rotation of earth on its o.n aGis. 7hus there are 3==.6, sidereal
days in a year as compared to 3=,.6, solar days. 7his correspondingly reduces the
sidereal day time from 6+ hours "solar day$ to 63 hours/ ,= minutes and +.) seconds.
Since earth is actually maing one rotation on its o.n aGis in 63 hours/ ,= Minute and
+.) seconds the geosynchronous satellite should also mae one revolution during this
period as to remain at same point .hile looing from earth.
7.o technologies responsible for the birth of Satellite Communication System are C<
). #ocet 7echnology.
6. Micro.ave 7echnology
7he Second 'orld 'ar favoured the eGpansion of these t.o technologies. Satellite is
basically a reflector in the sy.
Advantages of satellite Communication
7he follo.ing are the advantages of satellite communication
- 7his is only means .hich can provide multi access t.o .ay communication.
'ithin the coverage area/ it is possible to establish one .ay or t.o .ay
communication bet.een any t.o points.
- 7he cost of transmitting information through satellite is independent of distance
involved.
- Satellite can be used for t.o .ay communication or broadcast purpose .ith the
covered area.
- Satellites are capable of handling very high band.idth. Bormally any satellite
can accommodate about ,00 MHz in C ;and. 3or eGample the band.idth of
%BS-7<% is +H0 MHz in C ;and and H0 MHz in S ;and. %BS-7<%% has a band.idth
of 160 MHz in C ;and and H0 MHz in S ;and.
- %t is possible to provide large coverage using satellite. 3or eGample
0eostationary satellite can cover about +6I of earth surface using global beam.
- Satellite can provide signal to terrestrial uncovered pocets lie valleys and
mountainous regions.
- Satellites can provide uniform signals for urban areas or rural areas unlie
terrestrial service .hich .ill lay more signal to urban areas ".here the
transmitters are located$ as compared to rural areas.
- %t is easy and quicer to establish ne. satellite lin using SB0 terminal or JS-7
terminal from any point to any other point as compared to any other means.
Architecture of a Satellite Communication System
3igure ) sho.s the various components of a Satellite Communication System. ;asically
it comprises t.o elements C
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a. 0round Segment
b. Space Segment
The Space Segment
7he space segment contains the Satellite and all terrestrial facilities for the control and
monitoring of the Satellite. 7his includes the tracing/ telemetry and command stations
"77KC$ together .ith the Satellite control centre .here all the operations associated .ith
station<eeping and checing the vital functions of the satellite are performed. %n our
case it is Master Control 3acility "MC3$ at Hassan.
7he radio .aves transmitted by the earth stations are received by the satellite L this is
called the up lin. 7he satellite in turn transmits to the receiving earth stations L this is
the do.n lin. 7he quality of a radio lin is specified by its carrier<to<noise ratio. 7he
important factor is the quality of the total lin/ from station to station/ and this is
determined by the quality of the up lin and that of the do.n lin. 7he quality of the total
lin determines the quality of the signals delivered to the end user in accordance .ith the
type of modulation and coding used.
Fig. 1 Architecture of a Satellite communication system
The Ground Segment
7he ground segment consists of all the earth stations L these are most often connected
to the end<user:s equipment by a terrestrial net.or or/ in the case of small stations
"Jery Small -perture 7erminal/ JS-7$/ directly connected to the end<user:s equipment.
Stations are distinguished by their size .hich varies according to the volume of traffic to
be carried on the space lin and the type of traffic "telephone/ television or data$. 7he
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largest are equipped .ith antenna of 30 m diameter "Standard - of the %B7>?S-7
net.or$. 7he smallest have 0.= m antenna "direct television receiving stations$. 3iGed/
transportable and mobile stations can also be distinguished. Some stations are both
transmitters and receivers. 5thers are only receivers L this is the case/ for eGample .ith
receiving stations for a satellite broadcast system or a distribution system for television
or data signals.
Space Geometry
Types of Orit
7he orbit is the tra!ectory follo.ed by the satellite in equilibrium bet.een t.o opposing
forces. 7hese are the force of attraction/ due to the earth:s gravitation/ directed to.ards
the centre of the earth and the centrifugal force associated .ith the curvature of the
satellite:s tra!ectory. 7he tra!ectory is .ithin a plane and shaped as an ellipse .ith a
maGimum eGtension at the apogee and a minimum at the perigee. 7he satellite moves
more slo.ly in its tra!ectory as the distance from the earth increases.
!ost favourale Orits
"lliptical orits inclined at an angle of =+
o
.ith respect to the equatorial plane.
7his orbit enables the satellite to cover regions of high latitude for a large fraction
of the orbital period as it passes to the apogee. 7his type of orbit has been
adopted by the 8SS# for the satellites of the M5?BF- system .ith a period of )6
hours. Please note that the satellite remains above the regions located under the
apogee for a period of the order of H hours. Continuous coverage can be
ensured .ith three phased satellites on different orbits.
Circular inclined orits C 7he altitude of the satellite is constant and equal to
several hundreds of ilometers. 7he period is of the order of one and a half
hours. 'ith near *0I inclination this type of orbit guarantees that the satellite
.ill pass over every region of the earth. Several systems .ith .orld .ide
coverage using constellations of satellite carries in lo. altitude circular orbits are
for e.g. %#%A%8M/ 0?5;-? S7-#/ 5AFSS>F/ -#%>S/ ?>5S-7/ S7-#B>7/ etc.
Circular orits .ith zero inclination ">quatorial orbits$. 7he most popular is the
geo stationary satellite orbits L the satellite orbits around the earth at an altitude
of 3,1H= m/ and in the same direction as the earth. 7he period is equal to that
of the rotation of the earth and in the same direction. 7he satellite thus appears
as a point fiGed in the sy and ensures continuous operation as a radio relay in
real time for the area of visibility of the satellite "+3I of the earth:s surface$.
Factors deciding the selection of Orit
7he choice of orbit depends on the nature of the mission/ the acceptable interference
and the performance of the launchers C
7he eGtent and latitude of the area to be covered.
7he elevation angle of earth stations.
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7ransmission duration and delay.
%nterference
7he performance of launchers
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T#$O System
Presently Aoordarshan is up lining its national/ metro and regional services to %BS-7<
6- "1+
o
C$ and %BS-7<6; "*3.,
o
>$ and %BS-7 6> "H3
o
C$. Ao.n lin frequency bands
being used are C<;and "3.1<+.6 0Hz$ and >G<C ;and "+.,<+.H 0Hz$. - simple bloc
diagram of a satellite earth station uplin4do.n lin chain is sho.n in fig. 6"a$.
Fig. %&a' Satellite "arth Station (plin) * +o,nlin) Chain
Transmission of ase and to Satellite
7he base band signal consists of video ", MHz$/ t.o audio subcarriers ",., MHz K ,.1,
MHz$ and energy dispersal signal "6, Hz$. -fter modulation "10 MHz$ and upconversion
"= 0Hz$ the carrier is amplified and uplined through Solid Parabolic Aish -ntenna
"PA-$. Ao.n lin signal can be received through same PA- using 7rans<#eceive 3ilter
"7#3$ and ?o. Boise -mplifier "?B-$. -fter do.n conversion to 10 MHz/ it is
demodulated to get audio and video.
Satellite Transponder
-s sho.n in fig. 6"b$/ the uplined signal "= 0Hz$ at satellite is received/ amplified and
do.n converted to + 0Hz band and sent bac through filter and po.er amplifier "7'7$.
7he local oscillator frequency of do.n converter is 666, MHz for C band and >G<C band
transponders.
Fig. %&' -loc) diagram of Satellite Transponder
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$eceiving Satellite Signal
3or receiving a satellite signal .e need follo.ing equipment C
). Satellite receiving antenna "PA-$.
6. 3eed .ith lo. noise bloc converter "?B;C$.
3. %ndoor unit consisting of satellite system unit and a Synthesised satellite receiver.
.atitude and .ongtitude
-ny place of the earth if it has to be located or mared should have some coordinates
.hich anybody can follo.. -s such there are no fiGed references eGcept north and south
poles. Hence some imaginary lines .ere dra.n/ called longitudes and latitudes. 'ith
these lines it is very easy to fiG coordinates of any place .ith reasonable accuracy.
3or a start a line .as dra.n equidistant to both north and south poles and this .as
called equator. Parallel lines .ere dra.n depicting the angular distance north or south
of equator. -ll latitudes are circles .ith different diameters the equator being the largest.
-s they are parallel to each other they are also called parallels. 7he equator as the
reference and both north and south poles cover an angle of *0 degrees maGimum. "3ig.
3 K +$.
Fig. / 0arallels of .atitudes Fig. 1 .atitude as angular distance
.ongitude
7he latitude gives only one reference point and .e need another one. 3or this purpose
some other lines .ere dra.n touching both the poles as sho.n in fig.
, K =.
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7he reference point i.e. 0 degree longitude is supposed to pass through the observatory
at green.ich/ >B0?-BA. 7he meridians or longitudes east of green.ich are called east
meridians and those lying in the .est are called .est meridians. 7he maGimum is )H0
degrees on both sides.
Fig. 2 .ongitude as angular distance east Fig. 3 .ongitudes
or 4est of the Green,ich !eridian
A5imuth and "levation
3or receiving a satisfactory signal from the satellite the dish antenna should be pointed
to.ards the satellite accurately. 3or that .e need to no. the azimuth and elevation of
a particular satellite from our place.
7he azimuth and elevation are angles .hich specify the direction of a satellite from a
point on the earthMs surface. %n layman terms the azimuth is the east .est movement
and the elevation can be defined as the north south movement of the dish.
;oth the azimuth and elevation of a dish can be affected by three factors for geo<
stationary satellites. 7hey are
). 7he longitude of the satellite.
6. 7he latitude of the place.
3. 7he longitude of the place.
Calculation of Angle of "levation
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

6
)
Cos . A Cos )
#
r
Cos . A Cos
tan >levation
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.here r N #adius of the earth "=3=1 ms$
# N #adius of Synchronous orbit "+6/)=, ms$.
N ?atitude of the earth station
A N difference in longitude of the earth station and the satellite. "r < s$
Calculation of A5imuth
( )
( )
t

sin
A tan
tan )H0 azimuth
) o
.here A N r < s in degrees.
N latitude of the given site in degrees.
r N longitude of the given site in degrees.
s N longitude of the satellite.
0olarisation
7he .ave radiated by an antenna consists of an electric field component and a magnetic
field component. 7hese t.o components are orthogonal and perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the .ave. ;y convention the polarisation is defined by the
plane of propagation of electrical field component. 7hat means if the electrical field
component is travelling in the vertical plane it is called vertically polarised. %f the .ave
contains both vertical and horizontal components it is called circular or elliptical. 7he
types of polarisation are C
). ?inear polarisation
a$ Jertical "J$ b$ Horizontal "H$
6. Circular or >lliptical
a$ #ight hand circular "#HCP$ b$ ?eft half circular "?HCP$.
Synthesised T#$O System
- simplified bloc diagram of Synthesised 7J#5 System is given in 3ig.1.Parabolic Aish
-ntenna "PA-$ is .idely used to receive the satellite signals. 0ain of a PA- is directly
proportional to the square of frequency being received and its size. -fter reflection from
PA-/ signal strength is maGimum at the focus of PA-/ so feed is placed at its focus .ith
the help of a mounting plate. 3or the reception of S<band signal .e use helical feed
.hile for C<band signal .e use feed<horn. 3or amplification and do.n conversion of the
received signal the ?B;C is connected at the output of the feed. ?B;C do.n converts
the signal in the range of )),0 MHz to *,0 MHz for S<;and/ )+,0 MHz to *,0 MHz for
C<band and )6,0 MHz to *,0 MHz for >G C<band. ?5 3requency of S<;and ?B;C is
3=,0 MHz and that of C<band and >G<C band is ,),0 MHz and ,1,0 MHz respectively.
O66 J AC supply is fed to ?B;C through #3 cable from satellite system unit.
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7he do.n<converted signal from ?B;C is fed to satellite system unit .here it gets
divided into t.o parts to mae input #3 signal for satellite receivers.
Figure of !erit &G*Te6'
Ao.n lin Carrier to noise density of a satellite do.n lin signal is given as C
( ) loss Path
7
0
>%#P
B
C
eq
sat
A
o
+

,
_

.here is boltzmanMs constant "<66H.= d;4degree 2elvin$. %n above equation

eq
7
0
"figure of merit$ is the ratio of gain of PA- and equivalent noise temperature of antenna
and ?B;C.
7his is an important parameter of earth station .hich decides the quality of a 7J#5
System.
Fig. 7 Synthesised T#$O System
"CI. Synthesised T#$O
- typical >C%? synthesised 7J#5 is sho.n in fig. H. 3or S<band .e use helical feed and
for C<band .e use motorised feed .hich receives all the signal that falls on the dish.
7he signal is fed to the ?B;C .hich contains
). - lo. noise amplifier
6. ?ocal oscillator
3. MiGer
+. -n %3 -mplifier
7he lo. noise amplifier amplifies the #3 signal and feeds it to the miGer. Bormally it
contains three or four stages of lo. noise 0a-s 3>7s.
7he amplified #3 signal is fed to a miGer .hich also has an ?5 input. 7he #3 is
converted into %3. 7he >C receiver accepts signal from *00 to )100 MHz and the %3
output of the ?B;C should be .ithin that range.
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7he %3 so obtained is suitably amplified. 3or this three or four stages of amplifier are
provided. -fter amplification the output signal level of ?B;C is <+, d;m.
Fig. 8 T.#. $eceive Terminal
Indoor (nits
7he indoor unit contains t.o units. 7hey are C
). System unit 6. Satellite #eceiver 8nit
System unit
7he system unit contains a passive po.er divider and po.er supply for the ?B;C. 7he
po.er divider divides the %3 into t.o equal parts to be applied to the t.o receivers. 7he
po.er supply is fed through same cable to the ?B;C.
Satellite $eceiver (nit
7he satellite receiver contains the do.n converter/ video4audio demodulators and
processing circuits. 3inally .e get t.o video4audio outputs.
- synthesised receiver accepts signal in the range of *00 to )100 MHz. 7he bloc
diagram of a typical >C receiver is sho.n in figure *.
7he %3 is applied to a four<stage lo. noise amplifier for amplification. 7he overall gain of
the amplifier is around 66 d;. 7his signal is then applied to 3>7 miGer .here a ?5
frequency of ),00 to 6300 MHz is miGed so that an %3 of =00 MHz is produced.
7he local oscillator consists of t.o similar JC5s "voltage controlled oscillator$ one
operating in the range of ),00 < )1+* MHz and the other in the range of )1,0 to 6300
MHz. 7hey are controlled by a synthesiser %C. - sample of the ?5 frequency is taen
and phase compared .ith a stable reference crystal frequency of + MHz and error if any/
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Satellite Communication
is then applied to the JC5 for frequency correction through a lo. pass filter. 7hus the
JC5 .ors in a phase loced loop mode.
7he thumb .heel s.itches in the front panel generates a ;CA "binary coded decimal$
signal and is applied to the >P#5M "erasable programmable read only memory$ %Cs
.hich generates a corresponding divisors code and is then applied to the synthesiser %C
through shift registers .hich convert parallel data into serial data. 7his code is used to
divide the JC5 frequency so that the comparison frequency at the comparator end is
almost same.
7he =00 MHz %3 signal is passed through a band pass filter of 3= MHz band.idth. ")H
MHz for half transponder$. 7hen it is fed to a five stage %3 and -0C amplifier. 7he gain<
controlled signal is then applied to a miGer. 7he ?5 frequency is generated by a P?5
"phase loced oscillator$ .hose frequency can be varied to ,30 MHz to get 10 MHz.
Bormally the JC5 is ad!usted to generate =00 MHz so that .e get an output of H MHz
base band. 7his base band is then applied to a loop filter of 1 MHz band .idth.
7he filtered signal is then amplified and de<emphasised. 7his signal is then applied to a
?P3/ clamp pulse generator and a ;P3 "band pass filter$. 7he ?P3 allo.s only video
signal .hich is then clamped to remove any variations in the AC level. "7he clamping
can be s.itched 5B45ff through a s.itch in the bac panel$. 7he clamp pulse generator
removes the chroma and generates clamp pulses so that it can tae place during the
bac porch.
7he clamped signal is then fed to amplifier .hich generate t.o independent video
outputs.
7he ;P3 has a band.idth of , to 1 MHz. 7his passes only audio sub carriers. 7he
output of the filter is then fed to t.o identical 3M demodulator. 7he audio sub carrier is
miGed .ith a JC5 frequency of )= to )H MHz so that an %3 of )0.1 MHz is generated.
7his variable ?5 ensures that any carrier .ithin , to 1 MHz can be detected. 7his %3 is
then fed to a P demodulator .hich gives audio signal. 7his is then fed to a buffer and an
amplifier to give one balanced output at =00 ohms and a monitoring output.
I!0O$TA9T 0OI9TS TO -" 9OT"+
). "i$ 8plin freq. for S<;and N Ao.n lin freq. O 3300 MHz
"ii$ 8plin freq. for C<;and4 N Ao.n lin freq. O 666, MHz
>G. C ;and
6. "i$ #<3 output for S<;and ?B;C N 3=,0 MHz < input r<f freq.
"ii$ #<3 output for C<;and ?B;C N ,),0 MHz < input r<f freq.
"iii$ #<3 output for >G<C ;and ?B;C N ,1,0 MHz < input r<f freq.
3. 3requency range "Ao.n lin$
"i$ S<;and N 6., to 6.1 0Hz
"ii$ C<;and N 3.1 to +.6 0Hz
"iii$ >G<C ;and N +., to +.H 0Hz
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Fig. : ".C. Satellite T.#. $eceiver
+. -ntenna gain at
".ith N ,,I$
"i$ S<;and N 6=.0 O 60 ?og "Am$
"ii$ C<band N 6*.* O 60 ?og "Am$
"iii$ >G<C ;and N 3).0 to 60 ?og "Am$
.here Am < Aiameter of PA- in metre.
$adio 9et,or)ing Terminal
Introduction
7he various -ll %ndia #adio stations spread throughout the nation are required to relay
certain programmes .hich are originating from Aelhi. Similarly there are certain
programmes .hich are originating from capital stations are relayed by the other stations
in that region. %n order to lin Aelhi and capital stations .ith other -%# stations/ #B
through %BS-7 is not only cost effective but also provide the good technical quality as
compared to A57 lines and S' linage.
7he #adio Bet.oring terminal located at -%# stations receive S<;and or C ;and
transmissions. 7he programmes thus received after processing are fed to the
transmitter for broadcast purposes. 7hus #B7 acts as the ground terminal for satellite
signal reception. 7he bloc diagram of S<band #B terminal is sho.n in figure )0.
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Satellite Communication
Fig. 1; -loc) +iagram of S<-and $9 $eceive Terminal &$9T'
7he #B7 system consists of the follo.ing units C
i' Outdoor (nit
)6 ft. Chicen mesh parabolic antenna and feed unit.
?o. noise -mplifier "?B-$
3ront >nd Converter "3>C$.
ii' Indoor (nit
Passive 7ranslator 8nit "37P$.
-ctive 7ranslator 8nit "37-$.
Synthesized 7ranslator.
-udio Aemodulator
Po.er Supply.
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Outdoor (nit
0araolic +ish Antenna = 7he )6 ft. parabolic dish antenna collects the #B carriers
transmitted by the satellite and feeds them to the feed mounted ?B- unit. 7he prime
focus reflector is used for #B7. 7he gain of this antenna is 3=., d;i. - helical feed of
6., turns capable of giving circularly polarized .ave is used. Circular polarization of
%BS-7 broadcast is used as it does not require any ad!ustment of feed or polarization
matching.
S<and .o, 9oise Amplifier &.9A' = %n the augumented #B7/ the signal received by
)6 ft. parabolic dish antenna is fed to the ?B- mounted near the feed point. %t contains
t.o ?B- PC;s to have )00I redundancy. -ny ?B- can be selected by means of a #3
s.itch .hich is controlled by a s.itch in control room or .here the indoor units are
located.
7he S<band ?B- consists of a three stage lo. noise amplifiers follo.ed by a microstrip
band pass filter. 7he first t.o stages consists of 0a -s 3>7s .hich are characterized by
very lo. noise figures. 7he third stage also consists of a lo. noise ;@7.

7he necessary bias voltages for various gate4drain4collector points are derived by a bias
card "mounted in ?B- boG itself$ to ensure constant current through the 0a -s 3>7s
drain. 7his provides additional protection to the devices.
?B- Specification
). Supply Joltage C 6+ J AC
6. 0ain C 60 d; "Min$
3. Boise 3igure C )., d;
+. %mage re!ection C ), d;
,. 3requency of operation C 6,,6<6,=) MHz
6,*6<6=0) MHz
=. 5perating temperature C upto ,0
o
C
1. Humidity C *,I #H at +0oC
H. Protection C %t is protected from dust/
rain and carrosion.
Front "nd Converter &F"C' = 7he bloc diagram of 3>C is given in figure )).
7he 3>C has also got t.o chains for redundancy. -ny one chain can be selected by #3
s.itch provided at its input.
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Satellite Communication
7he S<band signals received after ?B- are do.n converted to the %3 at 10 MHz nominal.
7he ?5 input to the miGer is 6,0, MHz at 1 d;m.
7he ?5 frequency has been obtained as follo.s C
7CE5 is a crystal oscillator generating )6,.6, MHz frequency .hich is subsequently
doubled to 6,0., MHz in the double stage. Step recovery diode "S#A$ has been used to
multiply 6,0., MHz by )0 to obtain 6,0, MHz. S#A multiplies a passive net.or. 7he
properties of abrupt !unction of S#A have been used to generate )0
th
harmonic.
Sensitor "a temperature sensitive P7C resistor$ is used for temperature compensation.
IF amplifier in F"C &2; d-' = 7he output po.er of miGer is amplified in %3 amplifier
having a gain of ,0 d;. %t is a five stage amplifier. 7he operating points of #3 amplifiers
are stabilized by means of three transistors and a zener.
0o,er Cominer = - passive combiner is used to combine the outputs from the normal
and the redundant channels.
3>C has got the follo.ing specifications C
). %nput frequency C 6,,6<6,=) MHz
6,*6<6=0) MHz
6. 5utput 3requency C +1.,= MHz
C H1.*= MHz
3. Conversion gain C 3H d; "min$
+. %n<band spurious C +0 d;c
,. %nter<modulation "3
rd
Harmonic$ C 30 d;c
6,*6<6=0) MHz
=. ?5 stability C ) ppm
1. 5perating temperatureC 0<,0
o
C
H. #elative Humidity C *,I at +0
o
C/
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Induction Course (General)
Fig. 11 -loc) +iagram of Front "nd Convertor
Indoor (nit
0assive fre6uency Translator &FT0' = 7he passive translator splits the combined
nominal %3 of 10 MHz into ,6 MHz and *6 MHz components. %t does not contain any
active device so it is called a passive translator. %t is nothing but a .ide band "* MHz$
pass filter.
Fig. 1% -loc) +iagram of 0assive Translator (nit
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Satellite Communication
7he ,6 MHz and *6 MHz outputs are each further divided into t.o channels by means of
po.er divider.
Active Fre6uency Translator &FTA' = 7he function of 37- is to boost the #B carriers
and translate them all to ,6 MHz band. 3or redundancy this unit incorporates t.o
channels each for ,6 MHz and *6 MHz band signals.
7he ,6 MHz band signals coming from 37P are amplified in %3 amplifier having a gain of
,0 d;. 7hen the output is divided into three outputs using po.er divider.
7he *6 MHz band signals coming from 37P are also amplified in ,0 d;. %3 amplifier then
converted into ,6 MHz band after beating .ith +0 MHz oscillator. 7he output of miGer is
passed through a band pass filter and then amplified and further divided into three
outputs.
3or metering purposes the output has been taen from ,0 d; %3 amplifiers of ,6 MHz K
*6 MHz band side.
37P and 37- Specifications C
). Conversion gain C 36 d;
6. ?5 Stability "for *6 MHz chain$C ,00 Hz over )0
o
C
3. Supply voltage C O 6+ Jdc
+. 5perating 7emperature C ), to 3,
o
C
,. %nput return loss C = d; across ,0 ohms
=. 5utput return loss C )3 d; across ,0 ohms
Fig. 1/ -loc) +iagram of Active Translator (nit
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Induction Course (General)
Synthesi5ed translator (nit = 7his unit consists of siG modules of synthesized
frequency translator. >ach module taes the ,6 MHz %3. -ny of the channels in the
+1.,= MHz band can be selected by using the front panel thumb .heel s.itches.
Synthesizer is used as a variable local oscillator. %t consists of a JC5 and a P??. %n
P?? synthesizer a reference signal of 6.0+H MHz is generated using a crystal of 6.0+H
MHz.
Specification of Synthesized 7ranslator
). 3requency of operation "input$C +1<,= MHz
"select by thumb .heel s.itches$
6. Step size C ) Hz
3. Harmonics C Q60 d;c
+. Spurious C Q=0 d;c
,. 3requency stability C O )0 ppm/ over )0 to +0oC
=. Conversion loss C = d; O ) d;
1. Supply voltage C O 6+ Jdc O , Jdc
Fig. 11 -loc) +iagram of Synthesised Translator
+emodulator (nit = 7he function of the demodulator unit is to eGtract the audio content
from the sub carrier fed to it. 7his unit consists of siG plug<in demodulators.
7he demodulator has a band pass filter in the first stage and is tuned to ,., MHz. -fter
;P3 the sub carrier is amplified and then demodulated in a phase loced loop frequency
demodulator circuit. 7he audio signal retrieved after the P?? demodulator are amplified
in operational amplifier .hich incorporates de<emphasis circuit. 7his is follo.ed by a
eGpander. 7he eGpansion is done by an %C. 7he audio is amplified and filtered. 7he
unbalance to balance is done by a repeat coil. 7he output is balanced =00 ohms and is
providing O* d;m.
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Satellite Communication
Aemodulator specifications C
). %nput frequency C ,., Mhz
6. 5utptu level C O* d;m across =00 ohms
3. Aistortion C 6I
+. S4B C ,0 d;
,. Aynamic range C <30 d;m to <)1 d;m
=. ?ocing range C O)0 Hz
1. Ae<emphasis C 1, sec.
H. 5perating temeprature C ), to 3,
o
C
Fig. 12 -loc) +iagram of +emodulator
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